Trade openness, economic growth, income inequality and poverty nexus in SADC countries: 1980-2019
- Gonese, Dorcas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-024X
- Authors: Gonese, Dorcas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-024X
- Date: 2022-01
- Subjects: Economic development , Income distribution
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23370 , vital:57618
- Description: Trade openness (TO) has been identified as a critical component for sustainable economic growth, income inequality reduction, and poverty reduction in the 2030 Agenda as per the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) regional indicative strategic development plan (RISDP). Despite the opening up to the global world, developing countries such as the SADC continue to face exclusive and unstable economic growth, massive income disparity, and poverty. Considering the previous empirical work, many controversies are related to methodologies and measurement issues. The study attempted to examine the impact of trade openness on economic growth of the SADC countries as well as its effect on income inequality and poverty reduction from 1980 to 2019. The study builds on existing studies in the region that have mainly analysed this kind of relationship, assuming that it is only TO and economic growth (EGR) that matters. The study sought to address three analytical objectives. The first objective focused on examining the effects of trade openness on economic growth in the SADC countries. In addressing this objective, the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) was utilised, given the nature of the relationship between the variables of interest. The empirical results revealed that all measures of trade openness (real trade openness, economic globalisation, exports and imports of goods and services) used in the study have a positive effect on economic growth in SADC countries. This implies that the foreign factors account for a share of SADC's economic growth. The PMG indicates that the mediating variables of all measures of trade openness with human capital development have a positive effect on economic growth. This implies that the beneficial impact of the said measures of trade openness, are more effective when investment in human capital increases. The second objective focused on analysing trade openness's direct and indirect impact on income inequality using the PMG model again. The empirical results indicate that trade openness via exports has a negative effect on income inequality. In contrast, real trade openness and imports positively affect income inequality. This implies that the exports of goods and services in SADC are drivers of income inequality reduction while real trade openness and imports worsen it. Therefore, the SADC countries must be wary of real trade openness and import policies addressing income inequality. As for the interaction effects, the empirical results indicate that greater openness via real trade openness, economic globalisation, exports and imports reduce income inequality when economic growth increases and when the financial sector is more developed. The final analytical objective focused on analysing the effects of TO on poverty in the SADC region. The PMG model was utilised for trade openness-non-income poverty (NPOV) relationship. However, because there is a scarcity of income-poverty (IPOV) data, the time dimensions for the income poverty-trade openness model are smaller than the cross sections. Therefore, the current study employed the system generalised method of moments (SGMM) estimation technique which is a more effective and efficient estimation technique for controlling for endogeneity when the time dimension is smaller than the cross sections. The findings indicate that real trade openness has a positive effect on NPOV, whereas economic globalisation, exports, and imports negatively affect NPOV. This implies that real trade openness increases poverty reduction while economic globalisation, exports and imports exacerbate non-income poverty in SADC countries. On testing whether trade openness- NPOV relationship changes with economic growth, income inequality, human capital development, financial development and institutional quality, the complementary variable with EGR is positive and significant for real trade openness and exports, implying that real trade openness and exports reduce NPOV when economic growth increases. The SGMM indicates that only economic globalisation and imports have negative impact on income poverty in SADC countries. This implies that economic globalisation and imports are determinants of income poverty reduction in the SADC countries. The SADC governments and policymakers should be mindful about what ways they should globalise, what goods they export or imports to minimise income poverty. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
- Full Text:
- Authors: Gonese, Dorcas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-024X
- Date: 2022-01
- Subjects: Economic development , Income distribution
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23370 , vital:57618
- Description: Trade openness (TO) has been identified as a critical component for sustainable economic growth, income inequality reduction, and poverty reduction in the 2030 Agenda as per the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) regional indicative strategic development plan (RISDP). Despite the opening up to the global world, developing countries such as the SADC continue to face exclusive and unstable economic growth, massive income disparity, and poverty. Considering the previous empirical work, many controversies are related to methodologies and measurement issues. The study attempted to examine the impact of trade openness on economic growth of the SADC countries as well as its effect on income inequality and poverty reduction from 1980 to 2019. The study builds on existing studies in the region that have mainly analysed this kind of relationship, assuming that it is only TO and economic growth (EGR) that matters. The study sought to address three analytical objectives. The first objective focused on examining the effects of trade openness on economic growth in the SADC countries. In addressing this objective, the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) was utilised, given the nature of the relationship between the variables of interest. The empirical results revealed that all measures of trade openness (real trade openness, economic globalisation, exports and imports of goods and services) used in the study have a positive effect on economic growth in SADC countries. This implies that the foreign factors account for a share of SADC's economic growth. The PMG indicates that the mediating variables of all measures of trade openness with human capital development have a positive effect on economic growth. This implies that the beneficial impact of the said measures of trade openness, are more effective when investment in human capital increases. The second objective focused on analysing trade openness's direct and indirect impact on income inequality using the PMG model again. The empirical results indicate that trade openness via exports has a negative effect on income inequality. In contrast, real trade openness and imports positively affect income inequality. This implies that the exports of goods and services in SADC are drivers of income inequality reduction while real trade openness and imports worsen it. Therefore, the SADC countries must be wary of real trade openness and import policies addressing income inequality. As for the interaction effects, the empirical results indicate that greater openness via real trade openness, economic globalisation, exports and imports reduce income inequality when economic growth increases and when the financial sector is more developed. The final analytical objective focused on analysing the effects of TO on poverty in the SADC region. The PMG model was utilised for trade openness-non-income poverty (NPOV) relationship. However, because there is a scarcity of income-poverty (IPOV) data, the time dimensions for the income poverty-trade openness model are smaller than the cross sections. Therefore, the current study employed the system generalised method of moments (SGMM) estimation technique which is a more effective and efficient estimation technique for controlling for endogeneity when the time dimension is smaller than the cross sections. The findings indicate that real trade openness has a positive effect on NPOV, whereas economic globalisation, exports, and imports negatively affect NPOV. This implies that real trade openness increases poverty reduction while economic globalisation, exports and imports exacerbate non-income poverty in SADC countries. On testing whether trade openness- NPOV relationship changes with economic growth, income inequality, human capital development, financial development and institutional quality, the complementary variable with EGR is positive and significant for real trade openness and exports, implying that real trade openness and exports reduce NPOV when economic growth increases. The SGMM indicates that only economic globalisation and imports have negative impact on income poverty in SADC countries. This implies that economic globalisation and imports are determinants of income poverty reduction in the SADC countries. The SADC governments and policymakers should be mindful about what ways they should globalise, what goods they export or imports to minimise income poverty. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
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The impact of export commodity prices on emerging markets economic growth: a case of South Africa’s mineral exports.
- Authors: Moodley, Shiven
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Economic development
- Language: English
- Type: Master's/ theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20462 , vital:45668
- Description: Despite South Africa being a mineral resource-rich country, it has experienced low economic growth post-democracy era. The available literature suggests that fluctuations in global demand for commodities have harmed the production process of tradeable and non-tradable goods. Based on this, this dissertation examines the impact of export commodity price on GDP per capita in South Africa using quarterly data beginning from Q2 (April-June) 1990 to Q4 (Oct-Dec) 2018. The Johansen co-integration technique and the Vector Error Correction Method (VECM) were utilised to examine both the long and short-run relationships between the variables of interest. The outcome of the examination has revealed that export commodity price and government expenditure have a positive relationship with GDP per capita in the long run. However, net capital flows have a negative effect on GDP per capita in South Africa. In the short run, the empirical results also reveal that both net capital flows and government expenditure are negatively related to GDP per capita. Furthermore, policy action should be directed towards structural investment for the development of sustainable infrastructure projects within the commodity export sector based on the long-run relationship between commodity export prices and GDP per capita. , Thesis (MCom) (Economics) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Moodley, Shiven
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Economic development
- Language: English
- Type: Master's/ theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20462 , vital:45668
- Description: Despite South Africa being a mineral resource-rich country, it has experienced low economic growth post-democracy era. The available literature suggests that fluctuations in global demand for commodities have harmed the production process of tradeable and non-tradable goods. Based on this, this dissertation examines the impact of export commodity price on GDP per capita in South Africa using quarterly data beginning from Q2 (April-June) 1990 to Q4 (Oct-Dec) 2018. The Johansen co-integration technique and the Vector Error Correction Method (VECM) were utilised to examine both the long and short-run relationships between the variables of interest. The outcome of the examination has revealed that export commodity price and government expenditure have a positive relationship with GDP per capita in the long run. However, net capital flows have a negative effect on GDP per capita in South Africa. In the short run, the empirical results also reveal that both net capital flows and government expenditure are negatively related to GDP per capita. Furthermore, policy action should be directed towards structural investment for the development of sustainable infrastructure projects within the commodity export sector based on the long-run relationship between commodity export prices and GDP per capita. , Thesis (MCom) (Economics) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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Effects of non-communicable diseases on labour market outcomes in South Africa
- Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Authors: Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Labor economics , Environmental health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20340 , vital:45656
- Description: South Africa has experienced a high and rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle risk factors over the past decade. Health as a category of human capital is generally ex-pected to influence an individual’s labour supply and productivity. Despite the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, the high rate of economically inactive population and persistent wage inequalities in South Africa, there is limited empirical research on the effect of NCDs on labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials. Given this, the main object-ive of this study was to determine the effects of NCDs on three labour market outcomes: labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials in South Africa. This was divided into three major analytical objectives. Data used was extracted from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey collected by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Several econometric tests, including cross-sectional data analysis, panel data analysis and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods, were used in the study. The first analytical objective focused on estimating the effect of lifestyle risk factors on labour force participation through NCDs by gender. Endogenous multivariate probit models with a recur-sive simultaneous structure were employed as a method of analysis. The empirical findings suggested that NCDs and associated risk factors have detrimental effect on labour force participation. The analysis was further expanded to analyse the effect of gender differences, considering that the effect of NCDs may be gender-specific. The results revealed that the effect of stroke and heart diseases were significant only for men, while diabetes and high blood pressure were only significant for women. The results also emphasised the significant indirect influence of obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption on labour force participation through NCDs, especially for men. The second analytical chapter focused on investigating the effect of NCDs on employment status – that is, those employed, unemployed and economically inactive in the population of South Africa by gender. The estimation technique known as generalised linear latent and mixed methods (GLLAMM) was employed to fit the multinomial logit model with correlated random intercept. The findings suggest that NCDs affect the economically inactive population significantly relative to those employed, and the magnitude is larger for women than for men. There was no significant difference found in the effect of NCDs on the unemployed relative to the employed segment of the population. In addition, the results revealed gender differences on the effect of NCDs on employment status and that stroke had a significant influence on the employment status of both sexes, while heart diseases had significant influence only in men, whereas diabetes had significant effects only in women. The last analytical chapter focuses on estimating the effect of NCDs on wage differentials in South Africa by gender. The recentred influence function regression model and Blinder-Oaxaca de-composition with RIF were used in the chapter. The empirical results revealed that the effect of NCDs on earnings differ by gender. It was found that women with NCDs earn less than those without NCDs, while men with NCDs were found to earn more than their counterparts without NCDs. The results further revealed that women with NCDs suffer from wage discrimination in South Africa. The policy implications of this study are gender-specific. The results highlight the necessity for undertaking a massive awareness campaign regarding the prevention and control of NCDs, espe-cially among women. This can be achieved through specific female health programmes, including maternal healthcare. The findings of the study imply largely that calls for gender-responsive health approaches which take into account gender-specific needs and priorities should be promoted, compared to a blanket approach. In addition, there is a need for the government to complement education policies to promote labour market outcomes. Policies aimed at increasing access to education should continue to improve access to higher education and so to enhance participation in the labour force and reduce wage gaps. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Labor economics , Environmental health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20340 , vital:45656
- Description: South Africa has experienced a high and rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle risk factors over the past decade. Health as a category of human capital is generally ex-pected to influence an individual’s labour supply and productivity. Despite the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, the high rate of economically inactive population and persistent wage inequalities in South Africa, there is limited empirical research on the effect of NCDs on labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials. Given this, the main object-ive of this study was to determine the effects of NCDs on three labour market outcomes: labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials in South Africa. This was divided into three major analytical objectives. Data used was extracted from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey collected by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Several econometric tests, including cross-sectional data analysis, panel data analysis and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods, were used in the study. The first analytical objective focused on estimating the effect of lifestyle risk factors on labour force participation through NCDs by gender. Endogenous multivariate probit models with a recur-sive simultaneous structure were employed as a method of analysis. The empirical findings suggested that NCDs and associated risk factors have detrimental effect on labour force participation. The analysis was further expanded to analyse the effect of gender differences, considering that the effect of NCDs may be gender-specific. The results revealed that the effect of stroke and heart diseases were significant only for men, while diabetes and high blood pressure were only significant for women. The results also emphasised the significant indirect influence of obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption on labour force participation through NCDs, especially for men. The second analytical chapter focused on investigating the effect of NCDs on employment status – that is, those employed, unemployed and economically inactive in the population of South Africa by gender. The estimation technique known as generalised linear latent and mixed methods (GLLAMM) was employed to fit the multinomial logit model with correlated random intercept. The findings suggest that NCDs affect the economically inactive population significantly relative to those employed, and the magnitude is larger for women than for men. There was no significant difference found in the effect of NCDs on the unemployed relative to the employed segment of the population. In addition, the results revealed gender differences on the effect of NCDs on employment status and that stroke had a significant influence on the employment status of both sexes, while heart diseases had significant influence only in men, whereas diabetes had significant effects only in women. The last analytical chapter focuses on estimating the effect of NCDs on wage differentials in South Africa by gender. The recentred influence function regression model and Blinder-Oaxaca de-composition with RIF were used in the chapter. The empirical results revealed that the effect of NCDs on earnings differ by gender. It was found that women with NCDs earn less than those without NCDs, while men with NCDs were found to earn more than their counterparts without NCDs. The results further revealed that women with NCDs suffer from wage discrimination in South Africa. The policy implications of this study are gender-specific. The results highlight the necessity for undertaking a massive awareness campaign regarding the prevention and control of NCDs, espe-cially among women. This can be achieved through specific female health programmes, including maternal healthcare. The findings of the study imply largely that calls for gender-responsive health approaches which take into account gender-specific needs and priorities should be promoted, compared to a blanket approach. In addition, there is a need for the government to complement education policies to promote labour market outcomes. Policies aimed at increasing access to education should continue to improve access to higher education and so to enhance participation in the labour force and reduce wage gaps. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
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The determinants of the currency deposit ratio of South Africa: an econometric analysis
- Authors: Chiwota, Richard
- Date: 2020-02
- Subjects: Econometricshttp://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85040763
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19694 , vital:43169
- Description: The main objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of the currency deposit ratio of South Africa. The stability of the demand for money has been a recurring area of interest of empirical research on the South African economy. Underlying this interest in the behavior of money demand is the potential role of movement in monetary aggregates as indicators of future developments in inflation. Specifically, if a stable relationship exists between the demand for money and its determinants, changes in the money supply can provide useful information in the longer terms. While there has been considerable empirical research on estimating the money demand function for many less developed countries (LDCs), the currency demand function has been largely ignored. The study used secondary data sourced from the South African Reserve Bank, Statistics South Africa and Quantec. It also used annual data from 2000 to 2018 with an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique used for regression purposes. The study opted for this model because the variables were a mixture of me (0) and me (1). The empirical results show that income had a positive relationship with currency deposit ratio. In other words, when income increases, the amount of currency in circulation increases relative to deposits. Results show that there is a negative relationship between inflation and currency demand ratio. The SARB has to monitor changes in income in order to keep pace with the demand for cash. They must also use other monetary policy operational variables such as M3 to ensure that there is a match between income and money demand and money supply. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Authors: Chiwota, Richard
- Date: 2020-02
- Subjects: Econometricshttp://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85040763
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19694 , vital:43169
- Description: The main objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of the currency deposit ratio of South Africa. The stability of the demand for money has been a recurring area of interest of empirical research on the South African economy. Underlying this interest in the behavior of money demand is the potential role of movement in monetary aggregates as indicators of future developments in inflation. Specifically, if a stable relationship exists between the demand for money and its determinants, changes in the money supply can provide useful information in the longer terms. While there has been considerable empirical research on estimating the money demand function for many less developed countries (LDCs), the currency demand function has been largely ignored. The study used secondary data sourced from the South African Reserve Bank, Statistics South Africa and Quantec. It also used annual data from 2000 to 2018 with an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique used for regression purposes. The study opted for this model because the variables were a mixture of me (0) and me (1). The empirical results show that income had a positive relationship with currency deposit ratio. In other words, when income increases, the amount of currency in circulation increases relative to deposits. Results show that there is a negative relationship between inflation and currency demand ratio. The SARB has to monitor changes in income in order to keep pace with the demand for cash. They must also use other monetary policy operational variables such as M3 to ensure that there is a match between income and money demand and money supply. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
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The effects of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing exports in South Africa
- Authors: Munyu, Yibanati
- Date: 2020-01
- Subjects: Foreign exchange rates
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20208 , vital:45411
- Description: The study examined the effect of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing exports in South Africa utilizing quarterly time series data from 1990 to 2018. Manufacturing exports (MX), foreign income (GDPf), input costs (C01), the real effective exchange rate (REER) and exchange rate volatility (V) were the key parameters. The study employed two alternative measures of exchange rate volatility. The first measure is the moving average standard deviation of the logarithm of the real effective exchange rate (MASDlnREER) based on the raw monthly data of the real effective exchange rate. The second measure is a dummy variable intended to capture the unexpected variation of the exchange rate. The study utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and the Error Correction Method (ECM) to examine the both the long run and short-run relationships. The empirical results revealed that in the long run, the real effective exchange rate volatility measure (MASDlnREER) has a negative and significant effect on manufacturing exports in South Africa. This result suggests that policy makers need to make an effort to moderate, the volatility of the Rand in an attempt to contain the adverse effects on manufacturing exports. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Authors: Munyu, Yibanati
- Date: 2020-01
- Subjects: Foreign exchange rates
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20208 , vital:45411
- Description: The study examined the effect of exchange rate volatility on manufacturing exports in South Africa utilizing quarterly time series data from 1990 to 2018. Manufacturing exports (MX), foreign income (GDPf), input costs (C01), the real effective exchange rate (REER) and exchange rate volatility (V) were the key parameters. The study employed two alternative measures of exchange rate volatility. The first measure is the moving average standard deviation of the logarithm of the real effective exchange rate (MASDlnREER) based on the raw monthly data of the real effective exchange rate. The second measure is a dummy variable intended to capture the unexpected variation of the exchange rate. The study utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and the Error Correction Method (ECM) to examine the both the long run and short-run relationships. The empirical results revealed that in the long run, the real effective exchange rate volatility measure (MASDlnREER) has a negative and significant effect on manufacturing exports in South Africa. This result suggests that policy makers need to make an effort to moderate, the volatility of the Rand in an attempt to contain the adverse effects on manufacturing exports. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
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The relationship between financial development and economic growth in Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)
- Fakudze, Siphe-okuhlehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-5552
- Authors: Fakudze, Siphe-okuhlehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-5552
- Date: 2019-12
- Subjects: Economic development -- Eswatini , Eswatini -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19704 , vital:43170
- Description: The study empirically examined the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Eswatini using quarterly time series data covering the period 1996 to 2018. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag bounds test technique and Granger causality test were used. The ratio of credit to the private sector to economic growth, openness to trade, revealed a positive relationship with economic growth in the long-run and short-run dynamics. Money supply displayed a negative association with real output in the long-run and short-run. Government size as a ratio of GDP highlighted a negative linkage with economic growth in the long-run and temporary positive association in the short-run. The Granger Causality test results displayed unidirectional causality running from financial development to economic growth, supporting the demand following causality hypothesis in Eswatini. The study recommends developing policies aimed at enhancing credit to the private sector to stimulate investment; reprioritise Government expenditure to minimise fiscal gap and support supply side reforms focusing on infrastructure development; control domestic liquidity and develop market securities attractive to the private sector; strengthen trade intensity to bolster growth; and improve regulatory framework to develop the non-bank financial industry. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2019
- Full Text:
- Authors: Fakudze, Siphe-okuhlehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7928-5552
- Date: 2019-12
- Subjects: Economic development -- Eswatini , Eswatini -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19704 , vital:43170
- Description: The study empirically examined the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Eswatini using quarterly time series data covering the period 1996 to 2018. Auto Regressive Distributed Lag bounds test technique and Granger causality test were used. The ratio of credit to the private sector to economic growth, openness to trade, revealed a positive relationship with economic growth in the long-run and short-run dynamics. Money supply displayed a negative association with real output in the long-run and short-run. Government size as a ratio of GDP highlighted a negative linkage with economic growth in the long-run and temporary positive association in the short-run. The Granger Causality test results displayed unidirectional causality running from financial development to economic growth, supporting the demand following causality hypothesis in Eswatini. The study recommends developing policies aimed at enhancing credit to the private sector to stimulate investment; reprioritise Government expenditure to minimise fiscal gap and support supply side reforms focusing on infrastructure development; control domestic liquidity and develop market securities attractive to the private sector; strengthen trade intensity to bolster growth; and improve regulatory framework to develop the non-bank financial industry. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2019
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Social intrepreneurship and millennium development goals in developing countries: case study of Zimbabwe
- Ngorora, Grace P K https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4756-313
- Authors: Ngorora, Grace P K https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4756-313
- Date: 2014-11
- Subjects: Social entrepreneurship , Economic development , Poverty
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26661 , vital:65847
- Description: The study set out to examine the contribution of social entrepreneurship to the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly MDG 1, the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. Poverty reduction occurred when social entrepreneurial activities resulted in the improvement of the socio-economic well-being of social entrepreneurs and their beneficiaries. The problem this study sought to research on was that, despite the impact of social entrepreneurship, there has been inadequate attention to and discussion of its contribution to attaining the MDGs in Zimbabwe. The population were social entrepreneurs in Harare, Zimbabwe. The random sampling method was used to determine the sample size. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data in Harare, Zimbabwe from 132 social entrepreneurs and 200 beneficiaries of social entrepreneurial activities. Secondary information was obtained from textbooks and various internet sources. The data collected was analyzed through SPSS Version 22 because of its appropriateness and wide use. The null hypothesis that social entrepreneurship does not contribute to the achievement of MDGs was rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis that social entrepreneurship provides an alternative to the achievement of MDGs. Findings from the study suggest that social entrepreneurs contribute immensely to poverty reduction. They also contribute towards research and development, promoting gender equality and empowerment, education for all as well as access to health facilities. The segments of the population benefiting from social entrepreneurship include the poor, socially excluded, discriminated, the unemployed and disabled. The impact on poverty and hunger was achieved through microfinance initiatives, income generation activities, empowerment and capacity building. Results showed that social entrepreneurship activities solve social problems through providing food, shelter, water, education and collateral to access finance. The study concluded that social entrepreneurship is a plausible approach to promote implementation of policies to reduce extreme poverty and hunger by using readily available resources to bring sustainable solutions to problems. The strategies to make social entrepreneurship more effective included creating a conducive legal and policy environment, financial provision, political support, and government support, publicity of the contribution of social entrepreneurship, mentorship and collaboration among stakeholders. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2014
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ngorora, Grace P K https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4756-313
- Date: 2014-11
- Subjects: Social entrepreneurship , Economic development , Poverty
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26661 , vital:65847
- Description: The study set out to examine the contribution of social entrepreneurship to the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly MDG 1, the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. Poverty reduction occurred when social entrepreneurial activities resulted in the improvement of the socio-economic well-being of social entrepreneurs and their beneficiaries. The problem this study sought to research on was that, despite the impact of social entrepreneurship, there has been inadequate attention to and discussion of its contribution to attaining the MDGs in Zimbabwe. The population were social entrepreneurs in Harare, Zimbabwe. The random sampling method was used to determine the sample size. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data in Harare, Zimbabwe from 132 social entrepreneurs and 200 beneficiaries of social entrepreneurial activities. Secondary information was obtained from textbooks and various internet sources. The data collected was analyzed through SPSS Version 22 because of its appropriateness and wide use. The null hypothesis that social entrepreneurship does not contribute to the achievement of MDGs was rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis that social entrepreneurship provides an alternative to the achievement of MDGs. Findings from the study suggest that social entrepreneurs contribute immensely to poverty reduction. They also contribute towards research and development, promoting gender equality and empowerment, education for all as well as access to health facilities. The segments of the population benefiting from social entrepreneurship include the poor, socially excluded, discriminated, the unemployed and disabled. The impact on poverty and hunger was achieved through microfinance initiatives, income generation activities, empowerment and capacity building. Results showed that social entrepreneurship activities solve social problems through providing food, shelter, water, education and collateral to access finance. The study concluded that social entrepreneurship is a plausible approach to promote implementation of policies to reduce extreme poverty and hunger by using readily available resources to bring sustainable solutions to problems. The strategies to make social entrepreneurship more effective included creating a conducive legal and policy environment, financial provision, political support, and government support, publicity of the contribution of social entrepreneurship, mentorship and collaboration among stakeholders. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2014
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The relationship between exports and economic growth: an empirical case study of the South African automobile industry
- Authors: Taylor, Nina-Mari
- Date: 2012-03
- Subjects: Exports , Automobile industry and trade
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26313 , vital:65237
- Description: The dissertation investigates the relationship between automobile exports and economic growth in South Africa. Given the amount of investment and government assistance that has gone into assisting and developing the South African automobile industry via the Motor Industry Development Programme, this study examines whether the increase in automobile exports has impacted on economic growth. A demand-side model of the Export-Led Growth hypothesis is estimated in order to analyse the magnitude of the impact of automobile exports on growth. The results of the VECM and Dynamic Granger Causality test reveal that vehicle exports have a long-run positive impact on economic growth and that a uni-directional causal relationship is found to run from vehicle exports to economic growth. Even though vehicle exports are found to have a relatively significant impact on economic growth, domestic demand factors are concluded as being the key contributor of economic growth in South Africa. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2012
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- Authors: Taylor, Nina-Mari
- Date: 2012-03
- Subjects: Exports , Automobile industry and trade
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26313 , vital:65237
- Description: The dissertation investigates the relationship between automobile exports and economic growth in South Africa. Given the amount of investment and government assistance that has gone into assisting and developing the South African automobile industry via the Motor Industry Development Programme, this study examines whether the increase in automobile exports has impacted on economic growth. A demand-side model of the Export-Led Growth hypothesis is estimated in order to analyse the magnitude of the impact of automobile exports on growth. The results of the VECM and Dynamic Granger Causality test reveal that vehicle exports have a long-run positive impact on economic growth and that a uni-directional causal relationship is found to run from vehicle exports to economic growth. Even though vehicle exports are found to have a relatively significant impact on economic growth, domestic demand factors are concluded as being the key contributor of economic growth in South Africa. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2012
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The determinants of demand for public transport in South Africa
- Seleseng, Tshegofatso Priscilla
- Authors: Seleseng, Tshegofatso Priscilla
- Date: 2011-10
- Subjects: Transportation--South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24565 , vital:63176
- Description: This study analyses the determinants of demand for public transport in South Africa, using quarterly data covering the period from 1990-2009. The study initially provides an overview of the South African public transport system and population trends. Based on the review of the theoretical and empirical literature on transport, the study specifies a model of public transport demand in South Africa. Tests for stationarity and unit roots in the series (both informal and formal tests), and co-integration test have been performed. The co-integration test is done using the Johansen (1990, 1995) methodology. A vector error correction model is run to provide robust determinant variables on public transport. The results revealed that in the short run, the demand for public transport depends positively and significantly on GDP per capita growth and negatively on prices for public transport and fuel prices. However, over the long run, the demand for public transport depends negatively on GDP per capita growth as expected, but positively on the other variables including the growth in employment levels. To check for robustness of the VECM results the diagnostic tests were performed. The AR Roots Graph reports the inverse roots of the characteristics AR polynomial. The graph showed that all roots lie inside the unit circle which is an indication that VAR is stable. Some of the results found in this the study, such as the short run and long run impact of income growth on public demand, are supported by findings from other studies. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
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- Authors: Seleseng, Tshegofatso Priscilla
- Date: 2011-10
- Subjects: Transportation--South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24565 , vital:63176
- Description: This study analyses the determinants of demand for public transport in South Africa, using quarterly data covering the period from 1990-2009. The study initially provides an overview of the South African public transport system and population trends. Based on the review of the theoretical and empirical literature on transport, the study specifies a model of public transport demand in South Africa. Tests for stationarity and unit roots in the series (both informal and formal tests), and co-integration test have been performed. The co-integration test is done using the Johansen (1990, 1995) methodology. A vector error correction model is run to provide robust determinant variables on public transport. The results revealed that in the short run, the demand for public transport depends positively and significantly on GDP per capita growth and negatively on prices for public transport and fuel prices. However, over the long run, the demand for public transport depends negatively on GDP per capita growth as expected, but positively on the other variables including the growth in employment levels. To check for robustness of the VECM results the diagnostic tests were performed. The AR Roots Graph reports the inverse roots of the characteristics AR polynomial. The graph showed that all roots lie inside the unit circle which is an indication that VAR is stable. Some of the results found in this the study, such as the short run and long run impact of income growth on public demand, are supported by findings from other studies. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
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The role and contribution of the South African money market towards financial development
- Authors: Gwenhure, Yvonne
- Date: 2011-03
- Subjects: Money market -- South Africa , Finance -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24139 , vital:62385
- Description: The Money Market has sparked a lot of interest amongst many researchers over the years of evolving financial markets, with particular reference to its impact on Financial Development. It has been viewed as an important stimulus for financial development and ultimately economic growth in developing countries. Therefore this thesis attempts to establish the impact that the money market has on Financial Development in South Africa. The main objective of this thesis is to comparatively examine the impact of the money market on financial development within the banking sector and financial markets sector. Money Markets that function in an era of liberalized interest rates are perceived to have a greater impact on Financial Development than those whose interest rates are repressed. Therefore, the underpinning theoretical literature in this study is the McKinnon-Shaw theory of Financial Liberalization. The study disaggregates measures of financial depth into indicators covering both the banking sector and financial markets sector. A single equation model is used for both the banking and financial markets sectors were the dependant variable for the banking sector model (LRPG) as well as that of the financial markets model (LSBG) are modeled as functions of the money market, real deposit rate, real income and inflation. Stationarity as well as cointegration tests have been employed in the generation of the Error Correction Model. Results obtained confirm that the money market does have a positive impact on financial development and also that factors such as financial liberalization and real income enhance financial development. For policy recommendations, it is therefore imperative to prioritize money market policies in order to enhance financial development in the country. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
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- Authors: Gwenhure, Yvonne
- Date: 2011-03
- Subjects: Money market -- South Africa , Finance -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24139 , vital:62385
- Description: The Money Market has sparked a lot of interest amongst many researchers over the years of evolving financial markets, with particular reference to its impact on Financial Development. It has been viewed as an important stimulus for financial development and ultimately economic growth in developing countries. Therefore this thesis attempts to establish the impact that the money market has on Financial Development in South Africa. The main objective of this thesis is to comparatively examine the impact of the money market on financial development within the banking sector and financial markets sector. Money Markets that function in an era of liberalized interest rates are perceived to have a greater impact on Financial Development than those whose interest rates are repressed. Therefore, the underpinning theoretical literature in this study is the McKinnon-Shaw theory of Financial Liberalization. The study disaggregates measures of financial depth into indicators covering both the banking sector and financial markets sector. A single equation model is used for both the banking and financial markets sectors were the dependant variable for the banking sector model (LRPG) as well as that of the financial markets model (LSBG) are modeled as functions of the money market, real deposit rate, real income and inflation. Stationarity as well as cointegration tests have been employed in the generation of the Error Correction Model. Results obtained confirm that the money market does have a positive impact on financial development and also that factors such as financial liberalization and real income enhance financial development. For policy recommendations, it is therefore imperative to prioritize money market policies in order to enhance financial development in the country. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
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Do budget deficits crowd out private investment?: an analysis of the South African Economy
- Authors: Biza, Rumbidzai Aimee
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Individual investors -- South Africa , Budget deficits -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24956 , vital:63750
- Description: This dissertation investigates whether budget deficits crowd out or crowd in private investment in South Africa, using quarterly South African data covering the period 1994 to 2009. South Africa has been experiencing unprecedented budget deficits since the 1960s and the study investigates how this has impacted on the country’s private investment demand. An empirical model linking private investment to its theoretical variables is specified and used to assess the quantitative effects of budget deficits on private investment. This study augments the co-integration and vector auto-regression (VAR) analysis with impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to provide robust long run and short run dynamic effects on private investment. The variables have been found to have a long run relationship with private investment. Results suggest that budget deficits significantly crowds out private investment. These results corroborate the theoretical predictions and are also supported by previous studies. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
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- Authors: Biza, Rumbidzai Aimee
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Individual investors -- South Africa , Budget deficits -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24956 , vital:63750
- Description: This dissertation investigates whether budget deficits crowd out or crowd in private investment in South Africa, using quarterly South African data covering the period 1994 to 2009. South Africa has been experiencing unprecedented budget deficits since the 1960s and the study investigates how this has impacted on the country’s private investment demand. An empirical model linking private investment to its theoretical variables is specified and used to assess the quantitative effects of budget deficits on private investment. This study augments the co-integration and vector auto-regression (VAR) analysis with impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to provide robust long run and short run dynamic effects on private investment. The variables have been found to have a long run relationship with private investment. Results suggest that budget deficits significantly crowds out private investment. These results corroborate the theoretical predictions and are also supported by previous studies. , Thesis (MCom) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2011
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