Factors affecting female condom use in Buffalo City Metropolitan, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Bunu, Nosipho
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Condom use -- South Africa Sexually transmitted diseases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Cur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12959 , vital:39411
- Description: Introduction: The female condom was introduced so many years after the male condom was introduced as an additional intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the factors affecting female condom use in Buffalo City Metropolitan, Eastern Cape. Method: Quantitative descriptive and contextual research designs were used to enable the researcher to gain knowledge and insights on female condom use. The population of the study was sexually active women between ages of 15-49 years, living in Reeston community of Buffalo City Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province. Convenient sampling was used to recruit the respondents with 599-sample size and data was collected using questionnaires. Ethical considerations were considered throughout the study. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22) and summarised using tables, graphs and descriptive statistics. Results: The findings of the study were minimal use of female condom because of poor marketing strategies towards female condoms despite the government intervention. The attitude of sexually active women towards female condom was positive, but minimal knowledge, inaccessibility and unavailability of female condoms hinder its use. Conclusion and Recommendation: The study recommended health education through campaigns and counselling about female condom use and their benefits to all age groups of women who are sexually active. The government and stakeholders should promote the condom uptake, accessibility and availability in every public place. Department of Health, Education should have empowered the community at large on how to promote female condom use and improve the distribution of both male/ female condoms to schools and public place.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Bunu, Nosipho
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Condom use -- South Africa Sexually transmitted diseases
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Cur
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12959 , vital:39411
- Description: Introduction: The female condom was introduced so many years after the male condom was introduced as an additional intervention to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the factors affecting female condom use in Buffalo City Metropolitan, Eastern Cape. Method: Quantitative descriptive and contextual research designs were used to enable the researcher to gain knowledge and insights on female condom use. The population of the study was sexually active women between ages of 15-49 years, living in Reeston community of Buffalo City Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province. Convenient sampling was used to recruit the respondents with 599-sample size and data was collected using questionnaires. Ethical considerations were considered throughout the study. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 22) and summarised using tables, graphs and descriptive statistics. Results: The findings of the study were minimal use of female condom because of poor marketing strategies towards female condoms despite the government intervention. The attitude of sexually active women towards female condom was positive, but minimal knowledge, inaccessibility and unavailability of female condoms hinder its use. Conclusion and Recommendation: The study recommended health education through campaigns and counselling about female condom use and their benefits to all age groups of women who are sexually active. The government and stakeholders should promote the condom uptake, accessibility and availability in every public place. Department of Health, Education should have empowered the community at large on how to promote female condom use and improve the distribution of both male/ female condoms to schools and public place.
- Full Text:
Factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in Mathematics in the East London Education District
- Authors: Kwateng, Jesse
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15935 , vital:40565
- Description: Mathematics is one of the most important subjects rooted in many fields of study but has also been one of the greatest challenges for learners in every country, most especially in the Republic of South Africa. There have been attempts to curb the challenges that have bedeviled the success of mathematics education by governments, the Department of Education and many other stakeholders who have not enjoyed positive results in mathematics in the district of East London. Therefore, this study examines factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in mathematics in selected schools within the East London education district. There were three hundred and forty-five (345) grade 6 learners and 12 teachers drawn through a parallel mixed methods sampling. Stratified random sampling was used to select participants for the quantitative strand while purposive sampling was used for selecting 60 learners and 12 teachers for the qualitative strand. The researcher used the mixed method research approach. The instruments used in collecting data were structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to elicit information from grade 6 learners and teachers. Information gathered from the learners and teachers included: biographical information, factors affecting teaching and learning of mathematics and suggestions. The quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics of percentage from the responses of learners. The quantitative analysis was done by using excel 2010 to formulate data into percentages and qualitatively, voice recordings from the respondents semi-structured interviews were reduced through thematic analysis. The findings of the study revealed that some of the qualified mathematics educators preferred to work in another profession. Quality of teaching and learning were less effective due to overcrowded classrooms, inadequate teaching and learning resources, poor monitoring of educators, some of the learners were not adequately motivated and many others. For performance in mathematics to improve in the primary schools in East London Education District, the study made some recommendations from the findings to the stakeholders in education such as the Department of Education, principals, the government, educators and learners. These recommendations might virtually assist in finding lasting solutions to grade 6 learners with mathematics challenges.
- Full Text:
Factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in Mathematics in the East London Education District
- Authors: Kwateng, Jesse
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/15935 , vital:40565
- Description: Mathematics is one of the most important subjects rooted in many fields of study but has also been one of the greatest challenges for learners in every country, most especially in the Republic of South Africa. There have been attempts to curb the challenges that have bedeviled the success of mathematics education by governments, the Department of Education and many other stakeholders who have not enjoyed positive results in mathematics in the district of East London. Therefore, this study examines factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in mathematics in selected schools within the East London education district. There were three hundred and forty-five (345) grade 6 learners and 12 teachers drawn through a parallel mixed methods sampling. Stratified random sampling was used to select participants for the quantitative strand while purposive sampling was used for selecting 60 learners and 12 teachers for the qualitative strand. The researcher used the mixed method research approach. The instruments used in collecting data were structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to elicit information from grade 6 learners and teachers. Information gathered from the learners and teachers included: biographical information, factors affecting teaching and learning of mathematics and suggestions. The quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics of percentage from the responses of learners. The quantitative analysis was done by using excel 2010 to formulate data into percentages and qualitatively, voice recordings from the respondents semi-structured interviews were reduced through thematic analysis. The findings of the study revealed that some of the qualified mathematics educators preferred to work in another profession. Quality of teaching and learning were less effective due to overcrowded classrooms, inadequate teaching and learning resources, poor monitoring of educators, some of the learners were not adequately motivated and many others. For performance in mathematics to improve in the primary schools in East London Education District, the study made some recommendations from the findings to the stakeholders in education such as the Department of Education, principals, the government, educators and learners. These recommendations might virtually assist in finding lasting solutions to grade 6 learners with mathematics challenges.
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Factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in mathematics in the East London Education District
- Authors: Kwateng, Jesse
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Primary) Mathematics teachers Education, Primary
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12837 , vital:39383
- Description: Mathematics is one of the most important subjects rooted in many fields of study but has also been one of the greatest challenges for learners in every country, most especially in the Republic of South Africa. There have been attempts to curb the challenges that have bedeviled the success of mathematics education by governments, the Department of Education and many other stakeholders who have not enjoyed positive results in mathematics in the district of East London. Therefore, this study examines factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in mathematics in selected schools within the East London education district. There were three hundred and fortyfive (345) grade 6 learners and 12 teachers drawn through a parallel mixed methods sampling. Stratified random sampling was used to select participants for the quantitative strand while purposive sampling was used for selecting 60 learners and 12 teachers for the qualitative strand. The researcher used the mixed method research approach. The instruments used in collecting data were structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to elicit information from grade 6 learners and teachers. Information gathered from the learners and teachers included: biographical information, factors affecting teaching and learning of mathematics and suggestions. The quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics of percentage from the responses of learners. The quantitative analysis was done by using excel 2010 to formulate data into percentages and qualitatively, voice recordings from the respondents semi-structured interviews were reduced through thematic analysis. The findings of the study revealed that some of the qualified mathematics educators preferred to work in another profession. Quality of teaching and learning were less effective due to overcrowded classrooms, inadequate teaching and learning resources, poor monitoring of educators, some of the learners were not adequately motivated and many others. For performance in mathematics to improve in the primary schools in East London Education District, the study made some recommendations from the findings to the stakeholders in education such as the Department of Education, principals, the government, educators and learners. These recommendations might virtually assist in finding lasting solutions to grade 6 learners with mathematics challenges.
- Full Text:
Factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in mathematics in the East London Education District
- Authors: Kwateng, Jesse
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mathematics -- Study and teaching (Primary) Mathematics teachers Education, Primary
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12837 , vital:39383
- Description: Mathematics is one of the most important subjects rooted in many fields of study but has also been one of the greatest challenges for learners in every country, most especially in the Republic of South Africa. There have been attempts to curb the challenges that have bedeviled the success of mathematics education by governments, the Department of Education and many other stakeholders who have not enjoyed positive results in mathematics in the district of East London. Therefore, this study examines factors affecting grade 6 learners’ performance in mathematics in selected schools within the East London education district. There were three hundred and fortyfive (345) grade 6 learners and 12 teachers drawn through a parallel mixed methods sampling. Stratified random sampling was used to select participants for the quantitative strand while purposive sampling was used for selecting 60 learners and 12 teachers for the qualitative strand. The researcher used the mixed method research approach. The instruments used in collecting data were structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to elicit information from grade 6 learners and teachers. Information gathered from the learners and teachers included: biographical information, factors affecting teaching and learning of mathematics and suggestions. The quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics of percentage from the responses of learners. The quantitative analysis was done by using excel 2010 to formulate data into percentages and qualitatively, voice recordings from the respondents semi-structured interviews were reduced through thematic analysis. The findings of the study revealed that some of the qualified mathematics educators preferred to work in another profession. Quality of teaching and learning were less effective due to overcrowded classrooms, inadequate teaching and learning resources, poor monitoring of educators, some of the learners were not adequately motivated and many others. For performance in mathematics to improve in the primary schools in East London Education District, the study made some recommendations from the findings to the stakeholders in education such as the Department of Education, principals, the government, educators and learners. These recommendations might virtually assist in finding lasting solutions to grade 6 learners with mathematics challenges.
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Factors affecting the learners’ reading culture in English First Additional Language at Grade 5. A case of three primary schools in the Cookhouse and Somerset East area.
- Authors: Snyers, Jonathan Marsel
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Books and reading English language -- Rhetoric
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16342 , vital:40711
- Description: This study investigated the factors affecting the learners’ reading culture in English First Additional Language at grade 5 level in the Cookhouse and Somerset area. The sample consisted of 3 teachers, 3 principals, 18 learners and 3 SGB chairpersons from three different schools. The study focused on three primary schools in the Blue Crane District, which were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Qualitative research was chosen as the research method with a case study as the research design. Data collection instruments consisted of unstandardized in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and documents. Interviews were conducted with the teachers, principals and the chairpersons of the respective schools. The focus group discussions were conducted with learners. In this study, the researcher has analysed data systematically whereby he built through recording procedures during interviews and focus group discussions. The findings highlighted factors, which cause learners’ reading problems. The factors include various physical factors, emotional factors, and little attention to reading skills, lack of motivation, insufficient reading time and material. Educators were of the view that repeated curriculum changes within a short period of time without proper training of educators has an effect on learners’ reading performance. The study revealed that reading is adversely affected by the poor learning conditions in which learners find themselves in because there was a strong relationship between socio-economic factors and reading ability. On that account, the implication is that reading will not improve. The study recommends that the Department of Education pay more attention to pre-service and in-service training of educators so that educators are more knowledgeable in all reading components.
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- Authors: Snyers, Jonathan Marsel
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Books and reading English language -- Rhetoric
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16342 , vital:40711
- Description: This study investigated the factors affecting the learners’ reading culture in English First Additional Language at grade 5 level in the Cookhouse and Somerset area. The sample consisted of 3 teachers, 3 principals, 18 learners and 3 SGB chairpersons from three different schools. The study focused on three primary schools in the Blue Crane District, which were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Qualitative research was chosen as the research method with a case study as the research design. Data collection instruments consisted of unstandardized in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and documents. Interviews were conducted with the teachers, principals and the chairpersons of the respective schools. The focus group discussions were conducted with learners. In this study, the researcher has analysed data systematically whereby he built through recording procedures during interviews and focus group discussions. The findings highlighted factors, which cause learners’ reading problems. The factors include various physical factors, emotional factors, and little attention to reading skills, lack of motivation, insufficient reading time and material. Educators were of the view that repeated curriculum changes within a short period of time without proper training of educators has an effect on learners’ reading performance. The study revealed that reading is adversely affected by the poor learning conditions in which learners find themselves in because there was a strong relationship between socio-economic factors and reading ability. On that account, the implication is that reading will not improve. The study recommends that the Department of Education pay more attention to pre-service and in-service training of educators so that educators are more knowledgeable in all reading components.
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Financial development, income inequality and poverty: case of a selected SADC countries
- Authors: Leve, Samkele
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Finance Economic development Income distribution
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Economics)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16918 , vital:40785
- Description: The financial sector plays a pivotal role in an economy of a country; hence the importance of financial development cannot be underestimated. Financial development is widely regarded as another conduit through which income inequality and poverty can be alleviated, however both theoretical and empirical literature does not reach consensus on the effect of financial development on income inequality and poverty. Against this background, the study empirically examines the effect of financial development on income inequality and poverty in selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, employing the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) technique for the period 1980 to 2011. Based on the inequalitydecreasing and Mckinnon Conduit effect, two models which link financial sector development and inequality and financial sector development and poverty were estimated using five different dimensions of financial development. Empirical results revealed that financial development overall does have an impact on income inequality and poverty in the selected SADC countries. An interesting observation from the empirical results is that the actual dimension of financial development plays a significant role in determining the relationship between financial development, income inequality and poverty in the SADC region. The impact of financial depth on poverty is not obvious in the study, depending on the variable used. On the relationship between financial system stability, income inequality and poverty, results reveal that a stable financial system is beneficial to the poor. Financial efficiency does not appear to have a significant role in reducing income inequality and poverty in the selected SADC countries. Overall, the findings from the study indicate that financial access or financial inclusion and financial stability is what reduces poverty instead of mere financial sector development at a broader level.
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- Authors: Leve, Samkele
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Finance Economic development Income distribution
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Economics)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16918 , vital:40785
- Description: The financial sector plays a pivotal role in an economy of a country; hence the importance of financial development cannot be underestimated. Financial development is widely regarded as another conduit through which income inequality and poverty can be alleviated, however both theoretical and empirical literature does not reach consensus on the effect of financial development on income inequality and poverty. Against this background, the study empirically examines the effect of financial development on income inequality and poverty in selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, employing the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) technique for the period 1980 to 2011. Based on the inequalitydecreasing and Mckinnon Conduit effect, two models which link financial sector development and inequality and financial sector development and poverty were estimated using five different dimensions of financial development. Empirical results revealed that financial development overall does have an impact on income inequality and poverty in the selected SADC countries. An interesting observation from the empirical results is that the actual dimension of financial development plays a significant role in determining the relationship between financial development, income inequality and poverty in the SADC region. The impact of financial depth on poverty is not obvious in the study, depending on the variable used. On the relationship between financial system stability, income inequality and poverty, results reveal that a stable financial system is beneficial to the poor. Financial efficiency does not appear to have a significant role in reducing income inequality and poverty in the selected SADC countries. Overall, the findings from the study indicate that financial access or financial inclusion and financial stability is what reduces poverty instead of mere financial sector development at a broader level.
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Gender differences and online shopping decisions of consumers in South Africa
- Authors: Mqulo, Thandokazi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Electronic commerce Consumer behavior
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Business Management)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16952 , vital:40788
- Description: Online shopping has emerged as one of the most convenient ways of shopping in both emerging and advanced economies. In South Africa, it has received much attention due to its unique way of satisfying both the rural and urban populations. Online shopping is growing and carries great potential of contributing to a country and/or local areas’ economy and development. The primary aim of the study was to analyse the differences of online shopping between males and females in South Africa. The main objective of this study is to determine if there are significant differences between male and female online shoppers in South Africa. The study is motivated by the literature gap that exists on the online shopping discourse, in that there are few published studies on the online shopping differences between males and females in South Africa. Therefore, there is a lack of information on the importance of online shopping activities on promoting convenience for shoppers in these busy times that people live in. A quantitative approach was used to analyse the data that were collected using a questionnaire. Data was collected from a sample of 377 people who are online shoppers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Simple random sampling was utilised for this study. The results showed that there is a significant difference between males and females online shopping patterns as determined by specific variables mentioned in this study. Their study had findings on research hypothesis of attitude towards online shopping, the difference in the usefulness of media on online websites, perceived ease of use of online websites, intrinsic enjoyment, perceived risk and trust towards online shopping. The implications of this study unpack and provides discussion on empirical evidence drawn from the study’s statistical results. The implications are presented in a way which explains how the results of this study affect theoretical dimensions of the studied phenomenon, online shoppers and the retail industry. There is a need for more research in this environment and this research study will stimulate further studies in the online shopping environment. Future research may focus on the development of a customer satisfaction scale that uses service quality items in the retail industry, to gather data about what satisfies customers in the retail context.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mqulo, Thandokazi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Electronic commerce Consumer behavior
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Business Management)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16952 , vital:40788
- Description: Online shopping has emerged as one of the most convenient ways of shopping in both emerging and advanced economies. In South Africa, it has received much attention due to its unique way of satisfying both the rural and urban populations. Online shopping is growing and carries great potential of contributing to a country and/or local areas’ economy and development. The primary aim of the study was to analyse the differences of online shopping between males and females in South Africa. The main objective of this study is to determine if there are significant differences between male and female online shoppers in South Africa. The study is motivated by the literature gap that exists on the online shopping discourse, in that there are few published studies on the online shopping differences between males and females in South Africa. Therefore, there is a lack of information on the importance of online shopping activities on promoting convenience for shoppers in these busy times that people live in. A quantitative approach was used to analyse the data that were collected using a questionnaire. Data was collected from a sample of 377 people who are online shoppers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Simple random sampling was utilised for this study. The results showed that there is a significant difference between males and females online shopping patterns as determined by specific variables mentioned in this study. Their study had findings on research hypothesis of attitude towards online shopping, the difference in the usefulness of media on online websites, perceived ease of use of online websites, intrinsic enjoyment, perceived risk and trust towards online shopping. The implications of this study unpack and provides discussion on empirical evidence drawn from the study’s statistical results. The implications are presented in a way which explains how the results of this study affect theoretical dimensions of the studied phenomenon, online shoppers and the retail industry. There is a need for more research in this environment and this research study will stimulate further studies in the online shopping environment. Future research may focus on the development of a customer satisfaction scale that uses service quality items in the retail industry, to gather data about what satisfies customers in the retail context.
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Genetic detection of some tick-borne bacterial and protozoan pathogens in ticks collected in Raymond Mhlaba local municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Nqoro, Ayabulela
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Tick-borne diseases Ticks
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17084 , vital:40846
- Description: Ticks and tick-borne diseases are becoming a major life threatening concern to wildlife, domesticated animals and human health. Besides causing skin damage, ticks infestations have become a growing burden in food security, economic losses and transmitting multides of pathogens. Little data and knowledge is available regarding the occurrence of etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, hence the study was conducted and aimed at screening for genetic material of Anaplasma, Rickettisia, Ehrlichia, Borrelia, Babesia and Theileria species in ticks collected in Raymond Mhlaba District at Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ticks were collected from domesticated animals in Raymond Mhlaba Municipality, and were morphologically identified and processed for DNA extraction. Ticks were chopped into bits and DNA was extracted from the samples with commercial DNA extraction kit. The extracted DNA samples was used to molecularly identify the tick as well as assess the presence of tickborne pathogens belonging to Rickettsia, Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma and Erhlichia, and Theileria spp. by PCR using specific primer pairs published in literature. Positive amplicons were sequenced in a commercial sequencing facility. The obtained chromatograms were edited with Geneious bioinformatics software and were subjected to BLASTn and phylogenetic analyses using MEGA7 version for evolutionary relationships with curated reference sequences in GenBank. Nine hundred and sixty two tick samples were collected from domestic animals. Collected tick samples belonged to three genera, which were the Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus and Haemophalis in decreasing order of their abundance. Screening of tick DNA samples by PCR did not show presence of Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma and Erhlichia. 13 Positive PCR products were observed for Rickettsia and Theileria spp.. The positive amplicons were purified, sequenced and analysed for speciation of Theileria and Rickettsia. The presence of Rickettsia was detected in 60/994 (6%) from the three genera of ticks. Phylogenetic analyses shows that the sequences obtained are phylogenetically related to members of Spotted fever group Rickettsiae. Genetic material of Theileria spp. was detected from 10/994 ticks with an overall infection of 1% obtained in Rhipicephalus genera. Analyses shows that the sequences obtained are phylogenetically related to T. orientalis complex. The finding from this study therefore expands the knowledge on recent emergence of Theileria and Rickettsia spp. in Raymond Mhlaba Municipality in Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nqoro, Ayabulela
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Tick-borne diseases Ticks
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17084 , vital:40846
- Description: Ticks and tick-borne diseases are becoming a major life threatening concern to wildlife, domesticated animals and human health. Besides causing skin damage, ticks infestations have become a growing burden in food security, economic losses and transmitting multides of pathogens. Little data and knowledge is available regarding the occurrence of etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, hence the study was conducted and aimed at screening for genetic material of Anaplasma, Rickettisia, Ehrlichia, Borrelia, Babesia and Theileria species in ticks collected in Raymond Mhlaba District at Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ticks were collected from domesticated animals in Raymond Mhlaba Municipality, and were morphologically identified and processed for DNA extraction. Ticks were chopped into bits and DNA was extracted from the samples with commercial DNA extraction kit. The extracted DNA samples was used to molecularly identify the tick as well as assess the presence of tickborne pathogens belonging to Rickettsia, Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma and Erhlichia, and Theileria spp. by PCR using specific primer pairs published in literature. Positive amplicons were sequenced in a commercial sequencing facility. The obtained chromatograms were edited with Geneious bioinformatics software and were subjected to BLASTn and phylogenetic analyses using MEGA7 version for evolutionary relationships with curated reference sequences in GenBank. Nine hundred and sixty two tick samples were collected from domestic animals. Collected tick samples belonged to three genera, which were the Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus and Haemophalis in decreasing order of their abundance. Screening of tick DNA samples by PCR did not show presence of Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma and Erhlichia. 13 Positive PCR products were observed for Rickettsia and Theileria spp.. The positive amplicons were purified, sequenced and analysed for speciation of Theileria and Rickettsia. The presence of Rickettsia was detected in 60/994 (6%) from the three genera of ticks. Phylogenetic analyses shows that the sequences obtained are phylogenetically related to members of Spotted fever group Rickettsiae. Genetic material of Theileria spp. was detected from 10/994 ticks with an overall infection of 1% obtained in Rhipicephalus genera. Analyses shows that the sequences obtained are phylogenetically related to T. orientalis complex. The finding from this study therefore expands the knowledge on recent emergence of Theileria and Rickettsia spp. in Raymond Mhlaba Municipality in Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Grabcuts for image segmentation: a comparative study of clustering techniques
- Authors: Manzi, Nozuko Zuleika
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Algorithms , Computer graphics
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14494 , vital:39995
- Description: Image segmentation is the partitioning of a digital image into small segments such as pixels or sets of pixels. It is significant as it allows for the visualization of structures of interest, removing unnecessary information. In addition, image segmentation is used in many fields like, for instance healthcare for image surgery, construction, etc. as it enables structure analysis. Segmentation of images can be computationally expensive especially when a large dataset is used, thus the importance of fast and effective segmentation algorithms is realised. This method is used to locate objects and boundaries (i.e. foreground and background) in images. The aim of this study is to provide a comparison of clustering techniques that would allow the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm to be effective and inexpensive. The Grabcuts based method, which is an extension of the graph cut based method, has been instrumental in solving many problems in computer vision i.e. image restoration, image segmentation, object recognition, tracking and analysis. According to Ramirez,et.al [47], the Grabcuts approach is an iterative and minimal user interaction algorithm as it chooses a segmentation by iteratively revising the foreground and background pixels assignments. The method uses min-cut/ max-flow algorithm to segment digital images proposed by Boykov and Jolly [9]. The input of this approach is a digital image with a selected v region of interest (ROI). The ROI is selected using a rectangular bounding box. The pixels inside the bounding box are assigned to the foreground, while the others are assigned to the background. In this study, the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm designed by [48] with a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based on the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques are developed and compared. In addition, the algorithms developed are allowed to run on the Central Processing Unit (CPU) under two scenarios. Scenario 1 involves allowing the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques to the Squared Euclidean distance measures to calculate the similarities and dissimilarities in pixels in an image. In scenario 2, the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques will use the City Block distance measure to calculate similarities as well as dissimilarities between pixels in a given image. The same images from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark 500 were used as input to the algorithms and the number of clusters, K, was varied from 2 to 5. It was observed that the Kmeans clustering technique outperformed the Kmedoids clustering technique under the two scenarios for all the test images with K varied from 2 to 5, in terms of runtime required. In addition, the Kmeans clustering technique obtained more compact and separate clusters under scenario 1, than its counterpart. On the other hand, the Kmedoids obtained more compact and separate clusters than the Kmeans clustering technique under scenario 2. The silhouette validity index favoured the smallest number of clusters for both clustering techniques as it suggested the optimal number of clusters for the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques under the two scenarios was 2. Although the Kmeans required less computation time than vi its counterpart, the generation of foreground and background took longer for the GMM based on Kmeans than it did for the GMM based on Kmedoids clustering technique. Furthermore, the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm with a GMM based on the Kmedoids clustering technique was computationally less expensive than the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm with a GMM based on the Kmeans clustering technique. This was observed to be true under both scenario 1 and 2. The Grabcuts for image with the GMM based on the Kmeans clustering techniques obtained slightly better segmentation results when the visual quality is concerned, than its counterpart under the two scenarios considered. On the other hand, the BFscores showed that the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm with the GMM based on Kmedoids produces images with higher BF-scores than its counterpart when K was varied from 2 to 5 for most of the test images. In addition, most of the images obtained the majority of their best segmentation results when K=2. This was observed to be true under scenario 1 as well as scenario 2. Therefore, the Kmedoids clustering technique under scenario 2 with K=2 would be the best option for the segmentation of difficult images in BSDS500. This is due to its ability to generate GMMs and segment difficult images more efficiently (i.e. time complexity, higher BF-scores, more under segmented rather than over segmented images, inter alia.) while producing comparable visual segmentation results to those obtained by the Grabcuts for image segmentation: GMM-Kmeans.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Manzi, Nozuko Zuleika
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Algorithms , Computer graphics
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14494 , vital:39995
- Description: Image segmentation is the partitioning of a digital image into small segments such as pixels or sets of pixels. It is significant as it allows for the visualization of structures of interest, removing unnecessary information. In addition, image segmentation is used in many fields like, for instance healthcare for image surgery, construction, etc. as it enables structure analysis. Segmentation of images can be computationally expensive especially when a large dataset is used, thus the importance of fast and effective segmentation algorithms is realised. This method is used to locate objects and boundaries (i.e. foreground and background) in images. The aim of this study is to provide a comparison of clustering techniques that would allow the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm to be effective and inexpensive. The Grabcuts based method, which is an extension of the graph cut based method, has been instrumental in solving many problems in computer vision i.e. image restoration, image segmentation, object recognition, tracking and analysis. According to Ramirez,et.al [47], the Grabcuts approach is an iterative and minimal user interaction algorithm as it chooses a segmentation by iteratively revising the foreground and background pixels assignments. The method uses min-cut/ max-flow algorithm to segment digital images proposed by Boykov and Jolly [9]. The input of this approach is a digital image with a selected v region of interest (ROI). The ROI is selected using a rectangular bounding box. The pixels inside the bounding box are assigned to the foreground, while the others are assigned to the background. In this study, the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm designed by [48] with a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based on the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques are developed and compared. In addition, the algorithms developed are allowed to run on the Central Processing Unit (CPU) under two scenarios. Scenario 1 involves allowing the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques to the Squared Euclidean distance measures to calculate the similarities and dissimilarities in pixels in an image. In scenario 2, the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques will use the City Block distance measure to calculate similarities as well as dissimilarities between pixels in a given image. The same images from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset and Benchmark 500 were used as input to the algorithms and the number of clusters, K, was varied from 2 to 5. It was observed that the Kmeans clustering technique outperformed the Kmedoids clustering technique under the two scenarios for all the test images with K varied from 2 to 5, in terms of runtime required. In addition, the Kmeans clustering technique obtained more compact and separate clusters under scenario 1, than its counterpart. On the other hand, the Kmedoids obtained more compact and separate clusters than the Kmeans clustering technique under scenario 2. The silhouette validity index favoured the smallest number of clusters for both clustering techniques as it suggested the optimal number of clusters for the Kmeans and Kmedoids clustering techniques under the two scenarios was 2. Although the Kmeans required less computation time than vi its counterpart, the generation of foreground and background took longer for the GMM based on Kmeans than it did for the GMM based on Kmedoids clustering technique. Furthermore, the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm with a GMM based on the Kmedoids clustering technique was computationally less expensive than the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm with a GMM based on the Kmeans clustering technique. This was observed to be true under both scenario 1 and 2. The Grabcuts for image with the GMM based on the Kmeans clustering techniques obtained slightly better segmentation results when the visual quality is concerned, than its counterpart under the two scenarios considered. On the other hand, the BFscores showed that the Grabcuts for image segmentation algorithm with the GMM based on Kmedoids produces images with higher BF-scores than its counterpart when K was varied from 2 to 5 for most of the test images. In addition, most of the images obtained the majority of their best segmentation results when K=2. This was observed to be true under scenario 1 as well as scenario 2. Therefore, the Kmedoids clustering technique under scenario 2 with K=2 would be the best option for the segmentation of difficult images in BSDS500. This is due to its ability to generate GMMs and segment difficult images more efficiently (i.e. time complexity, higher BF-scores, more under segmented rather than over segmented images, inter alia.) while producing comparable visual segmentation results to those obtained by the Grabcuts for image segmentation: GMM-Kmeans.
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Implementation and management of code of conduct in addressing service delivery, in the Eastern Cape department of basic education
- Authors: Mhambi, Mbulelo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Professional ethics Code of life
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16940 , vital:40787
- Description: The study seeks to assess and examine the management and implementation of the code of conduct by the Eastern Cape Department of Basic Education in addressing service delivery in the Province. The reason for the Researcher to undertake the study is influenced among others by poor of service delivery, maladministration and corruption reported in this department through media, newspapers, Auditor General (AG) Reports and Portfolio Committee on Basic Education Eastern Cape Legislature which act as the oversight mechanism for this department. Literature review was conducted as a secondary source of information and primary information was conducted through sample of 30 respondents which were selected by the Researcher. The respondents were from the most key units of the department of Education Eastern Cape, which are stated in chapter one of the study. The study followed qualitative research approach which included semi-structured questionnaire, observation and document analysis. The findings of the study indicate lack of management and implementation of the code of conduct by the department. They clearly shows, lack of awareness and understanding of the code itself by the general staff members, lack of discipline, poor employee attitude, and unwillingness to improve service delivery and corruption in the department systems. The findings of the study expose lack of understanding of the code of conduct by the civil servants in the Department of Education, Eastern Cape. This can be attributed to lack of induction, orientation and training, in order to understand the importance of the code of conduct. Document analysis revealed that, there was lack of adherence and observation of the department’s established policies, rules, regulations, procedures and flouting of supply chain management processes and corruption in the system which is tantamount to violation of the DPSA code of conduct. These factors all contributed to this department’s failure in achieving clean audit outcomes from the AG during the last term. Department of Basic Education, Eastern Cape Province, received qualified and adverse audit reports between 2009 and 2014 financial years. The study recommends trainings of the department of education officials in the DPSA code of conduct. More vigorous on going ethical training is very crucial in the attempt to promote ethical behaviour, to root out corruption, under performance and vi maladministration activities experienced in this department so as to fast track service delivery to the people of the Province, in the following terms of Government administration going forward.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mhambi, Mbulelo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Professional ethics Code of life
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16940 , vital:40787
- Description: The study seeks to assess and examine the management and implementation of the code of conduct by the Eastern Cape Department of Basic Education in addressing service delivery in the Province. The reason for the Researcher to undertake the study is influenced among others by poor of service delivery, maladministration and corruption reported in this department through media, newspapers, Auditor General (AG) Reports and Portfolio Committee on Basic Education Eastern Cape Legislature which act as the oversight mechanism for this department. Literature review was conducted as a secondary source of information and primary information was conducted through sample of 30 respondents which were selected by the Researcher. The respondents were from the most key units of the department of Education Eastern Cape, which are stated in chapter one of the study. The study followed qualitative research approach which included semi-structured questionnaire, observation and document analysis. The findings of the study indicate lack of management and implementation of the code of conduct by the department. They clearly shows, lack of awareness and understanding of the code itself by the general staff members, lack of discipline, poor employee attitude, and unwillingness to improve service delivery and corruption in the department systems. The findings of the study expose lack of understanding of the code of conduct by the civil servants in the Department of Education, Eastern Cape. This can be attributed to lack of induction, orientation and training, in order to understand the importance of the code of conduct. Document analysis revealed that, there was lack of adherence and observation of the department’s established policies, rules, regulations, procedures and flouting of supply chain management processes and corruption in the system which is tantamount to violation of the DPSA code of conduct. These factors all contributed to this department’s failure in achieving clean audit outcomes from the AG during the last term. Department of Basic Education, Eastern Cape Province, received qualified and adverse audit reports between 2009 and 2014 financial years. The study recommends trainings of the department of education officials in the DPSA code of conduct. More vigorous on going ethical training is very crucial in the attempt to promote ethical behaviour, to root out corruption, under performance and vi maladministration activities experienced in this department so as to fast track service delivery to the people of the Province, in the following terms of Government administration going forward.
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Investigation of Sexual Relationships among gay students at the University Of Fort Hare (Alice Campus), Eastern Cape.
- Authors: Mbanga , T.Q
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Gay youth Sex (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc. Sci (Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17619 , vital:41129
- Description: The main aim of the study was to investigate sexual relationships among gay students at the University of Fort Hare (Alice Campus), Eastern Cape. A qualitative research design was followed and semi-structured interview schedules were issued to twelve participants. The queer theory underpinned this study and it is based on the notion that individuals are able to determine their sexual identity and sexual orientation as they are. The participants, aged 18-25 years, were purposively selected to share their sexual behaviour as gays. The ethical principles such as informed consent, confidentiality, privacy and protection from harm, were adhered to, throughout the study. Prior identification of the themes, coding took place. The following themes were very important in the research and they helped to achieve the aim of the study and they are; challenges gay students experience in their relationships, closet partners, social networks sexual partners among gay students, condom use among gay students, sexual agreements among gay students, condom use, condom self-efficacy, honesty and communication, social support, self-esteem, liberal community and non-homophobic, traditional male circumcision, sexual agreements among gay students ,pornography viewing , sexual abuse among gay students, discrimination in residence, religiosity and perception towards marriage among gay students. Based on the findings, it is recommended that there should be communication among gay couples to avoid lot of conflicts. Also, there should be education about homosexuality in communities, schools and tertiary institutions as many people treat gays badly owing to lack of knowledge
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mbanga , T.Q
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Gay youth Sex (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc. Sci (Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17619 , vital:41129
- Description: The main aim of the study was to investigate sexual relationships among gay students at the University of Fort Hare (Alice Campus), Eastern Cape. A qualitative research design was followed and semi-structured interview schedules were issued to twelve participants. The queer theory underpinned this study and it is based on the notion that individuals are able to determine their sexual identity and sexual orientation as they are. The participants, aged 18-25 years, were purposively selected to share their sexual behaviour as gays. The ethical principles such as informed consent, confidentiality, privacy and protection from harm, were adhered to, throughout the study. Prior identification of the themes, coding took place. The following themes were very important in the research and they helped to achieve the aim of the study and they are; challenges gay students experience in their relationships, closet partners, social networks sexual partners among gay students, condom use among gay students, sexual agreements among gay students, condom use, condom self-efficacy, honesty and communication, social support, self-esteem, liberal community and non-homophobic, traditional male circumcision, sexual agreements among gay students ,pornography viewing , sexual abuse among gay students, discrimination in residence, religiosity and perception towards marriage among gay students. Based on the findings, it is recommended that there should be communication among gay couples to avoid lot of conflicts. Also, there should be education about homosexuality in communities, schools and tertiary institutions as many people treat gays badly owing to lack of knowledge
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Isolation and characterization of extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis l. And comparative evaluation of its antimicrobial activity and selected types of antibiotics against some bacteria species
- Authors: Gbede,Remi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Rosmarinus Essences and essential oils Lamiaceae Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19142 , vital:39875
- Description: Rosmarinus officinalis L. is known extensively for its multifunctional purposes. The essential oil has been widely used in cosmeceuticals and several ethnopharmacological values. In vitro studies have demonstrated the antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) of Rosmarinus officinalis L. against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Vibrio cholerae DSM 19283, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Bacillus cereus. These different bacteria were screened against antibiotics such as Tetracycline, Ampicillin Sodium salt, Erythromycin and Amoxicillin, and some standards namely rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol, and also against the methanol, acetone, chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of rosemary. The essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. showed significant inhibitory properties compared to antibiotics with various degrees of growth inhibition. The standards exhibited some activities against the organisms. The GC/MS analysis of the essential oil revealed 34 compounds present with most components acting in synergy to bring about antibacterial activities. The antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of two leaf extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis (with hexane and dichloromethane as solvents) using standard procedure were studied. The findings justify the claims on the efficacy of plants for therapeutic uses for antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Antiplasmodial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis recorded IC50 values of 9.99 µg/ml and 9.76 µg/ml in hexane and dichloromethane respectively.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Gbede,Remi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Rosmarinus Essences and essential oils Lamiaceae Medicinal plants
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19142 , vital:39875
- Description: Rosmarinus officinalis L. is known extensively for its multifunctional purposes. The essential oil has been widely used in cosmeceuticals and several ethnopharmacological values. In vitro studies have demonstrated the antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) of Rosmarinus officinalis L. against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Vibrio cholerae DSM 19283, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Bacillus cereus. These different bacteria were screened against antibiotics such as Tetracycline, Ampicillin Sodium salt, Erythromycin and Amoxicillin, and some standards namely rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol, and also against the methanol, acetone, chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of rosemary. The essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. showed significant inhibitory properties compared to antibiotics with various degrees of growth inhibition. The standards exhibited some activities against the organisms. The GC/MS analysis of the essential oil revealed 34 compounds present with most components acting in synergy to bring about antibacterial activities. The antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of two leaf extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis (with hexane and dichloromethane as solvents) using standard procedure were studied. The findings justify the claims on the efficacy of plants for therapeutic uses for antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Antiplasmodial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis recorded IC50 values of 9.99 µg/ml and 9.76 µg/ml in hexane and dichloromethane respectively.
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Job engagement, Self-efficacy and Organisational citizenship behaviour among employees in selected insurance companies in the eastern cape province
- Authors: Ntshentshe, Sinazo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Organizational behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Job satisfaction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Management -- Employee participation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Industrial Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12502 , vital:39269
- Description: The present study investigated “Job engagement, self-efficacy and organisational citizenship behaviour among employees in an insurance company in the Eastern Cape province”. A research issue is emphasized and debated in details methodically. Social exchange theory (SET) and social cognitive theory (SCT were used in the study with the support of variable. Previous studies discovered and established the relationship between job engagement (JE) and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB); as well as self-efficacy (SE) and organisational citizenship behavior; and all variables combined together. Hypothesis is formulated that used to achieve objectives. The study used quantitative research design. The sample (N=100) of the study consist of the employees in the selected insurance companies in Eastern Cape, province. The data was collected with the use of questionnaire method and analyses was done using Statistical Package for the social science.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ntshentshe, Sinazo
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Organizational behavior -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Job satisfaction -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Management -- Employee participation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Industrial Psychology)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12502 , vital:39269
- Description: The present study investigated “Job engagement, self-efficacy and organisational citizenship behaviour among employees in an insurance company in the Eastern Cape province”. A research issue is emphasized and debated in details methodically. Social exchange theory (SET) and social cognitive theory (SCT were used in the study with the support of variable. Previous studies discovered and established the relationship between job engagement (JE) and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB); as well as self-efficacy (SE) and organisational citizenship behavior; and all variables combined together. Hypothesis is formulated that used to achieve objectives. The study used quantitative research design. The sample (N=100) of the study consist of the employees in the selected insurance companies in Eastern Cape, province. The data was collected with the use of questionnaire method and analyses was done using Statistical Package for the social science.
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Knowledge retention practices among healthcare workers at Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Jonga, Nqabakazi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Knowledge management Organizational learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M LIS
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11461 , vital:39074
- Description: Knowledge has transformed to become an economic resource in a knowledge-based society, which determines the proficiency, progress and efficiency of any performed task. However, efficiency can be compromised when the health sector fails to retain the wealth of knowledge from experienced, senior and subject experts who have, or are about to leave or retire from the institution. Knowledge management provides for knowledge acquisition, sharing, transfer and further motivates the creation of influential atmospheres for knowledge sharing in the Public health sector. Healthcare is a knowledge driven process and thus knowledge management and the tools to manage knowledge in the healthcare sector are receiving attention. This study investigated knowledge retention practices in the Public health sector, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study was informed by the Socialisation, Externalization, Combination, Internalization SECI model of knowledge creation and conversion by Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995) and the Knowledge based theory of the firm by Grant (1996). Both theories interpret knowledge sharing and preservation as vital for institutional growth and effective service delivery. The theories advised on the establishment of platforms designated for acquisition of new knowledge, knowledge sharing and retention to assist in future decision making to obtain a competitive edge. The study employed a mixed method approach that is largely quantitative in nature. Self-administered questionnaires were adopted for quantitative data collection and three interviews were conducted with middle management to supplement the quantitative data. The reliability and validity of the research instruments was achieved through adapting, and modifying questions from previously used research instruments from the works of Dewah, (2012); Teffo, (2014) and Tatani, (2015). New questions were further developed and evaluated through expert analysis. The study took place at Cecilia Makiwane Hospital in Mdantsane, Eastern Cape. The population of the study comprised of qualified healthcare workers in the health sector mainly “nurses”. The sample size was 198 and three interviews were conducted with the middle management to obtain qualitative data. xix The findings of the study revealed that the concept of knowledge retention was not dominant in public hospitals such as Cecilia Makiwane; however, certain practices are adopted to stimulate knowledge sharing thus contributing to knowledge retention. Several factors such as budget, ICT use, time allocation, fear of losing the competitive value through knowledge sharing and absence of supporting structures or services have been identified as root causes for reduced knowledge sharing practices among healthcare workers. The study, therefore, recommends the appointment of knowledge officers who would oversee the effective implementation of knowledge management policies and adopt strategies that will assist with knowledge retention. Further recommendations are, effective integration of knowledge management practices into the system, development of an internet based system for effective communication and institutional repositories for knowledge preservation. The study concludes that the development of training programs would assist healthcare workers to be familiar with any new or old invented mechanism.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Jonga, Nqabakazi
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Knowledge management Organizational learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M LIS
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11461 , vital:39074
- Description: Knowledge has transformed to become an economic resource in a knowledge-based society, which determines the proficiency, progress and efficiency of any performed task. However, efficiency can be compromised when the health sector fails to retain the wealth of knowledge from experienced, senior and subject experts who have, or are about to leave or retire from the institution. Knowledge management provides for knowledge acquisition, sharing, transfer and further motivates the creation of influential atmospheres for knowledge sharing in the Public health sector. Healthcare is a knowledge driven process and thus knowledge management and the tools to manage knowledge in the healthcare sector are receiving attention. This study investigated knowledge retention practices in the Public health sector, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The study was informed by the Socialisation, Externalization, Combination, Internalization SECI model of knowledge creation and conversion by Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995) and the Knowledge based theory of the firm by Grant (1996). Both theories interpret knowledge sharing and preservation as vital for institutional growth and effective service delivery. The theories advised on the establishment of platforms designated for acquisition of new knowledge, knowledge sharing and retention to assist in future decision making to obtain a competitive edge. The study employed a mixed method approach that is largely quantitative in nature. Self-administered questionnaires were adopted for quantitative data collection and three interviews were conducted with middle management to supplement the quantitative data. The reliability and validity of the research instruments was achieved through adapting, and modifying questions from previously used research instruments from the works of Dewah, (2012); Teffo, (2014) and Tatani, (2015). New questions were further developed and evaluated through expert analysis. The study took place at Cecilia Makiwane Hospital in Mdantsane, Eastern Cape. The population of the study comprised of qualified healthcare workers in the health sector mainly “nurses”. The sample size was 198 and three interviews were conducted with the middle management to obtain qualitative data. xix The findings of the study revealed that the concept of knowledge retention was not dominant in public hospitals such as Cecilia Makiwane; however, certain practices are adopted to stimulate knowledge sharing thus contributing to knowledge retention. Several factors such as budget, ICT use, time allocation, fear of losing the competitive value through knowledge sharing and absence of supporting structures or services have been identified as root causes for reduced knowledge sharing practices among healthcare workers. The study, therefore, recommends the appointment of knowledge officers who would oversee the effective implementation of knowledge management policies and adopt strategies that will assist with knowledge retention. Further recommendations are, effective integration of knowledge management practices into the system, development of an internet based system for effective communication and institutional repositories for knowledge preservation. The study concludes that the development of training programs would assist healthcare workers to be familiar with any new or old invented mechanism.
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Listeners’ Participation in Community Radio: A Case Study of Forte FM Radio
- Authors: Bamigboye, Foluke Bosede
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Community radio Radio in community development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc (Communications)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16254 , vital:40703
- Description: This dissertation investigates listeners’ participation in community radio, drawing on Forte FM radio in Nkonkobe Municipality in Alice, Eastern Cape. The aim of the study was therefore to explore how listeners are been involved in the activities of Forte FM radio station. This study adopts qualitative research approach. Convenience, and purposive non-probability samplings techniques were subsequently used to select samples for this study. In-depth interviews was conducted with the radio station manager while one focus group discussion each was held with residents of Golf Course and Ntselamanzi areas with eight participants in each focus group, making a total number of sixteen participants for the focus group discussions. The collected data were interpreted and analyzed thematically. The findings of this research showed a remarkable disparity between the listeners of the radio station and perceptions of participation on one hand, and the listeners’ opinion and perceptions of them vice versa. Also, programming is often conceptualized with little or no community involvement and interaction. Listeners interviewed in the course of carrying out the focus group discussion in the two sampled areas were of the views that they only get connected to Forte FM radio station on social grounds of greetings and “shout outs”, through public spheres and for self-representation in the variety of public spaces of Forte FM radio. Another critical finding of this study indicated that, Forte FM is doing its best towards involving listeners in its programming.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Bamigboye, Foluke Bosede
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Community radio Radio in community development
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSoc (Communications)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/16254 , vital:40703
- Description: This dissertation investigates listeners’ participation in community radio, drawing on Forte FM radio in Nkonkobe Municipality in Alice, Eastern Cape. The aim of the study was therefore to explore how listeners are been involved in the activities of Forte FM radio station. This study adopts qualitative research approach. Convenience, and purposive non-probability samplings techniques were subsequently used to select samples for this study. In-depth interviews was conducted with the radio station manager while one focus group discussion each was held with residents of Golf Course and Ntselamanzi areas with eight participants in each focus group, making a total number of sixteen participants for the focus group discussions. The collected data were interpreted and analyzed thematically. The findings of this research showed a remarkable disparity between the listeners of the radio station and perceptions of participation on one hand, and the listeners’ opinion and perceptions of them vice versa. Also, programming is often conceptualized with little or no community involvement and interaction. Listeners interviewed in the course of carrying out the focus group discussion in the two sampled areas were of the views that they only get connected to Forte FM radio station on social grounds of greetings and “shout outs”, through public spheres and for self-representation in the variety of public spaces of Forte FM radio. Another critical finding of this study indicated that, Forte FM is doing its best towards involving listeners in its programming.
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Managing personal archives in specialised repositories: a case study of Phillip Valentine Tobias collection(s) at the University of the Witwatersrand
- Authors: Marima, Elizabeth Nakai
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Archives management , Institutional repositories
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M LIS
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11473 , vital:39075
- Description: Personal archives are noncurrent records created by individuals that are selected and kept for their enduring value. They are a record of the past and stand as evidence of what transpired. They make part of repository holdings together with public archives in organisational repositories. Public archives document transactions, statutes, procedures, and regulations. Personal archives contain the documentation of individual lives, emotions, values, experiences and human personality. They seek to reflect the character of the individual who created them. Management of personal archives in repositories refers to their acquisition, collection, arrangement, description, preservation, conservation, creation if access and use. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the managing of personal archives in specialized repositories: A case study of Phillip Valentine Tobias Collection(s) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The study sought to investigate the legal framework that regulates managing of personal archives and the experiences, perceptions and expectations of people managing the personal archives. Furthermore, the study sought to identify strategies of improving the management of personal archives at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The study was motivated by the archival theory that conceptualizes grouping of records together for their content and contextual value as evidence with the aim of restating the past. The theory further defines personal archives as records of continued value created by an individual which accumulated naturally, impartially and without prejudice in order to accurately witness the past. The study used a qualitative methodology and was guided by the interpretivist research paradigm. Data was collected using open-ended questions to conduct semi-structured interviews. To complement data, a document analysis, focus group and casual observation were also used. The site of study was University of the Witwatersrand. The total population constituted 41 staff members working in six special repositories with the Phillip Tobias collections at University of the Witwatersrand. The sample size was 25 staff members working in three special repositories. The qualitative data was reported verbartim and the Constant Comparative method was used for data analysis. The findings indicated challenges to the archival theory as the contextual grouping of personal archives was distorted. The study also showed that the archives were xv mismanaged due to framework irregularities, lack of top management support and limited resources. The major resources that were limited were infrastructure, archival ICT systems, human resources and training needs. From the interviews, the research identified strategies of improving the management of personal archives. The study recommended that the university benchmark for archival support strategies and to also engage in existence justification initiatives to harness top management’s attention towards the archive. Out of the identified strategies, the study suggested a tailor made strategy, which combined aspects of each strategy in order to avoid associated challenges.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Marima, Elizabeth Nakai
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Archives management , Institutional repositories
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M LIS
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11473 , vital:39075
- Description: Personal archives are noncurrent records created by individuals that are selected and kept for their enduring value. They are a record of the past and stand as evidence of what transpired. They make part of repository holdings together with public archives in organisational repositories. Public archives document transactions, statutes, procedures, and regulations. Personal archives contain the documentation of individual lives, emotions, values, experiences and human personality. They seek to reflect the character of the individual who created them. Management of personal archives in repositories refers to their acquisition, collection, arrangement, description, preservation, conservation, creation if access and use. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the managing of personal archives in specialized repositories: A case study of Phillip Valentine Tobias Collection(s) at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The study sought to investigate the legal framework that regulates managing of personal archives and the experiences, perceptions and expectations of people managing the personal archives. Furthermore, the study sought to identify strategies of improving the management of personal archives at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. The study was motivated by the archival theory that conceptualizes grouping of records together for their content and contextual value as evidence with the aim of restating the past. The theory further defines personal archives as records of continued value created by an individual which accumulated naturally, impartially and without prejudice in order to accurately witness the past. The study used a qualitative methodology and was guided by the interpretivist research paradigm. Data was collected using open-ended questions to conduct semi-structured interviews. To complement data, a document analysis, focus group and casual observation were also used. The site of study was University of the Witwatersrand. The total population constituted 41 staff members working in six special repositories with the Phillip Tobias collections at University of the Witwatersrand. The sample size was 25 staff members working in three special repositories. The qualitative data was reported verbartim and the Constant Comparative method was used for data analysis. The findings indicated challenges to the archival theory as the contextual grouping of personal archives was distorted. The study also showed that the archives were xv mismanaged due to framework irregularities, lack of top management support and limited resources. The major resources that were limited were infrastructure, archival ICT systems, human resources and training needs. From the interviews, the research identified strategies of improving the management of personal archives. The study recommended that the university benchmark for archival support strategies and to also engage in existence justification initiatives to harness top management’s attention towards the archive. Out of the identified strategies, the study suggested a tailor made strategy, which combined aspects of each strategy in order to avoid associated challenges.
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Mapping soil factors influencing erosion using machine leaerning algorithms in the t35 d-e catchment in the Eastern Cape Province
- Du Plessis, Casparus Jacobus
- Authors: Du Plessis, Casparus Jacobus
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Soils -- Analysis Soil erosion
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17106 , vital:40850
- Description: The need for detailed spatial soil information is increasing in the fields of environmental studies, agriculture as well as engineering practices. Regarding soil erosion in South Africa, border lines between sensitive soil forms in the Duplex soil group and resistant soil forms in the Oxidic soil group need to be mapped to a high accuracy to prevent/manage erosion and major soil losses. In third world countries like South Africa, digital soil mapping (DSM) with the use of machine learning can provide the solutions to fill numerous gaps in these related fields. Local DSM research has been ongoing at the University of the Free State and related institutions for the past eleven years. It has also been used commercially and can therefore be regarded as fruitful. The National Resource Management unit of the Department of Environmental Affairs required a soil map regarding the susceptibility of the soil to erosion for catchment T35 D-E (87 000 hectares) in the Mzimvubu management area of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Through a DSM approach, machine learning was used to predict the occurrence of soil forms and soil families in accordance with the South African Soil Classification System. A total of 591 soil observations were made at specific points, pre-determined with the conditioned Latin Hypercube sampling (cLHS) method. These pre-determined points were classified into nineteen soil forms and forty eight soil families. The soils were then further divided into nine soil groups, based on their inherent sensitivity to erosion. Outlier observations were omitted from the dataset to create a reliable framework to predict the soil groups as influenced by the SCORPAN factors. These soil groups were mapped and evaluated with an accuracy of 68% and a Kappa statistic value of 0.42 that compare well with other soil maps, both locally and internationally. Mapping soil with an acceptable accuracy with such a high level of detail on catchment scale would be a tremendous advantage to soil scientists and environmental workforces in southern Africa. Future work should focus on DSM training, to broaden the base of DSM skills available in southern Africa. This will ensure that soil information would be included in addressing an increasing amount of real world problems at catchment scales.
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- Authors: Du Plessis, Casparus Jacobus
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Soils -- Analysis Soil erosion
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17106 , vital:40850
- Description: The need for detailed spatial soil information is increasing in the fields of environmental studies, agriculture as well as engineering practices. Regarding soil erosion in South Africa, border lines between sensitive soil forms in the Duplex soil group and resistant soil forms in the Oxidic soil group need to be mapped to a high accuracy to prevent/manage erosion and major soil losses. In third world countries like South Africa, digital soil mapping (DSM) with the use of machine learning can provide the solutions to fill numerous gaps in these related fields. Local DSM research has been ongoing at the University of the Free State and related institutions for the past eleven years. It has also been used commercially and can therefore be regarded as fruitful. The National Resource Management unit of the Department of Environmental Affairs required a soil map regarding the susceptibility of the soil to erosion for catchment T35 D-E (87 000 hectares) in the Mzimvubu management area of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Through a DSM approach, machine learning was used to predict the occurrence of soil forms and soil families in accordance with the South African Soil Classification System. A total of 591 soil observations were made at specific points, pre-determined with the conditioned Latin Hypercube sampling (cLHS) method. These pre-determined points were classified into nineteen soil forms and forty eight soil families. The soils were then further divided into nine soil groups, based on their inherent sensitivity to erosion. Outlier observations were omitted from the dataset to create a reliable framework to predict the soil groups as influenced by the SCORPAN factors. These soil groups were mapped and evaluated with an accuracy of 68% and a Kappa statistic value of 0.42 that compare well with other soil maps, both locally and internationally. Mapping soil with an acceptable accuracy with such a high level of detail on catchment scale would be a tremendous advantage to soil scientists and environmental workforces in southern Africa. Future work should focus on DSM training, to broaden the base of DSM skills available in southern Africa. This will ensure that soil information would be included in addressing an increasing amount of real world problems at catchment scales.
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Mobile money adoption: a case study of Zimbaweans residing in South Africa
- Authors: Chimusoro, Anna
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mobile commerce Financial institutions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Business Management)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13326 , vital:39634
- Description: A mobile phone has become an essential tool for both social and economic development in various countries around the world. For Zimbabweans residing in South Africa, a mobile phone is a lifeline to support family and relatives back home through Eco-cash mobile money service. With the assistance of mobile commerce applications, consumers are able to use their devices for financial transactions, taking pictures, videos and accessing social networks. As such, a mobile phone can be used for a myriad of functions other than communication purposes. These innovative technological developments in the telecommunications sector have also empowered businesses to improve on their efficiency and effectiveness. However, the challenge remains for consumers to adopt these innovations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing the adoption of mobile money (Eco-cash) by Zimbabweans residing in South Africa. The study also established if perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived risk, perceived trust, social influence and facilitating conditions influence the intention to adopt mobile money (Eco-cash). The research adopted the TAM, extended TAM and UTAUT constructs to develop a theoretical model. A quantitative, descriptive research approach was applied to the study. Both primary and secondary sources were utilised in the collection of data. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 377 respondents through convenience and snowballing sampling methods in East London. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 software packages was utilised to analyse the data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) statistical techniques were employed to interpret the findings. The study found significant relationships on perceived ease of use, perceived trust, perceived risk, perceived usefulness, social influence and user intention. No significant relationship was found between facilitating conditions and user intention. The study recommends that MNOs design mobile money systems that are user-friendly and simple to use. Furthermore, MNOs and mobile money agents can offer value added services to attract more consumers to use their services.
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- Authors: Chimusoro, Anna
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Mobile commerce Financial institutions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom (Business Management)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/13326 , vital:39634
- Description: A mobile phone has become an essential tool for both social and economic development in various countries around the world. For Zimbabweans residing in South Africa, a mobile phone is a lifeline to support family and relatives back home through Eco-cash mobile money service. With the assistance of mobile commerce applications, consumers are able to use their devices for financial transactions, taking pictures, videos and accessing social networks. As such, a mobile phone can be used for a myriad of functions other than communication purposes. These innovative technological developments in the telecommunications sector have also empowered businesses to improve on their efficiency and effectiveness. However, the challenge remains for consumers to adopt these innovations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing the adoption of mobile money (Eco-cash) by Zimbabweans residing in South Africa. The study also established if perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived risk, perceived trust, social influence and facilitating conditions influence the intention to adopt mobile money (Eco-cash). The research adopted the TAM, extended TAM and UTAUT constructs to develop a theoretical model. A quantitative, descriptive research approach was applied to the study. Both primary and secondary sources were utilised in the collection of data. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 377 respondents through convenience and snowballing sampling methods in East London. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 software packages was utilised to analyse the data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) statistical techniques were employed to interpret the findings. The study found significant relationships on perceived ease of use, perceived trust, perceived risk, perceived usefulness, social influence and user intention. No significant relationship was found between facilitating conditions and user intention. The study recommends that MNOs design mobile money systems that are user-friendly and simple to use. Furthermore, MNOs and mobile money agents can offer value added services to attract more consumers to use their services.
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Multi-temporal assessment of chlorophyll-a concentration in estuarine waters: a case study of sundays and swartkops estuaries, Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Gwazani, Nothando
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Chlorophyll -- South Africa Estuaries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Applied Remote Sensing & GIS)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11972 , vital:39123
- Description: Estuaries are productive and delicate marine systems, which are of commercial, recreational and aesthetic value as they reflect the land use of a catchment by creating “nutrient traps”, these nutrients are absorbed by water and later released into the coastal oceans. Disturbances in an estuary influence a wide variety of habitats and organisms in a marine ecosystem, for example, high chlorophyll-a affects marine species that utilize calm waters, food and turbid water found in estuaries. The degradation of South African estuaries is an on-going accelerating process; therefore, there is a need for preservation measures for estuarine ecosystems by means of monitoring nutrient flow. This research was aimed at assessing the use of OLCI ocean color products in monitoring chl-a concentration and impacts of the estuaries in Algoa Bay. OLCI on the Sentinel platforms, coupled with OCNN and OC4ME algorithms were employed to assess the distribution of chlorophyll-a in Swartkops and Sunday’s estuaries. OC4Me and OCNN are the default models designed for OLCI data. However, the OLCI resolution was not able to measure the chl-a concentration within these estuaries. Therefore, satellite product assessment was primarily focused on the Algoa bay scale due to the resolution of the available data. SNAP and Matlab were applied for the production of the final products. Accuracy assessment was used to check the agreement between the in situ datasets of chl-a and the final processed satellite products. Results of this investigation point that OCNN did not perform well in the study as compared to OC4Me and it did not produce accurate results in areas with very high biomass concentration. The research concludes by recommending the use of higher resolution data such as Sentinel 2 MSI (10m, 20m, and 60m resolution) for resolving chlorophyll-a within these estuaries.
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- Authors: Gwazani, Nothando
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Chlorophyll -- South Africa Estuaries -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Applied Remote Sensing & GIS)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11972 , vital:39123
- Description: Estuaries are productive and delicate marine systems, which are of commercial, recreational and aesthetic value as they reflect the land use of a catchment by creating “nutrient traps”, these nutrients are absorbed by water and later released into the coastal oceans. Disturbances in an estuary influence a wide variety of habitats and organisms in a marine ecosystem, for example, high chlorophyll-a affects marine species that utilize calm waters, food and turbid water found in estuaries. The degradation of South African estuaries is an on-going accelerating process; therefore, there is a need for preservation measures for estuarine ecosystems by means of monitoring nutrient flow. This research was aimed at assessing the use of OLCI ocean color products in monitoring chl-a concentration and impacts of the estuaries in Algoa Bay. OLCI on the Sentinel platforms, coupled with OCNN and OC4ME algorithms were employed to assess the distribution of chlorophyll-a in Swartkops and Sunday’s estuaries. OC4Me and OCNN are the default models designed for OLCI data. However, the OLCI resolution was not able to measure the chl-a concentration within these estuaries. Therefore, satellite product assessment was primarily focused on the Algoa bay scale due to the resolution of the available data. SNAP and Matlab were applied for the production of the final products. Accuracy assessment was used to check the agreement between the in situ datasets of chl-a and the final processed satellite products. Results of this investigation point that OCNN did not perform well in the study as compared to OC4Me and it did not produce accurate results in areas with very high biomass concentration. The research concludes by recommending the use of higher resolution data such as Sentinel 2 MSI (10m, 20m, and 60m resolution) for resolving chlorophyll-a within these estuaries.
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Muscle nanostructure and physicochemical characteristics of South African A and AB mutton classes
- Authors: Mdikili, Zizipho
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Meat -- Quality -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , (MSc) (Animal Science)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12005 , vital:39126
- Description: Significant variations exist in quality of red meat due to the effect of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Research has been conducted in early 1990s to prove that carcasses from A and AB classes differ in meat quality due to age variation. This led to a conclusion that the two should be separated in the South African Red meat Classification System (SARCS). However, an interesting debate arose from a carcass classification workshop that A and AB meat classes have the same quality and thus must be integrated into one class in the carcass classification system. In addition, as much as it can be debated that these classes have the same quality, it is also possible that slight differences exist between the two since they are from different age groups. The current study was therefore developed and two trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of age differences on physicochemical attributes and muscle nanostructure of A and AB classes in sheep. In the first trial a total of ninety (n=90) Dorper sheep of the same sex but different age groups slaughtered at a high throughput abattoir in the Eastern Cape province were used to evaluate meat ultimate pH (pH24), colour (L* , a* , b* , H* , C* ), thawing loss (TL%), cooking loss (CL%) and tenderness (Warner Bratzler Shear Force - WBSF) of A and AB classes, whereas, on the second trial forty (n=40) Dorper sheep were used to evaluate muscle nanostructure and its relationship with tenderness. Meat samples were harvested from the Muscularis longissimuss thoracis et lumborum (LTL) for v meat quality and nanostructure measurements. The results showed significant variations (P<0.05) between the two classes for lean a* , H* and CL%. Significant differences (P<0.01) were observed in pH24, TL% and WBSF between A and AB classes. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) observed in meat L*, b* and C * . Ultimate pH was negatively correlated with thawing loss and some colorimetric attributes of lamb such as lightness, yellowness and hue angle. Moreover, tenderness was positively correlated with cooking and thawing losses. Significant differences were not (P>0.05) observed in sarcomere length, myofibrilar diameter and shear force between A and AB classes. Both sarcomere length and myofibrilar diameter were not correlated (P>0.05) with meat tenderness. These results suggest that A and AB classes are the same in nanostructure and that muscle nanostructure of these two classes is not related to meat tenderness. It was concluded that meat from sheep carcasses falling under the A and AB classes in the South African classification system vary greatly in physicochemical quality. Moreover, sheep carcasses from A and AB classes have the same sarcomere lengths and hence, they do not differ in meat tenderness (WBSF). However, when these classes were observed under a microscope, slight differences were noted in sarcomere lengths and myofibrilar diameters, which led to a conclusion that the two should remain as separated classes because their combination would result in the expansion of the non-uniformity of red meat tenderness. Therefore, A and AB classes should not be combined in the South African classification system. Further research is, however, recommended to evaluate the influence of other factors that were not examined in the current study.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mdikili, Zizipho
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Meat -- Quality -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , (MSc) (Animal Science)
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12005 , vital:39126
- Description: Significant variations exist in quality of red meat due to the effect of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Research has been conducted in early 1990s to prove that carcasses from A and AB classes differ in meat quality due to age variation. This led to a conclusion that the two should be separated in the South African Red meat Classification System (SARCS). However, an interesting debate arose from a carcass classification workshop that A and AB meat classes have the same quality and thus must be integrated into one class in the carcass classification system. In addition, as much as it can be debated that these classes have the same quality, it is also possible that slight differences exist between the two since they are from different age groups. The current study was therefore developed and two trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of age differences on physicochemical attributes and muscle nanostructure of A and AB classes in sheep. In the first trial a total of ninety (n=90) Dorper sheep of the same sex but different age groups slaughtered at a high throughput abattoir in the Eastern Cape province were used to evaluate meat ultimate pH (pH24), colour (L* , a* , b* , H* , C* ), thawing loss (TL%), cooking loss (CL%) and tenderness (Warner Bratzler Shear Force - WBSF) of A and AB classes, whereas, on the second trial forty (n=40) Dorper sheep were used to evaluate muscle nanostructure and its relationship with tenderness. Meat samples were harvested from the Muscularis longissimuss thoracis et lumborum (LTL) for v meat quality and nanostructure measurements. The results showed significant variations (P<0.05) between the two classes for lean a* , H* and CL%. Significant differences (P<0.01) were observed in pH24, TL% and WBSF between A and AB classes. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) observed in meat L*, b* and C * . Ultimate pH was negatively correlated with thawing loss and some colorimetric attributes of lamb such as lightness, yellowness and hue angle. Moreover, tenderness was positively correlated with cooking and thawing losses. Significant differences were not (P>0.05) observed in sarcomere length, myofibrilar diameter and shear force between A and AB classes. Both sarcomere length and myofibrilar diameter were not correlated (P>0.05) with meat tenderness. These results suggest that A and AB classes are the same in nanostructure and that muscle nanostructure of these two classes is not related to meat tenderness. It was concluded that meat from sheep carcasses falling under the A and AB classes in the South African classification system vary greatly in physicochemical quality. Moreover, sheep carcasses from A and AB classes have the same sarcomere lengths and hence, they do not differ in meat tenderness (WBSF). However, when these classes were observed under a microscope, slight differences were noted in sarcomere lengths and myofibrilar diameters, which led to a conclusion that the two should remain as separated classes because their combination would result in the expansion of the non-uniformity of red meat tenderness. Therefore, A and AB classes should not be combined in the South African classification system. Further research is, however, recommended to evaluate the influence of other factors that were not examined in the current study.
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Nutritional and pharmacological profile of moringa oleifera lam. Leaves cultivated in the South African ecotype
- Authors: Yako, Zomsa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Moringa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14605 , vital:40021
- Description: Moringa oleifera Lam. is native to the Indian ecotype, which has become naturalized in many tropic and subtropic regions worldwide, thus a great variation in the bioactive compounds of the plant is recorded. The introduction of Moringa oleifera to South Africa occurred in the turn of the twentieth century with the aim of combating malnourishment, aiding health and fostering economic development. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and authenticating the nutritional parameters, essential oil and bioactive components found in the various solvent extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in the South African ecotype. It also elucidated some of the plants medicinal properties by investigating the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the plant. The essential oil of the leaves was extracted using two methods (solvent free microwave extraction and hydrodistillation) and analysed using Gas Chromotography/Mass Spectrometer. The safety profile of the leaves was investigated using brine shrimp model. The results from the study revealed that Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in South Africa were rich in crude protein levels (28.72%) and carbohydrate (28.84%). Among the minerals tested for, the leaves contained high content of calcium (1603.33 mg/100 g), potassium (1690 mg/100 g), zinc (13.03 mg/100 g) and iron (21.13 mg/100 g). The vitamin E content had the highest concentration (89.43 mg/100 g) among the vitamins evaluated. The leaves of Moringa oleifera had low quantities of antinutrients in relation to minerals, thus ensuring nutrients availability. This study identified 15 fatty acids in the dried leaves of Moringa. The highest fatty acid detected were polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (56.36) and alpha-linolenic acid (687.58), 7 of the fatty acids were saturated fatty acids, though relatively low besides stearic acid. 15 amino acids were present, 7 of which were essential amino acids, namely; threonine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine. vi Among the phytochemicals evaluated, the aqueous extract gave the highest total phenolic content (21.01 ± 2.315 mg GAE/g), the acetone extract gave the highest proanthocyanidin (15.33 3.5 mg CE/g) and flavonoid contents (25.04±3.28 mg QE/g), while saponin and alkaloid contents were 27.73 ± 9.97% and 7.32 ± 2.73 % respectively. All the extracts exhibited high radical scavenging power against the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical with an IC50 less than 0.025 mg/mL. Aqueous extract gave the highest capacity based on ABTS and TAC assays with IC50 of 0.074 mg/ mL and 0.055 mg/mL respectively. Ethanol extract exhibited the least antioxidant capacity among the extracts, as well as the least antimicrobial activity on both Gram −ve and Gram +ve bacteria with all its minimum inhibitory concentration values greater than 5 mg/mL. The acetone extract exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity among the extracts. A total of 8 and 24 chemical compounds were found from the solvent-free microwave extracted and hydrodistilled oils, respectively. The major components found from hydrodistillation were 2-Hexanal (16.37%), Nonanal (6.09%), 5 9-undecadien-2-one 6, 10 dimethyl- (e) - (8.01%), trans-beta-Ionone (8.02%) and octadecane (9.67%). For the solvent free microwave extracted oil, Benzene acetaldehyde (5.68%), Octadecane, Pentacosane and Eicosane which were 11.03%, were the major components. Toxicity evaluation revealed that mortality was time dependent. As the exposure period increased, mortality kept increasing. The hatching success of the cysts in acetone, aqueous and ethanol extracts were 35.7, 33.6 and 35.2% respectively. Acetone extract showed the most prominent hatching success. Hatchability and lethality were in a concentration dependent fashion. Among the extracts, acetone extract exhibited the highest lethality (12.3%) to the nauplii, followed by ethanol (10.9%), then aqueous (5.6%) extracts. All the results obtained from this study suggest that Moringa has the potential of eradicating malnutrition and aid health. It contains the necessary nutritional and bioactive compounds and the leaves proved not to be toxic at the levels (0.0625 – 1 mg/mL) tested.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Yako, Zomsa
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Moringa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/14605 , vital:40021
- Description: Moringa oleifera Lam. is native to the Indian ecotype, which has become naturalized in many tropic and subtropic regions worldwide, thus a great variation in the bioactive compounds of the plant is recorded. The introduction of Moringa oleifera to South Africa occurred in the turn of the twentieth century with the aim of combating malnourishment, aiding health and fostering economic development. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and authenticating the nutritional parameters, essential oil and bioactive components found in the various solvent extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in the South African ecotype. It also elucidated some of the plants medicinal properties by investigating the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the plant. The essential oil of the leaves was extracted using two methods (solvent free microwave extraction and hydrodistillation) and analysed using Gas Chromotography/Mass Spectrometer. The safety profile of the leaves was investigated using brine shrimp model. The results from the study revealed that Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in South Africa were rich in crude protein levels (28.72%) and carbohydrate (28.84%). Among the minerals tested for, the leaves contained high content of calcium (1603.33 mg/100 g), potassium (1690 mg/100 g), zinc (13.03 mg/100 g) and iron (21.13 mg/100 g). The vitamin E content had the highest concentration (89.43 mg/100 g) among the vitamins evaluated. The leaves of Moringa oleifera had low quantities of antinutrients in relation to minerals, thus ensuring nutrients availability. This study identified 15 fatty acids in the dried leaves of Moringa. The highest fatty acid detected were polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (56.36) and alpha-linolenic acid (687.58), 7 of the fatty acids were saturated fatty acids, though relatively low besides stearic acid. 15 amino acids were present, 7 of which were essential amino acids, namely; threonine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine. vi Among the phytochemicals evaluated, the aqueous extract gave the highest total phenolic content (21.01 ± 2.315 mg GAE/g), the acetone extract gave the highest proanthocyanidin (15.33 3.5 mg CE/g) and flavonoid contents (25.04±3.28 mg QE/g), while saponin and alkaloid contents were 27.73 ± 9.97% and 7.32 ± 2.73 % respectively. All the extracts exhibited high radical scavenging power against the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical with an IC50 less than 0.025 mg/mL. Aqueous extract gave the highest capacity based on ABTS and TAC assays with IC50 of 0.074 mg/ mL and 0.055 mg/mL respectively. Ethanol extract exhibited the least antioxidant capacity among the extracts, as well as the least antimicrobial activity on both Gram −ve and Gram +ve bacteria with all its minimum inhibitory concentration values greater than 5 mg/mL. The acetone extract exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity among the extracts. A total of 8 and 24 chemical compounds were found from the solvent-free microwave extracted and hydrodistilled oils, respectively. The major components found from hydrodistillation were 2-Hexanal (16.37%), Nonanal (6.09%), 5 9-undecadien-2-one 6, 10 dimethyl- (e) - (8.01%), trans-beta-Ionone (8.02%) and octadecane (9.67%). For the solvent free microwave extracted oil, Benzene acetaldehyde (5.68%), Octadecane, Pentacosane and Eicosane which were 11.03%, were the major components. Toxicity evaluation revealed that mortality was time dependent. As the exposure period increased, mortality kept increasing. The hatching success of the cysts in acetone, aqueous and ethanol extracts were 35.7, 33.6 and 35.2% respectively. Acetone extract showed the most prominent hatching success. Hatchability and lethality were in a concentration dependent fashion. Among the extracts, acetone extract exhibited the highest lethality (12.3%) to the nauplii, followed by ethanol (10.9%), then aqueous (5.6%) extracts. All the results obtained from this study suggest that Moringa has the potential of eradicating malnutrition and aid health. It contains the necessary nutritional and bioactive compounds and the leaves proved not to be toxic at the levels (0.0625 – 1 mg/mL) tested.
- Full Text: