Inhibition of aluminium corrosion using phthalocyanines: Experimental and computational studies
- Authors: Nnaji, Nnaemeka Joshua
- Date: 2022-04-08
- Subjects: Aluminum Corrosion , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Protective coatings , Density functionals
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/294643 , vital:57240 , DOI 10.21504/10962/294643
- Description: Metal deterioration over time is a process known as corrosion, an electrochemical process, which can occur by surface chemical actions on metals by its environment. Metal corrosion have great economic, security, and environmental consequences, and its control is a major research area in corrosion science. Amongst the different corrosion protecting approaches, the use of corrosion inhibitors and protective coatings have attracted enormous research interest in this area of scholasticism. This has necessitated the computational and electrochemical investigations of aluminium corrosion inhibitive potentials of some compounds in 1M HCl. Metal free (5_H2), ClGa(III) (5_Ga) and Co(II) (5_Co) tetrakis(4-acetamidophenoxy)phthalocyanines as well as Co(II) 2,9,16-tris(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-23-(pyridin-4-yloxy)phthalocyanine (6) and Co(II) 2,9,16,24-tetrakis(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)phthalocyanine (7) were synthesized for the first time and studied for corrosion inhibition. The reported ClGa(III) tetrakis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-thio)phthalocyaninine (1), ClGa(III) tetrakis(benzo[d]thiazol-2ylphenoxy)phthalocyanine (2), ClGa(III) tetrakis-4-(hexadecane-1,2-dioxyl)-bis(phthalocyanine) (3) and ClGa(III) tetrakis-4,4′-((4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1,2-bis(phenoxy)-bis(phthalocyanine) (4) were also employed for corrosion inhibition of Al in HCl. Corrosion inhibition measurements using electrochemical techniques showed that increased π conjugation caused (1) to (2) to outperform (1a) and (2a) respectively as aluminium corrosion inhibitors in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid. For similar reason, (4) outperformed 2. (1) and (2) were successfully electrodeposited onto aluminium for corrosion retardation in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution. Measurements obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy gave corrosion inhibition efficiency values of 82% for 1 and 86% for 2 in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution and showed that electrodeposited phthalocyanines have enhanced aluminium corrosion retardation than when in solution. The use of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGONS) alone as aluminium corrosion inhibitor is discouraged because of poor aluminium corrosion inhibition in 1M HCl. However, synergistic effects were observed when rGONS was mixed each with (4) and (3). (5_H2), (5_Ga) and (5_Co) decreased aluminium corrosion in 1M HCl and observation was that the heavier the atom the more decreased the protection and the free base performed best of the three. Studied tertbutylphenoxy-derived CoPcs (6 and 7) exhibited good aluminium corrosion inhibition properties in studied acidic solution and the unsymmetric CoPc (6) which has more heteroatoms, gave better performance. Quantum chemical calculations involved the use of density functional theoretical (DFT) approaches and gave results which corroborated with experimental findings. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-08
- Authors: Nnaji, Nnaemeka Joshua
- Date: 2022-04-08
- Subjects: Aluminum Corrosion , Electrochemistry , Phthalocyanines , Corrosion and anti-corrosives , Protective coatings , Density functionals
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/294643 , vital:57240 , DOI 10.21504/10962/294643
- Description: Metal deterioration over time is a process known as corrosion, an electrochemical process, which can occur by surface chemical actions on metals by its environment. Metal corrosion have great economic, security, and environmental consequences, and its control is a major research area in corrosion science. Amongst the different corrosion protecting approaches, the use of corrosion inhibitors and protective coatings have attracted enormous research interest in this area of scholasticism. This has necessitated the computational and electrochemical investigations of aluminium corrosion inhibitive potentials of some compounds in 1M HCl. Metal free (5_H2), ClGa(III) (5_Ga) and Co(II) (5_Co) tetrakis(4-acetamidophenoxy)phthalocyanines as well as Co(II) 2,9,16-tris(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-23-(pyridin-4-yloxy)phthalocyanine (6) and Co(II) 2,9,16,24-tetrakis(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)phthalocyanine (7) were synthesized for the first time and studied for corrosion inhibition. The reported ClGa(III) tetrakis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-thio)phthalocyaninine (1), ClGa(III) tetrakis(benzo[d]thiazol-2ylphenoxy)phthalocyanine (2), ClGa(III) tetrakis-4-(hexadecane-1,2-dioxyl)-bis(phthalocyanine) (3) and ClGa(III) tetrakis-4,4′-((4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1,2-bis(phenoxy)-bis(phthalocyanine) (4) were also employed for corrosion inhibition of Al in HCl. Corrosion inhibition measurements using electrochemical techniques showed that increased π conjugation caused (1) to (2) to outperform (1a) and (2a) respectively as aluminium corrosion inhibitors in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid. For similar reason, (4) outperformed 2. (1) and (2) were successfully electrodeposited onto aluminium for corrosion retardation in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution. Measurements obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy gave corrosion inhibition efficiency values of 82% for 1 and 86% for 2 in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution and showed that electrodeposited phthalocyanines have enhanced aluminium corrosion retardation than when in solution. The use of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGONS) alone as aluminium corrosion inhibitor is discouraged because of poor aluminium corrosion inhibition in 1M HCl. However, synergistic effects were observed when rGONS was mixed each with (4) and (3). (5_H2), (5_Ga) and (5_Co) decreased aluminium corrosion in 1M HCl and observation was that the heavier the atom the more decreased the protection and the free base performed best of the three. Studied tertbutylphenoxy-derived CoPcs (6 and 7) exhibited good aluminium corrosion inhibition properties in studied acidic solution and the unsymmetric CoPc (6) which has more heteroatoms, gave better performance. Quantum chemical calculations involved the use of density functional theoretical (DFT) approaches and gave results which corroborated with experimental findings. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-08
The systematic assembly of prostate specific antigen electrochemical sensors based on asymmetric Co(II) phthalocyanines, graphitic quantum dots and an aptamer
- Authors: Nxele, Siphesihle Robin
- Date: 2022-04-08
- Subjects: Prostate-specific antigen , Electrochemical sensors , Phthalocyanines , Quantum dots , Co(II) phthalocyanines , Aptamer
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral thesis , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/232893 , vital:50035 , DOI 10.21504/10962/232893
- Description: The need for low-cost, efficient and simple diagnostic tools has led to more research going into this subject, with the aim of making such medical devices more accessible where they are needed. This has led to more researchers developing point-of-care devices for this purpose worldwide, by sensor fabrication. This thesis focuses on electrochemical sensor development for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is common knowledge that prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent carcinomas that have claimed lives due to late diagnosis where even the most invasive treatments have failed. For this reason, development of early detection devices that can even be used in the comfort of home is necessary and quite crucial. Electrochemical sensors have gained much attention due to their ease of fabrication, cost effectiveness, simplicity, ease of use and high efficiency. Using nanocomposites as modifiers has also become popular as they provide greater stability and improve detection limits when used together with biomolecules. With that said, the work reported herein has combined nanocomposites of graphenebased quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, phthalocyanines and an aptamer in order to fabricate aptasensors for the electrochemical detection of prostate cancer biomarker. The aptamer is specifically designed to bind to the biomarker, and the nanocomposites are expected to enhance current output thus lowering detection limits and increasing stability and efficiency. Reproducible results are also expected. Prior to the detection of the prostate cancer biomarker, the quantum dots-phthalocyanine nanohybrids were used to detect L-cysteine, which is an amino acid, in order to verify the synergistic effects as electrode modifiers that lead to the enhancement of current output. This increase in current output is then v exploited for the improvement of aptasensor functionality upon incorporation of the aptamer, for the detection of prostate specific antigen. The research in this thesis has been carried out with the intention of contributing to the world of medical research, more so because of the ever-increasing need for medical care to become accessible to all and not only to those who can afford expensive technologies and treatments. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-08
- Authors: Nxele, Siphesihle Robin
- Date: 2022-04-08
- Subjects: Prostate-specific antigen , Electrochemical sensors , Phthalocyanines , Quantum dots , Co(II) phthalocyanines , Aptamer
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral thesis , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/232893 , vital:50035 , DOI 10.21504/10962/232893
- Description: The need for low-cost, efficient and simple diagnostic tools has led to more research going into this subject, with the aim of making such medical devices more accessible where they are needed. This has led to more researchers developing point-of-care devices for this purpose worldwide, by sensor fabrication. This thesis focuses on electrochemical sensor development for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. It is common knowledge that prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent carcinomas that have claimed lives due to late diagnosis where even the most invasive treatments have failed. For this reason, development of early detection devices that can even be used in the comfort of home is necessary and quite crucial. Electrochemical sensors have gained much attention due to their ease of fabrication, cost effectiveness, simplicity, ease of use and high efficiency. Using nanocomposites as modifiers has also become popular as they provide greater stability and improve detection limits when used together with biomolecules. With that said, the work reported herein has combined nanocomposites of graphenebased quantum dots, gold nanoparticles, phthalocyanines and an aptamer in order to fabricate aptasensors for the electrochemical detection of prostate cancer biomarker. The aptamer is specifically designed to bind to the biomarker, and the nanocomposites are expected to enhance current output thus lowering detection limits and increasing stability and efficiency. Reproducible results are also expected. Prior to the detection of the prostate cancer biomarker, the quantum dots-phthalocyanine nanohybrids were used to detect L-cysteine, which is an amino acid, in order to verify the synergistic effects as electrode modifiers that lead to the enhancement of current output. This increase in current output is then v exploited for the improvement of aptasensor functionality upon incorporation of the aptamer, for the detection of prostate specific antigen. The research in this thesis has been carried out with the intention of contributing to the world of medical research, more so because of the ever-increasing need for medical care to become accessible to all and not only to those who can afford expensive technologies and treatments. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-08
Molecular characterization of microbial communities in the Sundays and Swartkops estuaries impacted by anthropogenic activities
- Kgomokhumo, Tlhoafalang Evah
- Authors: Kgomokhumo, Tlhoafalang Evah
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Microbial ecology South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Microbial ecology South Africa Swartkops River Estuary , Estuarine health Effect of human beings on South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Estuarine health Effect of human beings on South Africa Swartkops River Estuary , Microorganisms South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) Molecular aspects , Microorganisms South Africa Swartkops River Estuary Molecular aspects , Eutrophication South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Eutrophication South Africa Swartkops River Estuary , Algal blooms South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Algal blooms South Africa Swartkops River Estuary
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290994 , vital:56806
- Description: Anthropogenic activities are of concern in estuarine systems as they are the main source of water degradation. Water pollution in estuaries is indicated by eutrophication and the presence of pathogens and bacterial indicators which affect biodiversity and energy flow. This study focused on two geographically linked estuaries, namely the Sundays and Swartkops Estuaries. The Sundays Estuary is primarily impacted by agricultural activities in the river catchment with increased nutrients levels, particularly of total oxidised nitrogen (TOxN), likely derived from these farming activities. In contrast, the Swartkops Estuary, which is heavily influenced by urban/industrial activities, reflected increased levels of phosphates likely from wastewater and sewage water contamination from residential areas, leaking pipes, and poorly managed sewage treatment plants. The central objective of this study was to assess microbial population profiles and diversity impacted by agricultural activities in Sundays Estuary and industrial/urban-influenced Swartkops Estuary using 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding. A distinct difference in eukaryotic composition and diversity was evident between the two sampling exercises in 2018 and 2019 in Sundays Estuary. The eutrophication of both the Sundays and Swartkops estuaries was evident in the repeated occurrences of bloom events. In the Sundays Estuary, a bloom of Heterosigma akashiwo was observed in 2018 whilst Cyclotella dominated the estuary in 2019. The Swartkops Estuary exhibited seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition with Bacillariophyceae blooms in the upper reaches of the estuary in summer and increased prevalence of Dinophyceae in spring. Bacterial taxonomic variation was also noted between the two contrasting estuaries. Although members of the Proteobacteria dominated both estuaries, Gammaproteobacteria were in increased abundance in Sundays Estuary while members of Alphaproteobacteria were in high relative abundance in the marine dominated Swartkops Estuary. Members of the Bacteroidetes were the second most abundant bacterial phylum in both estuaries. Bacterial indicators of agricultural anthropogenic impacts identified in Sundays Estuary included members of Sporichthyaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Nostocaceae, and NS11-12_marine_group while some taxa such as the Flavobacteriaceae, Cryomorphaceae, and Halieaceae reflected their capability in degrading the phytoplankton bloom biomass present in the estuary. The urban impacts on the Swartkops Estuary was reflected by the contamination of the estuary with potential pathogens including Aeromonas caviae, Vibrio fluvialis, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus cereus. Bacterial community profiles of the major water inflow points into the Swartkops Estuary included members of the Burkholderiaceae, Rhodocyclaceae, Aeromonadaceae, and Arcobacteriaceae which are typically indicative of raw sewage contamination. The Motherwell canal, which runs through informal settlements, was the most polluted input source with high levels of anthropogenic nutrients and pathogenic bacteria. The Chatty river, which also runs through townships, recorded increased nutrient concentrations and low bacterial richness and diversity which was likely due to an Arthrospira bloom at the time of sampling. The overall results of this study identified sources of pollution in Sundays and Swartkops Estuaries and highlighted the impacts of anthropogenic inputs on microbial population profiles and diversity. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
- Authors: Kgomokhumo, Tlhoafalang Evah
- Date: 2022-04-06
- Subjects: Microbial ecology South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Microbial ecology South Africa Swartkops River Estuary , Estuarine health Effect of human beings on South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Estuarine health Effect of human beings on South Africa Swartkops River Estuary , Microorganisms South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) Molecular aspects , Microorganisms South Africa Swartkops River Estuary Molecular aspects , Eutrophication South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Eutrophication South Africa Swartkops River Estuary , Algal blooms South Africa Sundays Estuary (Eastern Cape) , Algal blooms South Africa Swartkops River Estuary
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/290994 , vital:56806
- Description: Anthropogenic activities are of concern in estuarine systems as they are the main source of water degradation. Water pollution in estuaries is indicated by eutrophication and the presence of pathogens and bacterial indicators which affect biodiversity and energy flow. This study focused on two geographically linked estuaries, namely the Sundays and Swartkops Estuaries. The Sundays Estuary is primarily impacted by agricultural activities in the river catchment with increased nutrients levels, particularly of total oxidised nitrogen (TOxN), likely derived from these farming activities. In contrast, the Swartkops Estuary, which is heavily influenced by urban/industrial activities, reflected increased levels of phosphates likely from wastewater and sewage water contamination from residential areas, leaking pipes, and poorly managed sewage treatment plants. The central objective of this study was to assess microbial population profiles and diversity impacted by agricultural activities in Sundays Estuary and industrial/urban-influenced Swartkops Estuary using 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding. A distinct difference in eukaryotic composition and diversity was evident between the two sampling exercises in 2018 and 2019 in Sundays Estuary. The eutrophication of both the Sundays and Swartkops estuaries was evident in the repeated occurrences of bloom events. In the Sundays Estuary, a bloom of Heterosigma akashiwo was observed in 2018 whilst Cyclotella dominated the estuary in 2019. The Swartkops Estuary exhibited seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition with Bacillariophyceae blooms in the upper reaches of the estuary in summer and increased prevalence of Dinophyceae in spring. Bacterial taxonomic variation was also noted between the two contrasting estuaries. Although members of the Proteobacteria dominated both estuaries, Gammaproteobacteria were in increased abundance in Sundays Estuary while members of Alphaproteobacteria were in high relative abundance in the marine dominated Swartkops Estuary. Members of the Bacteroidetes were the second most abundant bacterial phylum in both estuaries. Bacterial indicators of agricultural anthropogenic impacts identified in Sundays Estuary included members of Sporichthyaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Nostocaceae, and NS11-12_marine_group while some taxa such as the Flavobacteriaceae, Cryomorphaceae, and Halieaceae reflected their capability in degrading the phytoplankton bloom biomass present in the estuary. The urban impacts on the Swartkops Estuary was reflected by the contamination of the estuary with potential pathogens including Aeromonas caviae, Vibrio fluvialis, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus cereus. Bacterial community profiles of the major water inflow points into the Swartkops Estuary included members of the Burkholderiaceae, Rhodocyclaceae, Aeromonadaceae, and Arcobacteriaceae which are typically indicative of raw sewage contamination. The Motherwell canal, which runs through informal settlements, was the most polluted input source with high levels of anthropogenic nutrients and pathogenic bacteria. The Chatty river, which also runs through townships, recorded increased nutrient concentrations and low bacterial richness and diversity which was likely due to an Arthrospira bloom at the time of sampling. The overall results of this study identified sources of pollution in Sundays and Swartkops Estuaries and highlighted the impacts of anthropogenic inputs on microbial population profiles and diversity. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-04-06
A personality-based behavioural model: Susceptibility to phishing on social networking sites
- Authors: Frauenstein, Edwin Donald
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Phishing , Social networks , Personality , Self-presentation in mass media , Internet fraud , Internet users Habits and behavior , Big Five model , Human information processing , Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190306 , vital:44982 , 10.21504/10962/190306
- Description: The worldwide popularity of social networking sites (SNSs) and the technical features they offer users have created many opportunities for malicious individuals to exploit the behavioral tendencies of their users via social engineering tactics. The self-representation and social interactions on SNSs encourage users to reveal their personalities in a way which characterises their behaviour. Frequent engagement on SNSs may also reinforce the performance of certain activities, such as sharing and clicking on links, at a “habitual” level on these sites. Subsequently, this may also influence users to overlook phishing posts and messages on SNSs and thus not apply sufficient cognitive effort in their decision-making. As users do not expect phishing threats on these sites, they may become accustomed to behaving in this manner which may consequently put them at risk of such attacks. Using an online survey, primary data was collected from 215 final-year undergraduate students. Employing structural equation modelling techniques, the associations between the Big Five personality traits, habits and information processing were examined with the aim to identify users susceptible to phishing on SNSs. Moreover, other behavioural factors such as social norms, computer self-efficacy and perceived risk were examined in terms of their influence on phishing susceptibility. The results of the analysis revealed the following key findings: 1) users with the personality traits of extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism are more likely to perform habitual behaviour, while conscientious users are least likely; 2) users who perform certain behaviours out of habit are directly susceptible to phishing attacks; 3) users who behave out of habit are likely to apply a heuristic mode of processing and are therefore more susceptible to phishing attacks on SNSs than those who apply systematic processing; 4) users with higher computer self-efficacy are less susceptible to phishing; and 5) users who are influenced by social norms are at greater risk of phishing. This study makes a contribution to scholarship and to practice, as it is the first empirical study to investigate, in one comprehensive model, the relationship between personality traits, habit and their effect on information processing which may influence susceptibility to phishing on SNSs. The findings of this study may assist organisations in the customisation of an individual anti-phishing training programme to target specific dispositional factors in vulnerable users. By using a similar instrument to the one used in this study, pre-assessments could determine and classify certain risk profiles that make users vulnerable to phishing attacks. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Commerce, Information Systems, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
- Authors: Frauenstein, Edwin Donald
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Phishing , Social networks , Personality , Self-presentation in mass media , Internet fraud , Internet users Habits and behavior , Big Five model , Human information processing , Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190306 , vital:44982 , 10.21504/10962/190306
- Description: The worldwide popularity of social networking sites (SNSs) and the technical features they offer users have created many opportunities for malicious individuals to exploit the behavioral tendencies of their users via social engineering tactics. The self-representation and social interactions on SNSs encourage users to reveal their personalities in a way which characterises their behaviour. Frequent engagement on SNSs may also reinforce the performance of certain activities, such as sharing and clicking on links, at a “habitual” level on these sites. Subsequently, this may also influence users to overlook phishing posts and messages on SNSs and thus not apply sufficient cognitive effort in their decision-making. As users do not expect phishing threats on these sites, they may become accustomed to behaving in this manner which may consequently put them at risk of such attacks. Using an online survey, primary data was collected from 215 final-year undergraduate students. Employing structural equation modelling techniques, the associations between the Big Five personality traits, habits and information processing were examined with the aim to identify users susceptible to phishing on SNSs. Moreover, other behavioural factors such as social norms, computer self-efficacy and perceived risk were examined in terms of their influence on phishing susceptibility. The results of the analysis revealed the following key findings: 1) users with the personality traits of extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism are more likely to perform habitual behaviour, while conscientious users are least likely; 2) users who perform certain behaviours out of habit are directly susceptible to phishing attacks; 3) users who behave out of habit are likely to apply a heuristic mode of processing and are therefore more susceptible to phishing attacks on SNSs than those who apply systematic processing; 4) users with higher computer self-efficacy are less susceptible to phishing; and 5) users who are influenced by social norms are at greater risk of phishing. This study makes a contribution to scholarship and to practice, as it is the first empirical study to investigate, in one comprehensive model, the relationship between personality traits, habit and their effect on information processing which may influence susceptibility to phishing on SNSs. The findings of this study may assist organisations in the customisation of an individual anti-phishing training programme to target specific dispositional factors in vulnerable users. By using a similar instrument to the one used in this study, pre-assessments could determine and classify certain risk profiles that make users vulnerable to phishing attacks. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Commerce, Information Systems, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
Biodiversity conservation of South Africa’s Wild Coast through the years: Exploring the tensions between western-style and local traditional conservation practices
- Authors: De Villiers, Deon Johan
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Biodiversity conservation South Africa Eastern Cape , Political ecology South Africa Eastern Cape , Dwesa Nature Reserve (South Africa) , Mkambati Nature Reserve (South Africa) , Hluleka Nature Reserve (South Africa) , Environmental policy South Africa , Natural resources Co-management South Africa Eastern Cape , Land use Environmental aspects South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190646 , vital:45013 , 10.21504/10962/190646
- Description: The Transkei Wild Coast is a unique and diverse biophysical environment stretching some 280 kilometres between the Great Kei and Mtamvuna Rivers along South Africa’s eastern coastline. Its extensive indigenous forests were recognised for their biological and economic importance by the colonial government and granted protection from the late 1800s, with forced removal of indigenous people who resided within them. The state restricted and controlled the utilisation of the forest resources, particularly by Black people, through promulgation and enforcement of legislation. Similar conservation methods were employed for protection of the Wild Coast’s soils, grasslands and marine resources, usually without any consultation with local Black leadership or communities who relied upon these resources. Previous studies have focussed on the impacts of Western-style conservation legislation and the promulgation of protected areas on local people. These have suggested that local communities have been denied access to natural resources through a fences and fines approach, often accompanied by heavy-handed, strict law enforcement measures. Very little research has been conducted to document the actual reasons for and the history of conservation efforts along the Wild Coast. The aim of this study was to explore the history of natural resource management and conservation along the Wild Coast from a Western and African perspective, and to examine the conflicts that have arisen as a result thereof. The importance of utilisation of natural resources to sustain livelihoods and the conservation methods applied to protect these resources were examined, mainly by means of a literature review and face-to-face interviews with local traditional leaders and environmental managers. The successes, challenges and conflicts that resulted from conservation efforts were examined through detailed analysis of the conservation history of three case study areas: Dwesa-Cwebe, Hluleka and Mkambati nature reserves. The study concludes that traditional leaders, foresters and conservation managers have largely been ignored during previous research on management and conservation of the Wild Coast; however, they were very eager to express their views on this subject. The interviews revealed that traditional leaders and conservationists from each case study area want to protect the Wild Coast and its natural resources, albeit for different reasons. Conservationists recognise the importance of the region’s biodiversity and the need for protected areas, particularly where there is rich endemism such as at Mkambati and Dwesa-Cwebe. Traditional leaders recognise the potential for jobs for their people where protected areas preserve the aesthetic beauty of the coast and attract tourists. For them, employment opportunities are a priority, as is access to utilisation of natural resources to sustain livelihoods. The traditional customs and culture of the people living along the Wild Coast are also seen as being of critical importance. This has not been adequately considered by past conservation planners and managers, but traditional leaders express value in conserving the amaXhosa and amaMpondo way of life. Nowhere is this more evident than in relation to grazing land for cattle. Another significant finding is that the support shown by traditional leaders for conservation of the terrestrial environment is not necessarily mirrored when it comes to protection of marine resources. The Wild Coast has a rich variety of marine flora and fauna and a high percentage of endemic species. Local people have relied upon marine resources for sustenance, but conservationists acknowledge that access to these resources has historically been restricted without consultation with traditional leaders or local communities. It is concluded that these restrictions can be linked to many land claims on protected areas on the Wild Coast since 1994. While this study suggests that both traditional leaders and conservationists want to protect the Wild Coast and its natural resources, there is still mistrust based on a history of unjust forced removals from forests, restrictions on the use of natural resources through the manifestation of colonial and apartheid power, and broken promises relating to benefit sharing from proceeds of wildlife and tourism ventures, as well as those benefits linked to land claim settlement agreements in the post-apartheid era. The study concludes that, despite past conflicts relating to conservation management, the Wild Coast’s protected areas have widespread support amongst traditional leaders. There is agreement that co-management is the preferred option but the state has to assist in curbing lawlessness that threatens over-exploitation of natural resources. It is largely acknowledged by conservationists that local people should be permitted to sustainably use certain natural resources and that there have to be increased economic benefits from tourism. Although protected area managers cannot be expected to carry the responsibility of failed tourism models and economic ventures on nature reserves, this study found that they are often the only government officials available on the ground for traditional leaders and local communities to consult with. For co-management to be successful on the protected areas, regular communication about all matters pertaining to management is considered important. While it is accepted that traditional leaders no longer have the administrative powers that they historically possessed, the study found that they are still widely respected along the Wild Coast. It is therefore concluded that regular consultation between environmental managers and traditional leaders is essential for the future conservation of the Wild Coast. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Geography, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
- Authors: De Villiers, Deon Johan
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Biodiversity conservation South Africa Eastern Cape , Political ecology South Africa Eastern Cape , Dwesa Nature Reserve (South Africa) , Mkambati Nature Reserve (South Africa) , Hluleka Nature Reserve (South Africa) , Environmental policy South Africa , Natural resources Co-management South Africa Eastern Cape , Land use Environmental aspects South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190646 , vital:45013 , 10.21504/10962/190646
- Description: The Transkei Wild Coast is a unique and diverse biophysical environment stretching some 280 kilometres between the Great Kei and Mtamvuna Rivers along South Africa’s eastern coastline. Its extensive indigenous forests were recognised for their biological and economic importance by the colonial government and granted protection from the late 1800s, with forced removal of indigenous people who resided within them. The state restricted and controlled the utilisation of the forest resources, particularly by Black people, through promulgation and enforcement of legislation. Similar conservation methods were employed for protection of the Wild Coast’s soils, grasslands and marine resources, usually without any consultation with local Black leadership or communities who relied upon these resources. Previous studies have focussed on the impacts of Western-style conservation legislation and the promulgation of protected areas on local people. These have suggested that local communities have been denied access to natural resources through a fences and fines approach, often accompanied by heavy-handed, strict law enforcement measures. Very little research has been conducted to document the actual reasons for and the history of conservation efforts along the Wild Coast. The aim of this study was to explore the history of natural resource management and conservation along the Wild Coast from a Western and African perspective, and to examine the conflicts that have arisen as a result thereof. The importance of utilisation of natural resources to sustain livelihoods and the conservation methods applied to protect these resources were examined, mainly by means of a literature review and face-to-face interviews with local traditional leaders and environmental managers. The successes, challenges and conflicts that resulted from conservation efforts were examined through detailed analysis of the conservation history of three case study areas: Dwesa-Cwebe, Hluleka and Mkambati nature reserves. The study concludes that traditional leaders, foresters and conservation managers have largely been ignored during previous research on management and conservation of the Wild Coast; however, they were very eager to express their views on this subject. The interviews revealed that traditional leaders and conservationists from each case study area want to protect the Wild Coast and its natural resources, albeit for different reasons. Conservationists recognise the importance of the region’s biodiversity and the need for protected areas, particularly where there is rich endemism such as at Mkambati and Dwesa-Cwebe. Traditional leaders recognise the potential for jobs for their people where protected areas preserve the aesthetic beauty of the coast and attract tourists. For them, employment opportunities are a priority, as is access to utilisation of natural resources to sustain livelihoods. The traditional customs and culture of the people living along the Wild Coast are also seen as being of critical importance. This has not been adequately considered by past conservation planners and managers, but traditional leaders express value in conserving the amaXhosa and amaMpondo way of life. Nowhere is this more evident than in relation to grazing land for cattle. Another significant finding is that the support shown by traditional leaders for conservation of the terrestrial environment is not necessarily mirrored when it comes to protection of marine resources. The Wild Coast has a rich variety of marine flora and fauna and a high percentage of endemic species. Local people have relied upon marine resources for sustenance, but conservationists acknowledge that access to these resources has historically been restricted without consultation with traditional leaders or local communities. It is concluded that these restrictions can be linked to many land claims on protected areas on the Wild Coast since 1994. While this study suggests that both traditional leaders and conservationists want to protect the Wild Coast and its natural resources, there is still mistrust based on a history of unjust forced removals from forests, restrictions on the use of natural resources through the manifestation of colonial and apartheid power, and broken promises relating to benefit sharing from proceeds of wildlife and tourism ventures, as well as those benefits linked to land claim settlement agreements in the post-apartheid era. The study concludes that, despite past conflicts relating to conservation management, the Wild Coast’s protected areas have widespread support amongst traditional leaders. There is agreement that co-management is the preferred option but the state has to assist in curbing lawlessness that threatens over-exploitation of natural resources. It is largely acknowledged by conservationists that local people should be permitted to sustainably use certain natural resources and that there have to be increased economic benefits from tourism. Although protected area managers cannot be expected to carry the responsibility of failed tourism models and economic ventures on nature reserves, this study found that they are often the only government officials available on the ground for traditional leaders and local communities to consult with. For co-management to be successful on the protected areas, regular communication about all matters pertaining to management is considered important. While it is accepted that traditional leaders no longer have the administrative powers that they historically possessed, the study found that they are still widely respected along the Wild Coast. It is therefore concluded that regular consultation between environmental managers and traditional leaders is essential for the future conservation of the Wild Coast. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Geography, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
Culture, gender and forests: social differentiation in coping and adapting to climate change and other stressors in the south west and east regions of Cameroon
- Authors: Enokwena Baa, Ojongetakah
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Climatic changes Cameroon , Differentiation (Sociology) Cameroon , Climatic changes Social aspects Cameroon , Cultural awareness Cameroon , Environmental justice Cameroon , Social justice Cameroon , Environmental risk assessment Cameroon , Political ecology Cameroon , Ecofeminism Cameroon , Social capital (Sociology) Cameroon , Community forests Cameroon , Deforestation Cameroon
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/295040 , vital:57284 , DOI 10.21504/10962/295040
- Description: Climate change adaptation scholars and practitioners are beginning to acknowledge that the impact of climate change and other related shocks and stressors will be felt, and reacted to, differently across genders and other types of intersecting social categories, such as age, wealth, and culture, in rural communities. However, to date, most research unpacking these differential impacts and responses has been limited to 'men' versus 'women'. Few studies go beyond this male-female dichotomy to include the different gender structures of households and the intersection with other social factors that contribute to marginalisation, such as ethnicity. This research aimed to explore how different gendered household types in two ethnically diverse communities, the Ejagham and the Baka communities in the SSouth West and East regions of Cameroon, experienced and responded to climate change and other stressors. The central argument of the study is that social differentiation present dynamics and complexities across intersecting identities which determines varied levels of vulnerabilities, adaptive capacity, and livelihood outcomes. The study thus sets out to examine cultural and gendered differentiation in household assets and livelihood activities, how multiple shocks and stressors are experienced, and the differentiated responses to these, focussing specifically on forest and social safety nets. The findings were used to develop an integrated understanding of the complex socially differentiated dimensions of vulnerability and adaptation within the two communities and the implications for more climate secure and equitable livelihoods. The study drew on social-ecological systems, social justice, and feminist political ecology as guiding theoretical lenses. The study further integrated the Moser gender planning and Harvard analytical frameworks as tools for unpacking gender inequality. It followed a mixed methods research design that included household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions that applied participatory exercises. Financial, human, and physical capital were arguably limited within all household types in both the Ejagham and the Baka communities. Social and natural capital were the most common form of assets that households relied on, with ‘savings groups’ in the Ejagham communities being particularly prevalent. Most households were involved in crop cultivation and forest product collection although there were gendered and cultural differences. Collection of wild fruits, medicinal plants, and condiments, for example, was a more common livelihood activity within the Baka communities and amongst female-headed households. Cultivation of pumpkins and vegetables was dominant amongst households in Ejagham, with these being grown mainly by women, while the cultivation of yams was done by men. Across both communities, female-headed households had less ownership of land compared to male-headed households. The current pressure on agricultural land in the Ejagham communities has decreased crop productivity, with female-headed households disproportionately affected by less ownership of land and thus, options to diversify agricultural activities. Similarly, the rise in individual and private land ownership, in response to resource scarcity and large-scale deforestation in East Cameroon, has further dispossessed female-headed households in the Baka communities, already marginalised by their ethnicity, of land. Inequitable access to assets and the disparity in ownership of these assets across the study communities was both a cause and effect of households' differential livelihood activities and responses to shocks and stressors. Several of the shocks and stressors households were exposed to differed across the two sites. The Ejagham communities, being predominantly agricultural, frequently identified warming temperatures as a climatic stressor and increased sensitivity to the impacts of these. The Baka faced similar climate stressors, although more frequent storms were mentioned as a shock by a significant number of households. The impacts of these storms include damage and destruction of houses due to the traditional construction methods used. Since women are often tasked with the building of houses this adds another layer of stress for them. In terms of idiosyncratic shocks, the death of the main breadwinner was most frequently reported in both communities as a non-climatic shock, although this was higher within the Ejagham communities than in the Baka communities, and particularly so for female-headed households. The varied experiences from multiple shocks and stressors resulted in households' differential coping and adaptation responses. Among the different response options, social and forest safety nets, especially the use and sale of forest products (NTFPs) remained the main response options used by households in both communities. Forest products further supported households during periods of food shortage, especially female-headed households in the Ejagham communities. Households further supported one another through social groups such as savings, farming, hunting (particularly for men) and NTFP collection (for women) groups. By exploring social-ecological interactions, the study highlights the complexities around gender inequalities, vulnerabilities, and responses across socially differentiated groups of people which should be considered in policy, practice, and research. Several of my findings challenge mainstream discourses that generally group women, for instance, as a homogenous category when looking at vulnerability. For example, findings revealed that it is possible for different types of households, both women and men, to be both advantaged and vulnerable at the same time, depending on the shock or stressor faced and the livelihood activities they engage in. The same also applies to ethnicity. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Environmental Science, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
- Authors: Enokwena Baa, Ojongetakah
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Climatic changes Cameroon , Differentiation (Sociology) Cameroon , Climatic changes Social aspects Cameroon , Cultural awareness Cameroon , Environmental justice Cameroon , Social justice Cameroon , Environmental risk assessment Cameroon , Political ecology Cameroon , Ecofeminism Cameroon , Social capital (Sociology) Cameroon , Community forests Cameroon , Deforestation Cameroon
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/295040 , vital:57284 , DOI 10.21504/10962/295040
- Description: Climate change adaptation scholars and practitioners are beginning to acknowledge that the impact of climate change and other related shocks and stressors will be felt, and reacted to, differently across genders and other types of intersecting social categories, such as age, wealth, and culture, in rural communities. However, to date, most research unpacking these differential impacts and responses has been limited to 'men' versus 'women'. Few studies go beyond this male-female dichotomy to include the different gender structures of households and the intersection with other social factors that contribute to marginalisation, such as ethnicity. This research aimed to explore how different gendered household types in two ethnically diverse communities, the Ejagham and the Baka communities in the SSouth West and East regions of Cameroon, experienced and responded to climate change and other stressors. The central argument of the study is that social differentiation present dynamics and complexities across intersecting identities which determines varied levels of vulnerabilities, adaptive capacity, and livelihood outcomes. The study thus sets out to examine cultural and gendered differentiation in household assets and livelihood activities, how multiple shocks and stressors are experienced, and the differentiated responses to these, focussing specifically on forest and social safety nets. The findings were used to develop an integrated understanding of the complex socially differentiated dimensions of vulnerability and adaptation within the two communities and the implications for more climate secure and equitable livelihoods. The study drew on social-ecological systems, social justice, and feminist political ecology as guiding theoretical lenses. The study further integrated the Moser gender planning and Harvard analytical frameworks as tools for unpacking gender inequality. It followed a mixed methods research design that included household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions that applied participatory exercises. Financial, human, and physical capital were arguably limited within all household types in both the Ejagham and the Baka communities. Social and natural capital were the most common form of assets that households relied on, with ‘savings groups’ in the Ejagham communities being particularly prevalent. Most households were involved in crop cultivation and forest product collection although there were gendered and cultural differences. Collection of wild fruits, medicinal plants, and condiments, for example, was a more common livelihood activity within the Baka communities and amongst female-headed households. Cultivation of pumpkins and vegetables was dominant amongst households in Ejagham, with these being grown mainly by women, while the cultivation of yams was done by men. Across both communities, female-headed households had less ownership of land compared to male-headed households. The current pressure on agricultural land in the Ejagham communities has decreased crop productivity, with female-headed households disproportionately affected by less ownership of land and thus, options to diversify agricultural activities. Similarly, the rise in individual and private land ownership, in response to resource scarcity and large-scale deforestation in East Cameroon, has further dispossessed female-headed households in the Baka communities, already marginalised by their ethnicity, of land. Inequitable access to assets and the disparity in ownership of these assets across the study communities was both a cause and effect of households' differential livelihood activities and responses to shocks and stressors. Several of the shocks and stressors households were exposed to differed across the two sites. The Ejagham communities, being predominantly agricultural, frequently identified warming temperatures as a climatic stressor and increased sensitivity to the impacts of these. The Baka faced similar climate stressors, although more frequent storms were mentioned as a shock by a significant number of households. The impacts of these storms include damage and destruction of houses due to the traditional construction methods used. Since women are often tasked with the building of houses this adds another layer of stress for them. In terms of idiosyncratic shocks, the death of the main breadwinner was most frequently reported in both communities as a non-climatic shock, although this was higher within the Ejagham communities than in the Baka communities, and particularly so for female-headed households. The varied experiences from multiple shocks and stressors resulted in households' differential coping and adaptation responses. Among the different response options, social and forest safety nets, especially the use and sale of forest products (NTFPs) remained the main response options used by households in both communities. Forest products further supported households during periods of food shortage, especially female-headed households in the Ejagham communities. Households further supported one another through social groups such as savings, farming, hunting (particularly for men) and NTFP collection (for women) groups. By exploring social-ecological interactions, the study highlights the complexities around gender inequalities, vulnerabilities, and responses across socially differentiated groups of people which should be considered in policy, practice, and research. Several of my findings challenge mainstream discourses that generally group women, for instance, as a homogenous category when looking at vulnerability. For example, findings revealed that it is possible for different types of households, both women and men, to be both advantaged and vulnerable at the same time, depending on the shock or stressor faced and the livelihood activities they engage in. The same also applies to ethnicity. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science, Environmental Science, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
Sustainability focus in water management and curriculum practices in an agricultural college: a case study of Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute
- Authors: Ramphinwa, Azwindini Edson
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Water-supply Management South Africa Ixesi , Water-supply Management Study and teaching (Higher) South Africa Ixesi , Curriculum planning South Africa Ixesi , Environmental education Activity programs South Africa Ixesi , Agricultural colleges Curricula South Africa Ixesi , Sustainable development South Africa Ixesi , Educational change South Africa , Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute , Practice Architectures Theory (PAT)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/192030 , vital:45189
- Description: This case study of Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute explored the sustainability focus in water management and curriculum practices. I was inspired to develop a deeper understanding of current water management and curriculum practices at Fort Cox with fellow academics involved in the teaching of water dependent curricula, students who were enrolled in water dependent subjects, and support staff involved in water management practices around campus. My initial assumption was there was a practice disconnect or mismatch between water management practices and the stated curriculum requirements at Fort Cox. To develop a deeper understanding and possible responses, the study adopted the Practice Architectures Theory (PAT) developed by Kemmis (2009) and Kemmis, McTaggart and Nixon (2013). A supportive theory was also considered in the form of the action learning process developed by Marquardt (2007), which was aimed at bringing people together in an attempt to respond to water management practice concerns in their context. Practice Architectures Theory was used with the view to understand the ‘sayings, doings, and relatings’ regarding water management and curriculum practices at Fort Cox, in particular around Irrigation, Soil and Water Conservation subjects and the other water dependent subjects. Kemmis et al. (2013) suggested that practices come into being because people do not act alone but as a collective, and bring them into being. In practice, individual understanding and action are orchestrated in collective social-relational projects. A qualitative case study approach was used to solicit data using different techniques namely workshops, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, observations and Unit-Based Sustainability Assessment Tool questionnaires. Data collected through all these techniques was triangulated in the form of analytical memoranda which helped to develop analytical statements aligned with the research goals. The findings confirmed the evident practice disconnect between water management and curriculum practices which was found to be problematic at Fort Cox. The findings also suggest that there were inadequate water management topics across the curriculum. The findings lead to recommendations including future research recommendations for possible implementation. One notable recommendation is staff development on current sustainable water management and curriculum practices to address the challenges of both Fort Cox and the region. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
- Authors: Ramphinwa, Azwindini Edson
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Water-supply Management South Africa Ixesi , Water-supply Management Study and teaching (Higher) South Africa Ixesi , Curriculum planning South Africa Ixesi , Environmental education Activity programs South Africa Ixesi , Agricultural colleges Curricula South Africa Ixesi , Sustainable development South Africa Ixesi , Educational change South Africa , Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute , Practice Architectures Theory (PAT)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/192030 , vital:45189
- Description: This case study of Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute explored the sustainability focus in water management and curriculum practices. I was inspired to develop a deeper understanding of current water management and curriculum practices at Fort Cox with fellow academics involved in the teaching of water dependent curricula, students who were enrolled in water dependent subjects, and support staff involved in water management practices around campus. My initial assumption was there was a practice disconnect or mismatch between water management practices and the stated curriculum requirements at Fort Cox. To develop a deeper understanding and possible responses, the study adopted the Practice Architectures Theory (PAT) developed by Kemmis (2009) and Kemmis, McTaggart and Nixon (2013). A supportive theory was also considered in the form of the action learning process developed by Marquardt (2007), which was aimed at bringing people together in an attempt to respond to water management practice concerns in their context. Practice Architectures Theory was used with the view to understand the ‘sayings, doings, and relatings’ regarding water management and curriculum practices at Fort Cox, in particular around Irrigation, Soil and Water Conservation subjects and the other water dependent subjects. Kemmis et al. (2013) suggested that practices come into being because people do not act alone but as a collective, and bring them into being. In practice, individual understanding and action are orchestrated in collective social-relational projects. A qualitative case study approach was used to solicit data using different techniques namely workshops, semi-structured interviews, document analysis, observations and Unit-Based Sustainability Assessment Tool questionnaires. Data collected through all these techniques was triangulated in the form of analytical memoranda which helped to develop analytical statements aligned with the research goals. The findings confirmed the evident practice disconnect between water management and curriculum practices which was found to be problematic at Fort Cox. The findings also suggest that there were inadequate water management topics across the curriculum. The findings lead to recommendations including future research recommendations for possible implementation. One notable recommendation is staff development on current sustainable water management and curriculum practices to address the challenges of both Fort Cox and the region. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
The experiences of clinical psychologists in treating traumatic stress at a tertiary psychiatric hospital in the Eastern Cape: A qualitative research study
- Authors: Munishvaran, Kuriesha
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Post-traumatic stress disorder Treatment South Africa Eastern Cape , Secondary traumatic stress Treatment South Africa Eastern Cape , Phenomenological psychology , Clinical psychologists Mental health South Africa Eastern Cape , Psychiatric hospitals South Africa Eastern Cape , Psychiatric hospital patients South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190271 , vital:44979
- Description: Traumatic encounters are highly prevalent within the South African population. Clinical psychologists working with these trauma narratives, within a psychiatric context, are therefore at risk of experiencing vicarious trauma, Post Traumatic Stress-Disorder (PTSD), and secondary traumatic stress. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of clinical psychologists who treat patients that are either trauma survivors or perpetrators in a psychiatric hospital. Individual semi-structured interviews and follow-up interviews were conducted with three clinical psychologists based at a psychiatric hospital in the Eastern Cape. Data was analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. All participants reported experiencing symptoms of vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress while treating both victims and perpetrators. The findings also discovered an element of danger, as well as socio-political factors that clinical psychologists experience. Participants also reported experiencing vicarious post-traumatic growth, enhanced by their coping strategies, while providing psychological services to traumatised patients. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
- Authors: Munishvaran, Kuriesha
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Post-traumatic stress disorder Treatment South Africa Eastern Cape , Secondary traumatic stress Treatment South Africa Eastern Cape , Phenomenological psychology , Clinical psychologists Mental health South Africa Eastern Cape , Psychiatric hospitals South Africa Eastern Cape , Psychiatric hospital patients South Africa Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/190271 , vital:44979
- Description: Traumatic encounters are highly prevalent within the South African population. Clinical psychologists working with these trauma narratives, within a psychiatric context, are therefore at risk of experiencing vicarious trauma, Post Traumatic Stress-Disorder (PTSD), and secondary traumatic stress. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of clinical psychologists who treat patients that are either trauma survivors or perpetrators in a psychiatric hospital. Individual semi-structured interviews and follow-up interviews were conducted with three clinical psychologists based at a psychiatric hospital in the Eastern Cape. Data was analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. All participants reported experiencing symptoms of vicarious trauma and secondary traumatic stress while treating both victims and perpetrators. The findings also discovered an element of danger, as well as socio-political factors that clinical psychologists experience. Participants also reported experiencing vicarious post-traumatic growth, enhanced by their coping strategies, while providing psychological services to traumatised patients. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Humanities, Psychology, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-10-29
Agro-morphological characterisation, nitrogen use efficiency and combining ability of quality protein maize (zea mays l.) genotypes for low nitrogen tolerance
- AdeOluwa, Olusola Oluyinka https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2145-7141
- Authors: AdeOluwa, Olusola Oluyinka https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2145-7141
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Corn -- Quality
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21501 , vital:48855 , http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85032715
- Description: Low nitrogen stress tolerant Quality Protein Maize (QPM) genotypes will be of great benefit to farmers for increasing productivity in nitrogen depleted soils in the Eastern Cape (EC) Province, South Africa (SA). The current study evaluated: (i) QPM inbred lines for tolerance to low soil nitrogen, (ii) the Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of different QPM inbred lines, (iii) the combining ability of QPM genotypes for tolerance to low nitrogen, grain yield, and other agro-morphological traits, and (iv) the agro-morphological characteristics and adaptation of QPM hybrids to environments of different production potential in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Thirty-two white-seeded QPM inbred lines obtained from CIMMYT-Zimbabwe and Quality Seeds (PTY) LTD were evaluated for tolerance to low soil nitrogen stress using two nitrogen (N) treatment levels: 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 under both glasshouse and field conditions at the Crop Research farm, University of Fort Hare, in two planting seasons. The study aimed at assessing the response of QPM inbred lines to low N, with a view to identifying low N tolerant types under both glasshouse and field conditions. Shoot length stress tolerance index (SHL STI) indicated lines L23, L29, L27, L13, L16, L17, L31, L14, L18 and L22 to be low soil N tolerant from the glasshouse study. From the field study, low N Stress Tolerance Index (STI) identified inbred lines L23, L31, L26, L28, L25, L29, L32, L4, L6, L3 and L2 as low soil N tolerant. These inbred lines also had high grain yields (GY) in the field under 0 kg N ha-1 (all ranked within the top ten except L2). They also had the potential for stable yields across environments considering their high Yield Stability Index (YSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP) and Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI) values. Both the glasshouse and field studies revealed inbred lines L22, L23, L26, L28, L25, L29 and L31 were common to both the glasshouse and field studies as being low soil N tolerant. These thirty-two parental QPM inbred lines were evaluated in the field for their nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under five different nitrogen levels: 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1. The inbred lines studied under 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 indicated that N level expressed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) for total nitrogen in biomass (Bio Total N), total nitrogen in grain (G Total N), grain yield (GY), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and almost all the indices estimated. The top six nutrient use efficient genotypes were L9, L14, L23, L25, L29 and L32 across N levels. However, the best and highest NUE was obtained from the lowest fertilizer dose, 30 kg N ha-1. Highly significant and positive correlation coefficients were found between Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and yield (+0.9), NUE and NUtE (+0.9), NUE and HI (Harvest Index) (+0.5), NUtE and yield (+0.99), HI and yield (+0.5) and NUtE and HI (+0.5). Thus, NUE, HI and NUtE could be good predictors of yield potential under low N soil conditions. Sixty-four testcross hybrids were generated from crossing these 32 QPM inbred lines with two QPM open pollinated varieties (OPVs) as testers in a line x tester design and were evaluated under 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 in the field. The objectives of the experiment were to: (i) identify high yielding hybrids with tolerance to low soil N in the EC; (ii) determine the combining abilities and mode of gene action for various traits under low and high nitrogen conditions; and (iii) group the inbred lines into heterotic groups for future use in the breeding program. Results revealed that under 30 kg N ha-1 (30N) condition, both additive and non-additive gene effects were observed with less importance of non-additive gene action for grain yield. Based on specific combining ability (SCA) effects, hybrids LNC22, LNC31, LOB22, LNC30, LNC29, LOB11, LNC18, LOB30, LOB19 and LNC24 showed outstanding performance under 0 kg N ha-1 (0N) condition with relatively acceptable SCA under 30N for yield. Inbred lines L6 (1.63), L22 (1.74), L29 (1.83) and L30 (1.24) showed positive and significant GCAs for grain yield under 0N. They were identified as the best combiners for grain yield as they were among the top ten performers for GCA under 0N. They can be very useful sources of low N tolerance genes. Two heterotic groups were formed under 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 conditions, and they will be useful for future hybrid development in the breeding program. Furthermore, these thirty-two QPM inbred lines were utilised as parental lines to generate seventy-six single cross hybrids. These single cross hybrids were evaluated across three environments of varying production potential in the Eastern Cape (EC), during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 summer seasons. Non-QPM hybrids namely PAN5Q649R and Phb31MO7BR, as well as QPM OPVs OBATANPA and Nelson's Choice were included in these preliminary variety trials (PVTs) as checks. Twenty-five hybrids expressing high values for the Smith – Hazel selection index were identified across sites over years. Among those hybrids were two checks, namely Q16 (PAN5Q649R) and Q33 (Phb31MO7BR). The top five high – yielding hybrids selected based on the selection index were considered to be the most productive, stable and adaptable based on the GGE biplot and AMMI stability values. None of these single cross hybrids over yielded the best hybrid check (Q16) in the current study. A high potential environment, Centane, was the ideal environments for evaluating genotypes in the present study. The studies showed inbred lines L22, L23, L26, L28, L25, L29 and L31 to be low N stress tolerant at 0 kg N ha-1 based on the low N stress tolerance indices under glasshouse and the field conditions; they were also among the top ten grain-yielders under field conditions at 0 kg N ha-1. Also, in the NUE study, they were found to be among the top ten most N-efficient inbred lines under low N soils, under 30 kg N ha-1, and were among the top twenty-four inbred lines with high NUE values across the N levels in the study. Inbred lines L29 and L22 also produced testcross hybrids that were among the top twenty based on GY under 0 kg N ha-1. The testcross hybrids produced from these inbred lines were also among the top twenty-five with outstanding SCA effects for GY. These inbred lines were also parental lines of some of the top twenty- five best hybrids selected based on the Smith – Hazel selection index in the PVT study. Inbred lines L22, L23, L26, L28, L25, L29 and L31 can therefore further be evaluated and used as sources of N-tolerance genes in QPM breeding programs. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
- Authors: AdeOluwa, Olusola Oluyinka https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2145-7141
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Corn -- Quality
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21501 , vital:48855 , http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85032715
- Description: Low nitrogen stress tolerant Quality Protein Maize (QPM) genotypes will be of great benefit to farmers for increasing productivity in nitrogen depleted soils in the Eastern Cape (EC) Province, South Africa (SA). The current study evaluated: (i) QPM inbred lines for tolerance to low soil nitrogen, (ii) the Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of different QPM inbred lines, (iii) the combining ability of QPM genotypes for tolerance to low nitrogen, grain yield, and other agro-morphological traits, and (iv) the agro-morphological characteristics and adaptation of QPM hybrids to environments of different production potential in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Thirty-two white-seeded QPM inbred lines obtained from CIMMYT-Zimbabwe and Quality Seeds (PTY) LTD were evaluated for tolerance to low soil nitrogen stress using two nitrogen (N) treatment levels: 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 under both glasshouse and field conditions at the Crop Research farm, University of Fort Hare, in two planting seasons. The study aimed at assessing the response of QPM inbred lines to low N, with a view to identifying low N tolerant types under both glasshouse and field conditions. Shoot length stress tolerance index (SHL STI) indicated lines L23, L29, L27, L13, L16, L17, L31, L14, L18 and L22 to be low soil N tolerant from the glasshouse study. From the field study, low N Stress Tolerance Index (STI) identified inbred lines L23, L31, L26, L28, L25, L29, L32, L4, L6, L3 and L2 as low soil N tolerant. These inbred lines also had high grain yields (GY) in the field under 0 kg N ha-1 (all ranked within the top ten except L2). They also had the potential for stable yields across environments considering their high Yield Stability Index (YSI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP) and Stress Susceptibility Index (SSI) values. Both the glasshouse and field studies revealed inbred lines L22, L23, L26, L28, L25, L29 and L31 were common to both the glasshouse and field studies as being low soil N tolerant. These thirty-two parental QPM inbred lines were evaluated in the field for their nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under five different nitrogen levels: 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1. The inbred lines studied under 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 indicated that N level expressed highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) for total nitrogen in biomass (Bio Total N), total nitrogen in grain (G Total N), grain yield (GY), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and almost all the indices estimated. The top six nutrient use efficient genotypes were L9, L14, L23, L25, L29 and L32 across N levels. However, the best and highest NUE was obtained from the lowest fertilizer dose, 30 kg N ha-1. Highly significant and positive correlation coefficients were found between Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and yield (+0.9), NUE and NUtE (+0.9), NUE and HI (Harvest Index) (+0.5), NUtE and yield (+0.99), HI and yield (+0.5) and NUtE and HI (+0.5). Thus, NUE, HI and NUtE could be good predictors of yield potential under low N soil conditions. Sixty-four testcross hybrids were generated from crossing these 32 QPM inbred lines with two QPM open pollinated varieties (OPVs) as testers in a line x tester design and were evaluated under 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 in the field. The objectives of the experiment were to: (i) identify high yielding hybrids with tolerance to low soil N in the EC; (ii) determine the combining abilities and mode of gene action for various traits under low and high nitrogen conditions; and (iii) group the inbred lines into heterotic groups for future use in the breeding program. Results revealed that under 30 kg N ha-1 (30N) condition, both additive and non-additive gene effects were observed with less importance of non-additive gene action for grain yield. Based on specific combining ability (SCA) effects, hybrids LNC22, LNC31, LOB22, LNC30, LNC29, LOB11, LNC18, LOB30, LOB19 and LNC24 showed outstanding performance under 0 kg N ha-1 (0N) condition with relatively acceptable SCA under 30N for yield. Inbred lines L6 (1.63), L22 (1.74), L29 (1.83) and L30 (1.24) showed positive and significant GCAs for grain yield under 0N. They were identified as the best combiners for grain yield as they were among the top ten performers for GCA under 0N. They can be very useful sources of low N tolerance genes. Two heterotic groups were formed under 0 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 conditions, and they will be useful for future hybrid development in the breeding program. Furthermore, these thirty-two QPM inbred lines were utilised as parental lines to generate seventy-six single cross hybrids. These single cross hybrids were evaluated across three environments of varying production potential in the Eastern Cape (EC), during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 summer seasons. Non-QPM hybrids namely PAN5Q649R and Phb31MO7BR, as well as QPM OPVs OBATANPA and Nelson's Choice were included in these preliminary variety trials (PVTs) as checks. Twenty-five hybrids expressing high values for the Smith – Hazel selection index were identified across sites over years. Among those hybrids were two checks, namely Q16 (PAN5Q649R) and Q33 (Phb31MO7BR). The top five high – yielding hybrids selected based on the selection index were considered to be the most productive, stable and adaptable based on the GGE biplot and AMMI stability values. None of these single cross hybrids over yielded the best hybrid check (Q16) in the current study. A high potential environment, Centane, was the ideal environments for evaluating genotypes in the present study. The studies showed inbred lines L22, L23, L26, L28, L25, L29 and L31 to be low N stress tolerant at 0 kg N ha-1 based on the low N stress tolerance indices under glasshouse and the field conditions; they were also among the top ten grain-yielders under field conditions at 0 kg N ha-1. Also, in the NUE study, they were found to be among the top ten most N-efficient inbred lines under low N soils, under 30 kg N ha-1, and were among the top twenty-four inbred lines with high NUE values across the N levels in the study. Inbred lines L29 and L22 also produced testcross hybrids that were among the top twenty based on GY under 0 kg N ha-1. The testcross hybrids produced from these inbred lines were also among the top twenty-five with outstanding SCA effects for GY. These inbred lines were also parental lines of some of the top twenty- five best hybrids selected based on the Smith – Hazel selection index in the PVT study. Inbred lines L22, L23, L26, L28, L25, L29 and L31 can therefore further be evaluated and used as sources of N-tolerance genes in QPM breeding programs. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
Comparative performance of 3-kWp ranges Solar Photovoltaic Systems under varying meteorological conditions in Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Apeh, Oliver Okechukwu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4076-0613
- Authors: Apeh, Oliver Okechukwu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4076-0613
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Photovoltaic power systems , Solar energy
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21567 , vital:48888
- Description: PVsystem has recently emerged in South Africa as a way to curb the country’s persistent shortage of electricity. A wide effort for the past few decades have targeted at study, testing and demonstration of PV power systems which was established all over the country as an appropriate measure to tackle transportation, agriculture, industry, commercial as well as domestic activities. In view of these drives, both off-grid and grid-connected PV systems are being applied. However, operating a building with an off-grid system is one of the means to providing the possibility of energy access to places far away from the national grid. As an off-grid choice, 50 W SHS is being distributed to customers in distant rustic parts of the country where grid option is difficult to access. But the SHS of the stated capacity can barely generate 0.3 to 0.4 kWh of electric energy per day, even at the optimal solar radiations. In view of this, more efforts are directed at expanding the off-grid systems to accommodate large rural households in South Africa. This thesis is dedicated to a study on the various configurations and components of PV power plant as a way to enhance electricity generations in South Africa. To this effect, different power plants were considered at SolarWatt park, University of Fort Hare with the aim to conduct a comparative analysis of the charge controllers with respect to the charge and discharge rates of their respective batteries. The grid-connected PV power generation was classified into hybrid PV and grid-assisted PV, while off-grid is a BIPV. These power plants generations were installed for the purpose of research level with a total capacity of 11.4 kW. The off-grid system is made up of HIT modules, FlexMax80 charge controller, Victron energy inverter and M-Molar battery bank. The hybrid and grid-assisted systems each consist of 15 polycrystalline modules and Microcare charge controllers. In addition, hybrid comprises SMA Sunny Island inverter and Trojan battery bank whereas grid-assisted consist of Microcare inverter and Hoppercke battery bank. The first part of the experimental work was monitored, and the meteorological parameters which are ambient temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed, were measured and evaluated while electrical parameters includes PV current and voltage, MPPT current and voltage, battery current and voltage and inverter current and voltage were also measured and evaluated in the second part of the experiment. This lasted for a period of four years, starting from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2020. Similarly, the second aspect was to monitor the electrical performance of the three systems and was performed for a period of six months, starting from January to June 2019. During the second experiment, hybrid and grid-assisted systems were reconfigured to function as off-grid systems. Moreover, a detailed data acquisition system designed to measure and record both meteorological and electrical parameters affecting the performance of the systems. The electrical parameters include PV current and voltage, MPPT current, battery current and voltage and inverter current and voltage. Other parameters in the measurements are; inverter efficiency, active and apparent power, while meteorological parameters include; solar irradiance, ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction. The meteorological results show that the maximum and minimum mean amount of global solar radiation was 7.34 kWh/m2/day in December and 3.03 kWh/m2/day in June, respectively, while the average radiation and temperature for the typical year were 4.98 kWh/m2/day and 16.88 oC respectively. The solar radiations obtained are within the range in major places in South Africa. Similarly, an average wind speed of 2.5 m/s is experienced in Alice in a year and average solar radiation of 606.06 W/m2 in summer and 346.17 W/m2 in winter. The three lead-acid battery systems monitored under the electrical aspect are M-Molar, Trojan and Hoppecke battery systems. It was established that the charging current decreases gradually from 27.7 to 18.5 A for the M-Molar while Hoppecke and Trojan deceased respectively from 15 to 10 A and 23 to 13 A at the end of each phase by charging it at the maximum power point of the PV array. It was equally found that the M-Molar battery current has the highest rate of charging and quickest rate of discharging in comparison to the other two batteries. Finally, from the results gotten from this research, we may propose that the solar PV system contributes significantly to the satisfaction of the needed electricity in South Africa. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
- Authors: Apeh, Oliver Okechukwu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4076-0613
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Photovoltaic power systems , Solar energy
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21567 , vital:48888
- Description: PVsystem has recently emerged in South Africa as a way to curb the country’s persistent shortage of electricity. A wide effort for the past few decades have targeted at study, testing and demonstration of PV power systems which was established all over the country as an appropriate measure to tackle transportation, agriculture, industry, commercial as well as domestic activities. In view of these drives, both off-grid and grid-connected PV systems are being applied. However, operating a building with an off-grid system is one of the means to providing the possibility of energy access to places far away from the national grid. As an off-grid choice, 50 W SHS is being distributed to customers in distant rustic parts of the country where grid option is difficult to access. But the SHS of the stated capacity can barely generate 0.3 to 0.4 kWh of electric energy per day, even at the optimal solar radiations. In view of this, more efforts are directed at expanding the off-grid systems to accommodate large rural households in South Africa. This thesis is dedicated to a study on the various configurations and components of PV power plant as a way to enhance electricity generations in South Africa. To this effect, different power plants were considered at SolarWatt park, University of Fort Hare with the aim to conduct a comparative analysis of the charge controllers with respect to the charge and discharge rates of their respective batteries. The grid-connected PV power generation was classified into hybrid PV and grid-assisted PV, while off-grid is a BIPV. These power plants generations were installed for the purpose of research level with a total capacity of 11.4 kW. The off-grid system is made up of HIT modules, FlexMax80 charge controller, Victron energy inverter and M-Molar battery bank. The hybrid and grid-assisted systems each consist of 15 polycrystalline modules and Microcare charge controllers. In addition, hybrid comprises SMA Sunny Island inverter and Trojan battery bank whereas grid-assisted consist of Microcare inverter and Hoppercke battery bank. The first part of the experimental work was monitored, and the meteorological parameters which are ambient temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed, were measured and evaluated while electrical parameters includes PV current and voltage, MPPT current and voltage, battery current and voltage and inverter current and voltage were also measured and evaluated in the second part of the experiment. This lasted for a period of four years, starting from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2020. Similarly, the second aspect was to monitor the electrical performance of the three systems and was performed for a period of six months, starting from January to June 2019. During the second experiment, hybrid and grid-assisted systems were reconfigured to function as off-grid systems. Moreover, a detailed data acquisition system designed to measure and record both meteorological and electrical parameters affecting the performance of the systems. The electrical parameters include PV current and voltage, MPPT current, battery current and voltage and inverter current and voltage. Other parameters in the measurements are; inverter efficiency, active and apparent power, while meteorological parameters include; solar irradiance, ambient temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction. The meteorological results show that the maximum and minimum mean amount of global solar radiation was 7.34 kWh/m2/day in December and 3.03 kWh/m2/day in June, respectively, while the average radiation and temperature for the typical year were 4.98 kWh/m2/day and 16.88 oC respectively. The solar radiations obtained are within the range in major places in South Africa. Similarly, an average wind speed of 2.5 m/s is experienced in Alice in a year and average solar radiation of 606.06 W/m2 in summer and 346.17 W/m2 in winter. The three lead-acid battery systems monitored under the electrical aspect are M-Molar, Trojan and Hoppecke battery systems. It was established that the charging current decreases gradually from 27.7 to 18.5 A for the M-Molar while Hoppecke and Trojan deceased respectively from 15 to 10 A and 23 to 13 A at the end of each phase by charging it at the maximum power point of the PV array. It was equally found that the M-Molar battery current has the highest rate of charging and quickest rate of discharging in comparison to the other two batteries. Finally, from the results gotten from this research, we may propose that the solar PV system contributes significantly to the satisfaction of the needed electricity in South Africa. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
Evaluation of the impacts of water allocation reform on livelihoods in the Lower Sundays River catchment area
- Authors: Ngilana, Simphiwe
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Water-supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Management , Water resources development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/54229 , vital:46373
- Description: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the Water Allocation Reform (WAR) programme on the socio-economic livelihoods of resource-poor farmers (RPFs). WAR was implemented between 2014 and 2019 in the Lower Sundays River Valley Municipality of the Eastern Cape. The study sought to qualitatively evaluate the outcome of the WAR programme using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. The study findings show that water allocation reform has contributed positively to the livelihoods of resource poor farmers in the area under study. It was found that joint ventures (JVs) are the strongest mechanisms used by farmers to ensure water is used for irrigation purposes and this is encouraged by government. The issue of equity is still not realised as one of the objectives of the National Water Act, 1998. It was found that resource poor farmers are willing to pay for water resource management although it is very expensive. However, government does not conduct the monitoring and evaluation of the programmes, and implementation is left solely to farmers to arrange. It was discovered that there is a lack of coordination by government departments on programme implementation. The case study further revealed that government is not providing the necessary support for resource poor farmers. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
- Authors: Ngilana, Simphiwe
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Water-supply -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Management , Water resources development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/54229 , vital:46373
- Description: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the Water Allocation Reform (WAR) programme on the socio-economic livelihoods of resource-poor farmers (RPFs). WAR was implemented between 2014 and 2019 in the Lower Sundays River Valley Municipality of the Eastern Cape. The study sought to qualitatively evaluate the outcome of the WAR programme using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. The study findings show that water allocation reform has contributed positively to the livelihoods of resource poor farmers in the area under study. It was found that joint ventures (JVs) are the strongest mechanisms used by farmers to ensure water is used for irrigation purposes and this is encouraged by government. The issue of equity is still not realised as one of the objectives of the National Water Act, 1998. It was found that resource poor farmers are willing to pay for water resource management although it is very expensive. However, government does not conduct the monitoring and evaluation of the programmes, and implementation is left solely to farmers to arrange. It was discovered that there is a lack of coordination by government departments on programme implementation. The case study further revealed that government is not providing the necessary support for resource poor farmers. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
Experiences of patients on short term drug resistant tuberculosis regimen at Nelson Mandela District TB Specialist Hospital
- Authors: Sempe, Thabo Benedict
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22940 , vital:53224
- Description: The purpose of this research study was to explore and describe the experiences of patients on short-term drug resistant TB treatment in a TB specialist hospital situated in Nelson Mandela District. Patients on XDR-TB treatment face many challenges which include side effects which they find hard to tolerate and they end up stopping the treatment. Socio-economic difficulties of concern include delayed social assistance from the government to support their families, particularly when they are breadwinners. A qualitative, descriptive, explorative contextual design was used in this research study. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. The target population for this study consisted of those DR-TB patients who were on short-term regimen and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. There were twelve participants who voluntary participated in the research study although the first interview was a pilot study. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. A total of seven themes and twenty-seven sub-themes arose during the data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout this research. The research findings showed that the participants shared positive experiences in as far as being able to easily access the health care service. Most participants were moved through a range of emotions which included shock. They felt heartbroken about the devastation and the disruptive nature of this illness to themselves and their family lives and, more seriously, were fearful of the morbidity and mortality thoughts which pervaded their thoughts but their health improved when drug resistant TB treatment was initiated. Many of the participants found it easy to disclose to their friends as they knew they could count on their support at the best and worst of times in their treatment journey. In conclusion the participants provided suggestions regarding their support needs on the journey to recovery from DR-TB. The researcher provided certain recommendations as far as the challenges expressed by the participants and these will contribute to strengthening the DR-TB adherence strategies. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
- Authors: Sempe, Thabo Benedict
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22940 , vital:53224
- Description: The purpose of this research study was to explore and describe the experiences of patients on short-term drug resistant TB treatment in a TB specialist hospital situated in Nelson Mandela District. Patients on XDR-TB treatment face many challenges which include side effects which they find hard to tolerate and they end up stopping the treatment. Socio-economic difficulties of concern include delayed social assistance from the government to support their families, particularly when they are breadwinners. A qualitative, descriptive, explorative contextual design was used in this research study. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. The target population for this study consisted of those DR-TB patients who were on short-term regimen and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. There were twelve participants who voluntary participated in the research study although the first interview was a pilot study. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. A total of seven themes and twenty-seven sub-themes arose during the data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout this research. The research findings showed that the participants shared positive experiences in as far as being able to easily access the health care service. Most participants were moved through a range of emotions which included shock. They felt heartbroken about the devastation and the disruptive nature of this illness to themselves and their family lives and, more seriously, were fearful of the morbidity and mortality thoughts which pervaded their thoughts but their health improved when drug resistant TB treatment was initiated. Many of the participants found it easy to disclose to their friends as they knew they could count on their support at the best and worst of times in their treatment journey. In conclusion the participants provided suggestions regarding their support needs on the journey to recovery from DR-TB. The researcher provided certain recommendations as far as the challenges expressed by the participants and these will contribute to strengthening the DR-TB adherence strategies. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
Knowledge and attitudes of women regarding cervical cancer and papanicolau smear screening in Caleb Motshabi, Bloemfontein
- Authors: Gwavu, Zintle
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Cervix uteri -- Cancer -- South Africa , Pap test
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21816 , vital:51795
- Description: The aim of the study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of women in Caleb Motshabi location regarding cervical cancer and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening in order for district management to develop a health education programme on cervical cancer and the benefits of screening. Cervical cancer amongst women worldwide has been identified as the fourth most common cancer. A qualitative descriptive explorative contextual design was employed in this research study. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used. Women between the ages of 18-60 years’ old who reside in Caleb Motshabi location were the target population. Four focus group interviews were conducted. The groups consisted of four to six participants grouped together to discuss the matter. Ethical principles were maintained as well as the concept of trustworthiness throughout this study. Data analysis was done using Tesch’s approach to open coding in qualitative research. A total of seven themes and eight sub-themes arose during the analysis of the data and were completely discussed. The findings suggest that the majority of the participants were aware of cervical cancer and Pap smear, but they lacked knowledge of what cervical cancer is or its causes. Although some of the participants had done a Pap smear in their lifetime, knowledge about how and the reasons the procedure is done still lacked. The majority of participants had received information about Pap smear procedure from peers rather than from health care workers. A significant finding was the fact that the participants who had done the procedure were open to attending regular screenings since they had experience on how it is performed. In conclusion It was recommended that educational programmes relating to cervical cancer and Pap smear screening be intensified in the area. This can be done through increasing awareness programmes in the communities and during clinic visits. To try and increase the uptake of the Pap smear screening it was also recommended that mobile clinics should be introduced to encourage women in the communities. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
- Authors: Gwavu, Zintle
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Cervix uteri -- Cancer -- South Africa , Pap test
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21816 , vital:51795
- Description: The aim of the study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of women in Caleb Motshabi location regarding cervical cancer and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening in order for district management to develop a health education programme on cervical cancer and the benefits of screening. Cervical cancer amongst women worldwide has been identified as the fourth most common cancer. A qualitative descriptive explorative contextual design was employed in this research study. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used. Women between the ages of 18-60 years’ old who reside in Caleb Motshabi location were the target population. Four focus group interviews were conducted. The groups consisted of four to six participants grouped together to discuss the matter. Ethical principles were maintained as well as the concept of trustworthiness throughout this study. Data analysis was done using Tesch’s approach to open coding in qualitative research. A total of seven themes and eight sub-themes arose during the analysis of the data and were completely discussed. The findings suggest that the majority of the participants were aware of cervical cancer and Pap smear, but they lacked knowledge of what cervical cancer is or its causes. Although some of the participants had done a Pap smear in their lifetime, knowledge about how and the reasons the procedure is done still lacked. The majority of participants had received information about Pap smear procedure from peers rather than from health care workers. A significant finding was the fact that the participants who had done the procedure were open to attending regular screenings since they had experience on how it is performed. In conclusion It was recommended that educational programmes relating to cervical cancer and Pap smear screening be intensified in the area. This can be done through increasing awareness programmes in the communities and during clinic visits. To try and increase the uptake of the Pap smear screening it was also recommended that mobile clinics should be introduced to encourage women in the communities. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
Psychosocial experiences of caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Mmangaliso, Azola
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Caregivers , Children with disabilities--Psychology , Children with mental disabilities
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21025 , vital:46904
- Description: There is dearth of information in South Africa about the psychosocial challenges experienced by caregivers of mentally challenged children. This study addresses psychosocial experiences of caregivers, such as, scorning, isolation and anxiety, which affect their well-being in adverse ways, and that continues to be overlooked by professionals dealing with mental health. This study sought to explore psychosocial experiences of caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice in the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The study intended to uncover the psychosocial wellbeing of caregivers of mentally challenged children. Secondly, it set out to highlight the coping mechanisms employed by caregivers of mentally challenged children to deal with their psychosocial experiences. Lastly, the study sought to examine policies, legislation and support services in place for psychosocial care of caregivers of mentally challenged children. The researcher adopted qualitative research methods. Snowball sampling was employed to recruit 15 caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice. The age of the caregivers ranged between the ages of 20 and 65. In addition, purposive sampling was adopted to recruit six professionals working with mental health in Alice. All the participants were black Africans. The gender comprised of thirteen females and two males. Data was collected through the use of face-to-face, semi-structured individual interviews, one interview per research participant, with the caregivers of mentally challenged children, and through the use of one focus group discussion with professionals dealing with mental health. The researcher analysed data through thematic content analysis. The study findings indicate that caregivers of mentally challenged children experience the caregiving process negatively, with a lot of burden. It also appears that they do not cope positively with such experiences despite professionally-trained personnel that are obliged by the Social Assistance Act and other government policies to ensure that caregivers receive sufficient psychosocial services. Findings also indicate that there is very little that is done by the relevant professionals in ensuring that they render sufficient professional support services to caregivers, such as needs assessment and therapeutic services. In light of the findings, the study concludes that there is a need for continuous rendering of comprehensive psychosocial support services to the caregivers of mentally challenged children. It is also recommended that social workers empower caregivers for mentally challenged children so that they can function effectively in their communities. Further, the government needs to reinforce existing policies that afford these psychosocial services, such as Integrated National Strategy on Support Services to Children with Disabilities. Meaning, the government should take an oversite role of these policies and monitor whether they get implemented or not, especially at grassroots level. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Social Work) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
- Authors: Mmangaliso, Azola
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Caregivers , Children with disabilities--Psychology , Children with mental disabilities
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21025 , vital:46904
- Description: There is dearth of information in South Africa about the psychosocial challenges experienced by caregivers of mentally challenged children. This study addresses psychosocial experiences of caregivers, such as, scorning, isolation and anxiety, which affect their well-being in adverse ways, and that continues to be overlooked by professionals dealing with mental health. This study sought to explore psychosocial experiences of caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice in the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The study intended to uncover the psychosocial wellbeing of caregivers of mentally challenged children. Secondly, it set out to highlight the coping mechanisms employed by caregivers of mentally challenged children to deal with their psychosocial experiences. Lastly, the study sought to examine policies, legislation and support services in place for psychosocial care of caregivers of mentally challenged children. The researcher adopted qualitative research methods. Snowball sampling was employed to recruit 15 caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice. The age of the caregivers ranged between the ages of 20 and 65. In addition, purposive sampling was adopted to recruit six professionals working with mental health in Alice. All the participants were black Africans. The gender comprised of thirteen females and two males. Data was collected through the use of face-to-face, semi-structured individual interviews, one interview per research participant, with the caregivers of mentally challenged children, and through the use of one focus group discussion with professionals dealing with mental health. The researcher analysed data through thematic content analysis. The study findings indicate that caregivers of mentally challenged children experience the caregiving process negatively, with a lot of burden. It also appears that they do not cope positively with such experiences despite professionally-trained personnel that are obliged by the Social Assistance Act and other government policies to ensure that caregivers receive sufficient psychosocial services. Findings also indicate that there is very little that is done by the relevant professionals in ensuring that they render sufficient professional support services to caregivers, such as needs assessment and therapeutic services. In light of the findings, the study concludes that there is a need for continuous rendering of comprehensive psychosocial support services to the caregivers of mentally challenged children. It is also recommended that social workers empower caregivers for mentally challenged children so that they can function effectively in their communities. Further, the government needs to reinforce existing policies that afford these psychosocial services, such as Integrated National Strategy on Support Services to Children with Disabilities. Meaning, the government should take an oversite role of these policies and monitor whether they get implemented or not, especially at grassroots level. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Social Work) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
Psychosocial impact of mental illness on family caregivers of mental healthcare users in Mangaung District
- Authors: Leburu, Maria
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Home care services -- South Africa -- Mangaung -- Psychological aspects , Caregivers -- South Africa -- Mangaung
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21770 , vital:51750
- Description: The purpose of this research study was to describe the psychosocial impact of mental illness on family caregivers of mental health care users in Mangaung district in order to explore strategies to empower mental health care users and their families to understand and to cope with mental illness problem. A qualitative, descriptive explorative and contextu al design was employed. A nonprobability, purposive sampling method was used to select participants. The target population was family caregivers from Mangaung district, whose ages were 18 years and above who were caring for mentally ill patients in their homes or admitted to a psychiatric institution. . Five focus group interviews were conducted but the first one was a pilot study. Ethical principles were maintained throughout the study as well as the concepts of trustworthiness were applied. Tesch’s approach to open coding in qualitative research was applied during data analysis. A total of six themes and twentynine sub-themes arose during data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout the study. The findings suggested that most of the participants suffered psychosocial problems like stress, depression, stigma and financial constraints, although one participant indicated that she has accepted her situation of caregiving. In conclusion participants suggested that support groups should be established and awareness programmes should be put in place for community members to avoid stigmatising and laughing at caregivers, care users and family members. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
- Authors: Leburu, Maria
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Home care services -- South Africa -- Mangaung -- Psychological aspects , Caregivers -- South Africa -- Mangaung
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21770 , vital:51750
- Description: The purpose of this research study was to describe the psychosocial impact of mental illness on family caregivers of mental health care users in Mangaung district in order to explore strategies to empower mental health care users and their families to understand and to cope with mental illness problem. A qualitative, descriptive explorative and contextu al design was employed. A nonprobability, purposive sampling method was used to select participants. The target population was family caregivers from Mangaung district, whose ages were 18 years and above who were caring for mentally ill patients in their homes or admitted to a psychiatric institution. . Five focus group interviews were conducted but the first one was a pilot study. Ethical principles were maintained throughout the study as well as the concepts of trustworthiness were applied. Tesch’s approach to open coding in qualitative research was applied during data analysis. A total of six themes and twentynine sub-themes arose during data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout the study. The findings suggested that most of the participants suffered psychosocial problems like stress, depression, stigma and financial constraints, although one participant indicated that she has accepted her situation of caregiving. In conclusion participants suggested that support groups should be established and awareness programmes should be put in place for community members to avoid stigmatising and laughing at caregivers, care users and family members. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-08
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