Screening for cardiometabolic risk factors among commercial drivers in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Adedokun, Aanuoluwa Odunayo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Diabetes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Obesity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Commercial vehicles
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Nursing Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10431 , vital:35463
- Description: Cardio-metabolic risk factors are the aggregates of conditions that increase the susceptibility of developing cardio-metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. This includes insulin resistance, obesity, hyperglyceamia, dyslipoproteinemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. This condition are worsen by smoking and physical inactivity as they mostlyare not easily detected. This was a cross-sectional survey of 403 commercial taxi drivers at ten different taxi ranks in BCMM. The study utilized a convenient sampling technique for the participants of the study. The WHO STEPwise approach was used for data collection. The WHO STEPwise questionnaire was used for a face-to-face interview. Socio-demographic (sex, age, marital status, driving experience, income) and behavioural characteristics (smoking, alcohol consumption, consumption of sweet drinks, physical activity, and dietary intake) of participants were obtained. Also, objective reports concerning anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumference), blood pressure and biochemical measurement that is the blood glucose measurement. All anthropometric measurements were taken following a standard procedure using a Lufkin nonextensible flexible anthropometric tape (W606PM), Rosscraft, Canada and a SECA weighing scale and stadiometer (Hamburg, Germany). Blood pressure was checked also in accordance with standard protocols using a Medic+ Digital Blood Pressure Monitor Model 1219 (Hamburg, Germany). A validated ACCU-CHEK glucose monitoring apparatus (Mannheim, Germany) wasused for blood glucose measurement. Overweight and obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m2 –29.9 kg/m2 and≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Pre-hypertension was defined according JNC-8 criteria a systolic blood pressure of 120- 139 mmHg and diastolic of BP 80-89 mmHg while hypertension was defined as an average of two systolic BP ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90mmHg or a history of hypertension or anti hypertensive medication use. Diabetes status was determined using the fasting blood glucose (FBG) test and defined as a FBG ≥ 7.0mmol/L or self-reports of history or current diabetes medication use (treatment), while pre-diabetes was defined as a FBG of 5.6-6.9mmol/L. Awareness of diabetes was defined as self-reported history of diabetes among the people with diabetes. Metabolic syndrome status was determined according to the National agreement among makers of abdominal obesity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The mean age of the participants was 43.3 (SD12.5) years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 34.0 percent and 38.0 percent, respectively. Age, marital status, period of driving, not-smoking, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with obesity. In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, only age (OR 1.6, CI 1.0-2.7), hypertension (OR 3.6, CI 2.3-5.7) and non-smoking (OR 2.0, CI 1.3-3.1) were the independent and significant determinants of obesity. The prevalence rates of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and neck circumference (NC) were 61.5 percent, 67.5 percent, 80.1 percent and 65.3 percent, respectively. A strong correlations exists between WHR and WC (>0.64); and WHtR and WC (>0.62). There exists a good agreement between WC and WHR. Also, a moderate agreement exists between WC and WHtR, WC and NC, WHR and WHtR, and WHtR and NC. The prevalence of above normal body composition for participants with hypertension was 71.0 percent, 65.9 percent, 63.2 percent and 66.5 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. For diabetes, the prevalence was 20.6 percent, 19.4 percent, 17.0 percent and 18.6 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. Waist circumference was a stronger predictor of hypertension and diabetics, with odds ratio of 3.7 (95 percent CI: 2.3-6.1 and 3.1 (95 percent CI: 1.6-6.0), compared to NC, with odds ratio of 1.7 (95 percent CI: 1.1-2.8). The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 33.7 percent and hypertension was 57.0 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, alcohol, sweet drinks consumption and diabetes were significantly associated with hypertension. After adjusting for confounders, age >35 years (P=0.004), obesity and alcohol use (P<0.001), period of driving >5years (p=0.028) and diabetes (P=0.003) were significant predictors of hypertension. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 17 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Of those who were diabetic (n=63), the majority were aware of their diabetes status (n=43) and were on treatment (n=30). Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, sweet drinks consumption, physical activities and hypertension were significantly associated with diabetes. Only age >35 (AOR= 3.6, CI 1.2-11.1), ever married (AOR= 3.3, CI 1.5-7.0) and hypertension (AOR= 3.4, CI 1.7-6.8) were the independent predictors of diabetes after adjusting for confounders. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, physical inactivity and period of driving were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for confounders, only age above 35 years (Adjusted Odd Ratio [AOR] =3.8, CI=1.4- 9.5), ever married (AOR=3.0, CI=1.6-5.3) and period of driving above five years (AOR= 2.4, CI=1.2-4.7) were the significant and independent predictors of metabolic syndrome. About 30 percent of the participants were daily smokers, 37 percent consume alcohol regularly and only 18 percent were physically active, while 82 percent were physically inactive. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among the commercial drivers in this setting, which is associated with unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity). Interventions aimed at promoting cardiovascular health of commercial drivers such as health education and workplace screening, should prioritize weight reduction, healthy eating and physical activity in this population.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Adedokun, Aanuoluwa Odunayo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Diabetes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Obesity -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Commercial vehicles
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Nursing Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10431 , vital:35463
- Description: Cardio-metabolic risk factors are the aggregates of conditions that increase the susceptibility of developing cardio-metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. This includes insulin resistance, obesity, hyperglyceamia, dyslipoproteinemia, hyperinsulinemia and hypertension. This condition are worsen by smoking and physical inactivity as they mostlyare not easily detected. This was a cross-sectional survey of 403 commercial taxi drivers at ten different taxi ranks in BCMM. The study utilized a convenient sampling technique for the participants of the study. The WHO STEPwise approach was used for data collection. The WHO STEPwise questionnaire was used for a face-to-face interview. Socio-demographic (sex, age, marital status, driving experience, income) and behavioural characteristics (smoking, alcohol consumption, consumption of sweet drinks, physical activity, and dietary intake) of participants were obtained. Also, objective reports concerning anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist and hip circumference), blood pressure and biochemical measurement that is the blood glucose measurement. All anthropometric measurements were taken following a standard procedure using a Lufkin nonextensible flexible anthropometric tape (W606PM), Rosscraft, Canada and a SECA weighing scale and stadiometer (Hamburg, Germany). Blood pressure was checked also in accordance with standard protocols using a Medic+ Digital Blood Pressure Monitor Model 1219 (Hamburg, Germany). A validated ACCU-CHEK glucose monitoring apparatus (Mannheim, Germany) wasused for blood glucose measurement. Overweight and obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25.0 kg/m2 –29.9 kg/m2 and≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Pre-hypertension was defined according JNC-8 criteria a systolic blood pressure of 120- 139 mmHg and diastolic of BP 80-89 mmHg while hypertension was defined as an average of two systolic BP ≥140mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90mmHg or a history of hypertension or anti hypertensive medication use. Diabetes status was determined using the fasting blood glucose (FBG) test and defined as a FBG ≥ 7.0mmol/L or self-reports of history or current diabetes medication use (treatment), while pre-diabetes was defined as a FBG of 5.6-6.9mmol/L. Awareness of diabetes was defined as self-reported history of diabetes among the people with diabetes. Metabolic syndrome status was determined according to the National agreement among makers of abdominal obesity. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The mean age of the participants was 43.3 (SD12.5) years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 34.0 percent and 38.0 percent, respectively. Age, marital status, period of driving, not-smoking, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with obesity. In logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, only age (OR 1.6, CI 1.0-2.7), hypertension (OR 3.6, CI 2.3-5.7) and non-smoking (OR 2.0, CI 1.3-3.1) were the independent and significant determinants of obesity. The prevalence rates of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and neck circumference (NC) were 61.5 percent, 67.5 percent, 80.1 percent and 65.3 percent, respectively. A strong correlations exists between WHR and WC (>0.64); and WHtR and WC (>0.62). There exists a good agreement between WC and WHR. Also, a moderate agreement exists between WC and WHtR, WC and NC, WHR and WHtR, and WHtR and NC. The prevalence of above normal body composition for participants with hypertension was 71.0 percent, 65.9 percent, 63.2 percent and 66.5 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. For diabetes, the prevalence was 20.6 percent, 19.4 percent, 17.0 percent and 18.6 percent by WC, WHR, WHtR and NC, respectively. Waist circumference was a stronger predictor of hypertension and diabetics, with odds ratio of 3.7 (95 percent CI: 2.3-6.1 and 3.1 (95 percent CI: 1.6-6.0), compared to NC, with odds ratio of 1.7 (95 percent CI: 1.1-2.8). The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 33.7 percent and hypertension was 57.0 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, alcohol, sweet drinks consumption and diabetes were significantly associated with hypertension. After adjusting for confounders, age >35 years (P=0.004), obesity and alcohol use (P<0.001), period of driving >5years (p=0.028) and diabetes (P=0.003) were significant predictors of hypertension. Prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 17 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Of those who were diabetic (n=63), the majority were aware of their diabetes status (n=43) and were on treatment (n=30). Age, marital status, level of education, period of driving, obesity, sweet drinks consumption, physical activities and hypertension were significantly associated with diabetes. Only age >35 (AOR= 3.6, CI 1.2-11.1), ever married (AOR= 3.3, CI 1.5-7.0) and hypertension (AOR= 3.4, CI 1.7-6.8) were the independent predictors of diabetes after adjusting for confounders. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22 percent. Age, marital status, level of education, physical inactivity and period of driving were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. After adjusting for confounders, only age above 35 years (Adjusted Odd Ratio [AOR] =3.8, CI=1.4- 9.5), ever married (AOR=3.0, CI=1.6-5.3) and period of driving above five years (AOR= 2.4, CI=1.2-4.7) were the significant and independent predictors of metabolic syndrome. About 30 percent of the participants were daily smokers, 37 percent consume alcohol regularly and only 18 percent were physically active, while 82 percent were physically inactive. In conclusion, there was a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among the commercial drivers in this setting, which is associated with unhealthy lifestyles (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity). Interventions aimed at promoting cardiovascular health of commercial drivers such as health education and workplace screening, should prioritize weight reduction, healthy eating and physical activity in this population.
- Full Text:
Secrets that kill : reflections on violation of cultural rights enshrined in the constitution and human rights through traditional circumcision
- Authors: Mlisa, Lily Rose Nomfundo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Human rights--South Africa Circumcision Circumcision--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11150 , vital:37176
- Description: The study was based on four research objectives: (1) to identify philosophy, psychology, cultural reasons behind the harsh and traumatic experiences of young Xhosa boys and their mothers during ukwaluka (male circumcision) as a mark for transition to manhood; (2) to review perceptions concerning the role of mothers during the male circumcision (MC) process (3) identify cultural and psycho-social construction and meaning of MC and (4) to explore recommended possible strategies on managing MC-related traumas and deaths in the Sub-Saharan region and Eastern Cape Province in particular. Desktop literature review methodology was followed. An in depth literature review was conducted on diverse website search engines using a set of inclusion criteria. Published articles from 1995 to 2015 were selected. Thematic content analysis was used to categorise and interpret emerging themes from the reviewed articles as aligned to set research objectives. Results revealed diverse philosophical and cultural perceptions around MC, its construction and meaning among different cultures whether circumcising or non-circumcising cultures. In addition, various reasons are laid out for the harsh treatment given to initiates in different settings. Results also indicated that the MC is no longer a secret due to social media profuse publications about it. The impact of education and health care benefits around medical male circumcision (MMC) has influenced women from both non-circumcising and circumcising cultures to accept it. It is recommended that MC should continue under strict observation of prescribed protocols to lessen or prevent malpractices in the process. MMC is also highly recommended. In addition, the government and traditional leaders have to continue to conduct capacity building of traditional surgeons, prospective initiates and initiates including nurses and family members about crucial protocols and health matters around MC. Finally, results recommend best practices that could be learnt from other circumcising cultures to restore the respect of MC in the Eastern Cape, as well as inclusion of women in the MC process management.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mlisa, Lily Rose Nomfundo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Human rights--South Africa Circumcision Circumcision--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Public Health
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11150 , vital:37176
- Description: The study was based on four research objectives: (1) to identify philosophy, psychology, cultural reasons behind the harsh and traumatic experiences of young Xhosa boys and their mothers during ukwaluka (male circumcision) as a mark for transition to manhood; (2) to review perceptions concerning the role of mothers during the male circumcision (MC) process (3) identify cultural and psycho-social construction and meaning of MC and (4) to explore recommended possible strategies on managing MC-related traumas and deaths in the Sub-Saharan region and Eastern Cape Province in particular. Desktop literature review methodology was followed. An in depth literature review was conducted on diverse website search engines using a set of inclusion criteria. Published articles from 1995 to 2015 were selected. Thematic content analysis was used to categorise and interpret emerging themes from the reviewed articles as aligned to set research objectives. Results revealed diverse philosophical and cultural perceptions around MC, its construction and meaning among different cultures whether circumcising or non-circumcising cultures. In addition, various reasons are laid out for the harsh treatment given to initiates in different settings. Results also indicated that the MC is no longer a secret due to social media profuse publications about it. The impact of education and health care benefits around medical male circumcision (MMC) has influenced women from both non-circumcising and circumcising cultures to accept it. It is recommended that MC should continue under strict observation of prescribed protocols to lessen or prevent malpractices in the process. MMC is also highly recommended. In addition, the government and traditional leaders have to continue to conduct capacity building of traditional surgeons, prospective initiates and initiates including nurses and family members about crucial protocols and health matters around MC. Finally, results recommend best practices that could be learnt from other circumcising cultures to restore the respect of MC in the Eastern Cape, as well as inclusion of women in the MC process management.
- Full Text:
Selected benefits, challenges and lessons experiences by the 2015-16 feesmustfall leaders at the University of Fort Hare (UFH), East London Campus (EL)
- Authors: Dyakumeni, Monica
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Student movements -- South Africa Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Education, Higher -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11075 , vital:37028
- Description: There is a high amount of journalistic and academic work that has been produced to highlight the various benefits, challenges and lessons the 2015-2016 #Feesmustfall movement (henceforth, FMFM) brought in its wake for South African universities affected and for South African society in general. Save for the University of the Witwatersrand (activists from Wits produced a book on their involvement in FMF), there is a dearth of academic research on the benefits, challenges and lessons of FMF as experienced by students from affected universities, in general, and student activists and leaders, in particular. The current research study was conducted to fill the above gap, and it adopted a qualitative research philosophy in the manner the research was conducted. For the purposes of this research, 10 male FMF activists from the University of Fort Hare, East London, Eastern Cape, were interviewed using an in-depth interview technique about what they regarded as benefits, challenges and lessons stemming from their involvement as leaders of the FMF protests in their campus. The findings largely set a tone of caution that there are important considerations to be made when looking at the issue of university-based protests such as FMF; in particular, the physical and psychological impacts of these protests on student leaders, or activists. The results in this study demonstrate that those who led the 2015/6 FMF protests at UFH, EL, experienced intellectual and political leadership growth as young student leaders, among some benefits. The benefits, however, were tempered by some of the traumatic and disturbing events, which exposed these leaders to, among other things, police violence, arrests and serious psychological discomfort during and even after the protests. The results also demonstrate some continuing positive impact of the FMFM on those who led the students at UFH, that is, they are today using the knowledge and lessons from FMF to make their workplaces and their political organization’s processes more robust and democratic. These findings are significant, especially for universities in South Africa, and in Africa as a whole, as there are researchers who caution that the South African university management is quick to resort to student repression during protests. The study then goes on to discuss the relevance of the findings for universities, the state and the student activists themselves. Areas for future research are also proffered.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Dyakumeni, Monica
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Student movements -- South Africa Universities and colleges -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Education, Higher -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11075 , vital:37028
- Description: There is a high amount of journalistic and academic work that has been produced to highlight the various benefits, challenges and lessons the 2015-2016 #Feesmustfall movement (henceforth, FMFM) brought in its wake for South African universities affected and for South African society in general. Save for the University of the Witwatersrand (activists from Wits produced a book on their involvement in FMF), there is a dearth of academic research on the benefits, challenges and lessons of FMF as experienced by students from affected universities, in general, and student activists and leaders, in particular. The current research study was conducted to fill the above gap, and it adopted a qualitative research philosophy in the manner the research was conducted. For the purposes of this research, 10 male FMF activists from the University of Fort Hare, East London, Eastern Cape, were interviewed using an in-depth interview technique about what they regarded as benefits, challenges and lessons stemming from their involvement as leaders of the FMF protests in their campus. The findings largely set a tone of caution that there are important considerations to be made when looking at the issue of university-based protests such as FMF; in particular, the physical and psychological impacts of these protests on student leaders, or activists. The results in this study demonstrate that those who led the 2015/6 FMF protests at UFH, EL, experienced intellectual and political leadership growth as young student leaders, among some benefits. The benefits, however, were tempered by some of the traumatic and disturbing events, which exposed these leaders to, among other things, police violence, arrests and serious psychological discomfort during and even after the protests. The results also demonstrate some continuing positive impact of the FMFM on those who led the students at UFH, that is, they are today using the knowledge and lessons from FMF to make their workplaces and their political organization’s processes more robust and democratic. These findings are significant, especially for universities in South Africa, and in Africa as a whole, as there are researchers who caution that the South African university management is quick to resort to student repression during protests. The study then goes on to discuss the relevance of the findings for universities, the state and the student activists themselves. Areas for future research are also proffered.
- Full Text:
Self-regulation and academic performance in early childhood :an East London study
- Authors: Martin, Glynnis Michelle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Self-control in children Early childhood education Child rearing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10949 , vital:35969
- Description: Previous research studies have identified various factors as influential in whether one is successful in obtaining the education necessary for effective living within a given society. Early academic performance is consistently linked to later academic performance, which in turn, relates to physical, mental and even financial health outcomes in adulthood. The recognition that competence with the demands of learning and socialization can set up cycles of success or failure, lead to much research interest directed at the key role of self-regulation, as an executive function skill, in early academic performance. Despite this growing body of research, a comprehensive conceptual model for the predictive role and interaction between complex executive functions, socio-emotional competence, learning aptitudes and visuomotor skills, as predictors in early academic success, is still lacking. Knowledge of the integrated functioning of these predictors in the South African context is particularly scarce. This research was designed to address these knowledge gaps through an exploratory descriptive and causal-comparative study. Purposive, non-probability sampling was used to select a group of 183 Grade 1 learners from a low socio-economic area of East London in South Africa. Ages ranged from 6 to 8 years (M = 6.78, SD = 0.54), whilst 40% were female and 60% were male. Predictors of academic success were measured at the start of the first academic term, and a parent-report measure was used to measure socio-emotional competencies. Second term school report cards were used to measure mid-year academic achievement. Relationships between each predictor and their relationships to academic performance were explored through Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. vii One-way Analysis of Variance with post-hoc Scheffé tests was used to explore differences between groups of Gender, Age, Home Language, Maternal Marital Status, Maternal Age and whether the grade was being Repeated or not. Two priori conceptual models of the relationships between the predictor variables and academic performance were estimated through Structural Equation Modeling. Results indicate various significant relationships between each predictor and specific aspects of academic performance. Visuomotor skills showed the strongest correlation to academic performance, followed by learning abilities and complex executive functions. Social-emotional competence was not practically significantly related to any of the factors and appeared to affect academic performance primarily through a significant relationship to complex executive functions. Interestingly, results indicate subtypes of visuomotor skills that are significantly correlated to the complex executive, as also highly correlated with academic performance. Precision tasks that were not related to complex executive function, was not significantly related to academic performance. Results furthermore identify the significant influence of caregiver factors on visuomotor skills and that of home language on learning abilities. Regression analysis results confirm a significant mediating effect of learning aptitudes in relation to the effects of complex executive function and visuomotor skills on academic performance. Model comparison supported this mediation-model as superior to a no-mediation model in predicting academic success in Grade 1. This study expands on the understanding of the role of the common executive function in relation to factors associated with crystallized intelligence, visuomotor skills and socio-emotional competencies in predicting early academic success. This study presents an innovative integrated mediation model of the relationships between the identified predictors in relation to academic success.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Martin, Glynnis Michelle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Self-control in children Early childhood education Child rearing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10949 , vital:35969
- Description: Previous research studies have identified various factors as influential in whether one is successful in obtaining the education necessary for effective living within a given society. Early academic performance is consistently linked to later academic performance, which in turn, relates to physical, mental and even financial health outcomes in adulthood. The recognition that competence with the demands of learning and socialization can set up cycles of success or failure, lead to much research interest directed at the key role of self-regulation, as an executive function skill, in early academic performance. Despite this growing body of research, a comprehensive conceptual model for the predictive role and interaction between complex executive functions, socio-emotional competence, learning aptitudes and visuomotor skills, as predictors in early academic success, is still lacking. Knowledge of the integrated functioning of these predictors in the South African context is particularly scarce. This research was designed to address these knowledge gaps through an exploratory descriptive and causal-comparative study. Purposive, non-probability sampling was used to select a group of 183 Grade 1 learners from a low socio-economic area of East London in South Africa. Ages ranged from 6 to 8 years (M = 6.78, SD = 0.54), whilst 40% were female and 60% were male. Predictors of academic success were measured at the start of the first academic term, and a parent-report measure was used to measure socio-emotional competencies. Second term school report cards were used to measure mid-year academic achievement. Relationships between each predictor and their relationships to academic performance were explored through Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. vii One-way Analysis of Variance with post-hoc Scheffé tests was used to explore differences between groups of Gender, Age, Home Language, Maternal Marital Status, Maternal Age and whether the grade was being Repeated or not. Two priori conceptual models of the relationships between the predictor variables and academic performance were estimated through Structural Equation Modeling. Results indicate various significant relationships between each predictor and specific aspects of academic performance. Visuomotor skills showed the strongest correlation to academic performance, followed by learning abilities and complex executive functions. Social-emotional competence was not practically significantly related to any of the factors and appeared to affect academic performance primarily through a significant relationship to complex executive functions. Interestingly, results indicate subtypes of visuomotor skills that are significantly correlated to the complex executive, as also highly correlated with academic performance. Precision tasks that were not related to complex executive function, was not significantly related to academic performance. Results furthermore identify the significant influence of caregiver factors on visuomotor skills and that of home language on learning abilities. Regression analysis results confirm a significant mediating effect of learning aptitudes in relation to the effects of complex executive function and visuomotor skills on academic performance. Model comparison supported this mediation-model as superior to a no-mediation model in predicting academic success in Grade 1. This study expands on the understanding of the role of the common executive function in relation to factors associated with crystallized intelligence, visuomotor skills and socio-emotional competencies in predicting early academic success. This study presents an innovative integrated mediation model of the relationships between the identified predictors in relation to academic success.
- Full Text:
Skilled Migrants and Remittances in a Development Context: A Social Value Analysis of Skills and Home Remittances among Zimbabweans living in East London, South Africa
- Authors: Mafuso, Leo Tsakata
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Migration Emigrant remittances Migrant labor
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD(Sociology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8840 , vital:33672
- Description: Against the backdrop of a growing orthodoxy that places the issue of home remittances by a country’s emigrant citizens at the centre of national and international development, this study presents a social value analysis of skills and home remittances in the Zimbabwean context. The study unveils the narratives of skilled Zimbabwean citizens living and working in East London, South Africa, with specific regard to the extent to which the revenues gained by the Zimbabwean economy through home remittances offset the skills lost by the same economy through the emigration of its skilled citizens. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, with data drawn from a survey of 158 skilled Zimbabweans, three key informant interviews (with officers of immigration stakeholder organisations) and one focus group discussion. The study found that an overwhelming majority of survey respondents regularly remitted money home, and believed that such remittances helped them to fulfil filial and other familial obligations, besides being vital to the Zimbabwean economy as a whole. They emphasised, however, that the total value of home remittances, though substantial in monetary terms, was miniscule when compared to the skills the country had lost as a result of migration. Respondents expressed the view that home remittances could not substitute for the skills lost by a country and that the proper utilisation of, and compensation for, their skills at home would develop their country faster. The study thus cuts through the dominant discourse on the developmental significance of home remittances and provides insights into the importance of skilled professionals in the Zimbabwean context, and the developmental consequences of seeing them simply as “remitters” of foreign exchange. By privileging the perspectives of skilled migrants, the study highlights how skilled professionals see themselves and their role within the migration-development debate. This therefore was a study of the migration-remittance-development nexus as though the migrant mattered.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mafuso, Leo Tsakata
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Migration Emigrant remittances Migrant labor
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD(Sociology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8840 , vital:33672
- Description: Against the backdrop of a growing orthodoxy that places the issue of home remittances by a country’s emigrant citizens at the centre of national and international development, this study presents a social value analysis of skills and home remittances in the Zimbabwean context. The study unveils the narratives of skilled Zimbabwean citizens living and working in East London, South Africa, with specific regard to the extent to which the revenues gained by the Zimbabwean economy through home remittances offset the skills lost by the same economy through the emigration of its skilled citizens. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, with data drawn from a survey of 158 skilled Zimbabweans, three key informant interviews (with officers of immigration stakeholder organisations) and one focus group discussion. The study found that an overwhelming majority of survey respondents regularly remitted money home, and believed that such remittances helped them to fulfil filial and other familial obligations, besides being vital to the Zimbabwean economy as a whole. They emphasised, however, that the total value of home remittances, though substantial in monetary terms, was miniscule when compared to the skills the country had lost as a result of migration. Respondents expressed the view that home remittances could not substitute for the skills lost by a country and that the proper utilisation of, and compensation for, their skills at home would develop their country faster. The study thus cuts through the dominant discourse on the developmental significance of home remittances and provides insights into the importance of skilled professionals in the Zimbabwean context, and the developmental consequences of seeing them simply as “remitters” of foreign exchange. By privileging the perspectives of skilled migrants, the study highlights how skilled professionals see themselves and their role within the migration-development debate. This therefore was a study of the migration-remittance-development nexus as though the migrant mattered.
- Full Text:
Smallholder farmers' selection criteria of maize varieties in Eastern Cape Province (Implications for adoption of GM maize) : the case of Port St. Johns, Flagstaff and Mqanduli
- Authors: Ngcinela, Siphokazi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Genetically modified foods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10178 , vital:35372
- Description: Different maize varieties are produced by smallholder farmers in Eastern Cape Province in different agro ecological zones. Government cropping programmes have been promoting the production of GM maize varieties by smallholder farmers to enhance food security. However, there is no evidence to show how smallholder farmers are selecting the maize varieties they want to produce. On the other hand, smallholder farmers are slowly adopting GM maize due to number of factors affecting them. The study adopted Cross sectional design to collect the data from smallholder farmers from the three study sites. The sample size was 704 respondents. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from smallholder farmers in Mqanduli (Lowest rainfall), Flagstaff (moderate rainfall) Port St. Johns LM (highest rainfall), under OR Tambo DM. Multistage sampling was utilised. SPSS version 24 was used to analyse descriptive statistics and Multinomial logistic regression model. STATA version 13 was used to analyse Crag’s double hurdle model. The results showed that, farmers were producing GM maize (Ht and Bt), unimproved OPV (landrace) and improved OPV (Sahara). The majority of farmers were producing OPVs. The findings further showed that, the selection of GM maize varieties is positively related to maize threat stalk borer damage. The results indicated that, most of the respondents were not aware of the GM permit conditions thus, they failed to comply with the expected conditions. The following variables influenced the adoption and intensity of adoption of GM maize: gender, highest educational level, household size, employment status, access to land, access to market, access to credit, membership to farmers group, main source of income, farm size, and access to extension services. It was concluded that from the three study areas different maize varieties were produced. Adoption of GM maize was influenced by the number of factors. GM maize permit condition were not met by smallholder farmers. It was recommended that, research should be done on OPVs which are the most preferred varieties by smallholder farmers. Extension officers and those who are adopting GM maize should be educated and trained about GM maize permit conditions.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ngcinela, Siphokazi
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Genetically modified foods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10178 , vital:35372
- Description: Different maize varieties are produced by smallholder farmers in Eastern Cape Province in different agro ecological zones. Government cropping programmes have been promoting the production of GM maize varieties by smallholder farmers to enhance food security. However, there is no evidence to show how smallholder farmers are selecting the maize varieties they want to produce. On the other hand, smallholder farmers are slowly adopting GM maize due to number of factors affecting them. The study adopted Cross sectional design to collect the data from smallholder farmers from the three study sites. The sample size was 704 respondents. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from smallholder farmers in Mqanduli (Lowest rainfall), Flagstaff (moderate rainfall) Port St. Johns LM (highest rainfall), under OR Tambo DM. Multistage sampling was utilised. SPSS version 24 was used to analyse descriptive statistics and Multinomial logistic regression model. STATA version 13 was used to analyse Crag’s double hurdle model. The results showed that, farmers were producing GM maize (Ht and Bt), unimproved OPV (landrace) and improved OPV (Sahara). The majority of farmers were producing OPVs. The findings further showed that, the selection of GM maize varieties is positively related to maize threat stalk borer damage. The results indicated that, most of the respondents were not aware of the GM permit conditions thus, they failed to comply with the expected conditions. The following variables influenced the adoption and intensity of adoption of GM maize: gender, highest educational level, household size, employment status, access to land, access to market, access to credit, membership to farmers group, main source of income, farm size, and access to extension services. It was concluded that from the three study areas different maize varieties were produced. Adoption of GM maize was influenced by the number of factors. GM maize permit condition were not met by smallholder farmers. It was recommended that, research should be done on OPVs which are the most preferred varieties by smallholder farmers. Extension officers and those who are adopting GM maize should be educated and trained about GM maize permit conditions.
- Full Text:
Social media and participatory water conservation education in rural areas : a case study of Amathole District's Local Municipalities
- Authors: Hove, Charity
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Internet in public administration Political participation Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10073 , vital:35326
- Description: This study conducted an explanatory sequential research on local municipalities in Amathole District‘s social media use for participatory water conservation education in South Africa. Social media is regarded as a powerful tool for information dissemination, because of its incredible speed, storage capacity, and communicative ability. However, it was worth finding out if social media platforms were being utilised fully to educate communities about water conservation by these municipalities. The South African government invests in water conservation interests through legislation and prescribes that municipalities, as local governance at the grassroots level, supply water and sanitation according to national norms and standards. With reference to this, municipalities have to educate about water conservation. The prevailing water scarcity in South Africa calls for increased education and awareness creation about water conservation to communities and municipalities have to use this opportunity by using social media. Therefore, the research aimed to know if social media platforms were being used as a tool for participatory water conservation education in Amathole District‘s local municipalities. This study used purposive sampling for data collection. The first data set was collected from the local municipalities‘ social media platforms and qualitative content analysis was used for analysis to find out if the municipalities used social media for water conservation education. The second data set aimed at getting residents‘ perception towards social media use for participatory water conservation education by their municipality was collected from 383 respondents in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality using a questionnaire. The data from the questionnaire was analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found out that Amathole District local municipalities were not using social media for water conservation education. Most respondents from Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality indicated lack of knowledge of their municipality‘s social media presence, while the few who were aware of the social media platforms rarely communicated with the municipality. Hence, the study recommends that municipalities should advertise their social media platforms and use them for developmental and beneficial purposes such as water conservation education.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Hove, Charity
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Internet in public administration Political participation Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10073 , vital:35326
- Description: This study conducted an explanatory sequential research on local municipalities in Amathole District‘s social media use for participatory water conservation education in South Africa. Social media is regarded as a powerful tool for information dissemination, because of its incredible speed, storage capacity, and communicative ability. However, it was worth finding out if social media platforms were being utilised fully to educate communities about water conservation by these municipalities. The South African government invests in water conservation interests through legislation and prescribes that municipalities, as local governance at the grassroots level, supply water and sanitation according to national norms and standards. With reference to this, municipalities have to educate about water conservation. The prevailing water scarcity in South Africa calls for increased education and awareness creation about water conservation to communities and municipalities have to use this opportunity by using social media. Therefore, the research aimed to know if social media platforms were being used as a tool for participatory water conservation education in Amathole District‘s local municipalities. This study used purposive sampling for data collection. The first data set was collected from the local municipalities‘ social media platforms and qualitative content analysis was used for analysis to find out if the municipalities used social media for water conservation education. The second data set aimed at getting residents‘ perception towards social media use for participatory water conservation education by their municipality was collected from 383 respondents in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality using a questionnaire. The data from the questionnaire was analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found out that Amathole District local municipalities were not using social media for water conservation education. Most respondents from Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality indicated lack of knowledge of their municipality‘s social media presence, while the few who were aware of the social media platforms rarely communicated with the municipality. Hence, the study recommends that municipalities should advertise their social media platforms and use them for developmental and beneficial purposes such as water conservation education.
- Full Text:
Social Media Conspicuous Consumptive Behaviour and Consumers’ Purchase Intentions of Luxury Goods
- Authors: Madzunya, Ntsundeni
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Consumer behavior -- South Africa Social media -- Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Business Management)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13524 , vital:39676
- Description: Social media has grown to such a large extent that it has become a primary source of information among consumers online. The impact of the growth of popular social media sites such as Facebook and Instagram have allowed for interest in consumer online behaviour to increase. There is no specific social media model that can be used as a tool to understand its use and influence on conspicuous online consumption behaviour. The study aimed to develop and apply a model used to understand consumer behaviour in order to enhance the use of the communication landscape as a means to drive purchase intentions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of social media conspicuous consumptive behaviour on intention to purchase luxury goods. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of conspicuous consumptive behaviour facilitated by Instagram and Facebook on potential buyers’ intention to purchase luxury goods. The study also determined if Instagram and Facebook usage intensity has an influence on conspicuous consumptive behaviour. In addition, the study also examined the relationship between Instagram and Facebook eWOM credibility and conspicuous consumptive behaviour. The study was underpinned by a positivist paradigm, a quantitative approach and the appropriate descriptive research design. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. An online survey was conducted to collect primary data, through the use of a questionnaire developed from previous studies. The questionnaire was administered online through the Survey Monkey platform to a total of 364 respondents. Analysis and interpretation of findings was done using both the descriptive and inferential statistical measures, with the help of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) 24 and Lisrel (version 9). The scales adopted for the study consisted of eight constructs, Instagram usage intensity, Instagram eWOM credibility, Instagram conspicuous consumptive behaviour, Instagram intention to purchase luxury goods, Facebook usage intensity, Facebook eWOM credibility, Facebook conspicuous consumptive behaviour, Facebook intention to purchase luxury goods. All the scales used in this study were found to be reliable and valid. ii Based on the 364 responses, the study found a positive relationship between both Facebook and Instagram usage intensity and conspicuous consumptive behaviour. Conversely, results showed that eWOM credibility on both Facebook and Instagram had no relationship with conspicuous consumptive behaviour. Lastly, Instagram conspicuous consumptive behaviour had a positive relationship with the intention to purchase luxury goods. A similar finding was found for Facebook conspicuous consumptive behaviour and the intention to purchase luxury goods. Luxury marketers are encouraged to formulate social media strategies that emphasise consumer involvement, engagement and trust; this, in turn, will increase total social media usage and influence. However, further research may want to include other popular social media platforms, such as Twitter and WhatsApp, to gain a wider understanding of the effect of social media conspicuous consumptive behaviour on intention to purchase luxury goods.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Madzunya, Ntsundeni
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Consumer behavior -- South Africa Social media -- Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Business Management)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13524 , vital:39676
- Description: Social media has grown to such a large extent that it has become a primary source of information among consumers online. The impact of the growth of popular social media sites such as Facebook and Instagram have allowed for interest in consumer online behaviour to increase. There is no specific social media model that can be used as a tool to understand its use and influence on conspicuous online consumption behaviour. The study aimed to develop and apply a model used to understand consumer behaviour in order to enhance the use of the communication landscape as a means to drive purchase intentions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of social media conspicuous consumptive behaviour on intention to purchase luxury goods. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of conspicuous consumptive behaviour facilitated by Instagram and Facebook on potential buyers’ intention to purchase luxury goods. The study also determined if Instagram and Facebook usage intensity has an influence on conspicuous consumptive behaviour. In addition, the study also examined the relationship between Instagram and Facebook eWOM credibility and conspicuous consumptive behaviour. The study was underpinned by a positivist paradigm, a quantitative approach and the appropriate descriptive research design. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. An online survey was conducted to collect primary data, through the use of a questionnaire developed from previous studies. The questionnaire was administered online through the Survey Monkey platform to a total of 364 respondents. Analysis and interpretation of findings was done using both the descriptive and inferential statistical measures, with the help of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) 24 and Lisrel (version 9). The scales adopted for the study consisted of eight constructs, Instagram usage intensity, Instagram eWOM credibility, Instagram conspicuous consumptive behaviour, Instagram intention to purchase luxury goods, Facebook usage intensity, Facebook eWOM credibility, Facebook conspicuous consumptive behaviour, Facebook intention to purchase luxury goods. All the scales used in this study were found to be reliable and valid. ii Based on the 364 responses, the study found a positive relationship between both Facebook and Instagram usage intensity and conspicuous consumptive behaviour. Conversely, results showed that eWOM credibility on both Facebook and Instagram had no relationship with conspicuous consumptive behaviour. Lastly, Instagram conspicuous consumptive behaviour had a positive relationship with the intention to purchase luxury goods. A similar finding was found for Facebook conspicuous consumptive behaviour and the intention to purchase luxury goods. Luxury marketers are encouraged to formulate social media strategies that emphasise consumer involvement, engagement and trust; this, in turn, will increase total social media usage and influence. However, further research may want to include other popular social media platforms, such as Twitter and WhatsApp, to gain a wider understanding of the effect of social media conspicuous consumptive behaviour on intention to purchase luxury goods.
- Full Text:
Social work management tasks : the experiences of frontline social workers in the nonprofit organisation sector in Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Perumal, Nevashnee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Social service Non-governmental organizations -- Eastern Cape -- Social services
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Social Work
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9756 , vital:34912
- Description: In South Africa, social workers learn how to operationalise the management functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling “on the job” by modelling and following existing managers and/or senior social workers. This points to the use of predictive knowledge, where management decisions are made based on patterns from past experiences, educated guesses and observations, which are limited to individual, personal experiences. For the frontline social worker responding to the dynamic demands of developmental social work, with limited work experience and no formal management training and support, there are several consequences for the Nonprofit Organisation sector and the frontline social worker executing these management tasks. Therefore, this study aimed to gain an understanding of the range of management tasks that frontline social workers undertake in the Nonprofit Organisation sector in operationalising the management functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling. This study employed a descriptive case study design, within the qualitative approach, and was exploratory in nature. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with nineteen frontline social workers from three established Nonprofit Organisations in Port Elizabeth. Qualitative thematic analysis was employed as a data analysis strategy. One focus group was conducted with five middle managers from the same three NPOs. Both phases of data collection were guided by interview themes, which were aligned to the objectives of the study. The major findings indicated that management tasks ranged from workload management, relationship management, information management, human resource management to self-management, and that all these tasks led to frontline social workers developing innovative management strategies as a consequence of undertaking management tasks. Predictive knowledge was magnified as a positive tool as compared to prescriptive knowledge. In light of these findings, it is recommended that organisational support and adjustments are made by the boards of management and directors of the relevant Nonprofit Organisations by specifically providing support to frontline social workers so as to enhance their execution of management tasks. Hence, this study proposes a framework with strategies to support frontline social workers as well as practice guidelines for Nonprofit Organisations’ boards of management and frontline social workers in undertaking their daily management tasks.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Perumal, Nevashnee
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Social service Non-governmental organizations -- Eastern Cape -- Social services
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Social Work
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9756 , vital:34912
- Description: In South Africa, social workers learn how to operationalise the management functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling “on the job” by modelling and following existing managers and/or senior social workers. This points to the use of predictive knowledge, where management decisions are made based on patterns from past experiences, educated guesses and observations, which are limited to individual, personal experiences. For the frontline social worker responding to the dynamic demands of developmental social work, with limited work experience and no formal management training and support, there are several consequences for the Nonprofit Organisation sector and the frontline social worker executing these management tasks. Therefore, this study aimed to gain an understanding of the range of management tasks that frontline social workers undertake in the Nonprofit Organisation sector in operationalising the management functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling. This study employed a descriptive case study design, within the qualitative approach, and was exploratory in nature. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with nineteen frontline social workers from three established Nonprofit Organisations in Port Elizabeth. Qualitative thematic analysis was employed as a data analysis strategy. One focus group was conducted with five middle managers from the same three NPOs. Both phases of data collection were guided by interview themes, which were aligned to the objectives of the study. The major findings indicated that management tasks ranged from workload management, relationship management, information management, human resource management to self-management, and that all these tasks led to frontline social workers developing innovative management strategies as a consequence of undertaking management tasks. Predictive knowledge was magnified as a positive tool as compared to prescriptive knowledge. In light of these findings, it is recommended that organisational support and adjustments are made by the boards of management and directors of the relevant Nonprofit Organisations by specifically providing support to frontline social workers so as to enhance their execution of management tasks. Hence, this study proposes a framework with strategies to support frontline social workers as well as practice guidelines for Nonprofit Organisations’ boards of management and frontline social workers in undertaking their daily management tasks.
- Full Text:
Spatial and seasonal variations of water quality determinants and pollutants as fitness-for-use and compliance assessments of the Mzimvubu catchment water resources for the proposed Mzimvubu Water Project, South Africa
- Authors: Mutingwende, Nhamo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Water quality -- South Africa Water quality management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9308 , vital:34320
- Description: The Department of Water Affairs as of late reported plans to build two substantial stockpiling dams in the Mzimvubu Catchment. The Mzimvubu stream basin is probably one of most prominent and undeveloped basin in South Africa. This is notwithstanding high yearly rainfall, high ecological status, high tourism potential, and appropriateness for afforestation, dryland/rainfed and water system agribusiness. Hence, the Department of Water Affairs researched the capability of building a multipurpose dam in the Mzimvubu catchment to catalyse financial and social improvement. The proposed dam will be based on the Tsitsa River. Often, scientific studies related to dam construction concentrate more on discovering the most, in fact, accessible place to construct it, than on the long haul socio-natural issues that come in its preparation. The water quality of the Tsitsa River, its tributaries and the underground drinking water sources within the Mzimvubu catchment are most likely to change once the dam wall is completed. Surface water resources are susceptible to chemical, physical, microbiological contamination and the so-called emerging pollutants either, through human or natural activities. A comprehensive baseline study on the water quality of the Mzimvubu water resources regarding traces of emerging pollutants and water quality determinants (physical, chemical and microbial) pre-dam construction is therefore essential. The objective of the water quality section of this study was to perform an in-depth analysis of water quality in the study area to form a baseline for future studies on how the built dam may affect these. The approach was to assess the spatial and seasonal variations of the pollutants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides) and water quality determinants for all water sources most likely to be affected by the development of the dam. The fitness-for-use and compliance assessments were conducted to assess if the current water resources are fit-for-use for various categories of use and if they comply with various water quality standards and guidelines as determined by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is the overseer of South Africa's water assets, and its central goal is to keep up the fitness-for-use of water on a sustained basis. Water samples (500ml) were collected from sixteen (16) sample points, ranging from the proposed mouth of the dam to the N2 bridge point of the Tsitsa River. Points were selected where the Tsitsa River was accessible using the dam project development roads or where tributaries to the Tsitsa River were accessible using dam development roads. Taps/groundwater sources were sampled from the five selected villages. Monthly samples were collected upstream and downstream of the proposed dam wall, from June 2015 to April 2017.Seventeen (17) water quality indices were therefore analysed at sixteen sampling sites, over a two year period. The AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS was used to screen for pharmaceutical and pesticide pollutants. All the water quality indices were analysed using the AL400 Aqua lytic photometer, and the microbial analysis was done using the Rand Water Method Number 1.2.2.09.1 for enumerating the amount of E. coli and coliforms in the water samples (Rand Water, 2010f). The South African Water Quality Guidelines, Volumes 1 to 7 (DWS, 1996a-g) were used to assess the fitness-for-use of the water sources. To confirm the compliance of the water resources to various standards and guidelines, the water quality data were assessed against international and national guidelines and standards i.e. the WHO guideline, South African water quality guidelines (domestic, irrigation, livestock and watering, aquaculture, and aquatic ecosystems), and the SANS: 241 (2015) standard for drinking water. Non-parametric statistics were utilised to ascertain the changeability, which is a measure of how water quality may vary after some time. With non-parametric insights, the interquartile extent, which lies between the 25th and the 75th percentile, was utilised to depict inconstancy. The median value (50th percentile) was used as an indication of the central tendency or average. The 90th percentile was included as it can be used to assess the frequency of excursions into higher and possibly unacceptable water quality conditions. 3D Sigma plot was used to graphical present the spatial and seasonal variations of water quality indices and emerging pollutants against their concentrations. Fundamental statistical properties and correlations of water quality variables from the Tsitsa River, Tsitsa River tributaries and the drinking water sources were examined using SAS descriptive statistics. The water quality was determined to be of relatively sound quality, based on the comparison with guidelines and standards for the various intended uses, even though some of the water quality determinants were non-compliant and were “unacceptable” regarding fitness for purpose. The water quality of the Ntabalenga dam would most probably be affected by natural influences (for example rainfall, weathering and geological composition) and anthropogenic factors through non-point source pollution from agriculture activities, human settlements (pit latrines and open defecation) as well as industrial activities in the Maclear and Tsolo towns (wastewater treatments plants effluent, hospital effluent). The Tsitsa River had the highest number of non-compliances, especially to the World Health Organisation and Department of Water and Sanitation aquaculture guidelines. Therefore, the Tsitsa River’s water quality would be a significant factor that could compromise the water quality of the water collected in the dam. The human settlement conditions and agricultural inputs seem to be the factors contributing most to contamination of the surface water of the catchment area. The lack of sanitation systems and facilities means that community members have to use the bush and rivers for ablutions, thus contributing to microbial contamination of the environment. The direct application of manure and fertilisers on the fields by farmers further exacerbates microbial contamination and high nutrient inputs into the environment as observed in elevated microbial and phosphate contaminants during the study period. The data obtained from the analysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals confirmed the contamination of the drinking water sources, the Tsitsa River and its tributaries with pesticides and pharmaceuticals through non-point source pollution. The origins of these pharmaceutical contaminants were identified as the pit latrines, open defecation and wastewater treatment plant effluent, while agricultural application of pesticides was identified as the source of pesticides in surface waters. If not monitored closely, the presence of these emerging pollutants will negatively affect the quality of the dam water both at spatial and temporal scales once the dam wall is completed. Pit latrines and wastewater treatment plants are a significant source of non-point source pollution. The results of this study will add to the ongoing efforts on water quality remediation by recording the spatial and seasonal variations in water quality across various water sources within the study area. The study also provides a baseline for future water quality fitness-for-use and compliance assessments. By these findings and conclusions, it is recommended that a long-term continuous monitoring programme be implemented, especially in areas where increased agricultural activities have been observed. Monitoring should be implemented for the Tsitsa River, its tributaries, and selected drinking water sources which showed the highest number of non-compliances and microbial contamination. All anthropogenic activities in the catchment areas of these sources, both upstream and downstream of the proposed dam wall, must be monitored and strictly managed to prevent and mitigate their possible impacts. Specific emphasis should be placed on agricultural development, which should be controlled to ensure sustainable livestock and cropping practises. Sanitation facilities, systems and community programmes should be put in place to minimise microbial contamination. It would be beneficial for the Department of Water and Sanitation office responsible for the Mzimvubu water resources to establish a central database for all information concerning the water quality of their water resources including the findings in this report. The database must be freely accessible to the residents of the Mzimvubu catchment.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mutingwende, Nhamo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Water quality -- South Africa Water quality management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9308 , vital:34320
- Description: The Department of Water Affairs as of late reported plans to build two substantial stockpiling dams in the Mzimvubu Catchment. The Mzimvubu stream basin is probably one of most prominent and undeveloped basin in South Africa. This is notwithstanding high yearly rainfall, high ecological status, high tourism potential, and appropriateness for afforestation, dryland/rainfed and water system agribusiness. Hence, the Department of Water Affairs researched the capability of building a multipurpose dam in the Mzimvubu catchment to catalyse financial and social improvement. The proposed dam will be based on the Tsitsa River. Often, scientific studies related to dam construction concentrate more on discovering the most, in fact, accessible place to construct it, than on the long haul socio-natural issues that come in its preparation. The water quality of the Tsitsa River, its tributaries and the underground drinking water sources within the Mzimvubu catchment are most likely to change once the dam wall is completed. Surface water resources are susceptible to chemical, physical, microbiological contamination and the so-called emerging pollutants either, through human or natural activities. A comprehensive baseline study on the water quality of the Mzimvubu water resources regarding traces of emerging pollutants and water quality determinants (physical, chemical and microbial) pre-dam construction is therefore essential. The objective of the water quality section of this study was to perform an in-depth analysis of water quality in the study area to form a baseline for future studies on how the built dam may affect these. The approach was to assess the spatial and seasonal variations of the pollutants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides) and water quality determinants for all water sources most likely to be affected by the development of the dam. The fitness-for-use and compliance assessments were conducted to assess if the current water resources are fit-for-use for various categories of use and if they comply with various water quality standards and guidelines as determined by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is the overseer of South Africa's water assets, and its central goal is to keep up the fitness-for-use of water on a sustained basis. Water samples (500ml) were collected from sixteen (16) sample points, ranging from the proposed mouth of the dam to the N2 bridge point of the Tsitsa River. Points were selected where the Tsitsa River was accessible using the dam project development roads or where tributaries to the Tsitsa River were accessible using dam development roads. Taps/groundwater sources were sampled from the five selected villages. Monthly samples were collected upstream and downstream of the proposed dam wall, from June 2015 to April 2017.Seventeen (17) water quality indices were therefore analysed at sixteen sampling sites, over a two year period. The AB SCIEX TripleTOF™5600 LC/MS/MS was used to screen for pharmaceutical and pesticide pollutants. All the water quality indices were analysed using the AL400 Aqua lytic photometer, and the microbial analysis was done using the Rand Water Method Number 1.2.2.09.1 for enumerating the amount of E. coli and coliforms in the water samples (Rand Water, 2010f). The South African Water Quality Guidelines, Volumes 1 to 7 (DWS, 1996a-g) were used to assess the fitness-for-use of the water sources. To confirm the compliance of the water resources to various standards and guidelines, the water quality data were assessed against international and national guidelines and standards i.e. the WHO guideline, South African water quality guidelines (domestic, irrigation, livestock and watering, aquaculture, and aquatic ecosystems), and the SANS: 241 (2015) standard for drinking water. Non-parametric statistics were utilised to ascertain the changeability, which is a measure of how water quality may vary after some time. With non-parametric insights, the interquartile extent, which lies between the 25th and the 75th percentile, was utilised to depict inconstancy. The median value (50th percentile) was used as an indication of the central tendency or average. The 90th percentile was included as it can be used to assess the frequency of excursions into higher and possibly unacceptable water quality conditions. 3D Sigma plot was used to graphical present the spatial and seasonal variations of water quality indices and emerging pollutants against their concentrations. Fundamental statistical properties and correlations of water quality variables from the Tsitsa River, Tsitsa River tributaries and the drinking water sources were examined using SAS descriptive statistics. The water quality was determined to be of relatively sound quality, based on the comparison with guidelines and standards for the various intended uses, even though some of the water quality determinants were non-compliant and were “unacceptable” regarding fitness for purpose. The water quality of the Ntabalenga dam would most probably be affected by natural influences (for example rainfall, weathering and geological composition) and anthropogenic factors through non-point source pollution from agriculture activities, human settlements (pit latrines and open defecation) as well as industrial activities in the Maclear and Tsolo towns (wastewater treatments plants effluent, hospital effluent). The Tsitsa River had the highest number of non-compliances, especially to the World Health Organisation and Department of Water and Sanitation aquaculture guidelines. Therefore, the Tsitsa River’s water quality would be a significant factor that could compromise the water quality of the water collected in the dam. The human settlement conditions and agricultural inputs seem to be the factors contributing most to contamination of the surface water of the catchment area. The lack of sanitation systems and facilities means that community members have to use the bush and rivers for ablutions, thus contributing to microbial contamination of the environment. The direct application of manure and fertilisers on the fields by farmers further exacerbates microbial contamination and high nutrient inputs into the environment as observed in elevated microbial and phosphate contaminants during the study period. The data obtained from the analysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals confirmed the contamination of the drinking water sources, the Tsitsa River and its tributaries with pesticides and pharmaceuticals through non-point source pollution. The origins of these pharmaceutical contaminants were identified as the pit latrines, open defecation and wastewater treatment plant effluent, while agricultural application of pesticides was identified as the source of pesticides in surface waters. If not monitored closely, the presence of these emerging pollutants will negatively affect the quality of the dam water both at spatial and temporal scales once the dam wall is completed. Pit latrines and wastewater treatment plants are a significant source of non-point source pollution. The results of this study will add to the ongoing efforts on water quality remediation by recording the spatial and seasonal variations in water quality across various water sources within the study area. The study also provides a baseline for future water quality fitness-for-use and compliance assessments. By these findings and conclusions, it is recommended that a long-term continuous monitoring programme be implemented, especially in areas where increased agricultural activities have been observed. Monitoring should be implemented for the Tsitsa River, its tributaries, and selected drinking water sources which showed the highest number of non-compliances and microbial contamination. All anthropogenic activities in the catchment areas of these sources, both upstream and downstream of the proposed dam wall, must be monitored and strictly managed to prevent and mitigate their possible impacts. Specific emphasis should be placed on agricultural development, which should be controlled to ensure sustainable livestock and cropping practises. Sanitation facilities, systems and community programmes should be put in place to minimise microbial contamination. It would be beneficial for the Department of Water and Sanitation office responsible for the Mzimvubu water resources to establish a central database for all information concerning the water quality of their water resources including the findings in this report. The database must be freely accessible to the residents of the Mzimvubu catchment.
- Full Text:
Strategies teachers use to enhance grade 7 learners' reading comprehension skills in first additional language : four primary schools in Fort Beaufort
- Authors: Matakane, Euphimia Nobuzwe
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Reading comprehension -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Education
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9533 , vital:34363
- Description: This study focused on the strategies teachers use to enhance grade 7 learners’ reading comprehension skills in English First Additional Language at Fort Beaufort District. This study was impelled by low performance of learners in English language, where learners were unable to read and answer questions promptly due lack of understanding what they read. This study is qualitative in approach and underpinned interpretive paradigm position. Fort Beaufort Education District used as a case study whereby four schools were purposively selected and each with six grade seven learners, teachers and Subject Advisor. Qualitative data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, observations and documents analysis. Interviews and focus groups discussions were taped, transcribed, analysed and the data was categorised into themes. The findings of this study disclosed the weak correlation between teachers’ knowledge and teaching practices and lack of support from the district. The participating teachers had limited understanding of reading comprehension strategies; as a result, they regarded teaching reading comprehension as a challenge since they do not know what comprehension strategies are, and how to apply them. Teachers lack theoretical knowledge and practice concerning the teaching of reading for comprehension resulted to a negative attitude and a total neglect towards teaching reading for comprehension. The participants showed dissatisfaction with the intervention of the Department of Education and the policies they impose on them. The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement has no clear guidelines on how to teach these strategies of reading comprehension, rather it places reading comprehension under three phases, namely: Pre-reading, During- reading and Post-reading. As they lack appropriate techniques to teach English comprehension effectively, more workshops should be done to empower them in order to become competent teachers. Teachers need more training on active approaches in order to change their comprehension instruction and to select texts that are relevant to learners’ life situations or experiences, in order for them to relate with the text and thus would cause them to read with understanding.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Matakane, Euphimia Nobuzwe
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Reading comprehension -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , Education
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9533 , vital:34363
- Description: This study focused on the strategies teachers use to enhance grade 7 learners’ reading comprehension skills in English First Additional Language at Fort Beaufort District. This study was impelled by low performance of learners in English language, where learners were unable to read and answer questions promptly due lack of understanding what they read. This study is qualitative in approach and underpinned interpretive paradigm position. Fort Beaufort Education District used as a case study whereby four schools were purposively selected and each with six grade seven learners, teachers and Subject Advisor. Qualitative data was gathered through semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, observations and documents analysis. Interviews and focus groups discussions were taped, transcribed, analysed and the data was categorised into themes. The findings of this study disclosed the weak correlation between teachers’ knowledge and teaching practices and lack of support from the district. The participating teachers had limited understanding of reading comprehension strategies; as a result, they regarded teaching reading comprehension as a challenge since they do not know what comprehension strategies are, and how to apply them. Teachers lack theoretical knowledge and practice concerning the teaching of reading for comprehension resulted to a negative attitude and a total neglect towards teaching reading for comprehension. The participants showed dissatisfaction with the intervention of the Department of Education and the policies they impose on them. The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement has no clear guidelines on how to teach these strategies of reading comprehension, rather it places reading comprehension under three phases, namely: Pre-reading, During- reading and Post-reading. As they lack appropriate techniques to teach English comprehension effectively, more workshops should be done to empower them in order to become competent teachers. Teachers need more training on active approaches in order to change their comprehension instruction and to select texts that are relevant to learners’ life situations or experiences, in order for them to relate with the text and thus would cause them to read with understanding.
- Full Text:
Strategies used by teachers to promote reading in grade 4 : a case of english first additional language learners
- Authors: Fesi, Liziwe
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching English language -- Rhetoric Reading -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9264 , vital:34316
- Description: The study examines strategies used by teachers to promote reading: A Case of English First Additional Language Learners. The study was located within the constructivism paradigm of reading and used a qualitative research approach that incorporated a case study research design in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data. The data instruments used were interviews and observations. Data were analyzed using non-statistical procedures. The findings of the study revealed that reading problems are still eminent in Grade Four. It was found that the resources in schools inhibits the progress to promote reading. The educational system is underdeveloped and under resourced with respect to reading materials, and schools are in a bad state due to obsolete facilities. Inadequate infrastructure is also another challenge since most of the participants reported that classes are overcrowded; thus, limiting the space to interact with learners. It was found that primary schools have no libraries; as a result, it was difficult for the teachers to instill the culture of reading. Some participants revealed that technology can be useful to encourage reading, however, their schools have no computer centers and most teachers do not know how to use computers. It emerged from the findings that parents fail to involve themselves in their children’s education. In addition, it was found that poor socio-economic backgrounds affect many homes, and this has a negative impact on schools. Most South African parents are found to be unable to support their children at all. There are also challenges interconnected with the English First Additional Language learners, the eccentricities of the English language, the teacher training and continuing professional development of teachers, as it emerged from the findings of this study that most teachers do not understand the reading strategies, skills of teaching reading and learners lack vocabulary, hence their resistance to reading. A comprehensive model of strategies to improve reading in primary schools was developed by the researcher based on the findings of the study and an extensive literature review.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Fesi, Liziwe
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching English language -- Rhetoric Reading -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9264 , vital:34316
- Description: The study examines strategies used by teachers to promote reading: A Case of English First Additional Language Learners. The study was located within the constructivism paradigm of reading and used a qualitative research approach that incorporated a case study research design in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data. The data instruments used were interviews and observations. Data were analyzed using non-statistical procedures. The findings of the study revealed that reading problems are still eminent in Grade Four. It was found that the resources in schools inhibits the progress to promote reading. The educational system is underdeveloped and under resourced with respect to reading materials, and schools are in a bad state due to obsolete facilities. Inadequate infrastructure is also another challenge since most of the participants reported that classes are overcrowded; thus, limiting the space to interact with learners. It was found that primary schools have no libraries; as a result, it was difficult for the teachers to instill the culture of reading. Some participants revealed that technology can be useful to encourage reading, however, their schools have no computer centers and most teachers do not know how to use computers. It emerged from the findings that parents fail to involve themselves in their children’s education. In addition, it was found that poor socio-economic backgrounds affect many homes, and this has a negative impact on schools. Most South African parents are found to be unable to support their children at all. There are also challenges interconnected with the English First Additional Language learners, the eccentricities of the English language, the teacher training and continuing professional development of teachers, as it emerged from the findings of this study that most teachers do not understand the reading strategies, skills of teaching reading and learners lack vocabulary, hence their resistance to reading. A comprehensive model of strategies to improve reading in primary schools was developed by the researcher based on the findings of the study and an extensive literature review.
- Full Text:
Students’ intentions and attitudes towards using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for the purpose of counselling.
- Authors: Dlaza, Zikhona
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Internet -- Psychological aspects Internet users -- Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc. Sci (Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17553 , vital:41090
- Description: Information Communication Technology (ICT) is becoming popular especially within a university campus setting not only as a learning tool but also for the purpose of communication. Internationally there is an acknowledgement of the popularity of ICT in delivering mental health services. This study is built on that premise which indicates that ICT could serve as a viable tool for counselling interventions within a university setting. However, limited research has been done in this area and conflicting results have been reported especially related to gender. This study therefore aimed at exploring the intentions and attitudes of male and female students towards using ICT for counselling at a South African university. A quantitative research approach was employed to collect and analyze data. Data was collected amongst students using self-administered questionnaires with a sample of 266 (N = 266) respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The main findings of the study indicate that students have an intention to seek psychological help through the use of ICT counselling, which consequently positively influenced attitudes towards the utilization of ICT counselling. Results further indicate that gender and age differences amongst university students is significantly related to the intention to use ICT counselling. The information generated from this study has contributed to the limited body of literature on ICT in counselling psychology, more specifically in a university setting in South Africa. Overall, it encourages critical reflection on modern psychological practice to meet student’s needs.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Dlaza, Zikhona
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Internet -- Psychological aspects Internet users -- Psychology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc. Sci (Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17553 , vital:41090
- Description: Information Communication Technology (ICT) is becoming popular especially within a university campus setting not only as a learning tool but also for the purpose of communication. Internationally there is an acknowledgement of the popularity of ICT in delivering mental health services. This study is built on that premise which indicates that ICT could serve as a viable tool for counselling interventions within a university setting. However, limited research has been done in this area and conflicting results have been reported especially related to gender. This study therefore aimed at exploring the intentions and attitudes of male and female students towards using ICT for counselling at a South African university. A quantitative research approach was employed to collect and analyze data. Data was collected amongst students using self-administered questionnaires with a sample of 266 (N = 266) respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed. The main findings of the study indicate that students have an intention to seek psychological help through the use of ICT counselling, which consequently positively influenced attitudes towards the utilization of ICT counselling. Results further indicate that gender and age differences amongst university students is significantly related to the intention to use ICT counselling. The information generated from this study has contributed to the limited body of literature on ICT in counselling psychology, more specifically in a university setting in South Africa. Overall, it encourages critical reflection on modern psychological practice to meet student’s needs.
- Full Text:
Sustainability challenges and community broadcasting media in Eastern Cape : a comparative study of Forte FM and Vukani FM
- Authors: Mbombo, Nothemba
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Community radio -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Radio stations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Radio in community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Communication
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9330 , vital:34325
- Description: This study is a qualitative study focusing on the sustainability challenges affecting the performance of community radio stations in Eastern Cape using Forte FM and Vukani FM as case studies. For the purpose of this study, in-depth interviews and focus group interviews were used to collect data and the researcher had in-depth interviews with the station managers of both radio stations. Another interview was conducted with the programme manager of the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA). In addition, this study conducted one focus group interview with purposively selected participants for each community radio station to get their views on the functioning and sustainability challenges facing each of the radio station and how they see them helping their communities. The findings of the study revealed that the major sustainability challenges faced by the stations are finances and lack of resources. The lack of resources is a major problem as it reflects a lack of political will and policies that have failed to recognize the importance of communication as a social process that can help to bring change and development (Fraser & Estrada, 2003:3). As revealed by the findings of this study, the most serious challenge that both stations face is financial sustainability as they had said they struggle to function because they do not have money to pay their staff, and to pay the National Community Radio Forum (NCRF) in order to be kept on air and to deliver their content to the targeted audiences. This study also found out that the stations are not able to train their reporters while they are not getting a regular assistance from the Minister of Communications. The radio stations noted that the Department of Communications used to assist them some years ago but now support only comes from the MDDA. On the other hand, the study also revealed that the MDDA do assist the community radio stations by providing them with necessary broadcasting and transmission equipment and facilities to make sure that they stay on air. This study therefore, concludes that despite the several sustainability challenges faced by these community radio stations, they are still able to contribute to the development of their communities
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mbombo, Nothemba
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Community radio -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Radio stations -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Radio in community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Communication
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9330 , vital:34325
- Description: This study is a qualitative study focusing on the sustainability challenges affecting the performance of community radio stations in Eastern Cape using Forte FM and Vukani FM as case studies. For the purpose of this study, in-depth interviews and focus group interviews were used to collect data and the researcher had in-depth interviews with the station managers of both radio stations. Another interview was conducted with the programme manager of the Media Development and Diversity Agency (MDDA). In addition, this study conducted one focus group interview with purposively selected participants for each community radio station to get their views on the functioning and sustainability challenges facing each of the radio station and how they see them helping their communities. The findings of the study revealed that the major sustainability challenges faced by the stations are finances and lack of resources. The lack of resources is a major problem as it reflects a lack of political will and policies that have failed to recognize the importance of communication as a social process that can help to bring change and development (Fraser & Estrada, 2003:3). As revealed by the findings of this study, the most serious challenge that both stations face is financial sustainability as they had said they struggle to function because they do not have money to pay their staff, and to pay the National Community Radio Forum (NCRF) in order to be kept on air and to deliver their content to the targeted audiences. This study also found out that the stations are not able to train their reporters while they are not getting a regular assistance from the Minister of Communications. The radio stations noted that the Department of Communications used to assist them some years ago but now support only comes from the MDDA. On the other hand, the study also revealed that the MDDA do assist the community radio stations by providing them with necessary broadcasting and transmission equipment and facilities to make sure that they stay on air. This study therefore, concludes that despite the several sustainability challenges faced by these community radio stations, they are still able to contribute to the development of their communities
- Full Text:
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of photophysical and electrochemical properties of ruthenium(II) complexes for dye-sensitized solar cells
- Authors: Adjogri, Shadrack John
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ruthenium Ruthenium compounds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17828 , vital:41363
- Description: Eight series of thirty (30) novel heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes were designed, synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, with the following general molecular formulae as [Ru(bdmpmar)(H2dcbpy)(NCS)]+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpdiinp)(H2dcbpy)]2,+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpbpp)(H2dcbpy)]2+,[Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)(NCS)]+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)2(NCS)2], [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)(NCS)3]– and [Ru(vptpy)(H2dcbpy)(N^^^)]2+ where bdmpmar is a tridentate ligand of N,N-bis(3, 5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl-methyl) aromatic organic compound (such aromatic organic compounds(Ar) are anthranilic acid, 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline, aniline, toluidine, cyclohexylamine and anisidine), vpdiinp represents a monodentate ligand of 11-(4-vinylphenyl)diindeno[1,2-b:2’,1’-e]pyridine, vpbpp represents a monodentate ligand of 4-(4-vinylphenyl)-2.6-bis(phenyl)pyridine and vptpy represents a tridentate ligand of 4’-(4-vinyl)-2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridine. Meanwhile, N^ represents any of the monodentate ligands of either vpdiinp or vpbpp and (N^^^) represents any of the monodentate ligands either of vpdiinp or vpbpp or NCS as disclosed in series VIII. The complexes were characterized by conductivity measurement, solubility, melting point, UV-Vis, PL, FTIR (ATR), NMR, Cyclic and square wave voltammetry. Nine chelating ligands, comprising of six (6) tripodal chelating ligands, two (2) vinyl monodentate ligands and one (1) vinyl tridentate ligand, were used for the synthesis of ruthenium(II) complexes ATR-FTIR spectra of all the ruthenium(II) complexes measured as solid samples, exhibited fine resolution IR bands in region between 3473-3438 cm-1 of carboxylic group in H2dcbpy. The bands in the range 3040-2950 cm-1 were ascribed to C-H bond stretching for the CH3 groups. The coordination of NCS group in the sphere of ruthenium(II) complexes related to series I, IV, VI VII and one compound of series VIII was investigated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Bands in the range of 2116-2106 cm-1 and 777-770 cm-1 are ascribed to the respective N=C and the C=S bond stretching vibration which confirms the N-coordination of the SCN group. For all the complexes, the stretching vibration of Ru-N bonding was between 466 and 411 cm-1 due to coordination of the nitrogen atoms of the ligands to ruthenium central metal atom. The introduction of the two vinyl monodentate ligands (vpdiinp and vpbpp) in the coordination sphere of [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpdiinp)(H2dcbpy)]2+, [Ru(bdmpmar) (vpbpp)(H2dcbpy)]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)(NCS)]+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)2(NCS)2], [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)(NCS)3]– and [Ru(vptpy)(H2dcbpy)(N^^^)]2+ respectively, all related to series II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and two compounds of series VIII ruthenium(II) complexes, has been studied using the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques. The 1H NMR spectra of series II-VII and the two compounds of series VIII of the ruthenium(II) complexes show multiplets in the aromatic region above 6 ppm due to the presence of either vpdiinp or vpbpp ligand, situated in different magnetic environment. However, no splitting pattern was observed in series I and part of VIII complexes possibly due to the absence vinyl monodentate subunits (vpdiinp and vpbpp) in series I and one of compound in series VIII ruthenium(II) complexes show no signals of complex splitting patterns. Carbon-13 NMR spectra data of series I to VIII ruthenium(II) complexes show most resonance signals range in the aromatic region of (δ 116.54-199.63ppm) corresponding to the molecular formulation of ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating 4,4-dicarboxy-2,2’-bipyridine, bdmpmar, vptpy, vpdiinp or vpbpp and NCS ligands respectively, depending on the intrinsic ligand variations. Carbon-13 NMR spectra data of series I, IV, VI VII and one compound in VIII show resonance peaks within the range 130-135 ppm are ascribed to NCS ligand confirming the presence of N-coordinated thiocyanate. Cyclic voltammograms of series I-IV and VI-VIII complexes display ruthenium-based oxidative peaks and the pyridines ligand-based reductive peaks. The redox behavior of complexes 4-12, 14-16, 18-20, 24-26 and 30 is dominated by the Ru(II)/R(III) redox couple in region (E1/2 between 0.53 and 1.18) and the pyridines ligand-based redox couples in the region between (E1/2 between −0.25 and −1.45). The photophysical property studies of the Ru(II) complexes are determined through the acquisitions of the absorption spectra, which tends to have profound effect on the short circuit current of DSSC. The absorption maxima were tuned by the introduction and variation of six (6) tripodal chelating ligands, two (2) vinyl monodentate ligands and one (1) vinyl tridentate ligand. From the studies, the results show that series IV, V, VI, VII and VIII complexes of molecular formula [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)(NCS)]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)2(NCS)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)(NCS)3]2+ and [Ru(vptpy)(H2dcbpy)(N^^^)]2+ respectively, have higher and multiple local absorption maxima near-IR region than the complexes of series I, II and III of molecular [Ru(bdmpmar)(H2dcbpy)(NCS)]2,+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpdiinp)(H2dcbpy)]2,+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpbpp)(H2dcbpy)]2,+respectively.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Adjogri, Shadrack John
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Ruthenium Ruthenium compounds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17828 , vital:41363
- Description: Eight series of thirty (30) novel heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes were designed, synthesized and spectroscopically characterized, with the following general molecular formulae as [Ru(bdmpmar)(H2dcbpy)(NCS)]+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpdiinp)(H2dcbpy)]2,+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpbpp)(H2dcbpy)]2+,[Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)(NCS)]+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)2(NCS)2], [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)(NCS)3]– and [Ru(vptpy)(H2dcbpy)(N^^^)]2+ where bdmpmar is a tridentate ligand of N,N-bis(3, 5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl-methyl) aromatic organic compound (such aromatic organic compounds(Ar) are anthranilic acid, 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline, aniline, toluidine, cyclohexylamine and anisidine), vpdiinp represents a monodentate ligand of 11-(4-vinylphenyl)diindeno[1,2-b:2’,1’-e]pyridine, vpbpp represents a monodentate ligand of 4-(4-vinylphenyl)-2.6-bis(phenyl)pyridine and vptpy represents a tridentate ligand of 4’-(4-vinyl)-2,2’:6’,2’’-terpyridine. Meanwhile, N^ represents any of the monodentate ligands of either vpdiinp or vpbpp and (N^^^) represents any of the monodentate ligands either of vpdiinp or vpbpp or NCS as disclosed in series VIII. The complexes were characterized by conductivity measurement, solubility, melting point, UV-Vis, PL, FTIR (ATR), NMR, Cyclic and square wave voltammetry. Nine chelating ligands, comprising of six (6) tripodal chelating ligands, two (2) vinyl monodentate ligands and one (1) vinyl tridentate ligand, were used for the synthesis of ruthenium(II) complexes ATR-FTIR spectra of all the ruthenium(II) complexes measured as solid samples, exhibited fine resolution IR bands in region between 3473-3438 cm-1 of carboxylic group in H2dcbpy. The bands in the range 3040-2950 cm-1 were ascribed to C-H bond stretching for the CH3 groups. The coordination of NCS group in the sphere of ruthenium(II) complexes related to series I, IV, VI VII and one compound of series VIII was investigated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Bands in the range of 2116-2106 cm-1 and 777-770 cm-1 are ascribed to the respective N=C and the C=S bond stretching vibration which confirms the N-coordination of the SCN group. For all the complexes, the stretching vibration of Ru-N bonding was between 466 and 411 cm-1 due to coordination of the nitrogen atoms of the ligands to ruthenium central metal atom. The introduction of the two vinyl monodentate ligands (vpdiinp and vpbpp) in the coordination sphere of [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpdiinp)(H2dcbpy)]2+, [Ru(bdmpmar) (vpbpp)(H2dcbpy)]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)(NCS)]+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)2(NCS)2], [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)(NCS)3]– and [Ru(vptpy)(H2dcbpy)(N^^^)]2+ respectively, all related to series II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and two compounds of series VIII ruthenium(II) complexes, has been studied using the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy techniques. The 1H NMR spectra of series II-VII and the two compounds of series VIII of the ruthenium(II) complexes show multiplets in the aromatic region above 6 ppm due to the presence of either vpdiinp or vpbpp ligand, situated in different magnetic environment. However, no splitting pattern was observed in series I and part of VIII complexes possibly due to the absence vinyl monodentate subunits (vpdiinp and vpbpp) in series I and one of compound in series VIII ruthenium(II) complexes show no signals of complex splitting patterns. Carbon-13 NMR spectra data of series I to VIII ruthenium(II) complexes show most resonance signals range in the aromatic region of (δ 116.54-199.63ppm) corresponding to the molecular formulation of ruthenium(II) complexes incorporating 4,4-dicarboxy-2,2’-bipyridine, bdmpmar, vptpy, vpdiinp or vpbpp and NCS ligands respectively, depending on the intrinsic ligand variations. Carbon-13 NMR spectra data of series I, IV, VI VII and one compound in VIII show resonance peaks within the range 130-135 ppm are ascribed to NCS ligand confirming the presence of N-coordinated thiocyanate. Cyclic voltammograms of series I-IV and VI-VIII complexes display ruthenium-based oxidative peaks and the pyridines ligand-based reductive peaks. The redox behavior of complexes 4-12, 14-16, 18-20, 24-26 and 30 is dominated by the Ru(II)/R(III) redox couple in region (E1/2 between 0.53 and 1.18) and the pyridines ligand-based redox couples in the region between (E1/2 between −0.25 and −1.45). The photophysical property studies of the Ru(II) complexes are determined through the acquisitions of the absorption spectra, which tends to have profound effect on the short circuit current of DSSC. The absorption maxima were tuned by the introduction and variation of six (6) tripodal chelating ligands, two (2) vinyl monodentate ligands and one (1) vinyl tridentate ligand. From the studies, the results show that series IV, V, VI, VII and VIII complexes of molecular formula [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)(NCS)]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(N^)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)2(NCS)2]2+, [Ru(H2dcbpy)(N^)(NCS)3]2+ and [Ru(vptpy)(H2dcbpy)(N^^^)]2+ respectively, have higher and multiple local absorption maxima near-IR region than the complexes of series I, II and III of molecular [Ru(bdmpmar)(H2dcbpy)(NCS)]2,+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpdiinp)(H2dcbpy)]2,+, [Ru(bdmpmar)(vpbpp)(H2dcbpy)]2,+respectively.
- Full Text:
Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antiplasmodial evaluation of 4-& 8-aminoquinoline based-hybrid compounds
- Authors: Nqoro, Xhamla
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Plasmodium falciparum
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14649 , vital:40026
- Description: Malaria is a deadly disease and its drug resistance has been reported to be a challenge globally. The death toll caused by malaria has increased rapidly in different regions of the world. Quinoline scaffold molecules are combined with other classes of antimalarials to tackle drug resistance. The combination of quinoline scaffolds with other antimalarial compounds and metals-based drugs have been reported to be a potential approach to overcome drug resistance common in the currently used antimalarials. 4-Aminoquinoline was hybridized with selected organic molecules and metal-based compounds to form a class of hybrid compounds containing either an amide bond or ester bond as a linker between the parent molecules. 4-Aminoquinoline derivatives are known compounds and they were prepared via known synthetic routes and characterized. The hybrid compounds were characterized and the FTIR results confirmed the successful linkage of 4-aminoquinoline derivatives to selected organic scaffolds to form hybrid compounds. NMR results confirmed the successful formation of hybrid compounds. MS showed signals of the hybrid molecules confirming the successful isolation of the hybrid compounds. In vitro antiplasmodial assay was performed against asexual parasite and chloroquine was used as a reference drug. The percentage inhibition effects of the hybrid compounds were in a range of 96-102% at 5 µM and 36-96% at 1 µM suggesting that the percentage inhibition effect of the hybrid compounds was influenced by the drug concentration. Hybridization of either 4-aminosalicylic scaffold or ferrocene butanoic acid with 4- aminoquinoline derivatives is a potential synthetic route that can result in potent antimalarials. However, more research is needed to fully understand the structure-activity relationship of these hybrid compounds.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nqoro, Xhamla
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Plasmodium falciparum
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14649 , vital:40026
- Description: Malaria is a deadly disease and its drug resistance has been reported to be a challenge globally. The death toll caused by malaria has increased rapidly in different regions of the world. Quinoline scaffold molecules are combined with other classes of antimalarials to tackle drug resistance. The combination of quinoline scaffolds with other antimalarial compounds and metals-based drugs have been reported to be a potential approach to overcome drug resistance common in the currently used antimalarials. 4-Aminoquinoline was hybridized with selected organic molecules and metal-based compounds to form a class of hybrid compounds containing either an amide bond or ester bond as a linker between the parent molecules. 4-Aminoquinoline derivatives are known compounds and they were prepared via known synthetic routes and characterized. The hybrid compounds were characterized and the FTIR results confirmed the successful linkage of 4-aminoquinoline derivatives to selected organic scaffolds to form hybrid compounds. NMR results confirmed the successful formation of hybrid compounds. MS showed signals of the hybrid molecules confirming the successful isolation of the hybrid compounds. In vitro antiplasmodial assay was performed against asexual parasite and chloroquine was used as a reference drug. The percentage inhibition effects of the hybrid compounds were in a range of 96-102% at 5 µM and 36-96% at 1 µM suggesting that the percentage inhibition effect of the hybrid compounds was influenced by the drug concentration. Hybridization of either 4-aminosalicylic scaffold or ferrocene butanoic acid with 4- aminoquinoline derivatives is a potential synthetic route that can result in potent antimalarials. However, more research is needed to fully understand the structure-activity relationship of these hybrid compounds.
- Full Text:
Synthesis, characterization and photophysical studies of RU(II)bipyridyl-dithiocarbamate complexes as sensitizers for dye sensitized solar cells
- Authors: Fudo, Zintle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Dye-sensitized solar cells Renewable energy sources
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6168 , vital:29498
- Description: The depletion of fossil fuels and the increasing energy demand for energy has led to the search for better and improved technologies with special focus renewable energy, especially solar cells. The first generation solar cells based on silicon are expensive, hence dye sensitized solar cells come in as a better alternative as these solar cells are environmental friendly, they have moderately good conversion efficiency and they are relatively cheap to produce. Dithiocarbamate ligands have been widely used in many research fields, as these are versatile ligands. Coordination of dithiocarbamates with metals such as ruthenium has produced high conversion efficiency and have the ability to extend the MLCT absorptions, and this can further extend their wavelength. In this study five dithiocarbamate sodium salt ligands were prepared and were coded as FL1= Aniline, FL2= p- toluidine, FL3= p- anisidine, FL4=dibenzyl, FL5=diphenyl. These ligands were used to synthesize Ru(II) metal complexes which were formulated as [Ru(FLx)(dcbpy)(NCS)] and [Ru(FLx)2(dcbpy)] where FLx is the dithiocarbamate ligand and dcbpy is 2,2-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid and the complexes were coded as FCx. The synthesized compounds were characterized using techniques such as the melting point, molar conductivity, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. For spectroelectrochemical studies of the metal complexes, techniques such as UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy were carried out. Furthermore, redox properties of the complexes were analyzed using cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The FT-IR displayed all the expected peaks of interest both in the dithiocarbamate ligands and in the metal complexes. The electronic spectra confirmed the successful coordination of ligand to the metal centre, the electronic spectra of the complexes also confirmed the six coordinate octahedral geometry of the complexes. The complexes exhibited some photoluminescence properties that are suitable for dye sensitization. The cyclic voltammogram of the complexes displayed more reduction potentials that could be attributed to the π-conjugation in the ligands incorporated during synthesis. The square wave voltammogram of the complexes is in agreement with the results obtained in cyclic voltammetry.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Fudo, Zintle
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Dye-sensitized solar cells Renewable energy sources
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6168 , vital:29498
- Description: The depletion of fossil fuels and the increasing energy demand for energy has led to the search for better and improved technologies with special focus renewable energy, especially solar cells. The first generation solar cells based on silicon are expensive, hence dye sensitized solar cells come in as a better alternative as these solar cells are environmental friendly, they have moderately good conversion efficiency and they are relatively cheap to produce. Dithiocarbamate ligands have been widely used in many research fields, as these are versatile ligands. Coordination of dithiocarbamates with metals such as ruthenium has produced high conversion efficiency and have the ability to extend the MLCT absorptions, and this can further extend their wavelength. In this study five dithiocarbamate sodium salt ligands were prepared and were coded as FL1= Aniline, FL2= p- toluidine, FL3= p- anisidine, FL4=dibenzyl, FL5=diphenyl. These ligands were used to synthesize Ru(II) metal complexes which were formulated as [Ru(FLx)(dcbpy)(NCS)] and [Ru(FLx)2(dcbpy)] where FLx is the dithiocarbamate ligand and dcbpy is 2,2-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid and the complexes were coded as FCx. The synthesized compounds were characterized using techniques such as the melting point, molar conductivity, FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. For spectroelectrochemical studies of the metal complexes, techniques such as UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy were carried out. Furthermore, redox properties of the complexes were analyzed using cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The FT-IR displayed all the expected peaks of interest both in the dithiocarbamate ligands and in the metal complexes. The electronic spectra confirmed the successful coordination of ligand to the metal centre, the electronic spectra of the complexes also confirmed the six coordinate octahedral geometry of the complexes. The complexes exhibited some photoluminescence properties that are suitable for dye sensitization. The cyclic voltammogram of the complexes displayed more reduction potentials that could be attributed to the π-conjugation in the ligands incorporated during synthesis. The square wave voltammogram of the complexes is in agreement with the results obtained in cyclic voltammetry.
- Full Text:
Teachers' support of learners with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in mainstream grade 10 classes: a case study
- Authors: Hendriks, Ivy Johleen
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Attention-deficit-disordered children -- Education (Higher) , Hyperactive children -- Education (Higher)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9033 , vital:34184
- Description: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects between 5 – 7 percent of children in the United States and Europe, making it one of the most common child psychiatric diagnoses. ADHD currently affects approximately 3 – 5 percent of school-going children and adolescents in South Africa. Schools create multiple challenges for learners with ADHD who show classic symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These symptoms produce impairment across cognitive, behavioural and interpersonal domains of function. Symptoms frequently manifest in a school setting, thus teachers play a central role in reporting symptoms, advising parents to seek professional assessment and assisting children with ADHD to achieve academically and socially. In line with the Education White Paper 6 of 2001, teachers should not only support learners with ADHD, but need to help these learners to understand and accept themselves as learners. The Literature focus on teachers’ knowledge of the characteristic symptoms displayed by learners with ADHD; teachers’ role in identifying and referring learners with ADHD; challenges faced by teachers when teaching learners with ADHD as well as teaching strategies and classroom accommodations teachers employ to effectively support learners with ADHD. The research was undertaken as a qualitative case study with an interpretivist underpinning. Data was collected making use of open-ended questionnaires, semi structured interviews and an informal observation. Purposive sampling was used to identify 6 teachers from previously disadvantaged high schools, teaching either Mathematics or a Language. The findings of the study indicated that teachers in mainstream high schools do not possess adequate knowledge to identify and refer learners with ADHD. As assumed by the researcher, the teachers’ lack of knowledge leads to unsuitable teaching strategies and classroom accommodations. Their biggest challenge to effectively support learners with ADHD was a lack of support and knowledge.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Hendriks, Ivy Johleen
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Attention-deficit-disordered children -- Education (Higher) , Hyperactive children -- Education (Higher)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9033 , vital:34184
- Description: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects between 5 – 7 percent of children in the United States and Europe, making it one of the most common child psychiatric diagnoses. ADHD currently affects approximately 3 – 5 percent of school-going children and adolescents in South Africa. Schools create multiple challenges for learners with ADHD who show classic symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These symptoms produce impairment across cognitive, behavioural and interpersonal domains of function. Symptoms frequently manifest in a school setting, thus teachers play a central role in reporting symptoms, advising parents to seek professional assessment and assisting children with ADHD to achieve academically and socially. In line with the Education White Paper 6 of 2001, teachers should not only support learners with ADHD, but need to help these learners to understand and accept themselves as learners. The Literature focus on teachers’ knowledge of the characteristic symptoms displayed by learners with ADHD; teachers’ role in identifying and referring learners with ADHD; challenges faced by teachers when teaching learners with ADHD as well as teaching strategies and classroom accommodations teachers employ to effectively support learners with ADHD. The research was undertaken as a qualitative case study with an interpretivist underpinning. Data was collected making use of open-ended questionnaires, semi structured interviews and an informal observation. Purposive sampling was used to identify 6 teachers from previously disadvantaged high schools, teaching either Mathematics or a Language. The findings of the study indicated that teachers in mainstream high schools do not possess adequate knowledge to identify and refer learners with ADHD. As assumed by the researcher, the teachers’ lack of knowledge leads to unsuitable teaching strategies and classroom accommodations. Their biggest challenge to effectively support learners with ADHD was a lack of support and knowledge.
- Full Text:
The acceptability of mulching on zero tillage as a water and soil conservation strategy by small scale farmers of Matatiele, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Ngciva, Jabulani Emmanuel
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Tillage -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Farms, Small -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape No-tillage -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Extension
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10564 , vital:35610
- Description: The acceptability of zero tillage amongst small-scale farmers is a challenge in the Eastern Cape Province as farmers have different strategies on how to manage residue. This situation is due to the limited information available on the benefits of implementing zero tillage, such as improving soil health. The Department of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform have been assisting small-scale farmers by subsidising them with the latest innovations, such as zero tillage. The main essence of these initiatives was to compensate farmers that are previously disadvantaged as a result of the apartheid system prior to 1994. Zero tillage has recently gained more attention as one of the most important farm practices due to its benefits for soil conservation and the elimination of greenhouse gases. The study was conducted at Magadla and Nkawu villages in Matatiele, Eastern Cape. The objective of the survey was to examine the influence of current residue management practices amongst Matatiele farmers in the light of the adoption of zero tillage practices. The data was collected using questionnaires and group discussions. The statistical package SPSS and Microsoft Excel were used to analyse data. The findings showed that the adoption percentages of zero tillage by small-scale farmers was 34 percent and 65 percent in Magadla and Nkawu villages respectively. Amongst the challenges that non-adopters faced were shortage of inputs, weak communication channels between farmers and coordinators, residue benefits to livestock and lack of proper monitoring and evaluation. Binary logistic model was adopted and used to analyse 13 independent variables that influence the adoption of mulching in the study area.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ngciva, Jabulani Emmanuel
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Tillage -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Farms, Small -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape No-tillage -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Extension
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10564 , vital:35610
- Description: The acceptability of zero tillage amongst small-scale farmers is a challenge in the Eastern Cape Province as farmers have different strategies on how to manage residue. This situation is due to the limited information available on the benefits of implementing zero tillage, such as improving soil health. The Department of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform have been assisting small-scale farmers by subsidising them with the latest innovations, such as zero tillage. The main essence of these initiatives was to compensate farmers that are previously disadvantaged as a result of the apartheid system prior to 1994. Zero tillage has recently gained more attention as one of the most important farm practices due to its benefits for soil conservation and the elimination of greenhouse gases. The study was conducted at Magadla and Nkawu villages in Matatiele, Eastern Cape. The objective of the survey was to examine the influence of current residue management practices amongst Matatiele farmers in the light of the adoption of zero tillage practices. The data was collected using questionnaires and group discussions. The statistical package SPSS and Microsoft Excel were used to analyse data. The findings showed that the adoption percentages of zero tillage by small-scale farmers was 34 percent and 65 percent in Magadla and Nkawu villages respectively. Amongst the challenges that non-adopters faced were shortage of inputs, weak communication channels between farmers and coordinators, residue benefits to livestock and lack of proper monitoring and evaluation. Binary logistic model was adopted and used to analyse 13 independent variables that influence the adoption of mulching in the study area.
- Full Text:
The awareness of Black men involved in domestic violence after rehabilitation programme : an interpretive phenomenological analysis
- Authors: Tladi, Martha Makgamatwane
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Family violence Blacks Rehabilitation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14011 , vital:39761
- Description: The aim of this research study is to explore the subjective views and experiences of black men who were perpetrators of domestic violence and have gone through a rehabilitation programme as a result. This paper also explores the connection between masculinity and domestic violence, and how perpetrators make sense of the concept of domestic violence and abuse. The reason underlying the study is to contribute to the fight against domestic violence, perpetrated by males, by understanding the root cause of the problem. This topic emerged due to the lack of sufficient academic papers on men as perpetrators of domestic violence, therefore the intention is to progressively close the gap and contribute to the already existing knowledge on the issue of domestic violence. The study comprised of four research participants gathered from different NGOs and thus different backgrounds. The sample comprised of two Black males and two Coloured males. It is worth noting that for the purpose of this study, black men refers to all men of colour. Thus, both African males and Coloured males fall under the same umbrella of Black men. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis from the Qualitative paradigm was used to analyse the data received from semi-structured interviews. The themes that arouse from the study were 1) Learning gender roles through observation; 2) Masculinity learned through teachings; 3) Misinterpreting African values; 4) Intoxication makes it easier to hit a woman; 5) Difficulty dealing with deep emotions; 6) Control and ownership in the relationship; 7) Gender roles forced by society; 8) Lack of consequences; and 9) Masculinity matures. The findings of the study is that masculinity is connected to men perpetrating domestic violence through misinterpreting African values that are taught by elders. Even though masculinity is taught to boys at a tender age, it was discovered that for some of the participants, masculinity is not stagnant but rather constantly changing as the individual grows in personality and life experiences, and thus their values change. As a result of this discovery, masculinity is also individualistic. These findings could assist in future research. Perhaps a much larger research focusing on evaluating, and later, developing rehabilitation programmes that speak to the individual experiences and beliefs of different South African males in order to accommodate the diverse cultures, and thus the beliefs that South Africa shares amongst its people.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Tladi, Martha Makgamatwane
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Family violence Blacks Rehabilitation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14011 , vital:39761
- Description: The aim of this research study is to explore the subjective views and experiences of black men who were perpetrators of domestic violence and have gone through a rehabilitation programme as a result. This paper also explores the connection between masculinity and domestic violence, and how perpetrators make sense of the concept of domestic violence and abuse. The reason underlying the study is to contribute to the fight against domestic violence, perpetrated by males, by understanding the root cause of the problem. This topic emerged due to the lack of sufficient academic papers on men as perpetrators of domestic violence, therefore the intention is to progressively close the gap and contribute to the already existing knowledge on the issue of domestic violence. The study comprised of four research participants gathered from different NGOs and thus different backgrounds. The sample comprised of two Black males and two Coloured males. It is worth noting that for the purpose of this study, black men refers to all men of colour. Thus, both African males and Coloured males fall under the same umbrella of Black men. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis from the Qualitative paradigm was used to analyse the data received from semi-structured interviews. The themes that arouse from the study were 1) Learning gender roles through observation; 2) Masculinity learned through teachings; 3) Misinterpreting African values; 4) Intoxication makes it easier to hit a woman; 5) Difficulty dealing with deep emotions; 6) Control and ownership in the relationship; 7) Gender roles forced by society; 8) Lack of consequences; and 9) Masculinity matures. The findings of the study is that masculinity is connected to men perpetrating domestic violence through misinterpreting African values that are taught by elders. Even though masculinity is taught to boys at a tender age, it was discovered that for some of the participants, masculinity is not stagnant but rather constantly changing as the individual grows in personality and life experiences, and thus their values change. As a result of this discovery, masculinity is also individualistic. These findings could assist in future research. Perhaps a much larger research focusing on evaluating, and later, developing rehabilitation programmes that speak to the individual experiences and beliefs of different South African males in order to accommodate the diverse cultures, and thus the beliefs that South Africa shares amongst its people.
- Full Text: