The biotechnology of hard coal utilization as a bioprocess substrate
- Mutambanengwe, Cecil Clifford Zvandada
- Authors: Mutambanengwe, Cecil Clifford Zvandada
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Coal -- Biotechnology Acid mine drainage Coal mines and mining -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3934 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003993
- Description: The development of coal biotechnology, using hard coal as a substrate, has been impeded by its low reactivity in biological processes. As a result, the more successful application studies have focused on lignitic soft coals. However, new studies have reported using biologically or geologically oxidized hard coal as a functional substrate option for bioprocess applications on a large scale. This study undertook a preliminary investigation into the feasibility of environmental applications of coal biotechnology using oxidized hard coal substrates in both anaerobic and aerobic processes with carbon dioxide, sulfate and oxygen as terminal electron acceptors. A preliminary characterization of the oxidized hard coal substrates was undertaken to determine and predict their viability and behavior as electron donors and carbon sources for environmental bioprocess applications of direct interest to the coal mining industry. Both biologically and geologically oxidized coal substrates showed loss of up to 17% and 52% carbon respectively and incorporation of oxygen ranging from 0.9 – 24%. The latter substrate showed greater loss of carbon and increased oxygenation. The biologically and geologically oxidized hard coal substrates were shown to partition readily into 23% and 32% organic humic acid, a 0.1% fulvic acid fraction and 65% and 59% inorganic and humin fractions respectively. These organic components were shown to be potentially available for biological consumption. In the unmodified hard coal substrate, partitioning was not observed and it did not perform as a functional substrate for any of the bioprocesses investigated. Where carbon dioxide was used as a terminal electron acceptor, methane production ranging from 9 – 26 mg CH4.g substrate-1 was demonstrated from both oxidized coal substrates. Geologically oxidized coal produced 30% more methane than biologically oxidized coal. Methane yields from the geologically oxidized coal in the presence and absence of a co-substrate were 5 – 13-fold higher than previous studies that used hard coal for methanogenesis. Based on these results, and that the development and optimization of the biological oxidation process is currently ongoing, further applications investigated in this study were undertaken using geologically oxidized coal. It was shown using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry that the methanogenic system was dependent on the presence of an effective co-substrate supporting the breakdown of the complex organic structures within the oxidized hard coal substrate. Also that the accumulation of aromatic intermediate breakdown compounds predominantly including toluene, furfural, styrene and 2-methoxy vinyl phenol appeared to become inhibitory to both methanogenic and sulfidogenic reactions. This was shown to be a more likely cause of reactor failure rather than substrate exhaustion over time. Evidence of a reductive degradation pathway of the complex organic structures within the oxidized hard coal substrates was shown through the production, accumulation and utilization of volatile fatty acids including acetic, formic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids. Comparative analysis of the volatile fatty acids produced in this system showed that geologically oxidized coal produced 20% more of the volatile fatty acids profiled and double the total concentration compared to the biologically oxidized coal. The use of geologically oxidized hard coal as a functional substrate for biological sulfate reduction was demonstrated in the neutralization of a simulated acid mine drainage wastewater in both batch and continuous process operations. Results showed an increase in pH from pH 4.0 to ~ pH 8.0 with sulfide production rates of ~ 86 mgL-1.day-1 in the batch reactions, while the pH increased to pH 9.0 and sulfide production rates of up to 450 mgL-1.day-1 were measured in the continuous process studies using sand and coal up-flow packed bed reactors. Again, the requirement for an effective co-substrate was demonstrated with lactate shown to function as a true co-substrate in this system. However, a low cost alternative to lactate would need to emerge if the process was to function in large-scale commercial environmental treatment applications. In this regard, the aerobic growth and production of Neosartorya fischeri biomass (0.64 g.biomass.g SOC-1) was demonstrated using oxidized hard coal and glutamate as a co-substrate. Both can be produced from wastes generated on coal mines, with the fungal biomass generated in potentially large volumes. Preliminary demonstration of the use of the fungal biomass as a carbon and electron donor source for biological sulfate reduction was shown and thus that this could serve as an effective substrate for anaerobic environmental treatment processes. Based on these findings, an Integrated Coal Bioprocess model was proposed using oxidized hard coal as a substrate for environmental remediation applications on coal mines. In this approach, potential applications included methane recovery from waste coal, use of waste coal in the treatment of acid mine drainage waste waters and the recovery and use of humic acids in the rehabilitation of open cast mining soils. This study provided a first report demonstrating the use of biologically and geologically oxidized hard coals as bioprocess substrates in environmental bioremediation applications. It also provided an indication that follow-up bioengineering studies to investigate scaled-up applications of these findings would be warranted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Mutambanengwe, Cecil Clifford Zvandada
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Coal -- Biotechnology Acid mine drainage Coal mines and mining -- Environmental aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:3934 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003993
- Description: The development of coal biotechnology, using hard coal as a substrate, has been impeded by its low reactivity in biological processes. As a result, the more successful application studies have focused on lignitic soft coals. However, new studies have reported using biologically or geologically oxidized hard coal as a functional substrate option for bioprocess applications on a large scale. This study undertook a preliminary investigation into the feasibility of environmental applications of coal biotechnology using oxidized hard coal substrates in both anaerobic and aerobic processes with carbon dioxide, sulfate and oxygen as terminal electron acceptors. A preliminary characterization of the oxidized hard coal substrates was undertaken to determine and predict their viability and behavior as electron donors and carbon sources for environmental bioprocess applications of direct interest to the coal mining industry. Both biologically and geologically oxidized coal substrates showed loss of up to 17% and 52% carbon respectively and incorporation of oxygen ranging from 0.9 – 24%. The latter substrate showed greater loss of carbon and increased oxygenation. The biologically and geologically oxidized hard coal substrates were shown to partition readily into 23% and 32% organic humic acid, a 0.1% fulvic acid fraction and 65% and 59% inorganic and humin fractions respectively. These organic components were shown to be potentially available for biological consumption. In the unmodified hard coal substrate, partitioning was not observed and it did not perform as a functional substrate for any of the bioprocesses investigated. Where carbon dioxide was used as a terminal electron acceptor, methane production ranging from 9 – 26 mg CH4.g substrate-1 was demonstrated from both oxidized coal substrates. Geologically oxidized coal produced 30% more methane than biologically oxidized coal. Methane yields from the geologically oxidized coal in the presence and absence of a co-substrate were 5 – 13-fold higher than previous studies that used hard coal for methanogenesis. Based on these results, and that the development and optimization of the biological oxidation process is currently ongoing, further applications investigated in this study were undertaken using geologically oxidized coal. It was shown using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry that the methanogenic system was dependent on the presence of an effective co-substrate supporting the breakdown of the complex organic structures within the oxidized hard coal substrate. Also that the accumulation of aromatic intermediate breakdown compounds predominantly including toluene, furfural, styrene and 2-methoxy vinyl phenol appeared to become inhibitory to both methanogenic and sulfidogenic reactions. This was shown to be a more likely cause of reactor failure rather than substrate exhaustion over time. Evidence of a reductive degradation pathway of the complex organic structures within the oxidized hard coal substrates was shown through the production, accumulation and utilization of volatile fatty acids including acetic, formic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids. Comparative analysis of the volatile fatty acids produced in this system showed that geologically oxidized coal produced 20% more of the volatile fatty acids profiled and double the total concentration compared to the biologically oxidized coal. The use of geologically oxidized hard coal as a functional substrate for biological sulfate reduction was demonstrated in the neutralization of a simulated acid mine drainage wastewater in both batch and continuous process operations. Results showed an increase in pH from pH 4.0 to ~ pH 8.0 with sulfide production rates of ~ 86 mgL-1.day-1 in the batch reactions, while the pH increased to pH 9.0 and sulfide production rates of up to 450 mgL-1.day-1 were measured in the continuous process studies using sand and coal up-flow packed bed reactors. Again, the requirement for an effective co-substrate was demonstrated with lactate shown to function as a true co-substrate in this system. However, a low cost alternative to lactate would need to emerge if the process was to function in large-scale commercial environmental treatment applications. In this regard, the aerobic growth and production of Neosartorya fischeri biomass (0.64 g.biomass.g SOC-1) was demonstrated using oxidized hard coal and glutamate as a co-substrate. Both can be produced from wastes generated on coal mines, with the fungal biomass generated in potentially large volumes. Preliminary demonstration of the use of the fungal biomass as a carbon and electron donor source for biological sulfate reduction was shown and thus that this could serve as an effective substrate for anaerobic environmental treatment processes. Based on these findings, an Integrated Coal Bioprocess model was proposed using oxidized hard coal as a substrate for environmental remediation applications on coal mines. In this approach, potential applications included methane recovery from waste coal, use of waste coal in the treatment of acid mine drainage waste waters and the recovery and use of humic acids in the rehabilitation of open cast mining soils. This study provided a first report demonstrating the use of biologically and geologically oxidized hard coals as bioprocess substrates in environmental bioremediation applications. It also provided an indication that follow-up bioengineering studies to investigate scaled-up applications of these findings would be warranted.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The botanical importance and health of the Bushmans estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Jafta, Nolusindiso
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Bushmans river estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10614 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1255 , Estuaries -- South Africa , Bushmans river estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa
- Description: The Bushmans Estuary is one of the few permanently open estuaries in the Eastern Cape that is characterized by large intertidal salt marshes. Freshwater inflow to the estuary has decreased as a result of abstraction by more than 30 weirs and farm dams in the catchment. The mean annual run-off is naturally low (38 x 106 m3 y-1) and thus abstraction and reduction of freshwater inflow to the estuary is expected to cause a number of changes. The aims of this study were to determine the current health/status of the estuary based on the macrophytes and microalgae and identify monitoring indicators for the East London Department of Water Affairs, River Health Programme. Changes in the estuary over time were determined from available historical data which were compared with present data. This analysis showed that under normal average conditions freshwater inflow to the estuary is very low, less that 0.02 m3 s-1 most of the time. Under these conditions the estuary is in a homogenous marine state. Vertical and horizontal salinity gradients only form when high rainfall and run-off occurs (> 5 m3.s-1). Salinity gradients from 30.1 PSU at the mouth to 2.2 PSU in the upper reaches were measured in 2006 after a high flow event. However the estuary quickly reverted back to its homogenous condition within weeks after this flood. This study showed that freshwater inflow increased nutrient input to the estuary. Total oxidised nitrogen (TOxN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were higher in August 2006, after the flood, than during the other low flow sampling sessions. TOxN decreased from a mean concentration of 21.6 μM in 2006 to 1.93 μM in February 2009. SRP decreased from 55.3 μM to 0.2 μM respectively. With the increased nutrient availability, the response in the estuary was an increase in phytoplankton biomass. After the 2006 floods the average water column chlorophyll-a was 9.0 μg l-1, while in the low freshwater inflow years it ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 μg l-1. The composition of the phytoplankton community was always dominated by flagellates and then diatoms, with higher cell numbers in the nutrient-enriched 2006 period. Although the water column nutrient data indicated that the estuary was oligotrophic, benthic microalgal biomass (11.9-16.1 μg.g-1) in the intertidal zone was comparable with nutrient rich estuaries. Benthic species indicative of polluted conditions were found (Nitzschia frustulum, Navicula gregaria, Navicula cryptotenelloides). These benthic species were found at the sites where wastewater / sewage seepage had occurred. Benthic diatom species also indicated freshwater inflow. During the high flow period in 2006 the dominant diatoms were fresh to brackish species that were strongly associated with the high concentrations of TOxN and SRP (Tryblionella constricta, Diploneis smithii, Hippodonta cf. gremainii, and Navicula species). During the freshwater limited period of 2008 and 2009 the benthic diatom species shifted to a group responding to the high salinity, ammonium and silicate concentrations. The species in this group were Nitzschia flexa, Navicula tenneloides, Diploneis elliptica, Amphora subacutiuscula and Nitzschia coarctata. Ordination results showed that the epiphytic diatom species responded to different environmental variables in the different years. Most of the species in 2008/2009 were associated with high salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonium and silicate concentrations while the response was towards TOxN and SRP in 2006. The dominant species were Cocconeis placentula v euglyphyta in 2006; Nitzschia frustulum in 2008; and Synedra spp in 2009. The average biomass of the epiphytes was significantly lower in May 2008 than in both August 2006 and February 2009; 88.0 + 17.7 mg.m-2, 1.7 + 0.8 mg.m-2, and 61.8 + 14.4 mg.m-2 respectively. GIS mapping of past and present aerial photographs showed that submerged macrophyte (Zostera capensis) cover in 1966 and 1973 was less than that mapped for 2004. Salt marsh also increased its cover over time, from 86.9 ha in 1966 to 126 ha in 2004, colonizing what were bare sandy areas. Long-term monitoring of the health of the Bushmans Estuary should focus on salinity (as an indicator of inflow or deprivation of freshwater), benthic diatom identification and macrophyte distribution and composition (for the detection of pollution input), and bathymetric surveys (for shallowing of the estuary due to sedimentation).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Jafta, Nolusindiso
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Bushmans river estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10614 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1255 , Estuaries -- South Africa , Bushmans river estuary , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa
- Description: The Bushmans Estuary is one of the few permanently open estuaries in the Eastern Cape that is characterized by large intertidal salt marshes. Freshwater inflow to the estuary has decreased as a result of abstraction by more than 30 weirs and farm dams in the catchment. The mean annual run-off is naturally low (38 x 106 m3 y-1) and thus abstraction and reduction of freshwater inflow to the estuary is expected to cause a number of changes. The aims of this study were to determine the current health/status of the estuary based on the macrophytes and microalgae and identify monitoring indicators for the East London Department of Water Affairs, River Health Programme. Changes in the estuary over time were determined from available historical data which were compared with present data. This analysis showed that under normal average conditions freshwater inflow to the estuary is very low, less that 0.02 m3 s-1 most of the time. Under these conditions the estuary is in a homogenous marine state. Vertical and horizontal salinity gradients only form when high rainfall and run-off occurs (> 5 m3.s-1). Salinity gradients from 30.1 PSU at the mouth to 2.2 PSU in the upper reaches were measured in 2006 after a high flow event. However the estuary quickly reverted back to its homogenous condition within weeks after this flood. This study showed that freshwater inflow increased nutrient input to the estuary. Total oxidised nitrogen (TOxN) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were higher in August 2006, after the flood, than during the other low flow sampling sessions. TOxN decreased from a mean concentration of 21.6 μM in 2006 to 1.93 μM in February 2009. SRP decreased from 55.3 μM to 0.2 μM respectively. With the increased nutrient availability, the response in the estuary was an increase in phytoplankton biomass. After the 2006 floods the average water column chlorophyll-a was 9.0 μg l-1, while in the low freshwater inflow years it ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 μg l-1. The composition of the phytoplankton community was always dominated by flagellates and then diatoms, with higher cell numbers in the nutrient-enriched 2006 period. Although the water column nutrient data indicated that the estuary was oligotrophic, benthic microalgal biomass (11.9-16.1 μg.g-1) in the intertidal zone was comparable with nutrient rich estuaries. Benthic species indicative of polluted conditions were found (Nitzschia frustulum, Navicula gregaria, Navicula cryptotenelloides). These benthic species were found at the sites where wastewater / sewage seepage had occurred. Benthic diatom species also indicated freshwater inflow. During the high flow period in 2006 the dominant diatoms were fresh to brackish species that were strongly associated with the high concentrations of TOxN and SRP (Tryblionella constricta, Diploneis smithii, Hippodonta cf. gremainii, and Navicula species). During the freshwater limited period of 2008 and 2009 the benthic diatom species shifted to a group responding to the high salinity, ammonium and silicate concentrations. The species in this group were Nitzschia flexa, Navicula tenneloides, Diploneis elliptica, Amphora subacutiuscula and Nitzschia coarctata. Ordination results showed that the epiphytic diatom species responded to different environmental variables in the different years. Most of the species in 2008/2009 were associated with high salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonium and silicate concentrations while the response was towards TOxN and SRP in 2006. The dominant species were Cocconeis placentula v euglyphyta in 2006; Nitzschia frustulum in 2008; and Synedra spp in 2009. The average biomass of the epiphytes was significantly lower in May 2008 than in both August 2006 and February 2009; 88.0 + 17.7 mg.m-2, 1.7 + 0.8 mg.m-2, and 61.8 + 14.4 mg.m-2 respectively. GIS mapping of past and present aerial photographs showed that submerged macrophyte (Zostera capensis) cover in 1966 and 1973 was less than that mapped for 2004. Salt marsh also increased its cover over time, from 86.9 ha in 1966 to 126 ha in 2004, colonizing what were bare sandy areas. Long-term monitoring of the health of the Bushmans Estuary should focus on salinity (as an indicator of inflow or deprivation of freshwater), benthic diatom identification and macrophyte distribution and composition (for the detection of pollution input), and bathymetric surveys (for shallowing of the estuary due to sedimentation).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The characterisation of trypanosomal type 1 DnaJ-like proteins
- Authors: Ludewig, Michael Hans
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Molecular genetics , Molecular chaperones , Protozoa , Heat shock proteins , Trypanosoma
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4126 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015205
- Description: Trypanosomes are protozoans, of which many are parasitic, and possess complex lifecycles which alternate between mammalian and arthropod hosts. As is the case with most organisms, molecular chaperones and heat shock proteins are encoded within the genomes of these protozoans. These proteins are an integral part of maintaining the structural integrity of proteins during normal and stress conditions. Heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) is a co-chaperone of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and in some cases can act as a chaperone. These proteins work together to bind non-native polypeptide structures to prevent unfolded protein aggregrate formation in times of stress, translocate proteins across organelle membranes, and transport unsalvageable proteins to proteolytic degradation by the cellular proteasome. Hsp40s are divided into four types based on their domain structure. Analysis of the nuclear genomes of eight trypanosomatid species revealed that less than 10 of the approximate 70 Hsp40 sequences per genome were Type 1 Hsp40s, many of which contained putative orthologues in the other seven trypanosomatid genomes. One of these Type 1 Hsp40s from T b. brucei, Trypanosoma brucei DnaJ 2 (Tbj2), was functionally characterised in T brucei brucei. RNA interference knockdown of expression in T brucei brucei showed that cells deficient in Tbj2 displayed a severe inhibition of the growth of the cell population. The levels of the Tbj2 protein population in T brucei brucei cells increases after exposure to 42°c and the protein was found to have a generalized cytoplasmic subcellular localization at 37°c. These findings provide evidence that Tbj2 is an orthologue of Yeast DnaJ 1 (Y dj l), an essential S. cerevisiae protein. Hsp40s interact with their partner Hsp70s through their J-domain. The amino acids of the J-domain important for a functional interaction with Hsp70 were examined in Trypanosoma cruzi DnaJ 2 (Tcj2) (the orthologue of Tbj2) and T cruzi DnaJ protein 3 (Tcj3) by testing their ability to substitute for Y dj l in Saccharomyces cerevisae and for DnaJ in Escherichia coli. In both systems, the positively charged amino acids of Helix II and III of the J-domain disrupted the functional interaction of these Hsp40s with their partner Hsp70s. Substitutions in Helix I and IV of the J-domains of Tcj2 and Tcj3 produced varied results in the two different systems, possibly suggesting that these helices serve to define with which Hsp70s a given Hsp40 can interact. The inability of an Hsp40 and an Hsp70 to interact functionally does not necessarily mean a total absence of physical interaction between these proteins. The amino acid substitution of the histidine in the HPD motif (H34Q) of the J-domain of Tcj2 and Tcj3 removed the ability of these proteins to interact functionally with S. cerevisiae Hsp70 (Ssal) in vivo. However, preliminary binding studies using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) show that Tcj2 and Tcj2(H34Q) both physically interact with M sativa Hsp70 in vitro. This study is the first report to provide evidence that certain trypanosoma! Type 1 Hsp40s are essential proteins. Futhermore, the interaction of these Hsp40s with Hsp70 identified important features of the functional interface of this chaperone machinery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Ludewig, Michael Hans
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Molecular genetics , Molecular chaperones , Protozoa , Heat shock proteins , Trypanosoma
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4126 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015205
- Description: Trypanosomes are protozoans, of which many are parasitic, and possess complex lifecycles which alternate between mammalian and arthropod hosts. As is the case with most organisms, molecular chaperones and heat shock proteins are encoded within the genomes of these protozoans. These proteins are an integral part of maintaining the structural integrity of proteins during normal and stress conditions. Heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) is a co-chaperone of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and in some cases can act as a chaperone. These proteins work together to bind non-native polypeptide structures to prevent unfolded protein aggregrate formation in times of stress, translocate proteins across organelle membranes, and transport unsalvageable proteins to proteolytic degradation by the cellular proteasome. Hsp40s are divided into four types based on their domain structure. Analysis of the nuclear genomes of eight trypanosomatid species revealed that less than 10 of the approximate 70 Hsp40 sequences per genome were Type 1 Hsp40s, many of which contained putative orthologues in the other seven trypanosomatid genomes. One of these Type 1 Hsp40s from T b. brucei, Trypanosoma brucei DnaJ 2 (Tbj2), was functionally characterised in T brucei brucei. RNA interference knockdown of expression in T brucei brucei showed that cells deficient in Tbj2 displayed a severe inhibition of the growth of the cell population. The levels of the Tbj2 protein population in T brucei brucei cells increases after exposure to 42°c and the protein was found to have a generalized cytoplasmic subcellular localization at 37°c. These findings provide evidence that Tbj2 is an orthologue of Yeast DnaJ 1 (Y dj l), an essential S. cerevisiae protein. Hsp40s interact with their partner Hsp70s through their J-domain. The amino acids of the J-domain important for a functional interaction with Hsp70 were examined in Trypanosoma cruzi DnaJ 2 (Tcj2) (the orthologue of Tbj2) and T cruzi DnaJ protein 3 (Tcj3) by testing their ability to substitute for Y dj l in Saccharomyces cerevisae and for DnaJ in Escherichia coli. In both systems, the positively charged amino acids of Helix II and III of the J-domain disrupted the functional interaction of these Hsp40s with their partner Hsp70s. Substitutions in Helix I and IV of the J-domains of Tcj2 and Tcj3 produced varied results in the two different systems, possibly suggesting that these helices serve to define with which Hsp70s a given Hsp40 can interact. The inability of an Hsp40 and an Hsp70 to interact functionally does not necessarily mean a total absence of physical interaction between these proteins. The amino acid substitution of the histidine in the HPD motif (H34Q) of the J-domain of Tcj2 and Tcj3 removed the ability of these proteins to interact functionally with S. cerevisiae Hsp70 (Ssal) in vivo. However, preliminary binding studies using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) show that Tcj2 and Tcj2(H34Q) both physically interact with M sativa Hsp70 in vitro. This study is the first report to provide evidence that certain trypanosoma! Type 1 Hsp40s are essential proteins. Futhermore, the interaction of these Hsp40s with Hsp70 identified important features of the functional interface of this chaperone machinery.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The characteristics and role of informal leaders in work groups : a South African perspective
- Authors: Wienekus, Barend Willem
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Supervisors, industrial -- South Africa Leadership -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:1166 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002782
- Description: It has been twenty years since F W De Klerk unbanned the African National Congress. This momentous occasion changed overnight the business landscape in South Africa and the way business were done for many decades. Before and after this crucial moment in South African history, leaders played a significant role in bringing change about as well as managing it. Whether hierarchical or non-hierarchical, leadership manifests itself through all spheres of civilisation. Within any collective, formal as well as informal leadership are always at work and within the environment there always seems to be an individual that appears to hold equal or more influence and sway over the collective. This research investigates the characteristics and role of this individual, the informal leader. In addition, against the melting pot of the diversity of culture, social structures, economics, and demographics in South Africa, the influence of culture on how leadership is being perceived and experienced is also researched. The research is grounded in a post-positivists approach and conducted within a constructivist-interpretative paradigm. A qualitative approach is followed with personal interviews as the method to collect the data from respondents. The interview protocol consists of a combination of questions containing questions of both a quantitative and qualitative nature. Questions of a qualitative nature were open-ended and of an in-depth nature. The research is two pronged. The focus of the research is an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) in the South African Motor Industry and for the primary goal of the research data was collected from employees within work groups of the OEM. The primary research goal investigates the role and characteristics of informal leaders in work groups as seen and experienced by their fellow employees and if there is any congruence with that of the role and characteristics of formal leaders. The study found no fundamental differences between the characteristics and role of formal and informal leaders. The characteristics and role of leaders between different cultures also appear to be the same. For the secondary research goal – determining whether the role and characteristics of informal leaders in work groups could be underpinned in the principles of Ubuntu and if consideration should be given to any cultural differences between leaders and followers by organisational hierarchies – the literature was reviewed in order to reach a conclusion with regards this goal. The literature indicates that culture does affect leadership, especially on how the leadership is executed and experienced in a multicultural society and if ignored, will have a detrimental effect on effective leadership. In order to strive towards achieving maximum productivity, it is imperative that management in South African organisations be aware of the changed dynamic within their organisations as well as on the global stage. The research therefore ends with the practical implications of informal leaders for organisations in South Africa. It is recommended that the importance and contribution of informal leaders within work groups in a multi-culture organisation needs not only to be considered as an element of group leadership, but should be accommodated by the organisation. It is also recommended that organisations recognise the cultural differences between leaders and followers in organisations and the possible consequences if ignored. If the competitive pressures and requirements of globalisation are ignored against the background of Afrocentric expectations and motivational imperatives of the South African workforce, it will result in an ineffective workforce, which will in due course render these organisations uncompetitive and non-sustainable locally and globally.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Wienekus, Barend Willem
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Supervisors, industrial -- South Africa Leadership -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:1166 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002782
- Description: It has been twenty years since F W De Klerk unbanned the African National Congress. This momentous occasion changed overnight the business landscape in South Africa and the way business were done for many decades. Before and after this crucial moment in South African history, leaders played a significant role in bringing change about as well as managing it. Whether hierarchical or non-hierarchical, leadership manifests itself through all spheres of civilisation. Within any collective, formal as well as informal leadership are always at work and within the environment there always seems to be an individual that appears to hold equal or more influence and sway over the collective. This research investigates the characteristics and role of this individual, the informal leader. In addition, against the melting pot of the diversity of culture, social structures, economics, and demographics in South Africa, the influence of culture on how leadership is being perceived and experienced is also researched. The research is grounded in a post-positivists approach and conducted within a constructivist-interpretative paradigm. A qualitative approach is followed with personal interviews as the method to collect the data from respondents. The interview protocol consists of a combination of questions containing questions of both a quantitative and qualitative nature. Questions of a qualitative nature were open-ended and of an in-depth nature. The research is two pronged. The focus of the research is an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) in the South African Motor Industry and for the primary goal of the research data was collected from employees within work groups of the OEM. The primary research goal investigates the role and characteristics of informal leaders in work groups as seen and experienced by their fellow employees and if there is any congruence with that of the role and characteristics of formal leaders. The study found no fundamental differences between the characteristics and role of formal and informal leaders. The characteristics and role of leaders between different cultures also appear to be the same. For the secondary research goal – determining whether the role and characteristics of informal leaders in work groups could be underpinned in the principles of Ubuntu and if consideration should be given to any cultural differences between leaders and followers by organisational hierarchies – the literature was reviewed in order to reach a conclusion with regards this goal. The literature indicates that culture does affect leadership, especially on how the leadership is executed and experienced in a multicultural society and if ignored, will have a detrimental effect on effective leadership. In order to strive towards achieving maximum productivity, it is imperative that management in South African organisations be aware of the changed dynamic within their organisations as well as on the global stage. The research therefore ends with the practical implications of informal leaders for organisations in South Africa. It is recommended that the importance and contribution of informal leaders within work groups in a multi-culture organisation needs not only to be considered as an element of group leadership, but should be accommodated by the organisation. It is also recommended that organisations recognise the cultural differences between leaders and followers in organisations and the possible consequences if ignored. If the competitive pressures and requirements of globalisation are ignored against the background of Afrocentric expectations and motivational imperatives of the South African workforce, it will result in an ineffective workforce, which will in due course render these organisations uncompetitive and non-sustainable locally and globally.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The child accused in the criminal justice system
- Authors: Brink, Ronelle Bonita
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Children's rights -- South Africa , Children -- Legal status, laws, etc -- South Africa , Children's rights -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10178 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1229 , Children's rights -- South Africa , Children -- Legal status, laws, etc -- South Africa , Children's rights -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: The high level of crime in South Africa raises the question about the failures of the criminal justice system on the one hand, and South Africa’s social policies on the other. Young people in South Africa can disproportionately be both victims and perpetrators of crime in the Republic of South Africa. The child accused in conflict with the law is dealt with in much the same way as their adult counterparts, as the criminal justice system was designed by adults for adults. South Africa became a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 19891(hereinafter referred to as UNCRC) on 16 June 1995. The UNCRC provides a backdrop to section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act.2 Article 3(1) of the UNCRC provides as follows: “in all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be primary consideration.” South Africa is therefore according to article 40(3) of the UNCRC obliged to “establish laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children in conflict with the law”.3 In terms of article 40(1) of the UNCRC “State Parties recognise the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognised as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child’s sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child’s age and the desirability of promoting the child’s reintegration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.”4 1 Adopted by the General Assembly resolution 44/25 on 20 November 1989. 2 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, Act 108 of 1996. Hereinafter referred to as the “Constitution”. 3 South Law Reform Commission Discussion Paper 96. 4 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly resolution 44/25 on 20 November 1989. iv Synopsis 2003 states that “the Ratification of the UNCRC by the South African government in 1995 set the scene for broad-reaching policy and legislative change”.5 The Constitution includes a section protecting children’s rights, which includes the statement that children have the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort and then for the shortest appropriate period of time, separate from adults and in conditions that take account of his/her age. 6 After being off Parliament’s agenda since 2003, the Child Justice Act7 has recently been reintroduced. The Act aims to ensure consistent, fair and appropriate treatment of the child accused in conflict with the law. The question arises whether the South African Criminal Justice system involving the child accused adequately recognises and protects the interests of the child accused, particularly in view of the present international legal position.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Brink, Ronelle Bonita
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Children's rights -- South Africa , Children -- Legal status, laws, etc -- South Africa , Children's rights -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10178 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1229 , Children's rights -- South Africa , Children -- Legal status, laws, etc -- South Africa , Children's rights -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: The high level of crime in South Africa raises the question about the failures of the criminal justice system on the one hand, and South Africa’s social policies on the other. Young people in South Africa can disproportionately be both victims and perpetrators of crime in the Republic of South Africa. The child accused in conflict with the law is dealt with in much the same way as their adult counterparts, as the criminal justice system was designed by adults for adults. South Africa became a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 19891(hereinafter referred to as UNCRC) on 16 June 1995. The UNCRC provides a backdrop to section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act.2 Article 3(1) of the UNCRC provides as follows: “in all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be primary consideration.” South Africa is therefore according to article 40(3) of the UNCRC obliged to “establish laws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children in conflict with the law”.3 In terms of article 40(1) of the UNCRC “State Parties recognise the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognised as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child’s sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and which takes into account the child’s age and the desirability of promoting the child’s reintegration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.”4 1 Adopted by the General Assembly resolution 44/25 on 20 November 1989. 2 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, Act 108 of 1996. Hereinafter referred to as the “Constitution”. 3 South Law Reform Commission Discussion Paper 96. 4 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted by the General Assembly resolution 44/25 on 20 November 1989. iv Synopsis 2003 states that “the Ratification of the UNCRC by the South African government in 1995 set the scene for broad-reaching policy and legislative change”.5 The Constitution includes a section protecting children’s rights, which includes the statement that children have the right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort and then for the shortest appropriate period of time, separate from adults and in conditions that take account of his/her age. 6 After being off Parliament’s agenda since 2003, the Child Justice Act7 has recently been reintroduced. The Act aims to ensure consistent, fair and appropriate treatment of the child accused in conflict with the law. The question arises whether the South African Criminal Justice system involving the child accused adequately recognises and protects the interests of the child accused, particularly in view of the present international legal position.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The Coega project: creative politicking in Post-Apartheid South Africa
- Authors: Mtimka, Ongama
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: South Africa -- Politics and government , Industrial development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9425 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1576 , South Africa -- Politics and government , Industrial development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: This treatise revisits the process of the implementation of the Coega Project and discusses political economic issues which emerge therein locating them in the political economic context of post-1994 South Africa. Based on an in-depth study of the “Coega Story”, and three years of observing the Coega Development Corporation engaging in the political economic space to implement the project, key themes which are relevant in understanding the nature of politics in the country are highlighted and discussed with a view to drawing lessons for future implementers of economic development projects and policy makers. Key discussions in the study include a critical analysis of the symbiotic relationship between politics and development (or broadly the economy) – where emphasis is made about the centrality of politics in implementing economic development projects; the developmental state – where key characteristics of a developmental state are highlighted; the transition from apartheid to democracy and its implications on the nature of political relations post-apartheid; industrial development as a growth strategy and the interplay of social forces in the post- 1994 political economic space. The Coega Project is located within the broader context of the ruling party seeking to advance what is called the second and, perhaps the ultimate task of the liberation struggle, socio-economic liberation. Its strategic fit in that task is discussed critically taking into account paths to industrialisation as they have been observed from Newly Industrialising Countries and South Africa’s attempts at industrialisation before and after 1994.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Mtimka, Ongama
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: South Africa -- Politics and government , Industrial development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9425 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1576 , South Africa -- Politics and government , Industrial development projects -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
- Description: This treatise revisits the process of the implementation of the Coega Project and discusses political economic issues which emerge therein locating them in the political economic context of post-1994 South Africa. Based on an in-depth study of the “Coega Story”, and three years of observing the Coega Development Corporation engaging in the political economic space to implement the project, key themes which are relevant in understanding the nature of politics in the country are highlighted and discussed with a view to drawing lessons for future implementers of economic development projects and policy makers. Key discussions in the study include a critical analysis of the symbiotic relationship between politics and development (or broadly the economy) – where emphasis is made about the centrality of politics in implementing economic development projects; the developmental state – where key characteristics of a developmental state are highlighted; the transition from apartheid to democracy and its implications on the nature of political relations post-apartheid; industrial development as a growth strategy and the interplay of social forces in the post- 1994 political economic space. The Coega Project is located within the broader context of the ruling party seeking to advance what is called the second and, perhaps the ultimate task of the liberation struggle, socio-economic liberation. Its strategic fit in that task is discussed critically taking into account paths to industrialisation as they have been observed from Newly Industrialising Countries and South Africa’s attempts at industrialisation before and after 1994.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The commercial agricultural economy of the East Cape: Die kommersiële landbou-ekonomie van die Oos-Kaap
- Authors: Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143079 , vital:38199 , DOI: 10.1080/03031853.1991.9524228
- Description: The East Cape, and in particular the Smaldeel area, is used to exemplify some of the characteristics and problems of commercial farming over a period of about three decades to serve as a backdrop for the broader theme of normalising South African agriculture. The regional economy is dominated by Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage and East London which account for most of the population and three-fourths of the Gross Geographic Product (GGP). Agriculture accounts for only 10% of GGP, but is one of the most labour intensive sectors in a region with 24% of its population unemployed. The agricultural economy of the region is very diversified, but livestock farming plays the most important part in all areas contributing 72% of gross income. The chief changes which have occured in East Cape farming, as elsewhere, have been the decline in the number of farms and increase in farm size, greater capital investment, increased specialisation and declining employment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Antrobus, Geoffrey G
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/143079 , vital:38199 , DOI: 10.1080/03031853.1991.9524228
- Description: The East Cape, and in particular the Smaldeel area, is used to exemplify some of the characteristics and problems of commercial farming over a period of about three decades to serve as a backdrop for the broader theme of normalising South African agriculture. The regional economy is dominated by Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage and East London which account for most of the population and three-fourths of the Gross Geographic Product (GGP). Agriculture accounts for only 10% of GGP, but is one of the most labour intensive sectors in a region with 24% of its population unemployed. The agricultural economy of the region is very diversified, but livestock farming plays the most important part in all areas contributing 72% of gross income. The chief changes which have occured in East Cape farming, as elsewhere, have been the decline in the number of farms and increase in farm size, greater capital investment, increased specialisation and declining employment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The death of the animal in South African history
- Authors: Wylie, Dan
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/450096 , vital:74882 , https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/hist/v55n2/v55n2a21.pdf
- Description: Matthew Calarco in his contribution to Paola Cavalieri's collection, The Death of the Animal (2009). Running through the conversations comprising this book is a thread of dissention at the Socratic, rationalistic approach taken by analytic philosophy to the question of rights for animals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Wylie, Dan
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/450096 , vital:74882 , https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/hist/v55n2/v55n2a21.pdf
- Description: Matthew Calarco in his contribution to Paola Cavalieri's collection, The Death of the Animal (2009). Running through the conversations comprising this book is a thread of dissention at the Socratic, rationalistic approach taken by analytic philosophy to the question of rights for animals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The depiction of female characters by male writers in selected isiXhosa drama works
- Authors: Peter, Zola Welcome
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Xhosa drama -- 20th century -- History and criticism , Women in literature , Feminism and literature , Xhosa drama -- Male authors , Gender identity in literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:8446 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1482 , Xhosa drama -- 20th century -- History and criticism , Women in literature , Feminism and literature , Xhosa drama -- Male authors , Gender identity in literature
- Description: This research expresses female character portrayal in various drama works written by males. Chapter one is a general introduction that gives the key to this study, the motivation that leads to the selection of this topic; a literary review on the portrayal of female characters in literary works written by males; the scope of study, the basic composition of the ensuing chapters and the definitions of terms that are of paramount importance for this research. Various literary theories are used in Chapter two for the analysis of the research texts. These literary theories include womanism, gender and feminism which expose the social effects caused by the negative perception of females in social life and the negative portrayal of female characters in male dramatic writings. Other literary theories include onomastics as a literary theory, which exposes the relationship between the name giver of a person and the power the name gives to its bearer, as well as psychoanalysis as a theory which proved to be unavoidable, since this study analyses the personal behaviour of the individual characters within their literary environment. Chapter three depicts the general victimization of female characters in male drama works and exposes the various effects of the attitudes of male writers towards female characters in terms of gender role. Chapter four shows a general stereotypical portrayal of female characters in male written drama texts. This chapter shows the impact of stereotyping on female characters from drama works that puts them in a vulnerable position, showing that it is risky to become a victim of ill-treatment in their communities and the literary world. Chapter five deals with the psychological literary review of female characters, showing them as being suicidal and murderers who easily take their own lives and those of other people. Chapter six is a general conclusion of the works which includes observer remarks from other literary researchers of the literature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Peter, Zola Welcome
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Xhosa drama -- 20th century -- History and criticism , Women in literature , Feminism and literature , Xhosa drama -- Male authors , Gender identity in literature
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: vital:8446 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1482 , Xhosa drama -- 20th century -- History and criticism , Women in literature , Feminism and literature , Xhosa drama -- Male authors , Gender identity in literature
- Description: This research expresses female character portrayal in various drama works written by males. Chapter one is a general introduction that gives the key to this study, the motivation that leads to the selection of this topic; a literary review on the portrayal of female characters in literary works written by males; the scope of study, the basic composition of the ensuing chapters and the definitions of terms that are of paramount importance for this research. Various literary theories are used in Chapter two for the analysis of the research texts. These literary theories include womanism, gender and feminism which expose the social effects caused by the negative perception of females in social life and the negative portrayal of female characters in male dramatic writings. Other literary theories include onomastics as a literary theory, which exposes the relationship between the name giver of a person and the power the name gives to its bearer, as well as psychoanalysis as a theory which proved to be unavoidable, since this study analyses the personal behaviour of the individual characters within their literary environment. Chapter three depicts the general victimization of female characters in male drama works and exposes the various effects of the attitudes of male writers towards female characters in terms of gender role. Chapter four shows a general stereotypical portrayal of female characters in male written drama texts. This chapter shows the impact of stereotyping on female characters from drama works that puts them in a vulnerable position, showing that it is risky to become a victim of ill-treatment in their communities and the literary world. Chapter five deals with the psychological literary review of female characters, showing them as being suicidal and murderers who easily take their own lives and those of other people. Chapter six is a general conclusion of the works which includes observer remarks from other literary researchers of the literature.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The design of the extensions to the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Museum of Art with specific emphasis on the preservation and improvement of the main entrance into St. Georges Park
- Van Niekerk, Eduard Johannes
- Authors: Van Niekerk, Eduard Johannes
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Art museums -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Designs and plans , Art museum architecture -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Designs and plans
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MArch
- Identifier: vital:8155 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021224
- Description: The city of Port Elizabeth was established as a British colonial town in 1820 when the settlers arrived. With them, they brought ‘civilization’ from Europe, which can be seen in parts of the historic urban structure of Port Elizabeth as well the art that remains. The largest public space of the old city was St. Georges Park. The current museum buildings are part of the collection of British heritage buildings in a surrounding the park. The park is hierarchically located to align with other important places in the urban fabric. Today the park is used by city members as a sporting facility only. Club members of the various sporting facilities such as bowls, tennis, swimming and cricket clubs enjoy these amenities mostly on a Saturday. The park is also home to the famous Duckpond Cricket Pavilion designed by award winning architect John Rushmere. It is the second oldest cricket club in South Africa and has hosted various first events. The museum however has run out of space a few years ago and proposals have been formed by city officials to connect the existing gallery buildings, which would result in the closure of the gateway into the park while also disrupting the general urban flow and rhythm of the city. Finally, any new museum in South African should try to serve our diverse cultures and preserve a heritage whether pleasant or unpleasant. This type building needs to be a new type of place and be an appropriate symbol of our attitudes towards colonial heritage.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Van Niekerk, Eduard Johannes
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Art museums -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Designs and plans , Art museum architecture -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Designs and plans
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MArch
- Identifier: vital:8155 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021224
- Description: The city of Port Elizabeth was established as a British colonial town in 1820 when the settlers arrived. With them, they brought ‘civilization’ from Europe, which can be seen in parts of the historic urban structure of Port Elizabeth as well the art that remains. The largest public space of the old city was St. Georges Park. The current museum buildings are part of the collection of British heritage buildings in a surrounding the park. The park is hierarchically located to align with other important places in the urban fabric. Today the park is used by city members as a sporting facility only. Club members of the various sporting facilities such as bowls, tennis, swimming and cricket clubs enjoy these amenities mostly on a Saturday. The park is also home to the famous Duckpond Cricket Pavilion designed by award winning architect John Rushmere. It is the second oldest cricket club in South Africa and has hosted various first events. The museum however has run out of space a few years ago and proposals have been formed by city officials to connect the existing gallery buildings, which would result in the closure of the gateway into the park while also disrupting the general urban flow and rhythm of the city. Finally, any new museum in South African should try to serve our diverse cultures and preserve a heritage whether pleasant or unpleasant. This type building needs to be a new type of place and be an appropriate symbol of our attitudes towards colonial heritage.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The determination of acetaminophen using a carbon nanotube: graphite-based electrode
- Moghaddam, Abdolmajid B, Mohammadi, Ali, Mohammadi, Somaye, Rayeji, Danyal, Dinarvand, Rassoul, Baghi, Mansoureh, Walker, Roderick B
- Authors: Moghaddam, Abdolmajid B , Mohammadi, Ali , Mohammadi, Somaye , Rayeji, Danyal , Dinarvand, Rassoul , Baghi, Mansoureh , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: vital:6414 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006509
- Description: The oxidation of acetaminophen was studied at a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a graphite paste. Cyclic voltammety, differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry at various pH values, scan rates, and the effect of the ratio of nanotubes to graphite were investigated in order to optimize the parameters for the determination of acetaminophen. Square wave voltammetry is the most appropriate technique in giving a characteristic peak at 0.52 V at pH 5. The porous nanostructure of the electrode improves the surface area which results in an increase in the peak current. The voltammetric response is linear in the range between 75 and 2000 ng.mL−1, with standard deviations between 0.25 and 7.8%, and a limit of detection of 25 ng.mL−1. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of acetaminophen in tablets and biological fluids.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Moghaddam, Abdolmajid B , Mohammadi, Ali , Mohammadi, Somaye , Rayeji, Danyal , Dinarvand, Rassoul , Baghi, Mansoureh , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: Article , text
- Identifier: vital:6414 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006509
- Description: The oxidation of acetaminophen was studied at a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and a graphite paste. Cyclic voltammety, differential pulse voltammetry and square wave voltammetry at various pH values, scan rates, and the effect of the ratio of nanotubes to graphite were investigated in order to optimize the parameters for the determination of acetaminophen. Square wave voltammetry is the most appropriate technique in giving a characteristic peak at 0.52 V at pH 5. The porous nanostructure of the electrode improves the surface area which results in an increase in the peak current. The voltammetric response is linear in the range between 75 and 2000 ng.mL−1, with standard deviations between 0.25 and 7.8%, and a limit of detection of 25 ng.mL−1. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of acetaminophen in tablets and biological fluids.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The devastation of Haiti
- Authors: Pithouse, Richard, 1970-
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6207 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008577
- Description: [From introduction] The devastation of Haiti is not a simple matter of bad luck. Earthquakes, like storms and epidemics, hit the poor with vastly more force than the rich. Much of the press coverage of the catastrophe in Haiti has wilfully disregarded the history of how Haiti was made poor and kept poor by, above all, the same American elites that are now dispensing charity, soldiers and advice. Racism has often been close to the surface or even grinning hideously far above it
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Pithouse, Richard, 1970-
- Date: 2010
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6207 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008577
- Description: [From introduction] The devastation of Haiti is not a simple matter of bad luck. Earthquakes, like storms and epidemics, hit the poor with vastly more force than the rich. Much of the press coverage of the catastrophe in Haiti has wilfully disregarded the history of how Haiti was made poor and kept poor by, above all, the same American elites that are now dispensing charity, soldiers and advice. Racism has often been close to the surface or even grinning hideously far above it
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The development and implementation of an evaluation for rural ICT projects in developing countries: an exploration of the Siyakhulu Living Lab, South Africa
- Authors: Pade Khene, Caroline Ileje
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Siyakhula Living Lab Information technology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rural development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002767
- Description: Rural development is a priority for poverty alleviation and development in developing countries, as the majority of the poor live in rural areas. Information and knowledge are key strategic resources for social and economic development as they empower rural communities with the ability to expand their choices through knowing what works best in their communities. Information and communication technologies (ICT) play a significant role in supporting rural development activities through providing supportive development information and creating essential interconnectivities between rural areas and more developed regions. However, rural ICT for development (ICT4D) is still at best a ‘working hypothesis’, faced with barriers and challenges associated with implementation and use in the rural environment; which threaten the success, sustainability or relevance of an ICT intervention. Many key questions remain largely unanswered, with no concrete or credible data to support a wide range of claims concerning the use of ICT for development. The evaluation of rural ICT projects is indispensable as it determines the need, effectiveness, impact, sustainability and extent of the awareness of the contribution such projects or programmes can make in poverty alleviation and development. Even so, existing ICT4D evaluations are confrontedwith shortcomings and challenges which influence the accuracy and reliability of evaluation conclusions. These shortcomings highlight the need to embark on a more comprehensive evaluation approach, sensitive to the rural environment. This research study was aimed at developing a comprehensive rural ICT evaluation framework to assess ICT projects and interventions that work toward supporting poverty eradication in rural communities. A multi-method approach was used to determine the multiple variables and components associated with rural ICT evaluation, and then to determine how these variables interrelate. The approach is founded on programme evaluation, ICT for development evaluation, and information systems evaluation. Firstly, key domains of programme evaluations combined with an exploration of the need and shortcomings of ICT4D evaluation, contributed to the development of a template to analyse existing ICT4D evaluation frameworks and information systems frameworks, based on a selection of criteria. The combined analysis of the two groups of frameworks compares and contrasts key characteristics that form the structure of a comprehensive evaluation. This analysis and a review of programme evaluation enabled the development of a Rural ICT Comprehensive Evaluation Framework (RICT-CEF) that encompasses the key components essential for a comprehensive evaluation of rural ICT projects. The theoretical framework aims to inform ICT intervention to improve and support rural development, through the application of fundamental and interconnected evaluation domains sensitive to the rural environment, throughout the project’s lifecycle. In order to obtain a better understanding and application of the RICT-CEF, a real-life case study investigation of the Siyakhula Living Lab reveals the lessons learned (shortcomings and suitability) from applying a prototype of the framework in a rural environment. The study is characteristically a rich case study, as the investigation occurs at two levels: 1) The actual evaluation of the project to obtain results to improve or guide the project, through applying domains of the RICT-CEF, and 2) Observing and investigating the application of the RICT-CEF framework to learn lessons from its evaluation process in a real-life context. The research study reveals the compatibility of the RICT-CEF framework in a real-life rural ICT intervention case, and builds lessons learned for enhancing the framework and guiding future evaluations in ICT4D. The RICT-CEF can possibly be viewed as a platform for the key domains and processes essential for the evaluation of ICT4D interventions; which can be customised for a variety of ICT projects, such that a comparative assessment of projects can provide measurement and further awareness of the impact of rural ICT in developing countries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Pade Khene, Caroline Ileje
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Siyakhula Living Lab Information technology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rural development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:1138 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002767
- Description: Rural development is a priority for poverty alleviation and development in developing countries, as the majority of the poor live in rural areas. Information and knowledge are key strategic resources for social and economic development as they empower rural communities with the ability to expand their choices through knowing what works best in their communities. Information and communication technologies (ICT) play a significant role in supporting rural development activities through providing supportive development information and creating essential interconnectivities between rural areas and more developed regions. However, rural ICT for development (ICT4D) is still at best a ‘working hypothesis’, faced with barriers and challenges associated with implementation and use in the rural environment; which threaten the success, sustainability or relevance of an ICT intervention. Many key questions remain largely unanswered, with no concrete or credible data to support a wide range of claims concerning the use of ICT for development. The evaluation of rural ICT projects is indispensable as it determines the need, effectiveness, impact, sustainability and extent of the awareness of the contribution such projects or programmes can make in poverty alleviation and development. Even so, existing ICT4D evaluations are confrontedwith shortcomings and challenges which influence the accuracy and reliability of evaluation conclusions. These shortcomings highlight the need to embark on a more comprehensive evaluation approach, sensitive to the rural environment. This research study was aimed at developing a comprehensive rural ICT evaluation framework to assess ICT projects and interventions that work toward supporting poverty eradication in rural communities. A multi-method approach was used to determine the multiple variables and components associated with rural ICT evaluation, and then to determine how these variables interrelate. The approach is founded on programme evaluation, ICT for development evaluation, and information systems evaluation. Firstly, key domains of programme evaluations combined with an exploration of the need and shortcomings of ICT4D evaluation, contributed to the development of a template to analyse existing ICT4D evaluation frameworks and information systems frameworks, based on a selection of criteria. The combined analysis of the two groups of frameworks compares and contrasts key characteristics that form the structure of a comprehensive evaluation. This analysis and a review of programme evaluation enabled the development of a Rural ICT Comprehensive Evaluation Framework (RICT-CEF) that encompasses the key components essential for a comprehensive evaluation of rural ICT projects. The theoretical framework aims to inform ICT intervention to improve and support rural development, through the application of fundamental and interconnected evaluation domains sensitive to the rural environment, throughout the project’s lifecycle. In order to obtain a better understanding and application of the RICT-CEF, a real-life case study investigation of the Siyakhula Living Lab reveals the lessons learned (shortcomings and suitability) from applying a prototype of the framework in a rural environment. The study is characteristically a rich case study, as the investigation occurs at two levels: 1) The actual evaluation of the project to obtain results to improve or guide the project, through applying domains of the RICT-CEF, and 2) Observing and investigating the application of the RICT-CEF framework to learn lessons from its evaluation process in a real-life context. The research study reveals the compatibility of the RICT-CEF framework in a real-life rural ICT intervention case, and builds lessons learned for enhancing the framework and guiding future evaluations in ICT4D. The RICT-CEF can possibly be viewed as a platform for the key domains and processes essential for the evaluation of ICT4D interventions; which can be customised for a variety of ICT projects, such that a comparative assessment of projects can provide measurement and further awareness of the impact of rural ICT in developing countries.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The development and implementation of computer literacy terminology in isiXhosa
- Authors: Sam, Msindisi Scara
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Xhosa language -- Data processing Computer literacy -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Computer literacy -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Information technology -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Information technology -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Computational linguistics -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Computational linguistics -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Information technology -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe -- Social aspects Information technology -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Social aspects Digital divide -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Grahamstown South Africa-Norway Tertiary Education Development Programme Rhodes University. Dept. of African Languages
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3580 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002155
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Sam, Msindisi Scara
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Xhosa language -- Data processing Computer literacy -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Computer literacy -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Information technology -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Information technology -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Computational linguistics -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Computational linguistics -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Information technology -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe -- Social aspects Information technology -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- Social aspects Digital divide -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Dwesa-Cwebe Communication in economic development -- South Africa -- Grahamstown South Africa-Norway Tertiary Education Development Programme Rhodes University. Dept. of African Languages
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3580 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002155
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The development of a marketing strategy for a tannery waste by-product
- Authors: Mkhonta, Mpendulo Colin
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Tanneries -- Waste disposal -- Marketing , Waste products -- Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8618 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1515 , Tanneries -- Waste disposal -- Marketing , Waste products -- Marketing
- Description: Worldwide chromium waste from tanneries is a major environmental concern. A considerable amount of effort is being implemented by tanneries to resolve the environmental concerns. Because of the wide range of chemicals used in tanning, waste treatment is an important issue in the industry. All the tanneries put considerable money and effort into treating their effluent. South African tanneries currently have various methods of disposing of their chrome waste. Most have systems for recycling the waste and disposing of it in municipal waste dumps or it is dumped on the company's own land. Hence the cost of disposal varies widely. Some companies are forced to pay excessive amounts to dispose of their waste at hazardous waste dumps. Others appear to get away by using municipal dumps. Trivalent Chrome (Pty) Ltd offers a solution to the environmental concern by extracting the most dangerous compound in the waste and converting it to a by-product (green chrome oxide). However, the company must be able to then sell of the green chromium oxide. The study seeks to address how the company can market the by-product.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Mkhonta, Mpendulo Colin
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Tanneries -- Waste disposal -- Marketing , Waste products -- Marketing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8618 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1515 , Tanneries -- Waste disposal -- Marketing , Waste products -- Marketing
- Description: Worldwide chromium waste from tanneries is a major environmental concern. A considerable amount of effort is being implemented by tanneries to resolve the environmental concerns. Because of the wide range of chemicals used in tanning, waste treatment is an important issue in the industry. All the tanneries put considerable money and effort into treating their effluent. South African tanneries currently have various methods of disposing of their chrome waste. Most have systems for recycling the waste and disposing of it in municipal waste dumps or it is dumped on the company's own land. Hence the cost of disposal varies widely. Some companies are forced to pay excessive amounts to dispose of their waste at hazardous waste dumps. Others appear to get away by using municipal dumps. Trivalent Chrome (Pty) Ltd offers a solution to the environmental concern by extracting the most dangerous compound in the waste and converting it to a by-product (green chrome oxide). However, the company must be able to then sell of the green chromium oxide. The study seeks to address how the company can market the by-product.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The development of a technology-strategy framework to improve the competitiveness of small-to medium-sized furniture manufacturers in South Africa
- Authors: Lourens, Ann Sharon
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Furniture industry and trade -- Effect of technological innnovations on -- South Africa , Furniture industry and trade -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Technology strategy , Competition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DBA
- Identifier: vital:8658 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1329 , Furniture industry and trade -- Effect of technological innnovations on -- South Africa , Furniture industry and trade -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Technology strategy , Competition
- Description: The research problem addressed in this study was to establish how small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturing businesses could develop a technology strategy that would improve their competitiveness. Therefore, the primary objective of this research study was to develop a technology-strategy framework for small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers to assist them to improve their competitiveness. Research has indicated that small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers have the potential to contribute to South Africa‟s economic growth, job creation and gross domestic product. However, research has also indicated that small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturing industries have not kept up with technology developments and, as a result, competiveness is on the decline. Low-technology businesses, such as those found within the furniture manufacturing industry, often have no framework or methodology to guide the successful acquisition and integration of technology to enable a more competitive business. The main problem was addressed in three phases. Firstly, a literature review of strategy and technology-related factors was conducted which provided valuable insight into the development of a strategic framework. This included identification of the business strategy, external and internal factors influencing technology requirements, technology integration, -selection and criterion for competitiveness. Secondly, an empirical study consisting of both a quantitative and qualitative investigation was performed. The quantitative measuring instrument used was a questionnaire designed from the literature study information and was administered to a stratified sample of small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers. The quantitative results were triangulated by qualitative interviews with selected respondents. The empirical results revealed a strong relationship between technology and competitiveness (as measured by business performance and technology- iv competitive advantage), thereby confirming the importance of technology utilisation for small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers and the significance of developing a technology-strategy framework. Thirdly, by combining the literature study information and findings from the empirical investigation, the technology-strategy framework was developed. The technology-strategy framework provides a roadmap to integrate technology with the business strategy. The technology-strategy framework is used in three phases, firstly, the business strategy is identified, secondly, the technology-strategy framework provides a guide to identify and forecast technology, conduct an internal audit and identify technology that can execute the business strategy. The final phase is the application of criteria by means of which competitiveness improvement is assessed. Ultimately, the technology-strategy framework can facilitate improved competitiveness of the furniture industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Lourens, Ann Sharon
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Furniture industry and trade -- Effect of technological innnovations on -- South Africa , Furniture industry and trade -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Technology strategy , Competition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DBA
- Identifier: vital:8658 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1329 , Furniture industry and trade -- Effect of technological innnovations on -- South Africa , Furniture industry and trade -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Technology strategy , Competition
- Description: The research problem addressed in this study was to establish how small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturing businesses could develop a technology strategy that would improve their competitiveness. Therefore, the primary objective of this research study was to develop a technology-strategy framework for small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers to assist them to improve their competitiveness. Research has indicated that small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers have the potential to contribute to South Africa‟s economic growth, job creation and gross domestic product. However, research has also indicated that small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturing industries have not kept up with technology developments and, as a result, competiveness is on the decline. Low-technology businesses, such as those found within the furniture manufacturing industry, often have no framework or methodology to guide the successful acquisition and integration of technology to enable a more competitive business. The main problem was addressed in three phases. Firstly, a literature review of strategy and technology-related factors was conducted which provided valuable insight into the development of a strategic framework. This included identification of the business strategy, external and internal factors influencing technology requirements, technology integration, -selection and criterion for competitiveness. Secondly, an empirical study consisting of both a quantitative and qualitative investigation was performed. The quantitative measuring instrument used was a questionnaire designed from the literature study information and was administered to a stratified sample of small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers. The quantitative results were triangulated by qualitative interviews with selected respondents. The empirical results revealed a strong relationship between technology and competitiveness (as measured by business performance and technology- iv competitive advantage), thereby confirming the importance of technology utilisation for small- to medium-sized furniture manufacturers and the significance of developing a technology-strategy framework. Thirdly, by combining the literature study information and findings from the empirical investigation, the technology-strategy framework was developed. The technology-strategy framework provides a roadmap to integrate technology with the business strategy. The technology-strategy framework is used in three phases, firstly, the business strategy is identified, secondly, the technology-strategy framework provides a guide to identify and forecast technology, conduct an internal audit and identify technology that can execute the business strategy. The final phase is the application of criteria by means of which competitiveness improvement is assessed. Ultimately, the technology-strategy framework can facilitate improved competitiveness of the furniture industry.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The disparities arising in the policing of consumptive and non-consumptive marine activities
- Authors: Tembo, Danai
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Marine resources conservation -- South Africa , Fishery law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8649 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1383 , Marine resources conservation -- South Africa , Fishery law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: The South African marine environment is utilised for both consumptive and non-consumptive activities and for those activities to continue sustainably it is important that these activities be monitored and policed. South Africa's environmental legislation is structured to do just that; outlining specific regulations for all consumptive and non-consumptive activities that can be conducted in the marine environment. Some disparities have been observed regarding the policing of consumptive and non-consumptive marine activities, and these disparities were analysed by means of several case studies and semi-structured key informant interviews. Case studies covered both consumptive (abalone poaching and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing) and non-consumptive activities (the sardine run and tiger shark diving) currently being conduct in the marine environment. Key informant interviews collected opinions from legal practitioners who felt that the legislation was solid but poorly implemented; and non-consumptive operators who felt that the legislation was implemented in a way that made it difficult for non-consumptive and ecotourism activities to thrive. The poor implementation has resulted in a situation which seems to promote consumptive crimes instead of curbing them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Tembo, Danai
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Marine resources conservation -- South Africa , Fishery law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8649 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1383 , Marine resources conservation -- South Africa , Fishery law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: The South African marine environment is utilised for both consumptive and non-consumptive activities and for those activities to continue sustainably it is important that these activities be monitored and policed. South Africa's environmental legislation is structured to do just that; outlining specific regulations for all consumptive and non-consumptive activities that can be conducted in the marine environment. Some disparities have been observed regarding the policing of consumptive and non-consumptive marine activities, and these disparities were analysed by means of several case studies and semi-structured key informant interviews. Case studies covered both consumptive (abalone poaching and Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing) and non-consumptive activities (the sardine run and tiger shark diving) currently being conduct in the marine environment. Key informant interviews collected opinions from legal practitioners who felt that the legislation was solid but poorly implemented; and non-consumptive operators who felt that the legislation was implemented in a way that made it difficult for non-consumptive and ecotourism activities to thrive. The poor implementation has resulted in a situation which seems to promote consumptive crimes instead of curbing them.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The dynamics of Larval fish and Zooplankton assemblages in the Sundays Estuary, South Africa
- Authors: Sutherland, Kate
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Marine zooplankton -- South Africa , Zooplankton -- South Africa , Fishes -- Larvae -- South Africa , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Management , Environmental monitoring -- South Africa , Coastal zone management -- South Africa , Estuarine area conservation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10697 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1119 , Marine zooplankton -- South Africa , Zooplankton -- South Africa , Fishes -- Larvae -- South Africa , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Management , Environmental monitoring -- South Africa , Coastal zone management -- South Africa , Estuarine area conservation -- South Africa
- Description: The larval fish and zooplankton assemblages were studied in the permanently open Sundays Estuary on the south-east coast of South Africa, using standard boat-based plankton towing methods. A total of 8174 larval and early juvenile fishes were caught, representing 12 families and 23 taxa. The Clupeidae, Gobiidae and Blenniidae were the dominant fish families. Common species included Gilchristella aestuaria, Caffrogobius gilchristi, Omobranchus woodi, Liza dumerilii, Glossogobius callidus and Myxus capensis. Estuarine resident species (Category I) predominantly in the preflexion developmental stage, dominated the system. A total of 19 zooplankton taxa were recorded. Copepoda dominated the zooplankton community. Dominant species included Pseudodiaptomus hessei, Acartia longipatella, Halicyclops sp., Mesopodopsis wooldridgei, and the larvae of Paratylodiplax edwardsii and Hymenosoma orbiculare. Mean larval fish density showed similar trends seasonally, spatially and across salinity zones, with mean zooplankton density in the Sundays Estuary. Gut content analysis of five larval fish species: Gilchristella aestuaria, Pomadasys commersonnii, Monodactylus falciformis, Myxus capensis and Rhabdosargus holubi, revealed species specific diet and prey selection. Although larval fish diet contained a variety of prey items, guts were dominated by P. hessei, chironomid larvae, Corophium triaenonyx, copepod eggs and insect larvae. Physico-chemical drivers and the interactions between these two plankton communities provide information that enables a more holistic view of the dynamics occurring in the Sundays Estuary planktonic ecosystem.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Sutherland, Kate
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Marine zooplankton -- South Africa , Zooplankton -- South Africa , Fishes -- Larvae -- South Africa , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Management , Environmental monitoring -- South Africa , Coastal zone management -- South Africa , Estuarine area conservation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10697 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1119 , Marine zooplankton -- South Africa , Zooplankton -- South Africa , Fishes -- Larvae -- South Africa , Estuarine ecology -- South Africa , Estuaries -- South Africa -- Management , Environmental monitoring -- South Africa , Coastal zone management -- South Africa , Estuarine area conservation -- South Africa
- Description: The larval fish and zooplankton assemblages were studied in the permanently open Sundays Estuary on the south-east coast of South Africa, using standard boat-based plankton towing methods. A total of 8174 larval and early juvenile fishes were caught, representing 12 families and 23 taxa. The Clupeidae, Gobiidae and Blenniidae were the dominant fish families. Common species included Gilchristella aestuaria, Caffrogobius gilchristi, Omobranchus woodi, Liza dumerilii, Glossogobius callidus and Myxus capensis. Estuarine resident species (Category I) predominantly in the preflexion developmental stage, dominated the system. A total of 19 zooplankton taxa were recorded. Copepoda dominated the zooplankton community. Dominant species included Pseudodiaptomus hessei, Acartia longipatella, Halicyclops sp., Mesopodopsis wooldridgei, and the larvae of Paratylodiplax edwardsii and Hymenosoma orbiculare. Mean larval fish density showed similar trends seasonally, spatially and across salinity zones, with mean zooplankton density in the Sundays Estuary. Gut content analysis of five larval fish species: Gilchristella aestuaria, Pomadasys commersonnii, Monodactylus falciformis, Myxus capensis and Rhabdosargus holubi, revealed species specific diet and prey selection. Although larval fish diet contained a variety of prey items, guts were dominated by P. hessei, chironomid larvae, Corophium triaenonyx, copepod eggs and insect larvae. Physico-chemical drivers and the interactions between these two plankton communities provide information that enables a more holistic view of the dynamics occurring in the Sundays Estuary planktonic ecosystem.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The E.coli RNA degradosome analysis of molecular chaperones and enolase
- Authors: Burger, Adélle
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Molecular chaperones , Escherichia coli -- Biotechnology , Polyphosphates , Polyphosphates -- Biotechnology , RNA-protein interactions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3950 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004009 , Molecular chaperones , Escherichia coli -- Biotechnology , Polyphosphates , Polyphosphates -- Biotechnology , RNA-protein interactions
- Description: Normal mRNA turnover is essential for genetic regulation within cells. The E. coli RNA degradosome, a large multi-component protein complex which originates through specific protein interactions, has been referred to as the “RNA decay machine” and is responsible for mRNA turnover. The degradosome functions to process RNA and its key components have been identified. The scaffold protein is RNase E and it tethers the degradosome to the cytoplasmic membrane. Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), ATP-dependent RNA helicase (RhlB helicase) and the glycolytic enzyme enolase associate with RNase E to form the degradosome. Polyphosphate kinase associates with the degradosome in substoichiometric amounts, as do the molecular chaperones DnaK and GroEL. The role of DnaK as well as that of enolase in the RNA degradosome is unknown. Very limited research has been conducted on the components of the RNA degradosome under conditions of stress. The aim of this study was to understand the role played by enolase in the assembly of the degradosome under conditions of stress, as well as investigating the protein levels of molecular chaperones under these conditions. The RNA degradosome was successfully purified through its scaffold protein using nickel-affinity chromatography. In vivo studies were performed to investigate the protein levels of DnaK and GroEL present in the degradosome under conditions of heat stress, and whether GroEL could functionally replace DnaK in the degradosome. To investigate the recruitment of enolase to the degradosome under heat stress, a subcellular fractionation was performed to determine the localization of enolase upon heat shock in vivo. The elevated temperature resulted in an increased concentration of enolase in the membrane fraction. To determine whether there is an interaction between enolase and DnaK, enolase activity assays were conducted in vitro. The effect of DnaK on enolase activity was measured upon quantifying DnaK and adding it to the enolase assays. For the first time it was observed that the activity of enolase increased with the addition of substoichiometric amounts of DnaK. This indicates that DnaK may be interacting with the RNA degradosome via enolase.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Burger, Adélle
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Molecular chaperones , Escherichia coli -- Biotechnology , Polyphosphates , Polyphosphates -- Biotechnology , RNA-protein interactions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3950 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004009 , Molecular chaperones , Escherichia coli -- Biotechnology , Polyphosphates , Polyphosphates -- Biotechnology , RNA-protein interactions
- Description: Normal mRNA turnover is essential for genetic regulation within cells. The E. coli RNA degradosome, a large multi-component protein complex which originates through specific protein interactions, has been referred to as the “RNA decay machine” and is responsible for mRNA turnover. The degradosome functions to process RNA and its key components have been identified. The scaffold protein is RNase E and it tethers the degradosome to the cytoplasmic membrane. Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase), ATP-dependent RNA helicase (RhlB helicase) and the glycolytic enzyme enolase associate with RNase E to form the degradosome. Polyphosphate kinase associates with the degradosome in substoichiometric amounts, as do the molecular chaperones DnaK and GroEL. The role of DnaK as well as that of enolase in the RNA degradosome is unknown. Very limited research has been conducted on the components of the RNA degradosome under conditions of stress. The aim of this study was to understand the role played by enolase in the assembly of the degradosome under conditions of stress, as well as investigating the protein levels of molecular chaperones under these conditions. The RNA degradosome was successfully purified through its scaffold protein using nickel-affinity chromatography. In vivo studies were performed to investigate the protein levels of DnaK and GroEL present in the degradosome under conditions of heat stress, and whether GroEL could functionally replace DnaK in the degradosome. To investigate the recruitment of enolase to the degradosome under heat stress, a subcellular fractionation was performed to determine the localization of enolase upon heat shock in vivo. The elevated temperature resulted in an increased concentration of enolase in the membrane fraction. To determine whether there is an interaction between enolase and DnaK, enolase activity assays were conducted in vitro. The effect of DnaK on enolase activity was measured upon quantifying DnaK and adding it to the enolase assays. For the first time it was observed that the activity of enolase increased with the addition of substoichiometric amounts of DnaK. This indicates that DnaK may be interacting with the RNA degradosome via enolase.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
The effectiveness of human child trafficking legislation in South Africa
- Authors: Mashiyi, Tandeka
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Human trafficking -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10281 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1289 , Human trafficking -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: Trafficking in human beings is a major problem worldwide. Human trafficking is as a result of a complex set of interrelated push and pull factors. Push factors includeinter alia poverty, a lack of opportunities, dislocation of families, gender, racial and ethnic inequalities and the break-up of families. Research shows that pull factors include the promise of a better life, consumer aspirations and lack of information on the risks involved, established patterns of migration, porous borders and fewer constraints on travel. It is as a result of the global epidemic of this trafficking in persons that certain instruments on an international level as well as legislation on a national level have been enacted. The question which arises is: are these pieces of legislation effective in dealing with the scourge of human trafficking? Every legislation passed will have its strengths, as well as weaknesses but the main objective of such legislation should always be to combat, criminalise and prosecute the specific criminal act. Furthermore, the enacted legislation should be designed to effectively combat the challenges which threaten to exacerbate the criminal act. Failing to fulfil this intention will render such legislation nugatory. This treatise will be looking at various international instruments that have been passed abd v adopted by various countries, which specifically deal with trafficking in humans generally and specifically in relation to the children. International instruments that will be discussed include inter alia, slavery Convention, Convention on the Rights of the child, Worst forms or Child Labour Convention, Parlemo Protocol, United Nations Transnational Organised Crime Protocol to mention but a few. All these instruments have in a way dealt with and made provisions for the criminalisation of the act of trafficking in humans and a the scrounge of trafficking escalates the international governments strive to enact instruments that are going to be able to curtail this pandemic of trafficking. As more focus will be on the South African legislation this treatise is also going to examine all the relevant piece of legislation that have been passed by the South African government in order to deal with human trafficking. These will include the discussion of the Constitution, Child Care Act, Children’s Act, Children’s Amendment Act, Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) and Related matters. Amendment Act Prevention of Organised Crime Act as well as the Prevention and combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill. The treatise will listen critically discuss the Bill in so far as its strengths and weaknesses are concerned.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010
- Authors: Mashiyi, Tandeka
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Human trafficking -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:10281 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1289 , Human trafficking -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: Trafficking in human beings is a major problem worldwide. Human trafficking is as a result of a complex set of interrelated push and pull factors. Push factors includeinter alia poverty, a lack of opportunities, dislocation of families, gender, racial and ethnic inequalities and the break-up of families. Research shows that pull factors include the promise of a better life, consumer aspirations and lack of information on the risks involved, established patterns of migration, porous borders and fewer constraints on travel. It is as a result of the global epidemic of this trafficking in persons that certain instruments on an international level as well as legislation on a national level have been enacted. The question which arises is: are these pieces of legislation effective in dealing with the scourge of human trafficking? Every legislation passed will have its strengths, as well as weaknesses but the main objective of such legislation should always be to combat, criminalise and prosecute the specific criminal act. Furthermore, the enacted legislation should be designed to effectively combat the challenges which threaten to exacerbate the criminal act. Failing to fulfil this intention will render such legislation nugatory. This treatise will be looking at various international instruments that have been passed abd v adopted by various countries, which specifically deal with trafficking in humans generally and specifically in relation to the children. International instruments that will be discussed include inter alia, slavery Convention, Convention on the Rights of the child, Worst forms or Child Labour Convention, Parlemo Protocol, United Nations Transnational Organised Crime Protocol to mention but a few. All these instruments have in a way dealt with and made provisions for the criminalisation of the act of trafficking in humans and a the scrounge of trafficking escalates the international governments strive to enact instruments that are going to be able to curtail this pandemic of trafficking. As more focus will be on the South African legislation this treatise is also going to examine all the relevant piece of legislation that have been passed by the South African government in order to deal with human trafficking. These will include the discussion of the Constitution, Child Care Act, Children’s Act, Children’s Amendment Act, Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) and Related matters. Amendment Act Prevention of Organised Crime Act as well as the Prevention and combating of Trafficking in Persons Bill. The treatise will listen critically discuss the Bill in so far as its strengths and weaknesses are concerned.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010