Implementing performance management at local government level in South Africa : a case study on the impact of organisational culture
- Authors: Williams, Quinton Walter
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Buffalo City (South Africa) Local government -- South Africa Municipal government -- South Africa Performance -- Management -- South Africa Corporate culture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:749 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003870
- Description: Local Government in South Africa has undergone much transformation since 2000. Although much of the change has been to correct imbalances, inequities and disparities within our local communities as a result of Apartheid, change has also been motivated by National Government’s realisation that, as with governments throughout the world, there is a need to modernise all spheres of Government. Part of this transformation process at a local government level in South Africa has been to ensure that municipalities become more responsive to the communities’ needs. The guiding principles for this transformation are contained in the White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service (1995) and the Batho Pele White Paper (1997). This has informed the Municipal Systems Act: Act 32 of 2000 of which Chapter 6 determines that municipalities will have a performance management system to promote a culture of performance management amongst the political structures, political office bearers, councillors and administration. The performance management system must ensure that the municipality administers its affairs in an economical, effective, efficient and accountable manner. A literature review contained in this research, indicates that internationally, implementing performance management systems at a local government level is impact upon by a number of factors such as the organizational culture of an institution. This research, which has been grounded within a constructivist paradigm, describes the impact organizational culture has had on the implementation process of the performance management system at Buffalo City Municipality. Interviews were conducted amongst the Section 57 employees (i.e. the Directors) and those employees directly responsible for implementing performance management. The four Directors, two General Managers and the portfolio councilor were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the interviewees and this culminated in a total of 10 hours of interviewing. The protocols were analyzed using the guidelines suggested by Boyatzis (1998) and the findings are detailed in two chapters. The findings of the research were that the implementation of the performance management system at Buffalo City Municipality has been impacted on by the dichotomy between the political and administrative leadership, resulting in non-implementation of council resolutions, the lack of an organizational strategy, poor institutional arrangements and inadequate resource allocation, are reported. However, the most important finding was the impact that a culture of fear has had on the implementation process. This culture of fear and its impact on the implementation of performance management system is described as the most pervasive and insidious of all the findings to have negatively impacted on the implementation process. This research ends with recommendations for further research and it is argued that each organization has its own unique organizational culture. The conclusion is that no single typology, as contained in the literature, which can account for the specific impact organizational culture will have on the implementation process of a performance management system at local government level in South Africa. Consequently, implementers of performance management systems must assess the unique characteristics of each organization’s culture prior to implementation, in order to evaluate its impact that the organizational culture can have on the process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Williams, Quinton Walter
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Buffalo City (South Africa) Local government -- South Africa Municipal government -- South Africa Performance -- Management -- South Africa Corporate culture -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:749 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003870
- Description: Local Government in South Africa has undergone much transformation since 2000. Although much of the change has been to correct imbalances, inequities and disparities within our local communities as a result of Apartheid, change has also been motivated by National Government’s realisation that, as with governments throughout the world, there is a need to modernise all spheres of Government. Part of this transformation process at a local government level in South Africa has been to ensure that municipalities become more responsive to the communities’ needs. The guiding principles for this transformation are contained in the White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service (1995) and the Batho Pele White Paper (1997). This has informed the Municipal Systems Act: Act 32 of 2000 of which Chapter 6 determines that municipalities will have a performance management system to promote a culture of performance management amongst the political structures, political office bearers, councillors and administration. The performance management system must ensure that the municipality administers its affairs in an economical, effective, efficient and accountable manner. A literature review contained in this research, indicates that internationally, implementing performance management systems at a local government level is impact upon by a number of factors such as the organizational culture of an institution. This research, which has been grounded within a constructivist paradigm, describes the impact organizational culture has had on the implementation process of the performance management system at Buffalo City Municipality. Interviews were conducted amongst the Section 57 employees (i.e. the Directors) and those employees directly responsible for implementing performance management. The four Directors, two General Managers and the portfolio councilor were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the interviewees and this culminated in a total of 10 hours of interviewing. The protocols were analyzed using the guidelines suggested by Boyatzis (1998) and the findings are detailed in two chapters. The findings of the research were that the implementation of the performance management system at Buffalo City Municipality has been impacted on by the dichotomy between the political and administrative leadership, resulting in non-implementation of council resolutions, the lack of an organizational strategy, poor institutional arrangements and inadequate resource allocation, are reported. However, the most important finding was the impact that a culture of fear has had on the implementation process. This culture of fear and its impact on the implementation of performance management system is described as the most pervasive and insidious of all the findings to have negatively impacted on the implementation process. This research ends with recommendations for further research and it is argued that each organization has its own unique organizational culture. The conclusion is that no single typology, as contained in the literature, which can account for the specific impact organizational culture will have on the implementation process of a performance management system at local government level in South Africa. Consequently, implementers of performance management systems must assess the unique characteristics of each organization’s culture prior to implementation, in order to evaluate its impact that the organizational culture can have on the process.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
An investigation into perceptions of learner participation in the governance of secondary schools
- Authors: Nongubo, Mphuthumi J
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Education and state -- South Africa , School management and organization -- South Africa , Education, Secondary -- South Africa , Student government -- South Africa , Student participation in administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:2007 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015747
- Description: The question of learner participation or involvement in school governance has been a thorny issue in South Africa for decades. This study investigated secondary learners’ participation in the governance of their schools through representation by the Representative Council of Learners (RCLs), formerly known as school representative councils (SRCs). The study attempted to find out how learners participation is perceived by both the RCLs and the School Management Teams (SMTs). The study was conducted in five secondary schools in the Eastern Cape townships of Grahamstown. The research participants were members of School Management Teams and Representative Councils of Learners from these schools. The study was oriented in an interpretive paradigm following a qualitative approach. Questionnaires and in-depth semi-structured interviews were used to explore the perceptions of the two groups involved. The Department of Education documents that sanction RCL participation were referred to throughout and especially when analysing the respondents’ views. The main finding of the study is that learner involvement in school governance is still problematic, though it is presently provided for by policies that govern schools, including the South African Schools Act and the Guides for Representative Councils of Learners of 1999, in which their roles are outlined. The findings of the study reveal an indecisive and autocratic mindset among educators regarding the issue of learner involvement in governance and management. Furthermore, the Department of Education documents in place betray a narrow conception of RCL participation in school governance and still display an element of mistrust towards the learners concerning their roles in governance. As a result of these forces, the democratic potential of learner participation is undermined, and RCLs compromised as legitimate stakeholders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
- Authors: Nongubo, Mphuthumi J
- Date: 2005
- Subjects: Education and state -- South Africa , School management and organization -- South Africa , Education, Secondary -- South Africa , Student government -- South Africa , Student participation in administration -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:2007 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015747
- Description: The question of learner participation or involvement in school governance has been a thorny issue in South Africa for decades. This study investigated secondary learners’ participation in the governance of their schools through representation by the Representative Council of Learners (RCLs), formerly known as school representative councils (SRCs). The study attempted to find out how learners participation is perceived by both the RCLs and the School Management Teams (SMTs). The study was conducted in five secondary schools in the Eastern Cape townships of Grahamstown. The research participants were members of School Management Teams and Representative Councils of Learners from these schools. The study was oriented in an interpretive paradigm following a qualitative approach. Questionnaires and in-depth semi-structured interviews were used to explore the perceptions of the two groups involved. The Department of Education documents that sanction RCL participation were referred to throughout and especially when analysing the respondents’ views. The main finding of the study is that learner involvement in school governance is still problematic, though it is presently provided for by policies that govern schools, including the South African Schools Act and the Guides for Representative Councils of Learners of 1999, in which their roles are outlined. The findings of the study reveal an indecisive and autocratic mindset among educators regarding the issue of learner involvement in governance and management. Furthermore, the Department of Education documents in place betray a narrow conception of RCL participation in school governance and still display an element of mistrust towards the learners concerning their roles in governance. As a result of these forces, the democratic potential of learner participation is undermined, and RCLs compromised as legitimate stakeholders.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2005
Miscarriage : an exploration of women's experience : a qualitative study
- Watson, Julia Margretha Garland
- Authors: Watson, Julia Margretha Garland
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Miscarriage -- Psychological aspects , Loss (Psychology) , Bereavement -- Psychological aspects , Infants -- Death -- Psychological aspects , Fetal death -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:688 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003735 , Miscarriage -- Psychological aspects , Loss (Psychology) , Bereavement -- Psychological aspects , Infants -- Death -- Psychological aspects , Fetal death -- Psychological aspects
- Description: Miscarriage can result in significant psychological distress to women. However, many women experience a cultural norm which attributes minimal meaning to the loss. This is reflected in the lack of support experienced from interaction with both medical professionals and those within the individual's social context. This qualitative study reports on the unique experiences of six South African women; their experience of other's reactions to their miscarriage; and their recommendations for better coping with the experience. Data was gathered using one semi-structured interview. Data reduction and analysis followed using a four-stage model of thematic outlines, coding, and comparisons (Marshall and Rossman 1998:152; Marck and Field 1994:9). The objective of the analysis sought to compare the themes generated by the actual data collected with those described in other studies. In this way the findings of the study are generalisable to a larger population and allows for a greater sense of representivity (Silverman 1994:160). Comparisons were made between the women's experiences, as told by them, and Bowles' identification of the Four Domains of Miscarriage Distress Symptoms (2000). The women viewed psychological support as essential in the process of coping; and acknowledgement of their loss as being the loss of a child, as a strong determinant of coming to terms with the loss. A strong need to have support from other women who had shared the experience was voiced. Recommendations for improved intervention are made. In short the core recommendations are: the provision of patient follow-up; the provision of written material; and, specialist training for those working in the area of pregnancy loss.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
- Authors: Watson, Julia Margretha Garland
- Date: 2004
- Subjects: Miscarriage -- Psychological aspects , Loss (Psychology) , Bereavement -- Psychological aspects , Infants -- Death -- Psychological aspects , Fetal death -- Psychological aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:688 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003735 , Miscarriage -- Psychological aspects , Loss (Psychology) , Bereavement -- Psychological aspects , Infants -- Death -- Psychological aspects , Fetal death -- Psychological aspects
- Description: Miscarriage can result in significant psychological distress to women. However, many women experience a cultural norm which attributes minimal meaning to the loss. This is reflected in the lack of support experienced from interaction with both medical professionals and those within the individual's social context. This qualitative study reports on the unique experiences of six South African women; their experience of other's reactions to their miscarriage; and their recommendations for better coping with the experience. Data was gathered using one semi-structured interview. Data reduction and analysis followed using a four-stage model of thematic outlines, coding, and comparisons (Marshall and Rossman 1998:152; Marck and Field 1994:9). The objective of the analysis sought to compare the themes generated by the actual data collected with those described in other studies. In this way the findings of the study are generalisable to a larger population and allows for a greater sense of representivity (Silverman 1994:160). Comparisons were made between the women's experiences, as told by them, and Bowles' identification of the Four Domains of Miscarriage Distress Symptoms (2000). The women viewed psychological support as essential in the process of coping; and acknowledgement of their loss as being the loss of a child, as a strong determinant of coming to terms with the loss. A strong need to have support from other women who had shared the experience was voiced. Recommendations for improved intervention are made. In short the core recommendations are: the provision of patient follow-up; the provision of written material; and, specialist training for those working in the area of pregnancy loss.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2004
From labour reserve to investment opportunity: economic development planning in the Mbashe Local Municipal area in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Reynolds, John Hunter
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , South Africa -- Economic policy , Planning -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3353 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007490 , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , South Africa -- Economic policy , Planning -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Planning for economic development at the local level has become increasingly important in many countries of the world. South Africa is no exception and has had the local focus entrenched through constitutional provisions for developmental local government. This developmental approach has been intimately linked to, and influenced by, the broader legislative, policy and planning context within which the development challenges of post-Apartheid South Africa have been addressed. It has also been implemented in a context of far-reaching transformation of public institutions aimed, in the final analysis, at the effective functioning of three spheres of government. In this thesis, the Mbashe Local Municipal area is used as a case study for an examination of the linkages between economic development planning at the local, provincial and national levels. It is not a case study in the sense that an in-depth analysis of practice is undertaken; it is used rather as a lens through which the economic development planning activities of the three spheres of government are viewed. Its value as a lens lies in its location in the former Transkei, which is characterised by high levels of unemployment and poverty and low levels of service infrastructure, and in its status as one of the newly demarcated local municipalities in South Africa. Mbashe is a pilot site of the Promotion of Rural Livelihoods Programme, which has been linked to the Eastern Cape Province's Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Programme. It also includes one of the nodes of the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative, which has, since 1998, been promoted as a vehicle for economic development in the former Transkei. Research comprised extensive documentary research, individual interviews with key role players in the Mbashe Local Municipality, the Promotion of Rural Livelihoods Programme and the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative, and a group interview with members of the Local Economic Development Sub-Committee of the Mbashe Local Municipal Council. An attempt was made to understand the complex layers of policy and planning frameworks that guide planning at the national and provincial levels and within which local level economic development is situated, and to explore the responses that have been forged by agents within the Mbashe area. Key in this endeavour has been the initiatives developed under the guidance of the Mbashe Local Economic Development Sub-Committee. It is argued that the severe resource constraints faced within Mbashe, combined with limited knowledge of and participation in larger planning and resource mobilisation frameworks, lock Local Economic Development within the top-down and investmentled approaches, rather than the more integrated approach that is promoted in terms of legislation and that is required if poverty is to be addressed successfully. The limitations on state fiscal expenditure and the market-led approach to service provision and economic development, implemented in terms of South Africa's macroeconomic framework, combined with limited synchronisation of planning cycles in which integrated development planning at the local level is privileged, leave little scope for endogenous economic development at local level. There is scope for creative engagement with the interlocking local, provincial, national and continental economies by actively shifting resources in support of integrated, endogenous approaches. Such approaches could serve as counter-narratives to the dominance of neoliberalism and allow for the establishment of local economic development practice that addresses the needs of the poor and that builds integrated local economies under the control of democratic institutions. It is only with such a shifting of approach that economic development within Mbashe will shift the structural conditions that lock it into economic dependence and poverty.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Reynolds, John Hunter
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , South Africa -- Economic policy , Planning -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:3353 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007490 , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , South Africa -- Economic policy , Planning -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Planning for economic development at the local level has become increasingly important in many countries of the world. South Africa is no exception and has had the local focus entrenched through constitutional provisions for developmental local government. This developmental approach has been intimately linked to, and influenced by, the broader legislative, policy and planning context within which the development challenges of post-Apartheid South Africa have been addressed. It has also been implemented in a context of far-reaching transformation of public institutions aimed, in the final analysis, at the effective functioning of three spheres of government. In this thesis, the Mbashe Local Municipal area is used as a case study for an examination of the linkages between economic development planning at the local, provincial and national levels. It is not a case study in the sense that an in-depth analysis of practice is undertaken; it is used rather as a lens through which the economic development planning activities of the three spheres of government are viewed. Its value as a lens lies in its location in the former Transkei, which is characterised by high levels of unemployment and poverty and low levels of service infrastructure, and in its status as one of the newly demarcated local municipalities in South Africa. Mbashe is a pilot site of the Promotion of Rural Livelihoods Programme, which has been linked to the Eastern Cape Province's Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Programme. It also includes one of the nodes of the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative, which has, since 1998, been promoted as a vehicle for economic development in the former Transkei. Research comprised extensive documentary research, individual interviews with key role players in the Mbashe Local Municipality, the Promotion of Rural Livelihoods Programme and the Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative, and a group interview with members of the Local Economic Development Sub-Committee of the Mbashe Local Municipal Council. An attempt was made to understand the complex layers of policy and planning frameworks that guide planning at the national and provincial levels and within which local level economic development is situated, and to explore the responses that have been forged by agents within the Mbashe area. Key in this endeavour has been the initiatives developed under the guidance of the Mbashe Local Economic Development Sub-Committee. It is argued that the severe resource constraints faced within Mbashe, combined with limited knowledge of and participation in larger planning and resource mobilisation frameworks, lock Local Economic Development within the top-down and investmentled approaches, rather than the more integrated approach that is promoted in terms of legislation and that is required if poverty is to be addressed successfully. The limitations on state fiscal expenditure and the market-led approach to service provision and economic development, implemented in terms of South Africa's macroeconomic framework, combined with limited synchronisation of planning cycles in which integrated development planning at the local level is privileged, leave little scope for endogenous economic development at local level. There is scope for creative engagement with the interlocking local, provincial, national and continental economies by actively shifting resources in support of integrated, endogenous approaches. Such approaches could serve as counter-narratives to the dominance of neoliberalism and allow for the establishment of local economic development practice that addresses the needs of the poor and that builds integrated local economies under the control of democratic institutions. It is only with such a shifting of approach that economic development within Mbashe will shift the structural conditions that lock it into economic dependence and poverty.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Cognitive behavioural treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome: an in-depth case study
- Authors: Rusch, Mary L
- Date: 2001
- Subjects: Chronic fatigue syndrome , Chronic fatigue syndrome -- Psychological aspects , Chronic fatigue syndrome -- Exercise therapy , Chronic fatigue syndrome -- Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3046 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002555
- Description: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a chronic disabling condition characterised by persistent physical and mental fatigue, and a variety of somatic, psychological and neurological symptoms. The aetiology of CFS is unknown and the cause of the illness remains controversial. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a non-pharmacological treatment approach that has been shown to be effective in treating patients with CFS. It is based on a model that hypothesises that certain maladaptive thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs may contribute to self-defeating behaviour that perpetuates symptoms and disability, and thereby impedes recovery. The main aim of this study was to critically examine the cognitive-behavioural approach of CFS outlined by Sharpe, Chalder, Palmer & Wessely (1997) by conducting three in-depth case studies. An additional aim was to present a full cognitive developmental case conceptualisation of CFS based on the theories of Leahy (1996) and Young (1994). This case study evaluated the effectiveness of a CBT treatment programme in a 48-year-old Caucasian woman diagnosed with CFS for three years. The treatment consisted of sixteen sessions of CBT and was evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the basis of this study, a set of core maladaptive schema in the area of disconnection and rejection was identified. In addition, it was found that specific compensatory schemas had developed to offset the core maladaptive schemas and that this compensatory strategy played an important role in maintaining the condition. The results also showed a significant decline in fatigue coupled with a moderate decline in functional disability and depression. A one-month follow-up interview revealed evidence of a substantial consolidation of therapeutic gains in that the improvements observed at the end of the treatment were sustained. Finally, the feasibility of incorporating a cognitive-developmental and/or schema-focused model into the standard CBT treatment model is discussed and the case study method as a research toll is evaluated in light of the findings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2001
- Authors: Rusch, Mary L
- Date: 2001
- Subjects: Chronic fatigue syndrome , Chronic fatigue syndrome -- Psychological aspects , Chronic fatigue syndrome -- Exercise therapy , Chronic fatigue syndrome -- Treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3046 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002555
- Description: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a chronic disabling condition characterised by persistent physical and mental fatigue, and a variety of somatic, psychological and neurological symptoms. The aetiology of CFS is unknown and the cause of the illness remains controversial. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a non-pharmacological treatment approach that has been shown to be effective in treating patients with CFS. It is based on a model that hypothesises that certain maladaptive thoughts and dysfunctional beliefs may contribute to self-defeating behaviour that perpetuates symptoms and disability, and thereby impedes recovery. The main aim of this study was to critically examine the cognitive-behavioural approach of CFS outlined by Sharpe, Chalder, Palmer & Wessely (1997) by conducting three in-depth case studies. An additional aim was to present a full cognitive developmental case conceptualisation of CFS based on the theories of Leahy (1996) and Young (1994). This case study evaluated the effectiveness of a CBT treatment programme in a 48-year-old Caucasian woman diagnosed with CFS for three years. The treatment consisted of sixteen sessions of CBT and was evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the basis of this study, a set of core maladaptive schema in the area of disconnection and rejection was identified. In addition, it was found that specific compensatory schemas had developed to offset the core maladaptive schemas and that this compensatory strategy played an important role in maintaining the condition. The results also showed a significant decline in fatigue coupled with a moderate decline in functional disability and depression. A one-month follow-up interview revealed evidence of a substantial consolidation of therapeutic gains in that the improvements observed at the end of the treatment were sustained. Finally, the feasibility of incorporating a cognitive-developmental and/or schema-focused model into the standard CBT treatment model is discussed and the case study method as a research toll is evaluated in light of the findings.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2001
Homogenous and heterogenous catalytic activity of metallophthalocyanines towards electrochemical detection of organic compounds
- Authors: Mafatle, Tsukutlane J P
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Electrochemistry , Organic compounds , Phenols
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4316 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004974 , Electrochemistry , Organic compounds , Phenols
- Description: Cysteine plays an important role in many biological and pharmaceutical systems. Therefore, in view of its importance, it is essential to find means of detecting it at the lowest possible levels. In this regard, electrochemical techniques have been found to be capable of detecting analytes even at micro levels. However, electrochemical determination of cysteine occurs at a very high potentials. These overpotentials makes quantitative analysis or detection of cysteine difficult at most conventional carbon electrodes. On platinum electrode, the oxidation of cysteine has been reported to occur in the potential range 0.7 to 1.45 V (vs NHE). Therefore, the object of this investigative study has been to find an active complex that could replace platinum and other expensive metals as electrodes. Such a complex should also be capable of reducing the potential at which the oxidation of cysteine occurs on carbon electrodes. As a result, this manuscript gives a full report on the investigative study of electrocatalytic activity of molybdenum phthalocyanine complexes towards detection of cysteine. Molybdenum phthalocyanine, OMo(OH)Pc, and its tetrasulfonated derivative, [OMo(OH)TSPc]⁴⁻ were successfully used to reduce the potential needed to initiate the oxidation of cysteine on carbon paste electrodes (CPE). The oxidation of cysteine on CPE modified with [OMo(OH)Pc]⁴⁻ was found to occur at 0.29 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and in the presence of [OMo(OH)TSPc]⁴⁻ species in solution the oxidation occurred at 0.33 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Molybdenum, in the oxidation states of Mo(IV), Mo(V) and Mo(VI), is found in biological systems as an essential trace element, participating in a number of enzymatic reactions, where it is believed to be coordinated to sulphur-containing ligands in many molybdenum enzymes. This therefore explains why molybdenum phthalocyanines were employed in electroanalytical detection of sulphur containing amino acid, cysteine. Electrochemical methods have also been successfully used in detection of environmental pollutants such as phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are oxidised at readily accessible potentials. However, like cysteine, there are problems associated with the electrochemical detection of these important environmental pollutants. Their electrooxidation is known to form dimeric and/or polymeric oxidation products which adsorb onto the electrode surface, thus -videactivating it. Therefore, to address this problem, cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) and its tetrasulfonated derivative, [CoTSPc]⁴⁻ were employed in electrocatalytic detection of phenolic compounds. These complexes were found to increase the anodic peak currents for the oxidation of o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, phenol, 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol. In addition, CoPc deposited onto the glassy carbon electrode improved the stability of the electrode, by reducing electrode poisoning caused by the electrooxidation products of the mentioned phenolic compounds. The potential at which the oxidation occurred and the current response of individual phenolic compounds depended on the degree of substitution and the type of substituent on the phenol molecule. In general, the current response was found to be lower for chlorinated phenols compared with the cresols and phenol. To establish the role of the central metal in the catalytic process, comparison of the electrocatalytic activity of some of the first row transition metal phthalocyanines, for the detection of mono-substituted phenolic compounds, showed the following trend: Co⁽¹¹⁾ > Mn⁽¹¹⁾ > Fe⁽¹¹⁾Pc > Ni⁽¹¹⁾Pc > Cu⁽¹¹⁾Pc > H₂Pc > Zn⁽¹¹⁾Pc > Bare GCE. A report is also given on electrocatalysis using [CoTSPc]⁴⁻ electrochemically deposited on the glassy carbon electrode. This was also found to enhance the anodic peak currents for the oxidation of all phenolic compounds. A report on the effects of scan rate, operating potential, analyte concentration and other variables is also given.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1998
- Authors: Mafatle, Tsukutlane J P
- Date: 1998
- Subjects: Electrochemistry , Organic compounds , Phenols
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4316 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004974 , Electrochemistry , Organic compounds , Phenols
- Description: Cysteine plays an important role in many biological and pharmaceutical systems. Therefore, in view of its importance, it is essential to find means of detecting it at the lowest possible levels. In this regard, electrochemical techniques have been found to be capable of detecting analytes even at micro levels. However, electrochemical determination of cysteine occurs at a very high potentials. These overpotentials makes quantitative analysis or detection of cysteine difficult at most conventional carbon electrodes. On platinum electrode, the oxidation of cysteine has been reported to occur in the potential range 0.7 to 1.45 V (vs NHE). Therefore, the object of this investigative study has been to find an active complex that could replace platinum and other expensive metals as electrodes. Such a complex should also be capable of reducing the potential at which the oxidation of cysteine occurs on carbon electrodes. As a result, this manuscript gives a full report on the investigative study of electrocatalytic activity of molybdenum phthalocyanine complexes towards detection of cysteine. Molybdenum phthalocyanine, OMo(OH)Pc, and its tetrasulfonated derivative, [OMo(OH)TSPc]⁴⁻ were successfully used to reduce the potential needed to initiate the oxidation of cysteine on carbon paste electrodes (CPE). The oxidation of cysteine on CPE modified with [OMo(OH)Pc]⁴⁻ was found to occur at 0.29 V (vs Ag/AgCl), and in the presence of [OMo(OH)TSPc]⁴⁻ species in solution the oxidation occurred at 0.33 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Molybdenum, in the oxidation states of Mo(IV), Mo(V) and Mo(VI), is found in biological systems as an essential trace element, participating in a number of enzymatic reactions, where it is believed to be coordinated to sulphur-containing ligands in many molybdenum enzymes. This therefore explains why molybdenum phthalocyanines were employed in electroanalytical detection of sulphur containing amino acid, cysteine. Electrochemical methods have also been successfully used in detection of environmental pollutants such as phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are oxidised at readily accessible potentials. However, like cysteine, there are problems associated with the electrochemical detection of these important environmental pollutants. Their electrooxidation is known to form dimeric and/or polymeric oxidation products which adsorb onto the electrode surface, thus -videactivating it. Therefore, to address this problem, cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) and its tetrasulfonated derivative, [CoTSPc]⁴⁻ were employed in electrocatalytic detection of phenolic compounds. These complexes were found to increase the anodic peak currents for the oxidation of o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, phenol, 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol. In addition, CoPc deposited onto the glassy carbon electrode improved the stability of the electrode, by reducing electrode poisoning caused by the electrooxidation products of the mentioned phenolic compounds. The potential at which the oxidation occurred and the current response of individual phenolic compounds depended on the degree of substitution and the type of substituent on the phenol molecule. In general, the current response was found to be lower for chlorinated phenols compared with the cresols and phenol. To establish the role of the central metal in the catalytic process, comparison of the electrocatalytic activity of some of the first row transition metal phthalocyanines, for the detection of mono-substituted phenolic compounds, showed the following trend: Co⁽¹¹⁾ > Mn⁽¹¹⁾ > Fe⁽¹¹⁾Pc > Ni⁽¹¹⁾Pc > Cu⁽¹¹⁾Pc > H₂Pc > Zn⁽¹¹⁾Pc > Bare GCE. A report is also given on electrocatalysis using [CoTSPc]⁴⁻ electrochemically deposited on the glassy carbon electrode. This was also found to enhance the anodic peak currents for the oxidation of all phenolic compounds. A report on the effects of scan rate, operating potential, analyte concentration and other variables is also given.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1998
Determination of the optimum environmental requirements of juvenile marine fish : the development of a protocol
- Authors: Deacon, Neil
- Date: 1997
- Subjects: Mariculture Fishes -- Ecology Grunts (Fishes) -- Ecology Pomadasys -- Ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5254 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005097
- Description: The spotted grunter, Pomodasys commersonnii, has been identified as a candidate species for mariculture in South Africa due to its high market demand and apparent biological suitability for culture. In common with most other potential mariculture species the spotted grunter has an estuarine juvenile phase. In this respect, the difficulties encountered in determining the optimum environmental requirements of spotted grunter are applicable to the majority of other potential mariculture species. Due the variability of estuarine habitats determination of the optimum environmental requirements of estuarine species under laboratory conditions are a prerequisite to subsequent evaluation of aquaculture potential. Therefore, using the spotted grunter as a representative of a typical potent ial mariculture species, the aim of this study was to contribute to the protocol for evaluating the environmental requirements of potential aquaculture species. The growth of fish is dependent on the relationship between food intake, metabolism and environmental factors. In this relationship, environmental factors do not act on growth per se, but rather act through metabolism on growth. Consequently, the environmental factors affecting the growth of a fish species can be classified into functional categories according to their respective influence on metabolic processes. Five functional categories are recognised, namely: controlling, limiting, masking, directive and lethal factors. In this study, the functional categories were sequenced to develop a theoretical protocol for determining the optimum environmental requirements of potential mariculture species under artificial conditions. It was hypothesised that the correct sequence for experimentally determining the optimum environmental requirements of a species should correspond to theoretical protocol. The hypothesis was tested from the experimental investigation into the individual effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity, photoperiod and food intake on growth performance of juvenile spotted grunter. The investigations quantified the relative effects of controlling, masking, directive and limiting factors on growth performance. The results of the studies were statistically compared to obtain a ranking of the effects of the environmental factors (e.g. temperature, salinity, etc.) on growth performance of juvenile spotted grunter. The statistical ranking facilitated the formulation of a second protocol for sequentially determining the optimum environmental requirements of a species. The second protocol was derived purely from the experimental data. Based on the corroboration between the theoretical protocol and that formulated from the experimental investigations, the hypothesis was accepted. Confirmation of the protocol for examining the effects of controlling, limiting, masking and directive factors provided a basis for the development of a preliminary experimental sequence for determining the optimum environmental requirements of juvenile marine fish. In the development of the experimental sequence, the protocol was interpreted in conjunction with the experimental methods used to determine the effects of environmental factors on the growth of juvenile spotted grunter. The experimental sequence provides a logical frame work within which the optimum environmental requirements of other marine fish species can be determined. In addition, evaluation of growth performance by this method provides a basis for comparison of the mariculture potential between species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1997
- Authors: Deacon, Neil
- Date: 1997
- Subjects: Mariculture Fishes -- Ecology Grunts (Fishes) -- Ecology Pomadasys -- Ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5254 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005097
- Description: The spotted grunter, Pomodasys commersonnii, has been identified as a candidate species for mariculture in South Africa due to its high market demand and apparent biological suitability for culture. In common with most other potential mariculture species the spotted grunter has an estuarine juvenile phase. In this respect, the difficulties encountered in determining the optimum environmental requirements of spotted grunter are applicable to the majority of other potential mariculture species. Due the variability of estuarine habitats determination of the optimum environmental requirements of estuarine species under laboratory conditions are a prerequisite to subsequent evaluation of aquaculture potential. Therefore, using the spotted grunter as a representative of a typical potent ial mariculture species, the aim of this study was to contribute to the protocol for evaluating the environmental requirements of potential aquaculture species. The growth of fish is dependent on the relationship between food intake, metabolism and environmental factors. In this relationship, environmental factors do not act on growth per se, but rather act through metabolism on growth. Consequently, the environmental factors affecting the growth of a fish species can be classified into functional categories according to their respective influence on metabolic processes. Five functional categories are recognised, namely: controlling, limiting, masking, directive and lethal factors. In this study, the functional categories were sequenced to develop a theoretical protocol for determining the optimum environmental requirements of potential mariculture species under artificial conditions. It was hypothesised that the correct sequence for experimentally determining the optimum environmental requirements of a species should correspond to theoretical protocol. The hypothesis was tested from the experimental investigation into the individual effects of temperature, salinity, light intensity, photoperiod and food intake on growth performance of juvenile spotted grunter. The investigations quantified the relative effects of controlling, masking, directive and limiting factors on growth performance. The results of the studies were statistically compared to obtain a ranking of the effects of the environmental factors (e.g. temperature, salinity, etc.) on growth performance of juvenile spotted grunter. The statistical ranking facilitated the formulation of a second protocol for sequentially determining the optimum environmental requirements of a species. The second protocol was derived purely from the experimental data. Based on the corroboration between the theoretical protocol and that formulated from the experimental investigations, the hypothesis was accepted. Confirmation of the protocol for examining the effects of controlling, limiting, masking and directive factors provided a basis for the development of a preliminary experimental sequence for determining the optimum environmental requirements of juvenile marine fish. In the development of the experimental sequence, the protocol was interpreted in conjunction with the experimental methods used to determine the effects of environmental factors on the growth of juvenile spotted grunter. The experimental sequence provides a logical frame work within which the optimum environmental requirements of other marine fish species can be determined. In addition, evaluation of growth performance by this method provides a basis for comparison of the mariculture potential between species.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1997
Fuzzy uniform spaces
- Authors: Burton, Michael Howard
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: Fuzzy sets -- Research Uniform spaces -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005222
- Description: For a fuzzy uniform space, the notion of a Cauchy prefilter, a precompact fuzzy set, a complete fuzzy set and a bounded fuzzy set are defined in such a way that these notions are good extensions of the corresponding notions for a uniform space. A theory of fuzzy uniform spaces is developed which generalises the theory of uniform spaces.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
- Authors: Burton, Michael Howard
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: Fuzzy sets -- Research Uniform spaces -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005222
- Description: For a fuzzy uniform space, the notion of a Cauchy prefilter, a precompact fuzzy set, a complete fuzzy set and a bounded fuzzy set are defined in such a way that these notions are good extensions of the corresponding notions for a uniform space. A theory of fuzzy uniform spaces is developed which generalises the theory of uniform spaces.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
Phenology of the important coleopterous pests of pine forests in the Western Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Tribe, Geoffrey Darryl
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: Beetles -- South Africa Bark beetles -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope Scolytidae Phenology -- South Africa Phenology -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5737 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005423
- Description: The phenology of the three exotic pine bark beetles present in South Africa was determined in the south-western Cape Province. Results from weekly trapping of adult beetles using trap-logs over a period of five years showed that the different species had activity peaks at different times of the year. Hylastes angustatus was the most consistent with 95% of the beetles captured in September and October. The Orthotomicus erosus activity peak was more variable but always occurred in the summer months (October to February) when 84% of the beetles were captured. Hylurgus ligniperda was the most variable, being found in every month of the year, although an autumn peak representing 37% of the beetles occurred in April/May. Activity peaks of each species coincided with distinct climatic conditions. Buried and partially-buried pine logs placed vertically in the soil to simulate roots and stems of seedlings were used to determine the colonisation sites of the three bark beetle species. Ninety-eight percent of O. erosus beetles were found in the protruding parts of the logs while 86% of H. ligniperda beetles were found mainly below soil level. H. angustatus were intermediate, entering the logs at or just below the soil interface but colonising mainly the buried parts in which 64% of the beetles were found. Both H. angustatus and H. ligniperda were able to detect and colonise logs buried horizontally at depths of 400mm, but O. erosus beetles were unable to do so. For adequate protection of seedlings from bark beetles, insecticide should be applied to both stems and roots. The phenology of the indigenous pine needle feeders Oosomus varius (Curculionidae) and Prasoidea sericea (Chrysomelidae) was determined by counting, at weekly intervals, the number of beetles present on 10 young pine trees. The O. varius activity peak occurred in August where 42% of all beetles were active, with 87% of the beetles present in July, August and September. P. sericea also had their activity peak in August when 60% of all beetles were active, but with August and September alone accounting for 87% of the beetles. The occurrence of the activity peaks was consistent each year over the five-year study period. This information facilitates the correct timing of prophylactic insecticide sprays.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
- Authors: Tribe, Geoffrey Darryl
- Date: 1992
- Subjects: Beetles -- South Africa Bark beetles -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope Scolytidae Phenology -- South Africa Phenology -- South Africa -- Cape of Good Hope
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5737 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005423
- Description: The phenology of the three exotic pine bark beetles present in South Africa was determined in the south-western Cape Province. Results from weekly trapping of adult beetles using trap-logs over a period of five years showed that the different species had activity peaks at different times of the year. Hylastes angustatus was the most consistent with 95% of the beetles captured in September and October. The Orthotomicus erosus activity peak was more variable but always occurred in the summer months (October to February) when 84% of the beetles were captured. Hylurgus ligniperda was the most variable, being found in every month of the year, although an autumn peak representing 37% of the beetles occurred in April/May. Activity peaks of each species coincided with distinct climatic conditions. Buried and partially-buried pine logs placed vertically in the soil to simulate roots and stems of seedlings were used to determine the colonisation sites of the three bark beetle species. Ninety-eight percent of O. erosus beetles were found in the protruding parts of the logs while 86% of H. ligniperda beetles were found mainly below soil level. H. angustatus were intermediate, entering the logs at or just below the soil interface but colonising mainly the buried parts in which 64% of the beetles were found. Both H. angustatus and H. ligniperda were able to detect and colonise logs buried horizontally at depths of 400mm, but O. erosus beetles were unable to do so. For adequate protection of seedlings from bark beetles, insecticide should be applied to both stems and roots. The phenology of the indigenous pine needle feeders Oosomus varius (Curculionidae) and Prasoidea sericea (Chrysomelidae) was determined by counting, at weekly intervals, the number of beetles present on 10 young pine trees. The O. varius activity peak occurred in August where 42% of all beetles were active, with 87% of the beetles present in July, August and September. P. sericea also had their activity peak in August when 60% of all beetles were active, but with August and September alone accounting for 87% of the beetles. The occurrence of the activity peaks was consistent each year over the five-year study period. This information facilitates the correct timing of prophylactic insecticide sprays.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1992
Metallogenetic evolution of the Canadian Cordilleran Orogen
- Authors: Mathe, H L M
- Date: 1983
- Subjects: Orogeny -- Canadian Cordillera , Plate tectonics -- Canadian Cordillera , Metallogeny -- Canadian Cordillera , Geology, Structural -- Canadian Cordillera
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5025 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006890
- Description: From Introduction: The Canadian Cordilleran Orogenic Belt forms part of the circum-Pacific orogenic zone. It underlies an area of about 1,54 million sq. kilometres, is over 2400 kilometres long and 800 kilometres wide. The region is characteristically mountainous, much of it glaciated and alpine, containing plateaux, trenches, valleys, and fjords. The mountains, in general, rise to elevations between 2100 m and 3600 m above sea level, although Mount Logan in the St. Elias Mountains attains an altitude of 6000 m. The Canadian Cordillera is divided into two dominant orogenic belts: the eastern Columbian Orogenic Belt comprising defonned miogeosynclinal rocks and the western Pacific Orogenic Belt comprising allochthonous eugeosynclinal rocks. The Cordillera is further subdivided into five longitudinal tectonic belts within which rocks are broadly similar in type, age, and history. These belts are, from east to west: the Rocky Mountain Belt, the Omineca Crystalline Belt, the Intermontane Belt, the Coast Plutonic Complex, and the Insular Belt (Wheeler et al., 1972a). The Canadian Cordillera is important in that it contains: one of the world's largest lead-zinc-silver mine, Sullivan; the second-largest molybdenum mine, Endako; one of the most important concentrations of porphyry copper deposits, Highland Valley; Canada's largest tungsten mines, Cantung and Mactung; and Canada's second-largest silver district, Keno Hill (Sutherland Brown et a1., 1971). In addition, it contains several large massive sulphide and lead-zinc deposits.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1983
- Authors: Mathe, H L M
- Date: 1983
- Subjects: Orogeny -- Canadian Cordillera , Plate tectonics -- Canadian Cordillera , Metallogeny -- Canadian Cordillera , Geology, Structural -- Canadian Cordillera
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5025 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006890
- Description: From Introduction: The Canadian Cordilleran Orogenic Belt forms part of the circum-Pacific orogenic zone. It underlies an area of about 1,54 million sq. kilometres, is over 2400 kilometres long and 800 kilometres wide. The region is characteristically mountainous, much of it glaciated and alpine, containing plateaux, trenches, valleys, and fjords. The mountains, in general, rise to elevations between 2100 m and 3600 m above sea level, although Mount Logan in the St. Elias Mountains attains an altitude of 6000 m. The Canadian Cordillera is divided into two dominant orogenic belts: the eastern Columbian Orogenic Belt comprising defonned miogeosynclinal rocks and the western Pacific Orogenic Belt comprising allochthonous eugeosynclinal rocks. The Cordillera is further subdivided into five longitudinal tectonic belts within which rocks are broadly similar in type, age, and history. These belts are, from east to west: the Rocky Mountain Belt, the Omineca Crystalline Belt, the Intermontane Belt, the Coast Plutonic Complex, and the Insular Belt (Wheeler et al., 1972a). The Canadian Cordillera is important in that it contains: one of the world's largest lead-zinc-silver mine, Sullivan; the second-largest molybdenum mine, Endako; one of the most important concentrations of porphyry copper deposits, Highland Valley; Canada's largest tungsten mines, Cantung and Mactung; and Canada's second-largest silver district, Keno Hill (Sutherland Brown et a1., 1971). In addition, it contains several large massive sulphide and lead-zinc deposits.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1983
Scientific theories : a philosophical analysis
- Authors: Schwerin, Alan Kenneth
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Science -- Philosophy , Logical positivism , Realism
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2701 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001976
- Description: In this essay I have considered some of the philosophical problems involved in attempting to settle the question, What are scientific theories about? And in order to expose these problems, I have dealt with two influential responses to this question of the referents of scientific theories - namely, logical empiricism and realism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
- Authors: Schwerin, Alan Kenneth
- Date: 1979
- Subjects: Science -- Philosophy , Logical positivism , Realism
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2701 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001976
- Description: In this essay I have considered some of the philosophical problems involved in attempting to settle the question, What are scientific theories about? And in order to expose these problems, I have dealt with two influential responses to this question of the referents of scientific theories - namely, logical empiricism and realism.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1979
Abraham as a covenant mediator
- Authors: Mitchell, Gordon Barry
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Abraham (Biblical patriarch) , Covenant theology -- Biblical teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1238 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007657 , Abraham (Biblical patriarch) , Covenant theology -- Biblical teaching
- Description: Conclusion: The [Abrahamic] stories reveal a man caught up in the struggle of faith. But the God who took the initiative in establishing the Covenant shows that in spite of first appearances, He is faithful. The stories present various pictures of Abraham as a Covenant Mediator. Because he is in a sense Israel in microcosm it is not strange that he is described in the terms of Israel's most important institutions: prophet, priest, and king. Nevertheless the most significant Sitz im Leben is the family. While he is usually meant to be understood as an individual representing his immediate family, his descendants, and even all nations, at times, because he is the founding ancestor of Israel and therefore Israel in microcosm, he is best understood as a "Corporate Person". He and Israel are to be a source of blessing to the nations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
- Authors: Mitchell, Gordon Barry
- Date: 1978
- Subjects: Abraham (Biblical patriarch) , Covenant theology -- Biblical teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Bachelor , BDiv
- Identifier: vital:1238 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007657 , Abraham (Biblical patriarch) , Covenant theology -- Biblical teaching
- Description: Conclusion: The [Abrahamic] stories reveal a man caught up in the struggle of faith. But the God who took the initiative in establishing the Covenant shows that in spite of first appearances, He is faithful. The stories present various pictures of Abraham as a Covenant Mediator. Because he is in a sense Israel in microcosm it is not strange that he is described in the terms of Israel's most important institutions: prophet, priest, and king. Nevertheless the most significant Sitz im Leben is the family. While he is usually meant to be understood as an individual representing his immediate family, his descendants, and even all nations, at times, because he is the founding ancestor of Israel and therefore Israel in microcosm, he is best understood as a "Corporate Person". He and Israel are to be a source of blessing to the nations.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
A study of bantu retail traders in certain areas of the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Savage, R B
- Date: 1967
- Subjects: Retail trade -- Bantu-speaking peoples -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Black people -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1069 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007703 , Retail trade -- Bantu-speaking peoples -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Black people -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The beginning of the eighteenth century marks the start of economic relations between the colonists of the Cape and the Bantu. As early as 1702 a quarrel about the bartering of cattle had broken out between parties of Whites and Bantu, each of which had made their way, from opposite directions, into the area between the Gamtoos and the Kei Rivers. The Bantu, who were encountered in the Eastern Cape, belonged to the Xhosa-speaking tribes. They were cattle farmers who also practised some agriculture, but this was considered a subsidiary activity which was left to the women. Their economy was a self-sufficient subsistence one with each family an almost entirely self-supporting unit. Each relied on its own cattle and crops and built its own dwellings. To serve its own requirements, each family made domestic utensils out of wood, grass and clay. Iron implements were, however, made by special smiths.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1967
- Authors: Savage, R B
- Date: 1967
- Subjects: Retail trade -- Bantu-speaking peoples -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Black people -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1069 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007703 , Retail trade -- Bantu-speaking peoples -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Black people -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The beginning of the eighteenth century marks the start of economic relations between the colonists of the Cape and the Bantu. As early as 1702 a quarrel about the bartering of cattle had broken out between parties of Whites and Bantu, each of which had made their way, from opposite directions, into the area between the Gamtoos and the Kei Rivers. The Bantu, who were encountered in the Eastern Cape, belonged to the Xhosa-speaking tribes. They were cattle farmers who also practised some agriculture, but this was considered a subsidiary activity which was left to the women. Their economy was a self-sufficient subsistence one with each family an almost entirely self-supporting unit. Each relied on its own cattle and crops and built its own dwellings. To serve its own requirements, each family made domestic utensils out of wood, grass and clay. Iron implements were, however, made by special smiths.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1967