Prevalence and pathogenicity of vibrios in treated final effluents of selected wastewater treatment plants in the Amathole District Municipality of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Badela, Andiswa Unathi
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sewage disposal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Whole effluent toxicity testing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Bacterial diseases -- Pathogenesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11284 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019774 , Sewage disposal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Whole effluent toxicity testing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Bacterial diseases -- Pathogenesis
- Description: Waterborne diarrhoeal infections continue to be a major health setback in developing countries, especially in rural areas which lack adequate supply of portable water and sanitation facilities. Globally, waterborne diarrhoeal infections occur with an estimated mortality rate of 10–25 million deaths per year, 95% of which are children under the age of 5 years. The Vibrio species is one of the major groups of enteric pathogens that are responsible for diarrhoeal infections. Many strains of these bacterial species continue to cause epidemics of diarrhoea throughout the world. In this study, the prevalence of Vibrio pathogens in wastewater final effluents was assessed. Wastewater final effluent and discharge point samples were collected monthly between September 2012 and August 2013. All samples were collected aseptically using sterile 1 L Nalgene bottles containing 0.5 ml of sterile sodium thiosulphate solution and transported on ice to the laboratory for analyses within 6 h of collection. The membrane filtration method was used for enumeration of presumptive Vibrio densities on thiosulfate citrate bile salt (TCBS) agar plates. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then used to confirm the identities of the presumptive Vibrio species using the species-specific primers. The confirmed isolates were further subjected to molecular characterization to confirm their respective pathotypes. Presumptive Vibrio densities varied from 0 to 2.11 × 102 cfu/100 ml. Out of 300 confirmed Vibrio isolates; 13.3% (40/300) were Vibrio fluvialis, 22% (66/300) were confirmed to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and 24.7% (74/300) proved to be Vibrio vulnificus, and 40% (120/300) were other Vibrio species which were not assessed for in this study. The strains of Vibrio fluvialis were found to exhibit 100% resistance to Polymixin and Tetracycline. However, Gentamicin was active against all the three Vibrio species selected for the purpose of this research. The recovery of Vibrio species in the discharged effluents throughout the sampling period even in adequately disinfected effluents is not acceptable considering the fact that Vibrio is a pathogenic bacterium. The findings of this study underline the need for constant monitoring of the microbiological qualities of discharged effluents and might also be suggestive for a review of the disinfection methods used at the treatment works.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
- Authors: Badela, Andiswa Unathi
- Date: 2014
- Subjects: Sewage disposal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Whole effluent toxicity testing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Bacterial diseases -- Pathogenesis
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11284 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019774 , Sewage disposal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Whole effluent toxicity testing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Escherichia coli -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Bacterial diseases -- Pathogenesis
- Description: Waterborne diarrhoeal infections continue to be a major health setback in developing countries, especially in rural areas which lack adequate supply of portable water and sanitation facilities. Globally, waterborne diarrhoeal infections occur with an estimated mortality rate of 10–25 million deaths per year, 95% of which are children under the age of 5 years. The Vibrio species is one of the major groups of enteric pathogens that are responsible for diarrhoeal infections. Many strains of these bacterial species continue to cause epidemics of diarrhoea throughout the world. In this study, the prevalence of Vibrio pathogens in wastewater final effluents was assessed. Wastewater final effluent and discharge point samples were collected monthly between September 2012 and August 2013. All samples were collected aseptically using sterile 1 L Nalgene bottles containing 0.5 ml of sterile sodium thiosulphate solution and transported on ice to the laboratory for analyses within 6 h of collection. The membrane filtration method was used for enumeration of presumptive Vibrio densities on thiosulfate citrate bile salt (TCBS) agar plates. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then used to confirm the identities of the presumptive Vibrio species using the species-specific primers. The confirmed isolates were further subjected to molecular characterization to confirm their respective pathotypes. Presumptive Vibrio densities varied from 0 to 2.11 × 102 cfu/100 ml. Out of 300 confirmed Vibrio isolates; 13.3% (40/300) were Vibrio fluvialis, 22% (66/300) were confirmed to be Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and 24.7% (74/300) proved to be Vibrio vulnificus, and 40% (120/300) were other Vibrio species which were not assessed for in this study. The strains of Vibrio fluvialis were found to exhibit 100% resistance to Polymixin and Tetracycline. However, Gentamicin was active against all the three Vibrio species selected for the purpose of this research. The recovery of Vibrio species in the discharged effluents throughout the sampling period even in adequately disinfected effluents is not acceptable considering the fact that Vibrio is a pathogenic bacterium. The findings of this study underline the need for constant monitoring of the microbiological qualities of discharged effluents and might also be suggestive for a review of the disinfection methods used at the treatment works.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014
The Scope and content of the rights to ‘Basic Education’ and its implementation in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Johannes, Warren Dewald
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Rights to education -- Socio-economic rights , Children rights -- Bill of Rights , Inequality and marginalisation , Children’s Rights -- Eastern Cape , Department of Basic Education -- Transformation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA (Human Rights)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/646 , vital:26484 , Rights to education -- Socio-economic rights , Children rights -- Bill of Rights , Inequality and marginalisation , Children’s Rights -- Eastern Cape , Department of Basic Education -- Transformation
- Description: In terms of Section 29 (1) of the Constitution, everyone has the right to basic education. This right is not subject to ‘reasonable legislative and other measures, available resources and progressive realisation.’ The right to basic, compulsory education is widely regarded as a fundamental human right. For example, this right is included in a number of international human rights treaties such as the ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, the ‘International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,’ the ‘African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child’, the ‘Convention on the Rights of the Child’, the ‘Dakar Framework for Action: Education for All’, and ‘UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education’. The South African Constitution, however, does not clarify the content and scope of the right to basic education. Consequently, the Constitution has given the state wide discretion to determine the scope, nature and content of this basic right. Apartheid left the South African education system fragmented and unequal. The South African educational system has gone through numerous curricula and institutional changes. The changes in the curriculum were part of the transformation process of the South African education system. In addition, the state has allocated substantial public funds towards basic education. However, the investment in basic education does not commensurate with the quality of teaching and learning in poor and marginalised schools. For example, several rural and farm schools in the Eastern Cape lacked toilet facilities; textbooks and other education support material; furniture; and other essential necessities. Education loses its transformative power when poor and marginalised schools continue to lack these essential services. Consequently, inequality is perpetuated and the poor and marginalised are unable to compete meaningfully in the social, economic and political life of South Africa. The mini dissertation concludes by recommending that the Department of Basic Education should ensure that all schools, especially those in rural communities and farms, have access to textbooks, qualified teachers, clean water and toilet facilities and other essential necessities needed for the delivery of quality basic education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Johannes, Warren Dewald
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Rights to education -- Socio-economic rights , Children rights -- Bill of Rights , Inequality and marginalisation , Children’s Rights -- Eastern Cape , Department of Basic Education -- Transformation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA (Human Rights)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/646 , vital:26484 , Rights to education -- Socio-economic rights , Children rights -- Bill of Rights , Inequality and marginalisation , Children’s Rights -- Eastern Cape , Department of Basic Education -- Transformation
- Description: In terms of Section 29 (1) of the Constitution, everyone has the right to basic education. This right is not subject to ‘reasonable legislative and other measures, available resources and progressive realisation.’ The right to basic, compulsory education is widely regarded as a fundamental human right. For example, this right is included in a number of international human rights treaties such as the ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’, the ‘International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,’ the ‘African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child’, the ‘Convention on the Rights of the Child’, the ‘Dakar Framework for Action: Education for All’, and ‘UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education’. The South African Constitution, however, does not clarify the content and scope of the right to basic education. Consequently, the Constitution has given the state wide discretion to determine the scope, nature and content of this basic right. Apartheid left the South African education system fragmented and unequal. The South African educational system has gone through numerous curricula and institutional changes. The changes in the curriculum were part of the transformation process of the South African education system. In addition, the state has allocated substantial public funds towards basic education. However, the investment in basic education does not commensurate with the quality of teaching and learning in poor and marginalised schools. For example, several rural and farm schools in the Eastern Cape lacked toilet facilities; textbooks and other education support material; furniture; and other essential necessities. Education loses its transformative power when poor and marginalised schools continue to lack these essential services. Consequently, inequality is perpetuated and the poor and marginalised are unable to compete meaningfully in the social, economic and political life of South Africa. The mini dissertation concludes by recommending that the Department of Basic Education should ensure that all schools, especially those in rural communities and farms, have access to textbooks, qualified teachers, clean water and toilet facilities and other essential necessities needed for the delivery of quality basic education.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
An assessment of the impact of labour unions on school governance processes and service delivery :a case-study of the King William's Town district
- Ngumbela, Nositembele Anahopia
- Authors: Ngumbela, Nositembele Anahopia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11670 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007114 , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The demise of apartheid and the ushering in of the New Dispensation in 1994 necessitated the dismantling of the old structures of government which divided the people along racial lines and building a united South Africa based on the principles of the new Constitution.Chapter 10 of the Constitution No. 108 of the Republic of South Africa gives guidelines and principles on how Public Administration should be governed. Section 195 provides for the basic values and principles which govern public administration. The Eastern Cape Department of Education is faced with a problem where the basic values and principles which govern public administration in schools had either not been observed or are completely compromised despite the involvement of labour unions. This is evident in the final results of matrics year after year which became a social concern and the national question. The state of affairs is not improving despite the involvement of labour unions and this prompted the National government to intervene through Section 100. This study will try to explore and mitigate this undesirable state of affairs. The involvement of labour unions is a critical question as to whether their involvement enhances proper governance and policy intentions in schools which will enhance service delivery and increase performance and output results. The researcher followed a multi-method approach to benefit from the diversity of opinions and understand the problem better.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ngumbela, Nositembele Anahopia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11670 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007114 , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Labor unions -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Responsibility -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The demise of apartheid and the ushering in of the New Dispensation in 1994 necessitated the dismantling of the old structures of government which divided the people along racial lines and building a united South Africa based on the principles of the new Constitution.Chapter 10 of the Constitution No. 108 of the Republic of South Africa gives guidelines and principles on how Public Administration should be governed. Section 195 provides for the basic values and principles which govern public administration. The Eastern Cape Department of Education is faced with a problem where the basic values and principles which govern public administration in schools had either not been observed or are completely compromised despite the involvement of labour unions. This is evident in the final results of matrics year after year which became a social concern and the national question. The state of affairs is not improving despite the involvement of labour unions and this prompted the National government to intervene through Section 100. This study will try to explore and mitigate this undesirable state of affairs. The involvement of labour unions is a critical question as to whether their involvement enhances proper governance and policy intentions in schools which will enhance service delivery and increase performance and output results. The researcher followed a multi-method approach to benefit from the diversity of opinions and understand the problem better.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
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