On the characterisation of diffused light and optical elements in high concentrator photovoltaic modules
- Authors: Schultz, Ross Dane
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Photovoltaic cells , Solar concentrators , Optical materials
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5170 , vital:20817
- Description: High Concentrated Photovoltaics (H-CPV) promise a more efficient, higher power output than traditional photovoltaic modules. This is achieved by concentrating sunlight onto a small triple junction (CTJ) InGaP/InGaAs/Ge cell (ranging from 3.14 mm2 to 1 cm2) by using precision optical systems. These systems utilise non-imaging optics to concentrate and distribute the incident solar flux uniformly onto the CTJ device receiver to achieve maximum performance and power output from an H-CPV module. However, the performance of the device can be reduced due to the partial or complete absorption of a range of wavelengths present in the solar spectrum by the optical materials that are used for concentration. An investigation to determine the current density topographies of each subcell in a CTJ cell by multiple raster scans of an optical fibre receiver of a spectrometer in the plane of the aperture of the secondary’s optical element was conducted. Results showed that the physical properties of the optical elements’ material absorbed different amounts of the spectral content with respect to the subcell photosensitive wavelength regions. The facet properties of the primary optical Fresnel lens showed that the more rounded the Fresnel facets were, the lower the concentration of sunlight incident onto the CTJ cell. The increase in facet numbers showed an increase in scattering of the incident sunlight and chromatic aberrations. Chromatic aberration created by the refractive optics showed a variation in the amount of concentration on each individual subcell as well as the difference in intensity profiles across for the different subcells. Based on these results and the development of new multi-junction devices by industry, the performance of a four and six-junction device with the optical materials was investigated by simulations. The simulations showed that the careful integration of an additional subcell in a multi-junction device could rectify current mismatch between the subcells in the device. Based on the simulations, the best performing multi-junction cell was identified as the four-junction device that showed a cell and module efficiency under operation of 42.5 % and 35.5 %, respectively. Additionally, based on the performance results observed from the H-CPV module, the development of an HCPV module that would attempt to harness the incident tracked diffuse sunlight available to a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module for additional energy yield was undertaken. The part of the study comprised of measurements of the solar source, design of a prototype Hybrid High Concentrator Photovoltaic (HH-CPV) module. Results showed that power generation from the H-CPV system was highly dependent on the DNI levels and fluctuates greatly with variation in the DNI. The irradiance levels within the diffuse regions of the H-CPV module showed that the baseplate and vertical sides had an average irradiance range of 140-450 and 50-225 W.m-2, respectively. Irradiance topographic raster scans revealed that the baseplate and vertical sides had a relatively uniform intensity distribution and was identified as favourable sites for diffuse cell population. Simulations of various PV technologies showed the most suitable technology for the placement within the cavity of the HH-CPV module. The developed HH-CPV module was finalized with the utilization of CIS modules to harness the diffuse irradiance. During a 3 month power monitoring of the HH-CPV system, it was determined that the major power generation for the HH-CPV module come from the CPV component, while the CIS modules showed a minor power contribution. The total energy yield for the monitoring period was 45.99, 3.89 and 1.76 kW.h for the CPV, four-vertical sides and baseplate components, respectively. The increase in energy yield of the HH-CPV module when compared to the standard H-CPV module was determined to be 12.35 % for the monitoring period. The incorporation of the CIS modules into the H-CPV module to create the HH-CPV module did increase the energy yield of the module during high DNI conditions and did offset the almost zero power generation during low DNI conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Schultz, Ross Dane
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Photovoltaic cells , Solar concentrators , Optical materials
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5170 , vital:20817
- Description: High Concentrated Photovoltaics (H-CPV) promise a more efficient, higher power output than traditional photovoltaic modules. This is achieved by concentrating sunlight onto a small triple junction (CTJ) InGaP/InGaAs/Ge cell (ranging from 3.14 mm2 to 1 cm2) by using precision optical systems. These systems utilise non-imaging optics to concentrate and distribute the incident solar flux uniformly onto the CTJ device receiver to achieve maximum performance and power output from an H-CPV module. However, the performance of the device can be reduced due to the partial or complete absorption of a range of wavelengths present in the solar spectrum by the optical materials that are used for concentration. An investigation to determine the current density topographies of each subcell in a CTJ cell by multiple raster scans of an optical fibre receiver of a spectrometer in the plane of the aperture of the secondary’s optical element was conducted. Results showed that the physical properties of the optical elements’ material absorbed different amounts of the spectral content with respect to the subcell photosensitive wavelength regions. The facet properties of the primary optical Fresnel lens showed that the more rounded the Fresnel facets were, the lower the concentration of sunlight incident onto the CTJ cell. The increase in facet numbers showed an increase in scattering of the incident sunlight and chromatic aberrations. Chromatic aberration created by the refractive optics showed a variation in the amount of concentration on each individual subcell as well as the difference in intensity profiles across for the different subcells. Based on these results and the development of new multi-junction devices by industry, the performance of a four and six-junction device with the optical materials was investigated by simulations. The simulations showed that the careful integration of an additional subcell in a multi-junction device could rectify current mismatch between the subcells in the device. Based on the simulations, the best performing multi-junction cell was identified as the four-junction device that showed a cell and module efficiency under operation of 42.5 % and 35.5 %, respectively. Additionally, based on the performance results observed from the H-CPV module, the development of an HCPV module that would attempt to harness the incident tracked diffuse sunlight available to a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module for additional energy yield was undertaken. The part of the study comprised of measurements of the solar source, design of a prototype Hybrid High Concentrator Photovoltaic (HH-CPV) module. Results showed that power generation from the H-CPV system was highly dependent on the DNI levels and fluctuates greatly with variation in the DNI. The irradiance levels within the diffuse regions of the H-CPV module showed that the baseplate and vertical sides had an average irradiance range of 140-450 and 50-225 W.m-2, respectively. Irradiance topographic raster scans revealed that the baseplate and vertical sides had a relatively uniform intensity distribution and was identified as favourable sites for diffuse cell population. Simulations of various PV technologies showed the most suitable technology for the placement within the cavity of the HH-CPV module. The developed HH-CPV module was finalized with the utilization of CIS modules to harness the diffuse irradiance. During a 3 month power monitoring of the HH-CPV system, it was determined that the major power generation for the HH-CPV module come from the CPV component, while the CIS modules showed a minor power contribution. The total energy yield for the monitoring period was 45.99, 3.89 and 1.76 kW.h for the CPV, four-vertical sides and baseplate components, respectively. The increase in energy yield of the HH-CPV module when compared to the standard H-CPV module was determined to be 12.35 % for the monitoring period. The incorporation of the CIS modules into the H-CPV module to create the HH-CPV module did increase the energy yield of the module during high DNI conditions and did offset the almost zero power generation during low DNI conditions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
On the design of concentrator photovoltaic modules
- Authors: Schultz, Ross Dane
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Photovoltaic cells -- Design and construction , Photovoltaic cells
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10546 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015766 , Photovoltaic cells -- Design and construction , Photovoltaic cells
- Description: High concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) promise a more efficient, higher power output than traditional photovoltaic modules. This is achieved by concentrating sunlight onto a small 1 cm2 triple junction (CTJ) InGaP/InGaAs/Ge cell by using precision optics. In order to achieve high performance, careful and informed design decisions must be made in the development of a HCPV module . This project investigated the design of a HCPV module and is divided into sections that concentrate on the optical design, thermal dissipation and electrical characterization of a concentration triple junction cell. The first HCPV module (Module I) design was based on the Sandia III Baseline Fresnel module which comprised of a Fresnel lens and truncated reflective secondary as the optical elements. The parameters of the CTJ cell in Module I increased with increased concentration. This included the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, power and efficiency. The best performance achieved was at 336 times operational concentration which produced 10.3 W per cell, a cell efficiency of 38.4 percent, and module efficiency of 24.2 percent Investigation of the optical subsystem revealed that the optics played a large role in the operation of the CTJ cell. Characterization of the optical elements showed a transmission loss of 15 percent of concentrated sunlight for the irradiance of which 66 percent of the loss occurred in wavelength region where the InGaP subcell is active. Characterization of the optical subsystem indicated regions of non-uniform irradiance and spectral intensity across the CTJ cell surface. The optical subsystem caused the InGaP subcell of the series monolithic connected CTJ cell to be current limiting. This was confirmed by the CTJ cell having the same short circuit current as the InGaP subcell. The performance of the CTJ cell decreased with an increase in operational temperature. A form of thermal dissipation was needed as 168 times more heat needs to be dissipated when compared to a flat plate photovoltaic module. The thermal dissipation was achieved by passive means with a heat sink which reduced the operational temperature of the CTJ cell from 50 oC to 21 oC above ambient. Cell damage was noted in Module I due to bubbles in the encapsulation epoxy bursting from a high, non-uniform intensity distribution. The development of the second module (Module II) employed a pre-monitoring criteria that characterized the CTJ cells and eliminated faulty cells from the system. These criteria included visual inspection of the cell, electroluminescence and one sun current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curves. Module II was designed as separate units which comprised of a Fresnel lens, refractive secondary, CTJ cell and heatsink. The optimal configuration between the two modules were compared. The CTJ cells in module II showed no form of degradation in the I-V characteristics and in the detected defects. The units under thermal and optical stress showed a progressive degradation. A feature in the I-V curve at V > Vmax was noted for the thermally stressed unit. This feature in the I-V curve may be attributed to the breakdown of the Ge subcell in the CTJ cell. Based on the results obtained from the two experimental HCPV modules, recommendations for an optimal HCPV module were made.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Schultz, Ross Dane
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Photovoltaic cells -- Design and construction , Photovoltaic cells
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10546 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015766 , Photovoltaic cells -- Design and construction , Photovoltaic cells
- Description: High concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) promise a more efficient, higher power output than traditional photovoltaic modules. This is achieved by concentrating sunlight onto a small 1 cm2 triple junction (CTJ) InGaP/InGaAs/Ge cell by using precision optics. In order to achieve high performance, careful and informed design decisions must be made in the development of a HCPV module . This project investigated the design of a HCPV module and is divided into sections that concentrate on the optical design, thermal dissipation and electrical characterization of a concentration triple junction cell. The first HCPV module (Module I) design was based on the Sandia III Baseline Fresnel module which comprised of a Fresnel lens and truncated reflective secondary as the optical elements. The parameters of the CTJ cell in Module I increased with increased concentration. This included the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, power and efficiency. The best performance achieved was at 336 times operational concentration which produced 10.3 W per cell, a cell efficiency of 38.4 percent, and module efficiency of 24.2 percent Investigation of the optical subsystem revealed that the optics played a large role in the operation of the CTJ cell. Characterization of the optical elements showed a transmission loss of 15 percent of concentrated sunlight for the irradiance of which 66 percent of the loss occurred in wavelength region where the InGaP subcell is active. Characterization of the optical subsystem indicated regions of non-uniform irradiance and spectral intensity across the CTJ cell surface. The optical subsystem caused the InGaP subcell of the series monolithic connected CTJ cell to be current limiting. This was confirmed by the CTJ cell having the same short circuit current as the InGaP subcell. The performance of the CTJ cell decreased with an increase in operational temperature. A form of thermal dissipation was needed as 168 times more heat needs to be dissipated when compared to a flat plate photovoltaic module. The thermal dissipation was achieved by passive means with a heat sink which reduced the operational temperature of the CTJ cell from 50 oC to 21 oC above ambient. Cell damage was noted in Module I due to bubbles in the encapsulation epoxy bursting from a high, non-uniform intensity distribution. The development of the second module (Module II) employed a pre-monitoring criteria that characterized the CTJ cells and eliminated faulty cells from the system. These criteria included visual inspection of the cell, electroluminescence and one sun current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curves. Module II was designed as separate units which comprised of a Fresnel lens, refractive secondary, CTJ cell and heatsink. The optimal configuration between the two modules were compared. The CTJ cells in module II showed no form of degradation in the I-V characteristics and in the detected defects. The units under thermal and optical stress showed a progressive degradation. A feature in the I-V curve at V > Vmax was noted for the thermally stressed unit. This feature in the I-V curve may be attributed to the breakdown of the Ge subcell in the CTJ cell. Based on the results obtained from the two experimental HCPV modules, recommendations for an optimal HCPV module were made.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
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