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Human rights: an investigation into the importance of second generation rights

  • Authors: Bentley, Kristina Anne
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: Human rights -- Philosophy , Human rights
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2759 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002969 , Human rights -- Philosophy , Human rights
  • Description: This study examines the notion of universal human rights in the context of the importance of social and economic rights for the agency and dignity of human beings. It argues that the recognition of basic rights to what is necessary for physical well-being is essential to any adequate theory of human rights, and that rights of the civil and political variety depend on the recognition of social and economic rights if they are to be exercised. Therefore the secondary status which is usually accorded to social and economic rights results in an imbalanced ideal of human rights both in theory and in practice. This study is an attempt to place second generation rights in their proper context and to argue for them as human rights of equal status and importance. It focuses on the derivation of human rights in general, and shows that second generation rights may be accommodated within this structure. It further supports this position by showing that the categorical differences which are asserted to exist between first and second generation rights are based on a mistaken conception of positive and negative rights and duties, as well as an inadequate conception of liberty. The thesis shows that all rights generate a variety of duties, both positive and negative, and that an adequate theory of rights has to be able to accommodate the inevitability of conflicts of rights at the level of their enforcement. Consequently, this study argues there is no reason to give either class of right primary importance, as both first and second generation human rights are essential to the agency and dignity of a human being, and they are thus interdependent. Furthermore, the thesis shows that human rights can be balanced at the level of the obligations which they generate without compromising the deontological nature of such rights. This thesis argues that a theory of rights which is rooted in the liberal democratic notion of rights, such as that characterised by the choice theory of rights, is inadequate. It therefore argues that a benefit theory of rights must be adopted in order to accommodate conflicts of rights when they arise. The thesis argues that as such conflicts of rights are" most common in cases involving the assertion of social and economic rights, this balancing of rights is of special significance for the enforcement of second generation rights. Furthermore, this thesis argues for a theory of minimal interdependence of first and second generation rights, in order to accommodate the notion of first and second generation rights of equal status and importance, as well as to prevent an inflation of rights claims which would compromise the balancing of rights. It is argued that a reordering of values is necessary to take account of material well-being, as well as civil freedom, as both of these generate fundamental rights of equal status and importance.
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  • Date Issued: 1998

Identity and transformation within the Playhouse Dance Company, 1993-1997

  • Authors: Ballantyne, Tammy Marguerite
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: Playhouse dance company , Dance -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2131 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002363 , Playhouse dance company , Dance -- South Africa
  • Description: This thesis examines the principles and policies underlying the need for transformation within the Playhouse Dance Company (PDC) in Durban and the actualities of implementing these visions and procedures. It is proposed that artistic structures, ideals and processes cannot remain impervious to the climate of change. Alterations in the political arena demand radical permutations within arts councils and their concept of repertoire, educational programmes and training. Transformation is linked to the problem of identity and it is suggested that the company is in the midst of a journey towards "becoming" rather than "being". Chapter One comprises an overview of changing trends in the arts globally and the impact on South Mrican art forms and processes. There is also an examination of the past, the establishment of arts councils and the colonial heritage of the dance companies within these councils. The formative years of the NAP AC Dance Company and the strategies formulated by former artistic directors have, it is suggested, hampered the transformation process. Chapter Two focuses on the PDC's endeavours to transform between the years 1993 and 1997. Lack of funding, conservative public tastes and training processes are. all' issues confronting management, choreographers, educators and performers in attempting to provide a clear direction towards transformation. The company walk a tightrope as they struggle to balance the heritage of their artistic past while giving birth to a new heritage for the future. Chapter Three discusses two areas that reveal measurable attempts at transformation. Hawkins offers re-inventions of the classics which encourages innovation, and Siwela Sonke was conceived to draw on dance forms located in Kwazulu-Natal in the search for a South Mrican dance aesthetic. Chapter Four investigates whether transformative visions are becoming a reality and suggests how the company could extend the process further. This chapter concludes with .. ideas about the nature of culture and how this informs,the exercise of transformation. This thesis proposes that transformation within the PDC is occurring even though it has its shortcomings. The main thrust of the research is to investigate, identifY and document factors that are contributing to current dance trends in Durban.
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  • Date Issued: 1998

Ikatara

Improvement of fertility and hatchability of artificially incubated ostrich eggs in the little Karoo

  • Authors: Van Schalkwyk, Salmon Jacobus
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: Ostrich farming -- South Africa , Eggs -- Hatchability , Eggs -- Incubation
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:5713 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005399
  • Description: Ostriches are an important commercial species in South Africa and are becoming increasingly so in other parts of the world. Fertility and hatchability of artificially incubated ostrich eggs, however, is generally regarded as low compared to other poultry species and to ostriches in the wild. Investigation into specific farming practices at present indicated scope for an overall improvement in productivity through a sound breeding strategy. This thesis investigated factors that affect egg production, fertility, and hatchability of artificially incubated eggs in the Little Karoo region of South Africa. Specific breeding pair combinations accounted for the major variations in egg weight, hatchability, chick production and offspring weight at slaughter age. An appreciable proportion of variation in reproductive traits was attributable to the repeatable nature of breeding pair performance from year to year, even from first breeding attempts, suggesting that selection of good breeding stock can be made from an early age. Artificially incubated eggs showed improved hatchability when eggs were collected two to three hours after lay rather than the following morning. Storing position of eggs did not significantly effect hatchability when eggs were stored for a maximum of one week. The critical zero temperature for ostrich eggs, below which no embryonical development takes place, was found to be ± 25°C and cooling eggs to temperatures below 20°C for complete cessation of embryonic development during storage resulted in better hatchabilities compared to eggs stored at 25°C room temperature. Hatchability decreased when incubator temperatures were raised from 36 to 37.3°C. Large temperature fluctuations and gradients, which encompass detrimental temperatures, persist within forced draught wooden incubators of the type most commonly in use in the Little Karoo region. The highest temperatures occurred at the top of these incubators and will consequently have a negative impact on hatchability. The ontogeny of ostrich egg metabolism showed an exponential increase during the first 70% of incubation followed by a decline to 75% of the peak value between days 31 and 38 of incubation. From peak levels of embryonic development it was calculated that single stage incubators needs an airflow of 54.4 1/egg.hour to maintain oxygen levels just below 21% and carbon dioxide levels below 0.5%. Lower embryonic mortalities were observed when eggs were turned twenty-four times/day in an electronic incubator compared to hand turning twice a day. Eggs rotated through increasing angles between 60 and 90° resulted in a linear improvement in hatchability. In incubators where turning angles were fixed at 60°, lower hatchabilities were overcome by incubating eggs for 2 - 3 weeks in a horizontal position before placing them vertically. No specific farming practice could be singled out as the main cause of low fertility or hatchability but rather a combination of certain practices applied wrongly.
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  • Date Issued: 1998

In search of the culture of links : the use of myth and ritual in the work of Peter Brook

  • Authors: Du Plessis, Tanya Lenore
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: Brook, Peter -- Criticism and interpretation , Myth in literature , Mahābhārata -- Adaptations , Ritual in literature
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2136 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002368 , Brook, Peter -- Criticism and interpretation , Myth in literature , Mahābhārata -- Adaptations , Ritual in literature
  • Description: This thesis examines the use of elements of myth and ritual in the work of Peter Brook, focusing primarily on The Mahabharata ( 1986 ). The argument proposes that Brook uses myth and ritual as an integral part of his search for the culture of links .. This thesis examines the precise functioning of myth and ritual in Brook's theatre, and places his work in relation to the concepts of interculturalism and postmodernism. In so doing, The Mahabharata is seen as a valid and important step in Brook's search for the culture of links. Chapter One formulates broad-based concepts of myth and ritual, and examines their function in society and culture, as well as their role in theatre. Chapter Two offers a brief discussion of the use of elements of myth and ritual in Brook's productions, beginning with King Lear (1962), and ending with 0rghast (1971). The discussion illustrates the multiple functions which myth and ritual serve in Brook's work. Chapter Three examines the trend of interculturalism, placing Brook's work within this franlework. Attention is given to the moral and political issues implicit in interculturalism. The chapter highlights the need for intercultural theatre to be evaluated in terms of artistic criteria, rather than on anthropological or political grounds. Finally, there is a discussion of the work of other intercultural theatre practitioners. Chapter Four examines Brook's Mahabharata. A detailed discussion of the authenticity and visual presentation of Brook's interpretation shows how Brook mediates between the Indian epic and a Western audience An examination of the critical response offers insights into the dangers of insensitive cross-cultural contact.. Chapter Five offers a critical summary of the argument. Brook's search for the culture of links has led him to use elements of myths and rituals of non-Western cultures. In so doing, Brook seeks to bring their living quality to his work, and to forge links between the peoples and cultures of the world.
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  • Date Issued: 1998

In vitro permeation of progesterone from a gel through the shed skin of three different snake species

  • Authors: Haigh, John M , Beyssac, E , Chanet, L , Aiache, J M
  • Date: 1998
  • Language: English
  • Type: Article
  • Identifier: vital:6366 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006066
  • Description: The in vitro diffusion of progesterone from a gel formulation using the European Pharmacopoeia method for transdermal dosage forms is described. The membranes used were the dorsal and ventral portions of the shed skin of three different species of snake. Considerable differences are apparent between the dorsal and ventral sites and between the different species of snake. The dorsal area shows better permeability for progesterone and the permeability order for the different species is python>cobra>viper. These differences may be due to the thickness of the skin and the hinge:scale ratio. The results indicate that shed snake skin is not a model membrane for human skin.
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  • Date Issued: 1998

In vitro release of amoxycillin from lipophilic suppositories

  • Authors: Webster, Jessica A , Dowse, Roslind , Walker, Roderick B
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184377 , vital:44213 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3109/03639049809085636"
  • Description: The in vitro release characteristics of amoxycillin from different lipophilic suppository bases were investigated using the USP rotating basket method. Suppositories containing 250 mg amoxycillin were prepared in theobroma oil and in the semisynthetic bases Witepsol W35, Suppocire A32, Novata BD, and Novata 299. Both freshly prepared and 1-month-old suppositories were tested. Analysis of amoxycillin was performed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique. Release profiles differed significantly between bases, with the greatest amount of amoxycillin being released from both newly made and 1-month-old Novata BD bases (87.57 ± 8.18 and 99.66 ± 6.63%, respectively), and the lowest amount released from the newly manufactured theobroma suppositories (8.82 ± 0.75%) and the 1-month-old Suppocire A32 suppositories (7.78 ± 0.27%).
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  • Date Issued: 1998

Interaction of nitric oxide with cobalt (II) phthalocyanine

  • Authors: Vilakazi, Sibulelo L , Nyokong, Tebello
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: To be catalogued
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , article
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/293579 , vital:57100 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5387(98)00244-7"
  • Description: The coordination of nitric oxide (NO) to cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoPc) in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) has been studied. CoPc coordinates with NO in a 1:1 ratio, forming a CoPc(NO) species. The IR band observed at 1680 cm−1 is assigned to the coordinated NO. In the presence of excess NO, pseudo first order kinetics were followed. The observed rate constant, kf, was determined to be 15.0±0.3 dm−3 mol−1 s−1 and the equilibrium constant was K=5.4±0.4×104dm3 mol−1. Solution or adsorbed CoPc catalyses the reduction of NO. The products of reduction include NH3 and NH2OH.
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  • Date Issued: 1998

Iyaka yaka

Kalambaw

Kodiavision Show

Kome ne

Kumbin

Latshon' Ilanga

Legislative provisions, origins, and transformative possibilities

  • Authors: NALEDI
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: NALEDI
  • Language: English
  • Type: text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/151359 , vital:39058
  • Description: This research report was commissioned by NALEDI as part of its long term research project on Co-determination and Tripartism in South Africa. The transition to democracy in South Africa has been accompanied by a range of institutions and processes through which ordinary workers and their organisations may gain varying degrees of control over economic decisions that directly affect their lives. Scholars and practitioners have focussed attention on parts of these changes - such as NEDLAC or the workplace forum provisions of the Labour Relations Act - while missing its more systematic features: its wide scope from the factory floor to the societal level, and the extent to which labour has obtained strong decisionmaking and consultation rights founded in both statute and agreement. Taken together these features have the potential to deepen dramatically the political democracy won in 1994. Yet these developments are generally untheorised and remain seriously underresearched. In mid-1996 NALEDI embarked on this long term research project to investigate the dramatic changes that are occurring regarding worker representation at the workplace, industry, and societal levels. The full list of reports produced by this project is set out below. While the contributions are academically informed, they are aimed at examining key issues in a critical fashion to inform trade unionists and contribute to labour movement policy debates.
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  • Date Issued: 1998

Ma Ya

Mali Dje

Managing natural resources in a rural settlement in Peddie district

  • Authors: Ainslie, Andrew
  • Date: 1998
  • Subjects: Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Management , Natural resources -- South Africa -- Peddie District -- Management , Peddie (South Africa) -- Social conditions , Peddie (South Africa) -- History
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2110 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007462 , Conservation of natural resources -- South Africa -- Management , Natural resources -- South Africa -- Peddie District -- Management , Peddie (South Africa) -- Social conditions , Peddie (South Africa) -- History
  • Description: This thesis is an account of the challenges people in Tyefu Location, Peddie District, and specifically in Gwabeni village, face in their attempts to manage their common pool natural resources. Taking my analytical cue from the literature which deals with the institutional dimensions of resource management in common property systems, I look at the impact of both outside influences and local dynamics on resource managing institutions at village level. I show how particular historical circumstances, including state interventions, led to the enclosure of Tyefu Location, and to the rapid increase in the population that had to be accommodated here. This placed enormous pressure on the natural resources of the area, and contributed to the emasculation of the local institutions responsible for overseeing resource management. The residents of the location adopted whatever strategies they could to ameliorate the depletion of natural resources in their villages. One 'traditional' strategy they have sought to emulate is to move their imizi (homesteads) away from areas where local resources has been exhausted. Given the finite area of land available to them, this strategy was only ever likely to be successful in the short-term. I analyse social, economic and institutional factors at village level that appear to act as disincentives to collective resource management activities. These factors include the social structure of the imizi and the socio-economic heterogeneity that exists between imizi in Gwabeni village. The varying degrees of household economic marginality that follow from this, together with the differential ownership of livestock and other possessions that decrease people's reliance on locally available natural resources, mean that the transaction costs that people would incur by contributing to collective resource management activities, differ widely. A primary cause of people's failure to engage in resource management at village level stems from the dispersion of the members of their imizi. This factor robs the village of decision makers and undermines the capacity of those left behind to make and implement resource management decisions. It results in the various members of imizi in the village having different orientations that dissipate the energy needed for collective action. It also fuels existing struggles, and creates new ones, over the meanings and uses of the term 'community'. I conclude by arguing that, in Tyefu Location, the management of natural resources is extremely difficult to co-ordinate, because such management is highly contested, undermined by differentiation among resource users, and subject to the attentions of weak village institutions that do not share a clear set of resource management objectives. , KMBT_363
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  • Date Issued: 1998

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