Adaptation and validation of a computerized neurocognitive battery in the Xhosa of South Africa
- Cobb, Scott J, Moore, Tyler M, Stein, Dan J, Pretorius, Adele, Zingela, Zukiswa, Nagdee, Mohammed, Ngqengelele, Linda, Campbell, Megan M, Sibeko, Goodman, King, Mary C, McClellan, Jon M, Port, Allison M, Jackson, Chad, Ruparel, Kosha, Susser, Ezra, Gur, Ruben C
- Authors: Cobb, Scott J , Moore, Tyler M , Stein, Dan J , Pretorius, Adele , Zingela, Zukiswa , Nagdee, Mohammed , Ngqengelele, Linda , Campbell, Megan M , Sibeko, Goodman , King, Mary C , McClellan, Jon M , Port, Allison M , Jackson, Chad , Ruparel, Kosha , Susser, Ezra , Gur, Ruben C
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/302439 , vital:58196 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000742"
- Description: Objective: Large-scale studies have revolutionized biomedical research, and neurocognitive tests can help elucidate the biological basis of neuropsychiatric diseases. However, studies have predominantly been conducted in Western settings. We describe the development and validation of a computerized battery (PennCNB) with the Xhosa population of South Africa. Method: Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 525) and a normative comparison group (n = 744) were balanced on age, sex, education, and region. Participants provided blood samples, were assessed psychiatrically, and were administered a PennCNB translation to isiXhosa, including measures of executive functions, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed. Feasibility was examined with test completion rates and input from administrators, and psychometric structural validity and associations with clinical and demographic characteristics were examined. Results: Tests were well tolerated by participants, as >87% had one (or fewer) test missing. Results suggested a similar factor structure to prior PennCNB studies in Western contexts, and expected age and sex effects were apparent. Furthermore, a similar profile of schizophrenia was observed, with neurocognitive deficits most pronounced for executive functions, especially attention, as well as memory, social cognition, and motor speed relative to complex cognition and sensorimotor speed. Conclusions: Results support the feasibility of implementing a culturally adapted computerized neurocognitive battery in sub-Saharan African settings and provide evidence supporting the concurrent validity of the translated instrument. Thus, the PennCNB is implementable on a large scale in non-Western contexts, shows expected factor structure, and can detect cognitive deficits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Obtaining valid measures of cognition by nonspecialized proctors is especially suitable in resource-limited settings, where traditional testing is prohibitive. Future work should establish normative standards, test–retest reliability, and sensitivity to treatment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Cobb, Scott J , Moore, Tyler M , Stein, Dan J , Pretorius, Adele , Zingela, Zukiswa , Nagdee, Mohammed , Ngqengelele, Linda , Campbell, Megan M , Sibeko, Goodman , King, Mary C , McClellan, Jon M , Port, Allison M , Jackson, Chad , Ruparel, Kosha , Susser, Ezra , Gur, Ruben C
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/302439 , vital:58196 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000742"
- Description: Objective: Large-scale studies have revolutionized biomedical research, and neurocognitive tests can help elucidate the biological basis of neuropsychiatric diseases. However, studies have predominantly been conducted in Western settings. We describe the development and validation of a computerized battery (PennCNB) with the Xhosa population of South Africa. Method: Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 525) and a normative comparison group (n = 744) were balanced on age, sex, education, and region. Participants provided blood samples, were assessed psychiatrically, and were administered a PennCNB translation to isiXhosa, including measures of executive functions, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition, and sensorimotor speed. Feasibility was examined with test completion rates and input from administrators, and psychometric structural validity and associations with clinical and demographic characteristics were examined. Results: Tests were well tolerated by participants, as >87% had one (or fewer) test missing. Results suggested a similar factor structure to prior PennCNB studies in Western contexts, and expected age and sex effects were apparent. Furthermore, a similar profile of schizophrenia was observed, with neurocognitive deficits most pronounced for executive functions, especially attention, as well as memory, social cognition, and motor speed relative to complex cognition and sensorimotor speed. Conclusions: Results support the feasibility of implementing a culturally adapted computerized neurocognitive battery in sub-Saharan African settings and provide evidence supporting the concurrent validity of the translated instrument. Thus, the PennCNB is implementable on a large scale in non-Western contexts, shows expected factor structure, and can detect cognitive deficits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Obtaining valid measures of cognition by nonspecialized proctors is especially suitable in resource-limited settings, where traditional testing is prohibitive. Future work should establish normative standards, test–retest reliability, and sensitivity to treatment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
Prevalence and clinical correlates of substance use disorders in South African Xhosa patients with schizophrenia
- Temmingh, Henk, Susser, Ezra, Mall, Sumaya, Campbell, Megan M, Sibeko, Goodman, Stein, Dan J
- Authors: Temmingh, Henk , Susser, Ezra , Mall, Sumaya , Campbell, Megan M , Sibeko, Goodman , Stein, Dan J
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/302509 , vital:58203 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01942-5"
- Description: Purpose: To determine the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in patients with schizophrenia in a sample from South Africa and compare the clinical and demographic correlates in those with and without co-occurring SUDs. Methods: Patients with schizophrenia were interviewed using the Xhosa version SCID-I for DSM-IV. We used logistic regression to determine the predictors of SUDs. Results: In the total sample of 1420 participants, SUDs occurred in 47.8%, with the most prevalent SUD being cannabis use disorders (39.6%), followed by alcohol (20.5%), methaqualone (6.2%), methamphetamine (4.8%) and other SUDs (cocaine, ecstasy, opioids, 0.6%). Polydrug use occurred in 40%, abuse occurred in 13.5%, and 39.6% had at least one substance dependence diagnosis. Signifcant predictors of any SUD were younger age (41–55 vs. 21–30: OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.5–0.9), male sex (OR=8.6, 95% CI=5.1–14.6), inpatient status (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.3–2.1), post-traumatic stress symptoms (OR=4.6, 95% CI=1.6–13.3), legal (OR=3.4, 95% CI=2.0–5.5) and economic problems (OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.0–2.0). Methamphetamine use disorders occurred signifcantly less often in the Eastern compared to the Western Cape provinces. Inpatient status and higher levels of prior admissions were signifcantly associated with cannabis and methamphetamine use disorders. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were signifcantly associated with alcohol use disorders. Anxiety disorders were associated with other SUDs. Conclusion: SUDs occurred in almost half of the sample. It is important for clinicians to identify the presence of SUDs as their presence is associated with characteristics, such as male sex, younger age, inpatient status, more prior hospitalisations, legal and economic problems, PTSD symptoms and anxiety.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
- Authors: Temmingh, Henk , Susser, Ezra , Mall, Sumaya , Campbell, Megan M , Sibeko, Goodman , Stein, Dan J
- Date: 2021
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/302509 , vital:58203 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01942-5"
- Description: Purpose: To determine the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) in patients with schizophrenia in a sample from South Africa and compare the clinical and demographic correlates in those with and without co-occurring SUDs. Methods: Patients with schizophrenia were interviewed using the Xhosa version SCID-I for DSM-IV. We used logistic regression to determine the predictors of SUDs. Results: In the total sample of 1420 participants, SUDs occurred in 47.8%, with the most prevalent SUD being cannabis use disorders (39.6%), followed by alcohol (20.5%), methaqualone (6.2%), methamphetamine (4.8%) and other SUDs (cocaine, ecstasy, opioids, 0.6%). Polydrug use occurred in 40%, abuse occurred in 13.5%, and 39.6% had at least one substance dependence diagnosis. Signifcant predictors of any SUD were younger age (41–55 vs. 21–30: OR=0.7, 95% CI=0.5–0.9), male sex (OR=8.6, 95% CI=5.1–14.6), inpatient status (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.3–2.1), post-traumatic stress symptoms (OR=4.6, 95% CI=1.6–13.3), legal (OR=3.4, 95% CI=2.0–5.5) and economic problems (OR=1.4, 95% CI=1.0–2.0). Methamphetamine use disorders occurred signifcantly less often in the Eastern compared to the Western Cape provinces. Inpatient status and higher levels of prior admissions were signifcantly associated with cannabis and methamphetamine use disorders. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were signifcantly associated with alcohol use disorders. Anxiety disorders were associated with other SUDs. Conclusion: SUDs occurred in almost half of the sample. It is important for clinicians to identify the presence of SUDs as their presence is associated with characteristics, such as male sex, younger age, inpatient status, more prior hospitalisations, legal and economic problems, PTSD symptoms and anxiety.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021
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