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Household food insecurity and its association with psychological well-being of pregnant women in Ghana: the role of selected psychosocial factors

  • Authors: Addai, Prince
  • Date: 2020
  • Subjects: Food security -- Ghana Households -- Ghana Self-reliance
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Industrial Psychology)
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12547 , vital:39286
  • Description: The inability to get enough food has contributed immensely to dangers confronting pregnant women, especially in the developing countries. Food insecurity has been associated with a variety of negative consequences such as poor health and wellbeing. However, the impact of food insecurity on well-being has not received the needed attention by researchers in Sub-Saharan Africa where the state of food insecurity and its consequence is very pandemic. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of food insecurity on psychological well-being and its components among pregnant women in Northern Ghana and to assess the roles of self-esteem, locus of control, proactivity, and social support on the underlying relationship. The cross-sectional survey was adopted where 386 pregnant women were recruited to complete questionnaires on demographic, some psychological factors, psychological well-being and food insecurity. Dimensionality and Item analyses were conducted to detect complex and poor items and also to ensure unidimensionality. Regression analysis, MANOVA, Baron and Kenney Model of moderation and mediation, the multivariate ANOVA and the Two-way ANOVA were used to test the hypotheses. Results indicated that the measurement and the structural models showed a good fit with the observed data. Results showed that about 37.5% (n=144) out of the 384 pregnant women experienced severe food insecurity. Food insecurity was negatively significantly related with psychological well-being and all its components among pregnant women. Food insecurity elucidated 48.5% of the observed variance of food insecurity. Food insecurity correlated highly to personal growth (β = -.327) element of psychological well-being compared to autonomy (β = -.227), interpersonal relationship (β = -.207), environmental mastery (β = -.168), self-acceptance (β = -.117), and of purpose in life (β = -.107). Self-esteem and locus of control mediated the relationship between food insecurity and psychological well-being. Proactivity and social support also moderated the nexus between food insecurity and psychological well-being. 4 Final Submission of Thesis, Dissertation or Research Report/Project, Conference or Exam Paper Having higher income status and being employed were associated positively with higher psychological well-being. Support was not found for the nexus between marital status and age with psychological well-being. Recommendations are made for pregnant mothers to be supported and empowered to boost their self-esteem and make them proactive.
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  • Date Issued: 2020

Genetic characterisation of a range of geographically distinct Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) isolates and evaluation of biological activity against South African populations of the African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hu bner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

  • Authors: Mtambanengwe, Kudzai Tapiwanashe Esau
  • Date: 2019
  • Subjects: Helicoverpa armigera -- Biological control -- South Africa , Baculoviruses -- Genetics , Agricultural pests -- Biological control -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: text , Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/97334 , vital:31426
  • Description: The African bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pest of economic and agricultural importance globally. It is a polyphagous pest that feeds on a wide range of host plants including economically important crops. The impact it has on agricultural systems makes its control a priority. The most common method of control is using chemical pesticides; however, continuous application of the pesticides has resulted in the development of resistance. The use of biological control has been investigated and established as an effective method of control as a standalone or part of an integrated pest management (IPM) system. The use of the baculovirus Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV), has shown promise in the control of H. armigera. Commercial formulations based on the virus are available in many global markets. However, the identification of novel HearNPV isolates will aid in the control of H. armigera as well as provide alternative isolates that may have better virulence. Three new HearNPV isolates were purified and identified from three distinct geographical South African locations H. armigera cadavers and named HearNPV-Albany, HearNPV-KZN and HearNPV-Haygrove. The genomes of two of the HearNPV isolates, namely HearNPV-Albany and HearNPV-KZN were genetically characterised and compared to other geographically distinct HearNPV isolates. Virulence studies were performed comparing the new HearNPV isolates against established commercial HearNPV formulations, Helicovir™ and Helicovex® and other geographically distinct isolated HearNPV, HearNPV-G4 and HearNPV-SP1. Two laboratory colonies were established using H. armigera collected from South African fields in the Belmont Valley near Grahamstown labelled as Albany colony and a colony provided from Haygrove Eden farm near George labelled as Haygrove colony. Biological studies were carried out using the Albany H. armigera colony comparing the rate of development, survival and fertility on bell green peppers, cabbage leaves and on artificial diet. From the biological studies, it was recorded that development and survivorship was best on artificial diet. Regular quality control was required for the maintenance of the colony and continuous generations of healthy larvae were eventually established. Diseased cadavers with signs of baculovirus infection were collected after bioprospecting from the Kwa-Zulu Natal Province in South Africa and were labelled KZN isolate; Belmont Valley near Grahamstown and were labelled Albany isolate; and Haygrove Eden farm near George and were labelled Haygrove isolate for the study. A fourth isolate made up of a crude extract of occlusion bodies (OBs) first described by Whitlock was also analysed and labelled Whitlock isolate. Occlusion bodies were extracted, purified and morphologically identified from the KZN, Albany, Haygrove and Whitlock isolates using TEM. Genomic DNA, which was extracted from the purified OBs. Using PCR, the identity of the OBs as HearNPV was confirmed. Genomic analyses were performed on HearNPV-Albany and HearNPV-KZN through genetic characterisation and comparison with other geographically distinct HearNPV genomes to confirm novelty and establish potential genetic relationships between the isolates through evolutionary distances. Full genomic sequencing of the isolated HearNPV and comparison with other geographically distinct HearNPV isolates identified genomic differences that showed that the HearNPV isolates were novel. HearNPV-Albany and HearNPV-KZN were successfully sequenced and identified as novel isolates with unique fragment patterns and unique gene sequences through deletions or insertions when compared to other geographically distinct HearNPV. This raised the potential for differences in biological activity against H. armigera larvae when tested through biological assays. HearNPV-Whit genome assembly had low quality data which resulted in many gaps and failed assembly. The biological activity of HearNPV isolates from Spain, China, South Africa and two commercial formulations were studied against the laboratory established H. armigera South African colony. The LC50 values of the different South African HearNPV isolates were established to be between 7.7 × 101 OBs.ml-1 for the most effective and 3.2 × 102 OBs.ml-1 for the least effective. The Spanish and Chinese HearNPV isolates resulted in LC50 values of 2.0 × 102 OBs.ml-1 and 1.2 × 101 OBs.ml-1 respectively. The commercial formulations resulted in the least virulence observed with an LC50 of 5.84× 102 OBs.ml-1 and 9.0 × 102 OBs.ml-1 for Helicovex® and Helicovir™ respectively. In this study, novel South African HearNPV isolates were isolated and identified. Through characterisation and bioassays against South African H. armigera populations the HearNPV isolates were shown to have different virulence in comparison to geographically distinct isolates. From this research, there is potential for development of new H. armigera biopesticides based on the novel isolates after field trial testing.
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  • Date Issued: 2019

Financial decision-making of fathers with social grants in Nkonkobe municipality, Eastern Cape province

  • Authors: Ketani, Nolubabalo
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Decision making Dependency Public welfare
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , Social Work
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11773 , vital:39105
  • Description: The aim of this study was to examine the role of fathers receiving social grants in family decision-making processes within households in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape Province. The study also investigated how money from social grants is utilised by fathers, taking into consideration, the impact of such decisions on the well-being of family members. A methodological triangulation approach was adopted for data collection. One hundred and seventy questionnaires were administered to beneficiaries of social grants, selected using multi stage sampling. The data was then coded on Microsoft excel package and run using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software for analysis. These yielded quantitative results which were then complemented by qualitative results obtained from 25 in-depth interviews conducted with caregivers residing with respondents. The major findings of the study revealed that most fathers earning social grants, made family decisions with their partners. Co-operative bargaining, resulting in the distribution of power in the decision-making process is relatively more prominent in most poor rural households. The effect of bargaining power emphasises the importance of gender empowerment in family decision-making processes. On the other hand, it is established that economic factors (such as income and employment status and age as a social factor) play a critical role in positioning other household members in decision-making within the family. As a result, children and unemployed household members have very limited decision power. The findings also revealed that social grants are the main source of income, if not, the only source of income in most households. Beneficiaries spend the money received on basic needs such as food, school fees, clothing and health, thus reducing hunger and suffering among beneficiaries. Therefore, social grants play a significant role in improving food security among poor households. Additionally, social grants are not only used for meeting individual needs of target groups of people in the household but for the entire needs of the household. The poverty gap been on the decline and such drop has been significant among poorest of the poor. Consequently, they impact positively beyond individual recipients and thus, strengthening intergenerational relations within poor families. Furthermore, it is established from the study that the role of male caregivers is an important one, and it is anticipated that many fathers will be involved in caregiving in the future. This is due to a variety of social demographic factors such as divorce, substance abuse, incarceration of parents, child abuse and neglect, health problems and death. Consequently, fathers receiving social grants, represent an important resource for poor households, especially for children. In a nutshell, with high incidences of poverty, coupled with HIV/AIDS epidemic, economic hardships, high rate of unemployment, absent parents and orphan crisis; the experiences and contributions of social grant earning fathers in caregiving, need to be acknowledged as they play a significant and benevolent role in well-being of family members, especially in the lives of children from vulnerable and poor homes. It is recommended that government should focus on promoting developmental policies that will contribute to poverty alleviation and reduce income inequalities in rural communities. Intervention plans should seek to develop exit programmes that capacitate households and communities to empower themselves. On the other hand, the development of support for male caregivers in private, public and community initiatives are commended to build capacity and empower fathers to cope with challenges associated with parenting.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

Removal rate of endocrine disruptors (phthalates and phenolic compounds) in effluents of selected wastewater treatment plants operated under different treatment technologies in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

  • Authors: Salaudeen, Taofeek Gbenga
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Water -- Purification Phenols
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/8552 , vital:33113
  • Description: The presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) and certain phenolic compounds widely known as endocrine disruptors in environmental waters such as treated wastewaters constitutes health hazard to human and aquatic lives. Unfortunately, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) only partially remove these synthetic chemical compounds from wastewater. In order to forestall the health challenge faced by rural dwellers, which rely on surface water for their daily needs, the present study embarked on investigating these endocrine disruptors in Municipal wastewater in the Amathole and Buffalo Districts in the Eastern Cape, South Africa and their removal rate by different WWTP technologies. One WWTP each from Adelaide, Alice, Bedford, Berlin and Seymour, using activated sludge (AS), trickling filter (TF), and oxidation pond (OP) technology were randomly selected. Some physicochemical parameters of these wastewaters were determined on-site using standard methods and the extraction method for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water was validated using solid phase extraction (SPE). Extracts were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Nine phenolic compounds; phenol (PH), 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 4-chloro-3-methylphenol (4-C-3MP), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and six priority PAEs namely; dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were the investigated EDCs. PAEs were extracted from dried sludge samples in an ultrasonic bath using dichloromethane. Some physicochemical parameters of the wastewater assessed revealed that treatment processes of AS, TF, and OP reduced turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) while dissolved oxygen (DO) was increased. There was no significant influence on temperature and pH across the sampling points. Except for turbidity, the quality of effluent released mostly falls within South Africa standard limits for domestic and recreational water. The nine phenolic compounds were detected across the sampling points for all the WWTPs at different frequencies. The prominent phenolic compounds were 2-NP, 4-C-3MP, PCP, and 2,4-DMP with concentrations ranging from 3.3 (2,4-DMP) – 83.0 μgL-1 (4-C-3MP) in the influents. However, their concentrations in the effluents and receiving water bodies were below tolerable limits of 5 μgL-1 set by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Union (EU) for domestic use. The removal capacities of the WWTPs varied between 33 and 96 percent. The six PAEs were detected in all water samples from all the WWTPs. DBP was the most abundant compound in all the sampling points and sometimes DEHP in some receiving waters. The maximum detection for DBP in influent, effluent, downstream and sludge were 2,488 μgL-1 (Alice), 26.47 μgL-1 (Adelaide), 115.3 μgL-1 (Seymour) and 1,249 μg/g dw (Alice), respectively. DEHP was the highest detected PAE in the upstream 17.53 μgL-1 (Seymour). There was a notable reduction of all PAEs in the final effluent with a removal efficiency which varied as much as 61.9 – 99.5 percent except for AS in Seymour which operated a single tank system (27.3 - 93.7 percent). Removal mechanisms continued more on adsorption on settling particles and sludge than biodegradation as this study found a high positive correlation between TSS, turbidity and PAEs removal. The concentrations of PAEs detected in the receiving waters were above 1.3 and 3μgL-1 limit standard set by the EU and USEPA, respectively for DEHP in surface water. Similarly, the average concentrations of DBP, BBP, DEHP and DOP which vary as much as 25.97 (BBP) – 1249 μg/g d.w (DBP) in sludge samples were above EU legislation of 100 μg/g d.w. for agricultural use. AS technology, showed a better performance in the removal of PAEs (77 – 99 percent), followed by TF (76 – 98 percent) and OP (61 – 98 percent). In conclusion, the PAE concentration in the WWTP effluents impacted negatively on the receiving water bodies and sewage sludge unlike the phenolic compounds that were notably reduced below the acceptable limits. Perhaps, due to the meagre amounts of the phenolic compounds that was detected entering the WWTPs. In order to avert the potential health risk to aquatic organisms’ and rural dwellers, it is exigent that constituted authorities gather more information on micro-pollutants in the environment as a basis for regulations on the use of these dangerous chemicals in industries.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

The design of a new muncipal council chamber in central Port Elizabeth

  • Authors: Cizek, Judy Ann
  • Date: 2017
  • Subjects: Municipal buildings -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Designs and plans , Architecture -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth -- Designs and plan , Architecture -- South Africa -- Port Elizabeth
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MArch
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/39315 , vital:35078
  • Description: The student protests in South Africa in 2015 and 2016 that called for ‘decolonisation’ sparked an interest in the contested heritage of a multi-cultural society. In the South African context, there are different experiences and perceptions of the past that have resulted in contested narratives that compete for dominance in the collective memory of society today. Colonialism and its ideologies have shaped the South African built environment, as well as the social construct. Colonialism may not still be an active agent today, but its legacy continues to filter into the lives of South Africans. Apartheid was an extreme extension of colonialist ideology. Since the dawn of South Africa’s democracy, the country has been in a state of post-regime hangover and faced with the task of building a new national identity. This treatise explores the notions of memory and identity to position the indigenous cultures of Southern Africa next to the dominance of colonial culture and to create a dialogue between the legacy of colonial built heritage and post-colonial national identity. Port Elizabeth is the ideal context in which to explore the realm of post-colonial identity in architecture, as it was the first major British settler town and formed the heart of British colonialism. The Old Post Office building complex in Port Elizabeth offers an opportunity for the explorations of postcolonial theory, as it is undoubtedly a colonial building and needs drastic intervention, which could allow more room for adaptation than a building that is in better condition. The building programme for the adaptive reuse of the Old Post Office building complex will be a new municipal council chamber and offices which will act as an extension to the Port Elizabeth city hall. The aim of this treatise is to design an appropriate architectural intervention for the Old Post Office building in Central Port Elizabeth. This architectural intervention must acknowledge and respect the colonial heritage but focus on being a post-colonial building of the future by becoming a useful and relevant place for the people of Central Port Elizabeth. This is achieved through understanding what it means to be postcolonial and what this means for architecture by understanding the spatial implications of colonial planning in Port Elizabeth, the spatial planning of indigenous South African statement patterns and the heritage laws and conservation principles. This will be done through literature reviews, spatial studies, interviews and precedent studies in order to find a strategy for designing a new municipal council chamber in for the Old Post Office building complex in Port Elizabeth.
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  • Date Issued: 2017

The Contribution of fruit from trees to improve household nutritional security in the context of deforestation in Cameroon

  • Authors: Tata epse Ngome, Precillia Ijang
  • Date: 2016
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/793 , vital:19991
  • Description: Cameroon needs healthy citizens to archive emergence by 2035. Malnutrition and undernourishment is the highest burden in the World in recent times and a silent crisis facing most rural communities in forest areas of Cameroon. Its abstruseness makes extremely fragile political, social and economic planning to foster development in such areas. Therefore, it is time we bring appropriate understanding and new strategies on unpacking the complexities of food and nutritional security and define practical solutions to food insecurity. Working in the context of increasing deforestation, this thesis brings evidence on the situation of household food insecurity (FIS) access experience in forest areas which is not reported in current discussions at the national level. It further investigates the knowledge and awareness of households on the availability, accessibility, utilisation, vulnerability and consumption of nutrient rich food items using the example of fruits from trees. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate strategies for addressing household FIS through increased domestic supply and consumption of fruits from trees in the context of deforestation in Cameroon. Data were collected through four rounds of structured interviews completed between August 2013 and October 2014. Analysis was done using simple citations and ordering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Likert scale, χ2-test of association and Cramer's V coefficient to test the strength of the association and means and ANOVA. The HFIAS approach used to determine household FIS. Only 1% of the population were food secure and the moderately deforested zone showed the worst trends in food insecurity. Therefore, the effect of deforestation was nuanced. Diverse fruit trees were registered. Households said they required fruits only 2.4 ± 1.5 times per week. Recently, the intake of 400 g of fruit per person per day for good health was announced as a priority of international recognition. However, households were not aware of the importance and frequency of fruit consumption with less than 50% of households eating fruits daily during the harvesting season. Fruit tree nurseries where scarce and seeds where obtained from local sources. Fruit tree diseases where rampant and up to 50% harvest lost was registered for some fruits species. This study has shown that food availability does not necessarily mean adequate food intake. Three opinions about fruit trees and the prevalence of food insecurity in Cameroon has been raised in this thesis. First, there is ineffectiveness in the eradication of FIS because even in agricultural conducive environments, hunger and food insecurity are still prevalent at high rates. Therefore, effective and efficient targeting of food insecured groups need to be promoted in all clusters of the population. Secondly, the national nutrition program is neglecting sensitisation on food consumption patterns and therefore people are not making use of nutrient rich foods even when this maybe found around their environments - taking the case of fruits from trees. Thus, very few people ate fruits and at irregular frequencies of consumption. Thus, there is need to design special campaign programs to promote the consumption of fruits from trees. Thirdly, the word-of-mouth or neighbour-to-neighbour dissemination approach on fruit trees planting has not been efficient across communities. As such nurseries where scarce and people obtained fruit trees plants from natural regeneration or found them on the field when establishing the field. Therefore, in this research, it is postulated that no matter the nature of efforts and level of intervention, what is certain is that addressing FIS requires effective targeting of the vulnerable population and the implementation of novel and practical approaches on promoting access to and consumption of fruits in the right frequencies. This research further revealed that poor eating habits was a problem and lack of knowledge about the frequency and intake of nutrient rich food was serious. For instance, people were not aware on the recommended frequency of fruit consumption and people ate infested fruit while reserving the healthy ones for sale. This is the trap of the food insecurity problem in some regions – knowledge about foods and ways of food utilisation. This is neither a problem of availability nor accessibility, but rather a problem of lack of knowledge and lack of sensitisation. From FAO reports on the state of food insecurity in the world and other studies of food intake in most developing nation, poor food consumption is a global problem in most poor regions and even in rich areas affected by obesity. Thus, there is a need to establish a high level policy framework maybe in the form of a convention or an intergovernmental panel at the level of the United Nations and/or the African Union on ‘reducing malnutrition in all its forms (rates, drivers and consequences on human health and the environment)’. This structure will promote setting priorities, strategies, monitoring on peoples eating habits, setting nutritional standards, and principles and indicators for observing under nutrition, over nutrition and associated problems within all population strata.
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  • Date Issued: 2016

Understanding how Grade 11 Biology teachers mediate learning of respiration: A Namibian case study

  • Authors: Amutenya, Laina N
  • Date: 2015
  • Subjects: Biology -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Namibia , Respiration -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- Namibia
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: vital:2020 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017331
  • Description: The new curriculum in Namibia has introduced a new approach to teaching and learning requiring teachers to make use of learners’ prior everyday knowledge (PEK) including indigenous knowledge (IK) and practical work/activities. It further emphasizes some variations in teaching methods such as; the use of analogies, the use of mind maps, and so forth with the aim to actively involve learners in the learning process and develop skills to solve global challenges. The emphasis is on understanding of knowledge, skills and the will to use them appropriately throughout their lives. The main aim of this study was to understand and document how Biology teachers mediate learning of the topic respiration. Informed by an interpretive paradigm, a qualitative case study was conducted at two secondary schools in the Kunene region. The participants were selected using a convenience sampling. Data were gathered using three main sources, namely, documents, semi-structured interview questions which culminated into a questionnaire and observations. Triangulation was thus used to give credibility, objectivity and validity to the interpretation of the data. Data analysis in this case study involved a multi-stage process of organizing, coding and categorizing, synthesizing and summarizing. The audio recorded lessons were transcribed into text and I analyzed data using a colour coding technique by segmenting and labelling text to identify descriptions and broad themes in the data. Vygotsky’s Mediation of Learning and Social Constructivism in conjunction with Shulman’s Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) informed the data analysis process. Teacher-learner interactions were the main theme for mediation of learning (social constructivist perspective), hence during analysis I paid more attention to moments where interactions evolved and I used PCK to gain insights in teaching and instructional strategies used by teachers. The findings of this study revealed that: 1) teachers endeavor to use a variety of teaching methods such as the use of a mind maps and question and answer method. Learners were keen to ask questions in order to understand this topic. 2) The study also revealed that a lack of practical activities is one of the challenges teachers are faced with. Based on my research findings, I therefore suggest that there is a need for continuous professional development of biology teachers and capacity building in order to improve both their content and pedagogical content knowledge.
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  • Date Issued: 2015

A discourse analysis of print media constructions of 'Muslim' people in British newspapers

  • Authors: Nanabawa, Sumaiya
  • Date: 2013
  • Subjects: Muslims -- Great Britain -- Public opinion Islam -- Great Britain -- Public opinion Racism in mass media Mass media -- Political aspects -- Great Britain Mass media -- Social aspects -- Great Britain Journalism -- Social aspects Journalism, Commercial -- Great Britain
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:3132 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006767
  • Description: This research study aimed to examine how the identity of ' Muslim' people is constructed in British print media today, and whether or not these constructions promote or undermine a xeno-racist project. The research draws on the idea that identity is partly constructed through representation, with an emphasis on how language can be used to construct and position people in different ways. Using a social constructionist paradigm, the study further considers the role that print media has in providing a discursive field within which the construction and reproduction of racist attitudes and ideologies in contemporary global society can take place. Sixty-five newspaper articles were selected from the online archives of British newspapers, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph using systematic random sampling. These were analysed using the six stages of Foucauldian discourse analysis outlined by Carla Willig. To provide a more fruitful account, the analysis also incorporated the methods of Potter and Wetherell whose focus is on the function of discourse, as well as van Langenhove and Harre's focus on subject positioning, and Parker's use of Foucauldian analysis which looks at power distributions. The analysis revealed that Muslims are discursively constructed as a direct politicised or terror threat, often drawing on discourses of sharia law, and Muslim-Christian relationships. They are also constructed as a cultural threat, drawing on discourses of isolation, oppressed women, the veil/headscarf, identity, visibility and integration. The analysis also showed some variation in constructions, and these extended from the racialization of Muslims to showing the compatibility between Islamic and western values. This study discusses the form these different constructions take and the possible implications these constructions might have in contributing toward a prejudiced and largely negative image of Islam and Muslims.
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  • Date Issued: 2013

The heuristic significance of enacted visualisation

  • Authors: Samson, Duncan Alistair
  • Date: 2012
  • Subjects: Heuristic Visualization Problem solving Pattern perception Problem solving -- Ability testing Mathematics -- Study and teaching Education -- Research Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:1552 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003434
  • Description: This study is centred on an analysis of pupils' lived experience while engaged in the generalisation of linear sequences/progressions presented in a pictorial context. The study is oriented within the conceptual framework of qualitative research, and is anchored within an interpretive paradigm. A case study methodological strategy was adopted, the research participants being the members of a mixed gender, high ability Grade 9 class of 23 pupils at an independent school in South Africa. The analytical framework is structured around a combination of complementary multiple perspectives provided by three theoretical ideas, enactivism, figural apprehension, and knowledge objectification. An important aspect of this analytical framework is the sensitivity it shows to the visual, phenomenological and semiotic aspects of figural pattern generalisation. It is the central thesis of this study that the combined complementary multiple perspectives of enactivism, figural apprehension and knowledge objectification provide a powerful depth of analysis to the exploration of the inter-relationship between the embodied processes of pattern generalisation and the visualisation of pictorial cues. The richly textured tapestry of activity captured through a multi-systemic semiotic analysis of participants' generalisation activity stands testament to this central thesis. Insights gleaned from this study are presented as practical strategies which support and encourage a multiple representational approach to pattern generalisation in the pedagogical context of the classroom.
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  • Date Issued: 2012

ATP mimics as glutamine synthetase inhibitors : an exploratory synthetic study

  • Authors: Salisu, Sheriff Tomilola
  • Date: 2008
  • Subjects: Glutamine synthetase Tuberculosis -- Treatment Tuberculosis -- Chemotherapy Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine triphosphate -- Synthesis Drug development
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:4408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006715
  • Description: Using a mechanism-based approach to drug discovery, efforts have been directed towards developing novel ATP mimics that can act as GS inhibitors. The purine-based systems, adenosine, adenine and allopurinol, were identified as possible scaffolds for potential ATP mimics, while various meta-disubstituted benzenoid compounds, 3-aminobenzonitrile, 3-aminophenol, resorcinol, 3-aminobenzyl alcohol, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3-aminobenzoic acid have been explored as adenine analogues. These compounds were treated with different alkylating and acylating agents. Allylation of all the substrates was achieved using allyl bromide and N-9 alkylation of protected allopurinol was effected using a number of specially prepared Baylis-Hillman adducts. Acylation of the benzenoid precursors with chloroacetyl chloride, acetoxyacetyl chloride, acryloyl chloride and specially prepared 2,3,4,5,6-pentaacetylgluconoyl chloride afforded the corresponding mono- and /or diacylated products in varying yields (4-96%). Elaboration of the alkylated and acylated products has involved the reaction of hydroxy systems with diethyl chloro phosphate and chloro derivatives with triethyl phosphite in Arbuzov-type reactions to afford phosphorylated products. In all cases, products were fully characterized using 1- and 2-D NMR analysis and, where appropriate, high-resolution mass spectrometry. The application of Modgraph and ChemWindow NMR prediction programmes has been explored and the resulting data have been compared with experimental chemical shift assignments to confirm chemical structures and, in some cases, to establish the position of allylation or acylation. Experimental assignments were found to be generally comparable with the Modgraph data, but not always with the ChemWindow values. The docking of selected products in the 'active-site' of GS and their structural homology with ATP, both in their free and bound conformations have been studied using the ACCELERYS Cerius² platform. All the selected ATP mimics exhibit some form of interaction with the 'active-site' residues, and a number of them appear to be promising GS ligands.
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  • Date Issued: 2008

Removal and recovery of gold and platinum from aqueous solutions utilising the non-viable biomass Asolla filiculoides

  • Authors: Antunes, Ana Paula Martins
  • Date: 2002
  • Subjects: Azolla filiculoides Metal wastes -- Recycling Gold -- Recycling Platinum -- Recycling
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:3894 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003726
  • Description: Waste water from the mining industry is generally extremely complex and contains numerous species which influence the adsorption of the metals to any biomass. A variety of factors need to be addressed before treatment is considered viable. It is also beneficial to establish the binding characteristics of the metal of interest to maximise its interaction with the biomass to be utilised. Azalia filiculaides was investigated in the adsorption of gold(III), lead(II), iron(ID), copper(II) and platinum (IV). In batch studies, the optimum biomass and initial gold(III) concentrations were found to be 5 gIL and 8 mgIL respectively. The adsorption of gold(ID) is principally pH-dependent with optimal removal at pH 2. Lead(II), iron(III) and copper(II) did not compete with gold(III) adsorption under equimolar and simulated effluent conditions. Halides, with increasing affinity for gold (chloride < bromide < iodide), can affect gold uptake with the soft base, iodide, exhibiting the most inhibition (25%) and the hard base, chloride, O%. Mercaptoethanol (soft base) showed no interference in gold(III) adsorption while the presence of sulphate (hard base) and sulphite (borderline base) showed that concentrations in excess of 1 0 mM may adversely affect gold(ill) uptake, most likely due to competition for cationic sites on the biomass. Column studies, better suited to high volume treatment, indicated that a flow-rate of 5 mL/min and an initial gold(ill) concentration of 5 mgIL was optimal. Competitive effects between lead, iron, copper and gold again showed little or no interference. The halides, chloride, bromide and iodide, affect gold(ill) uptake similarly to the batch studies, while the bases mercaptoethanol and sulphate minimally affect gold(III) binding with sulphite severely hampering adsorption (70% inhibition). To optimise gold desorption, preliminary batch studies indicated that a ratio of 1:1 of adsorbentdesorbent was optimal, whilst gas purging of thiourea with oxygen, air and nitrogen decreased gold elution in proportion to decreased amounts of oxygen. A series of desorbents were utilised, in column studies, to optimise and determine the speciation of bound gold. The presence of an oxidant with thiourea enhanced desorption greater than 3 fold when compared with thiourea alone. Thiourea desorption studies, aided by the oxidant, suggest that gold is present in the + I and 0 oxidation states. Ultimately thiourea, perchloric acid and hydrochloric acid was found to be the most optimal elutant for gold (J 00% recovery). For selective metal recovery oflead and copper, pre-washing the plant material with water, utilising an acid (0.3 M nitric acid), pumping in an up-flow mode, and recycling the desorbent six times was found to be optimal elutant for gold (J 00% recovery). Cost analysis of utilising elutant versus incinerating the biomass for gold recovery indicated the latter as the most economical. Over a 5 cycle adsorption and desorption series, acid desorption before each adsorption cycle was found to result in greater than 92% desorption for lead and 96% for copper. Gold recovery was 97% with incineration. A preliminary study with gold effluent (Mine C) indicated that nickel and sulphate was removed in batch and column studies. Gold removal was found to be 100% and 4% in batch and column studies respectively. Adsorption of gold in the effluent study was accompanied by the release ofHt. Modifying the plant material with various reagents failed to identify the primary binding sites and the role of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids in gold(ill) uptake. The mode of gold binding is suggested as being initially ionic, this is very rapid, with the interaction of the anionic complex, [AuCI₄]". with the cationic biomass (PH 2). This eventually leads to the displacement of the chloride ligand(s) initiating covalent binding. Spectral studies of the chemical interaction between gold and the representative tannins indicated the protonated hydroxy groups to be responsible. All evidence suggests that the binding mechanisms of gold are not simple. Preliminary adsorption studies of platinum by Azalia filiculaides were conducted. Batch studies indicated that J gIL biomass concentration, initial platinum concentration of 20 mgIL and pH 2 are optimal, while the column studies indicated a flow-rate of! 0 rnL/min and initial platinum concentration of 20 mgIL as optimal. In the platinum effluent study, platinum showed a removal of 23 % and 2 J % for the batch and column studies respectively. Again adsorption was accompanied by //' release. Azalia filiculaides demonstrated its feasibility in the removal of gold and platinum from simulated as well as waste water solutions. Its potential viability as a biosorbent was demonstrated by the high recovery from synthetic solutions of greater than 99% for gold (2-10 mgIL), and greater than 89% for platinum (20 mgIL).
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 2002

Extractives from six species of South African Marine Opisthobranch Molluscs

  • Authors: McPhail, Kerry Lee
  • Date: 2001
  • Subjects: Mollusks -- Nutrition Mollusks -- Anatomy Marine fishes -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:4433 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007412
  • Description: The natural product chemistry of six species of South African opisthobranch molluscs and some of their dietary marine invertebrates was investigated. Nineteen previously undescribed secondary metabolites and twelve known compounds were isolated and their structures determined by a combination of spectroscopic and chemical methods. The circumtropical sea hares Aplysia parvula and A. dactylomela were found to contain halogenated red algal metabolites. 3Z-bromofucin (120), the Z analogue of a known Laurencia CIS acetogenin, was isolated from A. parvula. A. dactylomela yielded a series of novel non-aromatic cuparanes, the algoanes (121-123), the novel tricyclic Iaurane ether ibhayinol (124) and three known chamigrane sesquiterpenes, prepacifenol epoxide (101), pacif-7-enediol (104) and nidificene (125). A variety of new octocoral sesquiterpenes were isolated from the endemic South African arminacean nudibranch Leminda millecra including algoafuran (150), cubebenone (151), 8-hydroxycalamenene (152) and a series of seven triprenylated toluquinones and toluquinols (153-159). L. millecra also yielded the known sesquiterpenes millecrones A (142) and B (143) and isofuranodiene (149). Twenty eight voucher specimens and eighteen crude extracts of South African octocorals collected by the Coral Reef Research Foundation were screened by GC and GC-MS and 142 was found in Alcyonium fauri, while 143, 151 and possibly 149 were present in Leptogorgia palma. An investigation of southern African chromodorids yielded the known macrocyc1e latrunculin B (220) and two new spongiane diterpenes (221) and (222) from Chromodoris hamiltoni, while the known spongiane diterpene (210) was isolated from the endemic nudibranch Glossodoris sp. 4. The endemic nudibranch Hypselodoris capensis contained the known furanosesquiterpenes nakafuran-8 (223) and -9 (224) and the known furanosesterterpenes variabilin (195), 22-deoxyvariabilin (225) and furospinosulin (227) together with the new variant 22-deoxy-23-hydroxymethylvariabilin (226). Compounds 223 and 224 were also found in a Dysidea sponge, while the furanosesterterpenes 195, and 225-227 were present in a Fasciospongia sponge upon which H capensis specimens were found. The Dysidea dietary sponge of H capensis also yielded a new aromatic sesquiterpene, tsitsikarnmafuran (266), whose structure was confirmed by the synthesis of two possible regioisomers.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 2001

Aspects of the ecology of fishes associated with salt marshes and adjacent habitats in a temperate South African estuary

  • Authors: Paterson, Angus William
  • Date: 1999
  • Subjects: Estuarine fishes -- Ecology -- South Africa , Salt marsh ecology -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:5365 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013010
  • Description: There is a paucity of published information on fish utilization of salt marshes outside North America. This dissertation represents the first intensive examination of the ichthyofauna associated with salt marshes in southern Africa and examines the species composition, diversity, size structure, distribution and estuarine dependence of fishes that utilize salt marshes in the Kariega Estuary. The research was concentrated on Taylor's salt marsh, with comparative studies being conducted on other salt marshes and habitats within the marine dominated Kariega Estuary. The possible importance of salt marshes as feeding and refuge areas for fishes was examined, as was the role of salt marshes in the food web of the estuary. The fishes frequenting salt marshes in the Kariega Estuary were predominantly the juveniles of marine species, with Mugilidae being the dominant family. The ichthyofauna was distributed primarily in the intertidal creeks with very few specimens captured on the vegetated Spartina maritima and Sarcocomia perennis flats. The different reaches of the intertidal creek were characterised by distinct fish assemblages. The fish assemblages associated with the intertidal salt marsh creeks were significantly different from those found in the eelgrass beds, the other dominant intertidal habitat in the Kariega Estuary. The eelgrass beds were dominated by estuarine fish species and had a higher density and standing stock of fishes when compared to the salt marsh creeks. The diversity of fishes in the two habitats was however similar. The intertidal salt marsh creek ichthyofauna also differed significantly from that found in the main estuary channel. The creek ichthyofauna was dominated by 0+ juveniles while the main channel had many subadult and adult fishes. The channel habitat also had numerous large piscivorous fishes which were absent from the salt marsh creeks. The low number of piscivorous fishes, together with limited fish predation from other sources, may be the reason why salt marshes provide a refuge for juvenile fishes that frequent these habitats. Unlike previous studies on North American, Australian and European salt marshes, the dominant fish species that frequented Taylor's marsh were not recorded feeding extensively on the marsh, and those that did had a limited distribution. The role of fishes in the transfer of energy off the Kariega salt marshes is therefore likely to be minimal. A stable carbon isotope study on the dominant primary producers and consumers within the Kariega Estuary revealed that detritus originating from the high lying salt marsh plants Sarcocornia perennis and Chenolea diffusa was not utilized by fishes in the Kariega Estuary. Preliminary results indicated that the cord grass Spartina maritima may be an important energy source to the fishes in the Kariega Estuary, but further research is needed to confirm this.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1999

Glimpsing the balance between earth and sky: a meeting ground for postmodernism and Christianity in four selected novels by Jeanette Winterson and John Irving

  • Authors: Edwards, Ross Stephen
  • Date: 1999
  • Subjects: Postmodernism -- Religious aspects Winterson, Jeanette, 1959- Irving, John, 1942- Postmodernism (Literature)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
  • Identifier: vital:2186 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002228
  • Description: The phrase “glimpsing the balance between earth and sky” in the thesis title is taken from Jeanette Winterson’s Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. In this novel, the central character Jeanette believes she has glimpsed the possibility that human relationships can find their mirror in the relationship with God, as she understands the divine Other. This glimpse has set her wandering, trying to find such a balance. This examination of four selected novels by Jeanette Winterson and John Irving shows that for Irving, “glimpsing the balance” means in part, giving voice to a strongly “Christian” view of humankind and human nature but in an age where the prevailing intellectual worldview is strongly sceptical of any Grand Narrative. The “voice” expressed in Irving’s work has to be situated, like Winterson’s, as one among many possibilities. Irving’s voice is itself masked as different, other/Other, freakish, in the narrative worlds he creates. Through his use of grotesque comedy as a vehicle for deeper philosophical concerns, Irving asks us: What after all in the postmodern world is the main show? This thesis argues that if Winterson and Irving are testing or re-presenting a Christian worldview in a postmodern context, than they are asking whether Christianity is capable of assimilating and rising above the worst circumstances the world, writer, and life can throw at it. In Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, Winterson tells a story of “forbidden love”, posed as a direct challenge to the prevailing way of knowing in her character’s community. In Gut Symmetries, she expands this challenge by employing the insights of quantum physics to make sense of the complexities raised by a triangular love relationship. Irving offers the story of Owen in A Prayer for Owen Meany as the kind of story which might possibly make a believer out of him; in short, that he would have to be a witness to some kind of miracle, something utterly inexplicable. In A Son of the Circus Irving narrates the quest for identity undertaken by an Indian doctor who is in every way a Displaced Person – the condition, he implies, of anyone who purports to find their piece of the truth. The theoretical concerns of the postmodern project are examined through Lawrence Cahoone’s argument that postmodern writing offers criticism of: presence, origin, unity and transcendence through an analytical strategy of constitutive otherness. In each of their texts, Irving and Winterson are seen to use these four critical elements and to offer a postmodern strategy of re-presenting meaning through “constitutive otherness”. Both writers also employ a strategy of historiographic metafiction (as defined by Linda Hutcheon) as a means of constructing and re-presenting their narrated stories. Postmodern paradox is compatible with what could be called a Christian plan for living, if the latter is in turn given an appropriate 1990s interpretation. The selected novels by Winterson and Irving are offered as contemporary evidence for this view. This thesis argues that the connection between postmodernism and other worldviews, particularly Christianity, is found in both projects’ process of making meanings through encounters with an other/Other.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1999

Computer control of an HF chirp radar

  • Authors: Griggs, Desmond Bryan
  • Date: 1991
  • Subjects: Radar , Radar meteorology , Computerized instruments , Ionosondes
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:5455 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005240 , Radar , Radar meteorology , Computerized instruments , Ionosondes
  • Description: This thesis describes the interfacing of an IBM compatible microcomputer to a BR Communications chirp sounder. The need for this is twofold: Firstly for control of the sounder including automatic scheduling of operations, and secondly for data capture. A signal processing card inside the computer performs a Fast Fourier Transform on the sampled data from two phase matched receivers. The transformed data is then transferred to the host computer for further processing, display and storage on hard disk or magnetic tape, all in real time. Critical timing functions are provided by another card in the microcomputer, the timing controller. Built by the author, the design and operation of this sub-system is discussed in detail. Additional circuitry is required to perform antenna and filter switching, and a possible design thereof is also presented by the author. The completed system, comprising the chirp sounder, the PC environment, and the signal switching circuitry, has a dual purpose. It can operate as either a meteor radar, using a fixed frequency (currently 27,99 MHz), or as an advanced chirp ionosonde allowing frequency sweeps from 1,6 to 30 MHz. In the latter case fixed frequency doppler soundings are also possible. Examples of data recorded in the various modes are given.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1991

Some aspects of the effect of temperature on the respiratory and cardiac activities of the Cichlid Teleost Tilapia mossambica

  • Authors: Josman, V
  • Date: 1971
  • Subjects: Fishes -- Effect of temperature on , Cichlids
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
  • Identifier: vital:5859 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012613
  • Description: The importance of the cichlid teleost Tilapia mossambica as a protein source, coupled with its remarkable adaptability, has resulted in its introduction into many water systems throughout the tropical, sub-tropical and even temperate regions of the world. However, its successful exploitation of these waters is dependent very largely upon the value of minimum temperatures and their duration. For e.g. Long et al (1961) has drawn attention to the tremendous mortalities of T. mossambica that occur in shallow water bodies during the precipitous temperature decreases that accompany the winter monsoons in Vietnam and other eastern countries, even at temperatures as high as 14 or 16º C. Coehe (1967) does not recommend stocking with T. mossambica where temperatures are not above 14º C all the time. Ailanson et al (1962) conclude, after an experimental study, that low temperatures (13º C or lower) in South African highveld dams in winter are certainly an important factor in the extensive mortalities of T. mossambica that have been reported from these dams. Jubb (1961) also reports that this species is often killed during a severe winter in Rhodesia. Intro., p.1.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1971

Studies on the biology of the Cape chestnut psylla paurocephala Calodendri Moran (in press) and the South African citrus psylla Trioza Erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera : Psyllidae)

  • Authors: Moran, V C (V. Cliff)
  • Date: 1968
  • Subjects: Citrus -- Diseases and pests -- South Africa , Psylla
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
  • Identifier: vital:5867 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012883
  • Description: Citrus is grown as a commercial crop in several areas surrounding Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Twelve miles South-west of Grahamstown is an orchard of about 6000 trees on the farm "Mosslands". This orchard attracted attention as the insect pests of citrus have been kept at a sub-economic level by natural biological control since 1949. This orchard is completely surrounded by indigenous bush and originally the object of this study was to see, in how far, the insect fauna of the indigenous bush was infuencing the biological control which had been achieved in the orchard. As citrus is a member of the family Rutaceae, four indigenous plants in this family, which occured in the indigenous bush, were chosen for a closer study of their associated insect fauna. This study continued for a year during which time a bewildering number of insects and their parasites were collected and it was realized that only an investigation of a very specific aspect of the problem could possibly yield meaningful results. As a starting point, therefore, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Homoptera: Psyllidae), the South African citrus psyllid, was singled out. This psyllid was found on citrus at "Mosslands" and was also found on all but one of the indigenous rutaceous plants. It was chosen for study because of its polyphagous habit and because very little is known of the biology of this economically important species in South Africa. Also very little work has been done on the Psyllidae generally. Intro., p. 1.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1968

The history and the problems of Bantu urban secondary education in the Eastern Cape, 1937-1954 (Ciskei region)

  • Authors: Dyasi, Hubert Mongameli
  • Date: 1961
  • Subjects: Black people -- Education -- South Africa -- Ciskei , Black people -- Education -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- History
  • Language: English
  • Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
  • Identifier: vital:1997 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014827
  • Description: 1. Reasons for Choosing the Topic. Much has been written about secondary education in England, Continental Europe, the United States, Canada, China and other countries mainly "because Secondary Education has been one of the most prized of all formal types of education ... because it has been the rung of the educational ladder that has led to opportunity and preferment". Very little research work has been done on Bantu secondary education in the Ciskei, and still less about Bantu urban secondary education. This is a shortcoming since the Ciskei has been one of the most important educational areas for the Bantu in the Union of South Africa and the territories outside her borders. It was here that the experiment of Bantu day secondary schools was carried out. It could aptly have been said of the Ciskei, too, that "experimental work (destined one day to blaze into a consuming fire) has been carried on, where men and women of faith and inspiration have lit up some dark corner of the field, and where teachers of genius have defied tradition and convention, gone their own way in scorn of consequence, and have lit a candle which will never be put out". The Bantu Urban Day Secondary Schools started amidst conflicting opinions as regards their advantages and disadvantages. Difficulties were encountered and efforts made to overcome them. The present writer attempts to show how the problems of these schools were overcome and to assess the progress that was made. 2. Need for the Study. There is a great need for the study of the history and problems of Bantu Urban Day Secondary education because for many years to come these schools will have to serve an increasing number of urban Bantu pupils. The results of the research may serve as a guide to teachers appointed to these schools. The important history of these institutions preserved only in the minds of old men and women, may be lost to posterity. There is also a great need to bring to light the unique problems confronting these schools. 3. Scope of Dissertation. The dissertation limits itself to Bantu Urban Day secondary education, in specific areas of the Ciskei. Two secondary and two high schools have been chosen for special study. Bantu Urban Day Secondary Schools are those schools which are situated in areas under the jurisdiction of municipalities or town councils irrespective of whether the school admits largely pupils who are outside such an area or only those within it or both. The entrance qualification to these schools has always been a pass in Standard VI (normally after eight years of primary or elementary schooling). For the Bantu pupil the Junior Certificate Course was of three years' duration. The successful completion of the J.C. course qualified pupils to train as nurses, in the case of girls, and agricultural demonstrators in the case of boys. Both sexes could undertake studies for Native Primary Higher Teachers' Course, and the Senior Certificate Course or the Matriculation leading to university degrees.
  • Full Text:
  • Date Issued: 1961
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