The impact of COVID-19 on depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress levels in doctors and nurses at a South African health facility
- Authors: Finger-Motsepe, Kelebogile
- Date: 2021-12
- Subjects: COVID-19 (Disease) , Mental health
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27920 , vital:70880
- Description: Introduction: The emergence of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (Covid-19) has wrought profound and enduring transformations in global health, economic dynamics, and social interactions. However, the comprehensive quantification of the psychological repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic remains elusive and is poised to compound the preexisting burden of mental health disorders within the general populace. Elevated transmission rates, rapid disease progression within vulnerable demographics, and the absence of definitive curative or preventive measures have collectively contributed to a heightened worldwide state of stress and anxiety. Extensive research has demonstrated that the apprehension and stress associated with Covid-19 are markedly pronounced among healthcare professionals, commonly referred to as front-line workers, in comparison to the general population. The Covid-19-related psychological distress is anticipated to act as a catalyst, exacerbating mental health conditions within high-risk groups. Aims and Objectives: This study endeavours to ascertain the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among medical doctors and nurses employed at a regional hospital in South Africa. Methodology: A cross-sectional investigation was conducted to evaluate the presence of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms among medical doctors and nurses working at a Regional Hospital situated in the Free State Province of South Africa. A purposive sample of 200 participants, comprising all willing doctors and nurses employed at the study site, was enrolled in the study. Findings: The participants exhibited an average age of 42 years and an average tenure of approximately 72 months at the hospital. The majority of participants were of African descent, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.3. Female healthcare workers reported significantly higher instances of PTSD than their male counterparts. In the aggregate, 71.4percent of doctors reported symptoms indicative of depression, 73.2percent reported anxiety-related symptoms, and 19.6percent reported PTSD-related symptoms. Among nurses, 72percent displayed clinically significant symptoms of depression, 81percent exhibited anxiety-related symptoms, and 27.7percent manifested symptoms suggestive of PTSD. A moderately robust positive correlation was discerned between PTSD and Anxiety (p = .000; r = .466) as well as PTSD and Depression (p = .000; r = .315). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was identified between Anxiety and Depression (p = .000; r = .631). A statistically significant disparity (p = .030) in anxiety levels was observed among workers in different risk-prone areas. Nurses reported substantially higher levels of anxiety (p = .039; M = 10.63, sd = 4.03) compared to doctors (M = 9.01, sd = 3.80) and administrators (M = 10.50, sd = 4.32). Moreover, both nurses (M = 27.06, sd = 13.61) and administrators (M = 33.33, sd = 14.44) exhibited significantly higher instances of PTSD (p = .003) than doctors (M = 19.96, sd = 15.03). Conclusions: The healthcare workers under scrutiny reported elevated levels of anxiety and depression attributable to the Covid-19 pandemic, although the prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms was comparatively lower within the hospital setting. Furthermore, this study illuminates that depressive, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms were more prevalent among nurses than doctors. Additionally, healthcare professionals operating in high-risk Covid-19 environments, such as the Covid-19 ward, demonstrated heightened levels of anxiety when juxtaposed with their counterparts stationed in low-risk Covid-19 areas within the healthcare facility. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Authors: Finger-Motsepe, Kelebogile
- Date: 2021-12
- Subjects: COVID-19 (Disease) , Mental health
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27920 , vital:70880
- Description: Introduction: The emergence of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (Covid-19) has wrought profound and enduring transformations in global health, economic dynamics, and social interactions. However, the comprehensive quantification of the psychological repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic remains elusive and is poised to compound the preexisting burden of mental health disorders within the general populace. Elevated transmission rates, rapid disease progression within vulnerable demographics, and the absence of definitive curative or preventive measures have collectively contributed to a heightened worldwide state of stress and anxiety. Extensive research has demonstrated that the apprehension and stress associated with Covid-19 are markedly pronounced among healthcare professionals, commonly referred to as front-line workers, in comparison to the general population. The Covid-19-related psychological distress is anticipated to act as a catalyst, exacerbating mental health conditions within high-risk groups. Aims and Objectives: This study endeavours to ascertain the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among medical doctors and nurses employed at a regional hospital in South Africa. Methodology: A cross-sectional investigation was conducted to evaluate the presence of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms among medical doctors and nurses working at a Regional Hospital situated in the Free State Province of South Africa. A purposive sample of 200 participants, comprising all willing doctors and nurses employed at the study site, was enrolled in the study. Findings: The participants exhibited an average age of 42 years and an average tenure of approximately 72 months at the hospital. The majority of participants were of African descent, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.3. Female healthcare workers reported significantly higher instances of PTSD than their male counterparts. In the aggregate, 71.4percent of doctors reported symptoms indicative of depression, 73.2percent reported anxiety-related symptoms, and 19.6percent reported PTSD-related symptoms. Among nurses, 72percent displayed clinically significant symptoms of depression, 81percent exhibited anxiety-related symptoms, and 27.7percent manifested symptoms suggestive of PTSD. A moderately robust positive correlation was discerned between PTSD and Anxiety (p = .000; r = .466) as well as PTSD and Depression (p = .000; r = .315). Additionally, a strong positive correlation was identified between Anxiety and Depression (p = .000; r = .631). A statistically significant disparity (p = .030) in anxiety levels was observed among workers in different risk-prone areas. Nurses reported substantially higher levels of anxiety (p = .039; M = 10.63, sd = 4.03) compared to doctors (M = 9.01, sd = 3.80) and administrators (M = 10.50, sd = 4.32). Moreover, both nurses (M = 27.06, sd = 13.61) and administrators (M = 33.33, sd = 14.44) exhibited significantly higher instances of PTSD (p = .003) than doctors (M = 19.96, sd = 15.03). Conclusions: The healthcare workers under scrutiny reported elevated levels of anxiety and depression attributable to the Covid-19 pandemic, although the prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms was comparatively lower within the hospital setting. Furthermore, this study illuminates that depressive, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms were more prevalent among nurses than doctors. Additionally, healthcare professionals operating in high-risk Covid-19 environments, such as the Covid-19 ward, demonstrated heightened levels of anxiety when juxtaposed with their counterparts stationed in low-risk Covid-19 areas within the healthcare facility. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
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The perceived success of selected therapy programmes on mitigating the relapses of patients with substance use disorders in Gauteng, South Africa
- Authors: Chatikobo, Nyasha
- Date: 2021-12
- Subjects: Substance abuse -- Treatment , Psychotherapy
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21860 , vital:51833
- Description: This study aimed at evaluating the perceived success of selected therapy programs in mitigating the relapse of patients with substance use disorders at two selected rehabilitation centres in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The methodology used for this study was a mixed-method approach, although more emphasis was on qualitative methods. The qualitative data was collected from four focus groups, and 6 in-depth interviews from key informants. The quantitative data was collected using questionnaires that were completed by 100 primary carers of discharged patients from the selected drug treatment centres. The main findings of the study showed that substance use disorder is a complex disease that requires several factors to be considered to avoid any relapses. The study showed that rehabilitation centres are hugely contributing to efforts of solving substance use in Gauteng and South Africa as a whole. These rehabilitation centres offered various treatment programs to individuals who suffer from substance use disorders. The findings also indicated that the selected therapy programmes at the rehabilitation centres met their objectives. However, some of the programmes were successful in mitigating the relapses of patients recovering from addiction to a lesser extent. The study also found out that the number of individuals who relapse is relatively high, however, the study did not dive into the depth of the causing factors. This may be room for future studies. Findings further indicated that the rehabilitation centres lacked in the application of a holistic approach to addiction treatment, even though there were several treatment programs offered. The issue of exorbitant residential fees in private rehabilitation facilities was also highlighted by the data collected. The research concluded by suggesting several recommendations such as research to improve policy for substance use with a focus on the human rights approach to the drug problem. Recommendations to the Department of Social Development which is responsible for the rehabilitation centres in South Africa. To ensure that all centres that are registered for offering treatment for substance use disorder be mandated to use a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, diversifying and individualizing treatments for better outcomes. Lastly, recommendations were suggested to the social work practice, to support rehabilitation facilities by providing continuous specialized training to their social workers. Recommendations to social work training and curriculum to include in-depth substance use disorders during education, training, and field placements, for best practice amongst new social work practitioners placed in rehabilitation centres. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Chatikobo, Nyasha
- Date: 2021-12
- Subjects: Substance abuse -- Treatment , Psychotherapy
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21860 , vital:51833
- Description: This study aimed at evaluating the perceived success of selected therapy programs in mitigating the relapse of patients with substance use disorders at two selected rehabilitation centres in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The methodology used for this study was a mixed-method approach, although more emphasis was on qualitative methods. The qualitative data was collected from four focus groups, and 6 in-depth interviews from key informants. The quantitative data was collected using questionnaires that were completed by 100 primary carers of discharged patients from the selected drug treatment centres. The main findings of the study showed that substance use disorder is a complex disease that requires several factors to be considered to avoid any relapses. The study showed that rehabilitation centres are hugely contributing to efforts of solving substance use in Gauteng and South Africa as a whole. These rehabilitation centres offered various treatment programs to individuals who suffer from substance use disorders. The findings also indicated that the selected therapy programmes at the rehabilitation centres met their objectives. However, some of the programmes were successful in mitigating the relapses of patients recovering from addiction to a lesser extent. The study also found out that the number of individuals who relapse is relatively high, however, the study did not dive into the depth of the causing factors. This may be room for future studies. Findings further indicated that the rehabilitation centres lacked in the application of a holistic approach to addiction treatment, even though there were several treatment programs offered. The issue of exorbitant residential fees in private rehabilitation facilities was also highlighted by the data collected. The research concluded by suggesting several recommendations such as research to improve policy for substance use with a focus on the human rights approach to the drug problem. Recommendations to the Department of Social Development which is responsible for the rehabilitation centres in South Africa. To ensure that all centres that are registered for offering treatment for substance use disorder be mandated to use a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, diversifying and individualizing treatments for better outcomes. Lastly, recommendations were suggested to the social work practice, to support rehabilitation facilities by providing continuous specialized training to their social workers. Recommendations to social work training and curriculum to include in-depth substance use disorders during education, training, and field placements, for best practice amongst new social work practitioners placed in rehabilitation centres. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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A comparative appraisal of access and quality of sexual and reproductive health services for gays and lesbians in Bulawayo (Zimbabwe) and Pretoria (South Africa)
- Authors: Jasi, Phineas
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Reproductive health , Sexual health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21959 , vital:51854
- Description: This study investigated the extent to which gays and lesbians access quality sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in Pretoria and Bulawayo. The study also examines the facilitators and barriers for accessing the same services. Theoretically, the study was grounded in the Health Belief Model (Hochbaum, 1958, modified by Rosenstock, 1974 and Siddiqui, 2016). To answer the research questions, a mixed methods approach was applied involving both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. A total of 30 key informant interviews, eight focus group discussions and 387 questionnaires were administered using purposive, time location and snowball sampling approaches in the two cities. The study found that the most commonly available sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services were contraceptive services, sexually transmitted infections (STI) services and Human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) services. The services were provided at public health facilities, drop-in centres and through outreach activities operated by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). The least available services that gays and lesbians required as part of a comprehensive package were access to information, education and communications (IEC) materials and mental health and psychosocial support services (MHPSS). Several service providers were not adhering to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for provision of comprehensive services for key populations including gays and lesbians. Critical gaps noted included the absence of key populations-only service hours, lack of options for clinicians to attend to them, presence of a stigma and discrimination free environment and provision of comprehensive package of services under one roof. Most of the referral facilities had limited drugs, equipment and supplies for cancer screening and they had no HIV prevention, sex change, in-vitro fertilization, and sterilization services and procedures. The quality of physical facilities and SRH services in both cities did not meet the expectations of gays and lesbians, acting as a barrier to their health seeking behaviour. Stigma and discrimination from healthcare workers was a huge barrier affecting access across all public health facilities. The acts of stigmatisation and discrimination affected the perceptions that gays and lesbians had regarding the quality of the services and compromised access of the same. In view of these health system challenges, the study recommends that there is need for public authorities in both cities to address the bottlenecks and barriers affecting access to SRH services and products such as lubricants, affordable quality condoms, dental dams and latex gloves while reinforcing the facilitating factors promoting access. Healthcare workers need further training on how to provide comprehensive services for gays and lesbians according to the WHO guidelines. Public health authorities in Bulawayo and Pretoria should build upon the identified factors which facilitated the access to SRH services and use of products such as condoms and lubricants. These factors require strengthening of community-based organizations and networks that work directly with gays and lesbians in both Bulawayo and Pretoria. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Jasi, Phineas
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Reproductive health , Sexual health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21959 , vital:51854
- Description: This study investigated the extent to which gays and lesbians access quality sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in Pretoria and Bulawayo. The study also examines the facilitators and barriers for accessing the same services. Theoretically, the study was grounded in the Health Belief Model (Hochbaum, 1958, modified by Rosenstock, 1974 and Siddiqui, 2016). To answer the research questions, a mixed methods approach was applied involving both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. A total of 30 key informant interviews, eight focus group discussions and 387 questionnaires were administered using purposive, time location and snowball sampling approaches in the two cities. The study found that the most commonly available sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services were contraceptive services, sexually transmitted infections (STI) services and Human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV) services. The services were provided at public health facilities, drop-in centres and through outreach activities operated by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs). The least available services that gays and lesbians required as part of a comprehensive package were access to information, education and communications (IEC) materials and mental health and psychosocial support services (MHPSS). Several service providers were not adhering to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for provision of comprehensive services for key populations including gays and lesbians. Critical gaps noted included the absence of key populations-only service hours, lack of options for clinicians to attend to them, presence of a stigma and discrimination free environment and provision of comprehensive package of services under one roof. Most of the referral facilities had limited drugs, equipment and supplies for cancer screening and they had no HIV prevention, sex change, in-vitro fertilization, and sterilization services and procedures. The quality of physical facilities and SRH services in both cities did not meet the expectations of gays and lesbians, acting as a barrier to their health seeking behaviour. Stigma and discrimination from healthcare workers was a huge barrier affecting access across all public health facilities. The acts of stigmatisation and discrimination affected the perceptions that gays and lesbians had regarding the quality of the services and compromised access of the same. In view of these health system challenges, the study recommends that there is need for public authorities in both cities to address the bottlenecks and barriers affecting access to SRH services and products such as lubricants, affordable quality condoms, dental dams and latex gloves while reinforcing the facilitating factors promoting access. Healthcare workers need further training on how to provide comprehensive services for gays and lesbians according to the WHO guidelines. Public health authorities in Bulawayo and Pretoria should build upon the identified factors which facilitated the access to SRH services and use of products such as condoms and lubricants. These factors require strengthening of community-based organizations and networks that work directly with gays and lesbians in both Bulawayo and Pretoria. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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A contingency management framework to mitigate cybersecurity threats to electronic health records in the public health sector in South Africa
- Ngxabane, Mbulelo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2942-2568
- Authors: Ngxabane, Mbulelo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2942-2568
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Health services administration--Information technology , Computer Security
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23427 , vital:57730
- Description: Most developing countries in the African continent, including South Africa, seem to be lagging behind in research, policy development, and how to prevent cybersecurity threats. These findings are evident in the significant number of cyberattacks recorded in the Cost of Data Breach Study and Global Analysis by Ponemon Institute. Research studies are placing the blame on the element of portability in electronic health records (EHRs) that has contributed to numerous vulnerabilities to hospital healthcare data. As a result, the healthcare information of patients in those hospitals that are equipped with interconnected medical devices is exposed to cybersecurity threats. The purpose of the study was to develop a healthcare contingency management framework that can be used by healthcare institutions to mitigate cybersecurity threats to EHRs in the public health sector in South Africa. The integrated systems theory (IST) which amalgamated five different theories relating to information security management was used as a theoretical foundation in this study. In achieving this purpose, the literature review was selected as the research design best suited to answer the question presented in this research study. An expert review was used to refine the framework outcome using interviews and questionnaires. The contribution that will be made by this study will be in a form of a conceptual framework that will be used to mitigate cybersecurity threats concerning EHRs in the public health sector. The healthcare contingency management framework (HCMF) can be adopted by either the National Health Department or Provincial Health Department to be used by healthcare facilities as a guide in reviewing their support function, process management, governance management, and their contingency management. Similar future studies need to be conducted on large scale such as in the whole public sector with the focus on the health sector. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
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- Authors: Ngxabane, Mbulelo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2942-2568
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Health services administration--Information technology , Computer Security
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23427 , vital:57730
- Description: Most developing countries in the African continent, including South Africa, seem to be lagging behind in research, policy development, and how to prevent cybersecurity threats. These findings are evident in the significant number of cyberattacks recorded in the Cost of Data Breach Study and Global Analysis by Ponemon Institute. Research studies are placing the blame on the element of portability in electronic health records (EHRs) that has contributed to numerous vulnerabilities to hospital healthcare data. As a result, the healthcare information of patients in those hospitals that are equipped with interconnected medical devices is exposed to cybersecurity threats. The purpose of the study was to develop a healthcare contingency management framework that can be used by healthcare institutions to mitigate cybersecurity threats to EHRs in the public health sector in South Africa. The integrated systems theory (IST) which amalgamated five different theories relating to information security management was used as a theoretical foundation in this study. In achieving this purpose, the literature review was selected as the research design best suited to answer the question presented in this research study. An expert review was used to refine the framework outcome using interviews and questionnaires. The contribution that will be made by this study will be in a form of a conceptual framework that will be used to mitigate cybersecurity threats concerning EHRs in the public health sector. The healthcare contingency management framework (HCMF) can be adopted by either the National Health Department or Provincial Health Department to be used by healthcare facilities as a guide in reviewing their support function, process management, governance management, and their contingency management. Similar future studies need to be conducted on large scale such as in the whole public sector with the focus on the health sector. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
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Assessment of compliance to the maintenance procedure of medical equipment in a selected hospital, Oliver Reginald Tambo District, Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Mbangata, Mzuyanda
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Equipment health monitoring , Maintenance--Equipment and supplies
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21871 , vital:51838
- Description: Background Medical equipment assumes a major part in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases as well as illness and rehabilitation of patients. The maintenance of medical equipment is one of the most vital components in quality health care service delivery and it should not be ignored in the hospital. Therefore, it is critical that medical equipment must be maintained, and be in good working condition to ensure it completes its life cycle, also to prevent possible injuries to the patients and clinicians/end-users. Proper maintenance of medical equipment needs compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Inappropriate maintenance of medical equipment leads to medical equipment malfunctioning, decreases the level of medical equipment performance, and wastes money and other resources. The equipment downtime makes health care services not accessible to patients. Maintenance includes the following activities, medical equipment acceptance, preventive maintenance, inspection, calibration and repair following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Aim of the study The purpose of the study was to assess compliance to the maintenance procedures of medical equipment in a selected hospital in Oliver Reginald Tambo District, Eastern Cape Province. Methodology A qualitative descriptive design was used to access information regarding compliance with the maintenance of medical equipment in a selected hospital, in Oliver Reginald Tambo District, Eastern Cape. The compliance was accessed at the selected hospital that has eight departments. The research objectives gave a framework for how the research was to be conducted. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation. An open coding Tesch’s qualitative method was used for data analysis. A purposive sampling technique was used to select participants who were knowledgeable and responsible for management of medical equipment maintenance. The participants were experienced clinicians and technicians answerable for medical equipment maintenance and management. The researcher adhered to ethical and trustworthiness principles. Findings The following themes and their related categories emerged as compliance procedures adhered to/applied: i) Determinants of applied procedures; ii) Compliance with maintenance that is facilitate frequent checks, daily regular testing of equipment; iii) Report faulty equipment; iv) Send equipment for repairs; v) Do follow up on repairs; and vi) Keep machines working all the time. Contributory factors to non-compliance included: Unavailability of funds; technical staff shortage; lack of technical training; non-compliance in performance of quality checks; lack of training of end users; lack of set of maintenance plans; and long procurement process. Complications aligned with non-compliance: Inappropriate referral patients; inaccessibility of health care services; and misdiagnosing patients. Recommendations The strengthening of clinical engineering department with human resources (technical staff), finance (funds for spare parts) and physical resources (workspace, testing equipment and tools, service manuals etc.) Prioritise medical equipment maintenance also improvement of maintenance budget allocation and utilization. Provision of training for end users and technical staff. Establishment and implementation of maintenance plan and improvement of procurement processes. Conclusion The selected hospital is partially compliant with the maintenance of medical equipment because the hospital performs only reactive maintenance. It evidently appeared that affected service delivery is initiated by the shortage of technical staff and equipment availability and reliability. The hospital needs to focus and improve on the above mentioned factors affecting medical equipment maintenance. The results showed that improper maintenance of medical equipment contributes to the overcrowding of tertiary hospitals through unnecessary referrals due to medical equipment malfunctioning. The study contributes to improving the maintenance management of medical equipment. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mbangata, Mzuyanda
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Equipment health monitoring , Maintenance--Equipment and supplies
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21871 , vital:51838
- Description: Background Medical equipment assumes a major part in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases as well as illness and rehabilitation of patients. The maintenance of medical equipment is one of the most vital components in quality health care service delivery and it should not be ignored in the hospital. Therefore, it is critical that medical equipment must be maintained, and be in good working condition to ensure it completes its life cycle, also to prevent possible injuries to the patients and clinicians/end-users. Proper maintenance of medical equipment needs compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Inappropriate maintenance of medical equipment leads to medical equipment malfunctioning, decreases the level of medical equipment performance, and wastes money and other resources. The equipment downtime makes health care services not accessible to patients. Maintenance includes the following activities, medical equipment acceptance, preventive maintenance, inspection, calibration and repair following the manufacturer’s recommendations. Aim of the study The purpose of the study was to assess compliance to the maintenance procedures of medical equipment in a selected hospital in Oliver Reginald Tambo District, Eastern Cape Province. Methodology A qualitative descriptive design was used to access information regarding compliance with the maintenance of medical equipment in a selected hospital, in Oliver Reginald Tambo District, Eastern Cape. The compliance was accessed at the selected hospital that has eight departments. The research objectives gave a framework for how the research was to be conducted. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation. An open coding Tesch’s qualitative method was used for data analysis. A purposive sampling technique was used to select participants who were knowledgeable and responsible for management of medical equipment maintenance. The participants were experienced clinicians and technicians answerable for medical equipment maintenance and management. The researcher adhered to ethical and trustworthiness principles. Findings The following themes and their related categories emerged as compliance procedures adhered to/applied: i) Determinants of applied procedures; ii) Compliance with maintenance that is facilitate frequent checks, daily regular testing of equipment; iii) Report faulty equipment; iv) Send equipment for repairs; v) Do follow up on repairs; and vi) Keep machines working all the time. Contributory factors to non-compliance included: Unavailability of funds; technical staff shortage; lack of technical training; non-compliance in performance of quality checks; lack of training of end users; lack of set of maintenance plans; and long procurement process. Complications aligned with non-compliance: Inappropriate referral patients; inaccessibility of health care services; and misdiagnosing patients. Recommendations The strengthening of clinical engineering department with human resources (technical staff), finance (funds for spare parts) and physical resources (workspace, testing equipment and tools, service manuals etc.) Prioritise medical equipment maintenance also improvement of maintenance budget allocation and utilization. Provision of training for end users and technical staff. Establishment and implementation of maintenance plan and improvement of procurement processes. Conclusion The selected hospital is partially compliant with the maintenance of medical equipment because the hospital performs only reactive maintenance. It evidently appeared that affected service delivery is initiated by the shortage of technical staff and equipment availability and reliability. The hospital needs to focus and improve on the above mentioned factors affecting medical equipment maintenance. The results showed that improper maintenance of medical equipment contributes to the overcrowding of tertiary hospitals through unnecessary referrals due to medical equipment malfunctioning. The study contributes to improving the maintenance management of medical equipment. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Big data use at an automotive manufacturer: a framework to address privacy concerns in Hadoop Technology.
- Authors: Padayachee, Prenisha
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Data protection. , Privacy, Right of. , Computer networks--Security measures.
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22255 , vital:52009
- Description: An automotive manufacturer can generate big data through accessible data points from internal and external Internet of Things (IoT) data sources connected to the production line. Big data analytics needs to be applied to these large and complex datasets to realise the associated opportunities, such as an improved manufacturing process, optimised supply chain management, competitive advantage and business growth. In order to store, manage and process the data, automotive manufacturers are using Apache Hadoop technology. Apache Hadoop is a cost-effective, scalable, and fault-tolerant technology. However, there has been a concern raised regarding the privacy of big data in Apache Hadoop. A key challenge in Hadoop technology is its ineffective security model, making the data susceptible to unauthorised users. Consequently, a breach in data privacy results in automotive manufacturers becoming victims of theft of trade secrets and intellectual property via corporate spies. This theft has a negative impact and results in the loss of company reputation, business competitiveness and business growth in the automotive market. This study investigated a solution to ensure big data privacy when using Hadoop technology. The Selective Organisational Information Privacy and Security Violations Model (SOIPSVM) and the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) provided the theoretical base for this study. The researcher undertook a literature analysis and qualitative study to understand and address the identified research problem. The primary data was collected from ten Information Technology (IT) specialists at a local automotive manufacturer. These specialists participated in an interview session, which also included the completion of a questionnaire. All questions were pre-determined and open-ended, and the participants' responses were recorded. Primary data was analysed using the inductive approach by identifying relevant themes and sub-themes. In contrast, the literature analysis included academic journals, conference proceedings, websites, and books, which were critically discussed in this study. This study's findings indicated various measures to be implemented by the automotive manufacturer to address the research problem. Critical success factors were derived from the identified measures, which addressed significant data privacy issues in using Hadoop technology. The identified critical success factors included: control of internal and external data sources; monitor the value of big data towards improving the automotive manufacturing process and user behaviour; implementation of user authentication; encryption to secure data; disaster recovery and backup plan; execution of authorisation and Access Control List (ACLS); conduct audits and regular reviews of user access to data; apply data masking to sensitive data and tokenization to secure data; build own infrastructure to store and analyse data; install regular security updates and update passwords regularly. Each factor had a purpose that examined big data management, governance and compliance in detail. The identified factors contributed towards ensuring data privacy in the use of Hadoop technology. These factors were categorised into contextual and rule and regulatory conditions adopted from the SOIPSVM. Identified conditions were then aligned to the five-level CMM. Each condition was expanded upon at various maturity levels to form a framework that addressed the main research problem. The framework's application was described as an independent assessment of each critical success factor and provided a guide through various maturity levels. The framework's purpose was to address and overcome big data privacy concerns in using Hadoop technology at a local automotive manufacturer. , Thesis (MCom) (Information Systems) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Padayachee, Prenisha
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Data protection. , Privacy, Right of. , Computer networks--Security measures.
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22255 , vital:52009
- Description: An automotive manufacturer can generate big data through accessible data points from internal and external Internet of Things (IoT) data sources connected to the production line. Big data analytics needs to be applied to these large and complex datasets to realise the associated opportunities, such as an improved manufacturing process, optimised supply chain management, competitive advantage and business growth. In order to store, manage and process the data, automotive manufacturers are using Apache Hadoop technology. Apache Hadoop is a cost-effective, scalable, and fault-tolerant technology. However, there has been a concern raised regarding the privacy of big data in Apache Hadoop. A key challenge in Hadoop technology is its ineffective security model, making the data susceptible to unauthorised users. Consequently, a breach in data privacy results in automotive manufacturers becoming victims of theft of trade secrets and intellectual property via corporate spies. This theft has a negative impact and results in the loss of company reputation, business competitiveness and business growth in the automotive market. This study investigated a solution to ensure big data privacy when using Hadoop technology. The Selective Organisational Information Privacy and Security Violations Model (SOIPSVM) and the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) provided the theoretical base for this study. The researcher undertook a literature analysis and qualitative study to understand and address the identified research problem. The primary data was collected from ten Information Technology (IT) specialists at a local automotive manufacturer. These specialists participated in an interview session, which also included the completion of a questionnaire. All questions were pre-determined and open-ended, and the participants' responses were recorded. Primary data was analysed using the inductive approach by identifying relevant themes and sub-themes. In contrast, the literature analysis included academic journals, conference proceedings, websites, and books, which were critically discussed in this study. This study's findings indicated various measures to be implemented by the automotive manufacturer to address the research problem. Critical success factors were derived from the identified measures, which addressed significant data privacy issues in using Hadoop technology. The identified critical success factors included: control of internal and external data sources; monitor the value of big data towards improving the automotive manufacturing process and user behaviour; implementation of user authentication; encryption to secure data; disaster recovery and backup plan; execution of authorisation and Access Control List (ACLS); conduct audits and regular reviews of user access to data; apply data masking to sensitive data and tokenization to secure data; build own infrastructure to store and analyse data; install regular security updates and update passwords regularly. Each factor had a purpose that examined big data management, governance and compliance in detail. The identified factors contributed towards ensuring data privacy in the use of Hadoop technology. These factors were categorised into contextual and rule and regulatory conditions adopted from the SOIPSVM. Identified conditions were then aligned to the five-level CMM. Each condition was expanded upon at various maturity levels to form a framework that addressed the main research problem. The framework's application was described as an independent assessment of each critical success factor and provided a guide through various maturity levels. The framework's purpose was to address and overcome big data privacy concerns in using Hadoop technology at a local automotive manufacturer. , Thesis (MCom) (Information Systems) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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Cynical evictions and the possessory action in search of an appropriate remedy
- Phillips, Jeremy Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-0744
- Authors: Phillips, Jeremy Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-0744
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Eviction
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22434 , vital:52285
- Description: A cynical eviction is an unlawful eviction where, in the course of the eviction, the evictee's home is destroyed. They are a notorious brand of eviction which has darkly coloured South Africa's history and social geography. And they persist still to this day. The cynicality of a cynical eviction lies in the fact that because the home, and its composite materials, are destroyed, application of the mandament van spolie is precluded. With the obvious remedy barred, there is academic and judicial disagreement about which remedy should be used instead. Some have argued that, despite the technical difficulties, the mandament van spolie should be relied on, while others insist that the extraordinary constitutional remedy, crafted in the Tswelopele case, is the best option. This dissertation argues that there are obvious shortcomings with both two remedies, and investigates whether a third remedy, the possessory action, might be better-suited. It finds that, while the possessory action has many benefits, it too is deficient in some respects. It ultimately concludes that all three remedies are only, at best, partially appropriate for addressing cynical evictions and that whichever remedy is the most appropriate in the instant cynical eviction should be preferred for that particular case. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Phillips, Jeremy Alan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-0744
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Eviction
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22434 , vital:52285
- Description: A cynical eviction is an unlawful eviction where, in the course of the eviction, the evictee's home is destroyed. They are a notorious brand of eviction which has darkly coloured South Africa's history and social geography. And they persist still to this day. The cynicality of a cynical eviction lies in the fact that because the home, and its composite materials, are destroyed, application of the mandament van spolie is precluded. With the obvious remedy barred, there is academic and judicial disagreement about which remedy should be used instead. Some have argued that, despite the technical difficulties, the mandament van spolie should be relied on, while others insist that the extraordinary constitutional remedy, crafted in the Tswelopele case, is the best option. This dissertation argues that there are obvious shortcomings with both two remedies, and investigates whether a third remedy, the possessory action, might be better-suited. It finds that, while the possessory action has many benefits, it too is deficient in some respects. It ultimately concludes that all three remedies are only, at best, partially appropriate for addressing cynical evictions and that whichever remedy is the most appropriate in the instant cynical eviction should be preferred for that particular case. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, 2021
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Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the treatment options for dental caries among the adult patients for dental caries in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Veleekizhakethil, Legy
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Dental caries , Periodontics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22968 , vital:53257
- Description: Dentistry offers several caries-preventive measures, some of which emphasise not only patient’s responsibility to manage their disease, but also how dental professionals should manage it. Consequently, this study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adult patients towards treatment options relating to dental caries in the geographical context of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, situated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Purpose Firstly, this quantitative study set out to assess the existing oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices among an adult population visiting dental health facilities in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Secondly, it aimed to examine the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and tooth associated diseases in this specific setting. Furthermore, the study sought to provide baseline data in order to organise a successful dental prevention programme. The data obtained will determine the layout of policies to be put forward to the Department of Health. Methodology The researcher took a quantitative approach and conducted descriptive surveys from November 2019 to March 2020. A close-ended, structured questionnaire for data collection was designed based on the aspects of knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviour pertaining to the area of dental caries. A clinical examination of dental status was performed using dental probes, dental mirrors and tooth air-drying. All decay, and missing, filled or restored teeth due to dental caries, along with the presence of calculus, gingival, and periodontal lesions were recorded. Results Participants had an average knowledge score of 80percent with a 95percent confidence interval of (76percent; 84percent). The majority knew the importance of cleaning their teeth (88.9percent), were aware of the effects of sugary diets (80.7percent), avoided sugary foods (64.6percent), and lastly were aware of the causes of dental caries (71.3percent). However it is concerning that most had never visited a dentist, as reflected by 69.1percent of participants agreeing or strongly agreeing. At least 70percent of those who responded were satisfied with their dentists in that they ( the dentists) freely share ideas and opinions and provide advice on options for dental care. The study revealed a high prevalence of dental caries with a ratio of 6.23. Conclusions The majority of the participants affirmed the importance of visiting the dentist for a routine dental examination. In addition, the majority are aware that sugary diets are associated with dental caries. However, there is a high prevalence of dental caries among participants in this setting. Therefore, dentists should provide preventive measures, along with professional restorative and plaque removal, to curb the burden of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The type and extent of preventive measures must be adjusted according to the patient’s individual needs. Dental health professionals must collaborate with other health-care providers to promote preventive dental health. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Veleekizhakethil, Legy
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Dental caries , Periodontics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22968 , vital:53257
- Description: Dentistry offers several caries-preventive measures, some of which emphasise not only patient’s responsibility to manage their disease, but also how dental professionals should manage it. Consequently, this study aimed to examine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adult patients towards treatment options relating to dental caries in the geographical context of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, situated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Purpose Firstly, this quantitative study set out to assess the existing oral health knowledge, attitudes, and practices among an adult population visiting dental health facilities in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Secondly, it aimed to examine the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and tooth associated diseases in this specific setting. Furthermore, the study sought to provide baseline data in order to organise a successful dental prevention programme. The data obtained will determine the layout of policies to be put forward to the Department of Health. Methodology The researcher took a quantitative approach and conducted descriptive surveys from November 2019 to March 2020. A close-ended, structured questionnaire for data collection was designed based on the aspects of knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviour pertaining to the area of dental caries. A clinical examination of dental status was performed using dental probes, dental mirrors and tooth air-drying. All decay, and missing, filled or restored teeth due to dental caries, along with the presence of calculus, gingival, and periodontal lesions were recorded. Results Participants had an average knowledge score of 80percent with a 95percent confidence interval of (76percent; 84percent). The majority knew the importance of cleaning their teeth (88.9percent), were aware of the effects of sugary diets (80.7percent), avoided sugary foods (64.6percent), and lastly were aware of the causes of dental caries (71.3percent). However it is concerning that most had never visited a dentist, as reflected by 69.1percent of participants agreeing or strongly agreeing. At least 70percent of those who responded were satisfied with their dentists in that they ( the dentists) freely share ideas and opinions and provide advice on options for dental care. The study revealed a high prevalence of dental caries with a ratio of 6.23. Conclusions The majority of the participants affirmed the importance of visiting the dentist for a routine dental examination. In addition, the majority are aware that sugary diets are associated with dental caries. However, there is a high prevalence of dental caries among participants in this setting. Therefore, dentists should provide preventive measures, along with professional restorative and plaque removal, to curb the burden of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The type and extent of preventive measures must be adjusted according to the patient’s individual needs. Dental health professionals must collaborate with other health-care providers to promote preventive dental health. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Low uptake and early removal of Implanon NXT among women of reproductive age in Limpopo
- Magomani, Nandu Victoria https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5473-9984
- Authors: Magomani, Nandu Victoria https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5473-9984
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Contraceptive drug implants
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21849 , vital:51829
- Description: Implanon NXT also referred to as subdermal Implant, is a long-acting subdermal contraceptive method available in the South African public health care system since 2014. The implant was introduced to broaden the choice for women of childbearing age to delay or prevent unwanted pregnancies. Following a surge in popularity, reports of early removals and frequent adverse effects led to a significant decrease in its uptake in the country. Insufficient knowledge on Implanon, poor management of side effects, poor counseling by health care workers, and lack of partner support were the main themes that were picked from the interview, influencing uptake or early removals of the Implanon. The major concerning side effect reported was uncontrolled and irregular heavy bleeding The purpose of the study was to explore the factors associated with low uptake and early removals of Implanon NXT among women of reproductive age in one district in Limpopo province. A qualitative research design was used, primarily as exploratory and descriptive in nature. Participants were identified using non-probable, purposeful voluntary sampling. Data collection was achieved using open-ended structured interviews with sixteen (16) women aged from18-49. Data was analysed using thematic method of organizing data into categories, followed by coding and sorting the data to identify patterns and interpret the meanings and responses. An independent consultant was involved to confirm the thematic areas identified after which consensus discussions took place to finalize the analysed data. From the results, it appeared that there was a need that Implanon should be marketed by use of digital platforms and print media for information sharing. These platforms should be utilized by DOH from the National, provincial, district, facility and community levels. There should be clear protocol on how to manage different kinds of side effects, and this information should be rolled out to the implementation level. Health Care workers should provide client education and counselling services to the clients about the effectiveness of the method. Male partner involvement is crucial to provide support for women on contraceptives and to support their contraceptive choices. Mentorship will help providers to attain their proficiency in Implanon counselling, insertions, and removals. Lastly, availing adequate and effective youth-friendly services to enable young people to open up more about challenges and options that can be explored. For the adolescents and youth, these services should be provided by trained providers not at the general unit, where there is a mixture of adult population and the elderly, but at youth zones to enhance the uptake of Implanon NXT. Recommendations are for clinical practice area, for generic student education as well as for further research. The conclusions confirm that the government need to revitalise the Implanon program, to drive the uptake and reduce early removals. Training of health workers and mentorship should emphasize more comprehensive counselling, provide adequate information on what is to be expected and more importantly, how to treat and manage the side effects. That early removals due to side effects become the last option as information need to be widely available to all users utilising the traditional methods and modern methods such as digital platforms to spread the correct information and create demand for the Implanon. The functional service-provision-based youth-friendly services which will cater for the needs of young women and adolescents is highlighted as it provides a comfortable and conducive environment to provide and receive a comprehensive sexual reproductive health and rights services. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Magomani, Nandu Victoria https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-5473-9984
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Contraceptive drug implants
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21849 , vital:51829
- Description: Implanon NXT also referred to as subdermal Implant, is a long-acting subdermal contraceptive method available in the South African public health care system since 2014. The implant was introduced to broaden the choice for women of childbearing age to delay or prevent unwanted pregnancies. Following a surge in popularity, reports of early removals and frequent adverse effects led to a significant decrease in its uptake in the country. Insufficient knowledge on Implanon, poor management of side effects, poor counseling by health care workers, and lack of partner support were the main themes that were picked from the interview, influencing uptake or early removals of the Implanon. The major concerning side effect reported was uncontrolled and irregular heavy bleeding The purpose of the study was to explore the factors associated with low uptake and early removals of Implanon NXT among women of reproductive age in one district in Limpopo province. A qualitative research design was used, primarily as exploratory and descriptive in nature. Participants were identified using non-probable, purposeful voluntary sampling. Data collection was achieved using open-ended structured interviews with sixteen (16) women aged from18-49. Data was analysed using thematic method of organizing data into categories, followed by coding and sorting the data to identify patterns and interpret the meanings and responses. An independent consultant was involved to confirm the thematic areas identified after which consensus discussions took place to finalize the analysed data. From the results, it appeared that there was a need that Implanon should be marketed by use of digital platforms and print media for information sharing. These platforms should be utilized by DOH from the National, provincial, district, facility and community levels. There should be clear protocol on how to manage different kinds of side effects, and this information should be rolled out to the implementation level. Health Care workers should provide client education and counselling services to the clients about the effectiveness of the method. Male partner involvement is crucial to provide support for women on contraceptives and to support their contraceptive choices. Mentorship will help providers to attain their proficiency in Implanon counselling, insertions, and removals. Lastly, availing adequate and effective youth-friendly services to enable young people to open up more about challenges and options that can be explored. For the adolescents and youth, these services should be provided by trained providers not at the general unit, where there is a mixture of adult population and the elderly, but at youth zones to enhance the uptake of Implanon NXT. Recommendations are for clinical practice area, for generic student education as well as for further research. The conclusions confirm that the government need to revitalise the Implanon program, to drive the uptake and reduce early removals. Training of health workers and mentorship should emphasize more comprehensive counselling, provide adequate information on what is to be expected and more importantly, how to treat and manage the side effects. That early removals due to side effects become the last option as information need to be widely available to all users utilising the traditional methods and modern methods such as digital platforms to spread the correct information and create demand for the Implanon. The functional service-provision-based youth-friendly services which will cater for the needs of young women and adolescents is highlighted as it provides a comfortable and conducive environment to provide and receive a comprehensive sexual reproductive health and rights services. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Mass media use and knowledge gap amongst Walter Sisulu University, public relations management students: a content analysis study.
- Authors: Mva, Coceka
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Education, Rural , Mass media--Social aspects , Mass media in education
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21036 , vital:46916
- Description: Walter Sisulu University recruits students from the deep rural areas as well as students from urban areas all over the Eastern Cape Province. Students coming from rural areas are completely different from students coming from urban areas. The difference is caused by the different quality of infrastructure each area is exposed to. Urban students are exposed to high quality education whereas rural students have very poor infrastructure that they can hardly use to better their education. Urban students are exposed to all kinds of mass media and they are taught how to use and manipulate them. For rural students the exposure to mass media is too rare to the point where only the minority is able to use them. Therefore, this research was done to find out if there are any differences in understanding social and current events between urban and rural students studying public relations management at Walter Sisulu University. The study therefore sought to find out if this came as a result of their differentiated exposure to the mass media. Literature collected shows that rural students do not benefit as much as urban students from the knowledge and information communicated by the mass media. This is because rural areas lack electricity for television and radio usage, they lack quality roads for newspapers to be delivered to rural areas. However, questionnaires and interviews show that when at university, rural students struggle to cope in their first year of studies but their performance becomes better in their second and final year of study. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Communication) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mva, Coceka
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Education, Rural , Mass media--Social aspects , Mass media in education
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21036 , vital:46916
- Description: Walter Sisulu University recruits students from the deep rural areas as well as students from urban areas all over the Eastern Cape Province. Students coming from rural areas are completely different from students coming from urban areas. The difference is caused by the different quality of infrastructure each area is exposed to. Urban students are exposed to high quality education whereas rural students have very poor infrastructure that they can hardly use to better their education. Urban students are exposed to all kinds of mass media and they are taught how to use and manipulate them. For rural students the exposure to mass media is too rare to the point where only the minority is able to use them. Therefore, this research was done to find out if there are any differences in understanding social and current events between urban and rural students studying public relations management at Walter Sisulu University. The study therefore sought to find out if this came as a result of their differentiated exposure to the mass media. Literature collected shows that rural students do not benefit as much as urban students from the knowledge and information communicated by the mass media. This is because rural areas lack electricity for television and radio usage, they lack quality roads for newspapers to be delivered to rural areas. However, questionnaires and interviews show that when at university, rural students struggle to cope in their first year of studies but their performance becomes better in their second and final year of study. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Communication) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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Retrospective analysis of factors contributing to parasuicide among youth in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Nganto, Yanga
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Parasuicide -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22897 , vital:53181
- Description: Parasuicide is a problem that affects the youth locally and globally. Parasuicide has negative psychological impacts on youth. This study was designed to assess elements of parasuicide in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality of South Africa, using records of patients admitted to Frere and Cecilia Makiwane hospitals between 2016 and 2020. The purpose of the study was to conduct a descriptive retrospective review of parasuicide among youth to determine trends, causes, and contributing factors of committing parasuicide. Methods A retrospective, quantitative and descriptive study was conducted with 200 files of patients aged between 18 and 35 years conveniently sampled. These patients diagnosed as committed parasuicide and were admitted at Frere and Cecilia Makiwane hospitals over a period of four years from 1 April 2016 to 31 March 202. Only record files of patients’ residing in East London and Mdantsane catchment area were selected. Raw data was collected for a period of twelve weeks using a developed data collection tool developed in Ms Excel spreadsheet. Results In this sample, the large number of the patients were under 26 years (60.5%), female (57%), single (92.5%), and Black (99.5%). Furthermore, majority of the patients had attained secondary education (89.5%), were unemployed (83%) and living with their families (59%). There were different methods and agents used by participants to commit parasuicide and reasons differed from person to person. Among patients who reported a suicide attempt, organophosphates were most commonly used agent for self-poisoning (47%, n=94), followed by substances such as use of drugs and alcohol (n=57, 28.5%), violence (n=27, 13.5%), corrosive agents including bleach and Jik (n=11, 5.5%), and hydrogen peroxide including acidic sub-stances like battery acid (n=11, 5.5%). The common reason found in the study and indicates participants had psychiatric disorder (34.5%). Conclusion Limiting access to organophosphate agents and other lethal means is an effective strategy that should be adopted to prevent parasuicide among youth. Timely identification of risks or warning signs, social prevention and immediate intervention at the state level will play an important role in controlling parasuicide among youth. Moreover, improving health care services with psychotherapy support would empower youth with skills that would enhance their self-confidence, self-worth and resilience. Consequently, attainment of these attributes would result in the prevention and control of parasuicide amongst youth. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nganto, Yanga
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Parasuicide -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22897 , vital:53181
- Description: Parasuicide is a problem that affects the youth locally and globally. Parasuicide has negative psychological impacts on youth. This study was designed to assess elements of parasuicide in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality of South Africa, using records of patients admitted to Frere and Cecilia Makiwane hospitals between 2016 and 2020. The purpose of the study was to conduct a descriptive retrospective review of parasuicide among youth to determine trends, causes, and contributing factors of committing parasuicide. Methods A retrospective, quantitative and descriptive study was conducted with 200 files of patients aged between 18 and 35 years conveniently sampled. These patients diagnosed as committed parasuicide and were admitted at Frere and Cecilia Makiwane hospitals over a period of four years from 1 April 2016 to 31 March 202. Only record files of patients’ residing in East London and Mdantsane catchment area were selected. Raw data was collected for a period of twelve weeks using a developed data collection tool developed in Ms Excel spreadsheet. Results In this sample, the large number of the patients were under 26 years (60.5%), female (57%), single (92.5%), and Black (99.5%). Furthermore, majority of the patients had attained secondary education (89.5%), were unemployed (83%) and living with their families (59%). There were different methods and agents used by participants to commit parasuicide and reasons differed from person to person. Among patients who reported a suicide attempt, organophosphates were most commonly used agent for self-poisoning (47%, n=94), followed by substances such as use of drugs and alcohol (n=57, 28.5%), violence (n=27, 13.5%), corrosive agents including bleach and Jik (n=11, 5.5%), and hydrogen peroxide including acidic sub-stances like battery acid (n=11, 5.5%). The common reason found in the study and indicates participants had psychiatric disorder (34.5%). Conclusion Limiting access to organophosphate agents and other lethal means is an effective strategy that should be adopted to prevent parasuicide among youth. Timely identification of risks or warning signs, social prevention and immediate intervention at the state level will play an important role in controlling parasuicide among youth. Moreover, improving health care services with psychotherapy support would empower youth with skills that would enhance their self-confidence, self-worth and resilience. Consequently, attainment of these attributes would result in the prevention and control of parasuicide amongst youth. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Sediment characteristics and hydrodynamic conditions of the Swartkops estuary, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Best, Lutho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-9061
- Authors: Best, Lutho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-9061
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Geology, Stratigraphic , Estuarine oceanography , Swartkops River Estuary (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22611 , vital:52596
- Description: This study is a part of an environmental research project aimed at providing assessment information to the grain-size distribution, mineral compositions, sedimentary structures and coastal erosion and rehabilitation methods along the Swartkops estuary, a recent developing industry area of South Africa. The methodologies used in this study comprise desk study of literature, field geological investigation and sampling, and laboratory analyses including grainsize analysis, thin section microscope study, XRD mineral composition study and SEM-EDX grain surface texture and composition analyses.The basement and surrounding areas of the Swartkops estuary consist of three formations: the Enon Formation of mainly conglomerate, the Kirkwood Formation of sandstone and mudstone, and the Sundays River Formation of dominantly mudstone with sandstone, which integrated as Uitenhage Group of Cretaceous sequence with modern estuarine sand and alluvial sediments filled in the entire basin. Grain size analysis is a useful tool to assess hydrodynamic environments. The grain size parameters showed that most of the Swartkops estuary sediments are moderately sorted with very few well and poorly sorted, coarse to fine skewed in grain size distribution.Whereas the Bluewater Bay beach sediments are mostly fine grained, well sorted, fine to coarse skewed in grain size distribution. The bivariate scatter plots are an indication of shallow marine environment by beach and coastal processes with the influence of water flow and wind influence during transportation and deposition processes. Mineralogy studies revealed that the Swartkops estuary sediments are dominantly composed of minerals such as: quartz, calcite, feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase), aragonite, clay minerals (smectite and illite), and salts such as NaCl and MgCl2. Skeletal carbonate minerals (shell fragments) are more than chemical precipitated carbonate minerals. Quartz is the most abundant detrital mineral observed in all the sediments and it comes from inland and transported into the estuary and the beach by fluvial streams, whereas skeletal calcite/aragonite is the most abundant biogenic carbonate derived from sea side and transported by marine currents. The study shows that grain surface textures reveal the existence of several features that reflect the depositional environments. Observed grain surface textures by microscope and SEM include V-shape pits, upturned pits caused by mechanical crashing and corrosion during transportation; crystalline precipitation of calcite, quartz, salt and clay by chemical precipitation and crystallization; dissolution pits and pores formed by dissolution, and burrow and boring by biogenetic activities. The grain surface morphologies are closely linked to different formation mechanisms and depositional environments. Well-developed sedimentary structures have been found in the beach and estuary, including sand dune, sand ridge, straight and sinuous ripple, ripple marks, aeolian nail marks, high angle tabular cross bedding, antidune, rill mark, rhomboid mark, swash line, mud crack, gravel pavement, interfering ripples, flat topped ripple mark, linguiod mark, asymmetric sinuous ripples, dendritic pattern on sandy beach, boring and bioturbation, burrows desiccation cracks and water escape hole. Different sedimentary structures are reflective of different hydrodynamic conditions and depositional environments. Coastal erosion is a major problem for damage of road, bridge and properties in the industrial areas in Swartkops, which is also a task for this study. The author had suggested some practical mitigation-methods to local government, such as groins, revetments, shoreline hardening, planting of vegetation, and vertical walls, bulkheads, sills, which could be useful for the protection of coastal erosion. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Best, Lutho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6400-9061
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Geology, Stratigraphic , Estuarine oceanography , Swartkops River Estuary (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22611 , vital:52596
- Description: This study is a part of an environmental research project aimed at providing assessment information to the grain-size distribution, mineral compositions, sedimentary structures and coastal erosion and rehabilitation methods along the Swartkops estuary, a recent developing industry area of South Africa. The methodologies used in this study comprise desk study of literature, field geological investigation and sampling, and laboratory analyses including grainsize analysis, thin section microscope study, XRD mineral composition study and SEM-EDX grain surface texture and composition analyses.The basement and surrounding areas of the Swartkops estuary consist of three formations: the Enon Formation of mainly conglomerate, the Kirkwood Formation of sandstone and mudstone, and the Sundays River Formation of dominantly mudstone with sandstone, which integrated as Uitenhage Group of Cretaceous sequence with modern estuarine sand and alluvial sediments filled in the entire basin. Grain size analysis is a useful tool to assess hydrodynamic environments. The grain size parameters showed that most of the Swartkops estuary sediments are moderately sorted with very few well and poorly sorted, coarse to fine skewed in grain size distribution.Whereas the Bluewater Bay beach sediments are mostly fine grained, well sorted, fine to coarse skewed in grain size distribution. The bivariate scatter plots are an indication of shallow marine environment by beach and coastal processes with the influence of water flow and wind influence during transportation and deposition processes. Mineralogy studies revealed that the Swartkops estuary sediments are dominantly composed of minerals such as: quartz, calcite, feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase), aragonite, clay minerals (smectite and illite), and salts such as NaCl and MgCl2. Skeletal carbonate minerals (shell fragments) are more than chemical precipitated carbonate minerals. Quartz is the most abundant detrital mineral observed in all the sediments and it comes from inland and transported into the estuary and the beach by fluvial streams, whereas skeletal calcite/aragonite is the most abundant biogenic carbonate derived from sea side and transported by marine currents. The study shows that grain surface textures reveal the existence of several features that reflect the depositional environments. Observed grain surface textures by microscope and SEM include V-shape pits, upturned pits caused by mechanical crashing and corrosion during transportation; crystalline precipitation of calcite, quartz, salt and clay by chemical precipitation and crystallization; dissolution pits and pores formed by dissolution, and burrow and boring by biogenetic activities. The grain surface morphologies are closely linked to different formation mechanisms and depositional environments. Well-developed sedimentary structures have been found in the beach and estuary, including sand dune, sand ridge, straight and sinuous ripple, ripple marks, aeolian nail marks, high angle tabular cross bedding, antidune, rill mark, rhomboid mark, swash line, mud crack, gravel pavement, interfering ripples, flat topped ripple mark, linguiod mark, asymmetric sinuous ripples, dendritic pattern on sandy beach, boring and bioturbation, burrows desiccation cracks and water escape hole. Different sedimentary structures are reflective of different hydrodynamic conditions and depositional environments. Coastal erosion is a major problem for damage of road, bridge and properties in the industrial areas in Swartkops, which is also a task for this study. The author had suggested some practical mitigation-methods to local government, such as groins, revetments, shoreline hardening, planting of vegetation, and vertical walls, bulkheads, sills, which could be useful for the protection of coastal erosion. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Study on the effect of shade net on internal and external quality parameters and chilling injury of fruits of citrus species in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Moabelo, Phillipine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-1390
- Authors: Moabelo, Phillipine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-1390
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Fruit-culture , Horticulture , Citrus fruits
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22622 , vital:52600
- Description: Pre-harvest technology of shade net is environmental friendly and was found previously to improve fruit growth and yield. In addition, it reduces wind blemishes and sunburn, and effectively act as a buffer against climate fluctuations, such as excessive light, wind and hail damages. However, commercial shade nets are capital intensive; therefore, it is important for farmers to understand its impact on fruit quality that is desired for export market and assess whether the investment is profitable to the industry or not. It was brought to attention that several citrus cultivars grown in Addo, Eastern Cape under 20percent commercial shade net shows sensitivity to chilling injury (CI); however. no information is yet documented about the impact of this technology on fruit quality. To determine the efficacy of 20percent-shade net technology in relation to the control (no shade net), the present study was designed with the objective to compare internal and external quality parameters of ‘Washington and Cambria’ navels, ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin, and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit grown in shade netted orchards and stored at low temperatures (4 and -0.6°C) for 30 days in Addo area, Eastern Cape. Internal quality attributes assessed includes juice content, °Brixpercent, titratable acid (TA), °Brix:acid ratio and average number of seeds. External quality data assessed include rind colour, and fruit size, firmness/texture and fresh weight loss. For chilling injury, fruits were evaluated by examining the degree of rind pitting and assigning levels of severity namely 0, 1, 2 or 3 where 0 = no pitting detected, 1 = 1 pit, 2 = 2 or more pitting detected and 3 = severe pitting detected. The post-harvest experiments were done on fruits harvested from commercial citrus orchards in Sundays River Valley, between Kirkwood and Addo (33° 34' 0" South, 25° 41' 0" East), in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, over two harvesting seasons (2018 and 2019). The ‘Eureka’ lemon and ‘Washington navel’ fruit were collected from Allendale farm; the ‘Cambria’ navel fruits from the Nuwelande and Olifantsbos farms; and the ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin fruits from the Dunbrody/Unifruitti farm. The quality attributes were recorded in the Laboratory of the Citrus Research International (CRI), Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa during Season 1, and in the Horticulture lab of the University of Fort Hare (UFH), Alice, Eastern Cape, South, Africa during Season 2. The experimental layout was a typical pseudo randomised completely block design (RCBD) (not truly randomised) whereby treatments tested were subjected over time (pre-test, post-test). The two treatments i.e. shade vs. control (no shade net) could not be randomly allocated to orchards due to the practical issue of working on a commercial farm, . The sub-factor consisted of three postharvest treatments: Ambiemt temperature (at 0 days storage), 4°C and -0.6°C storages for 30 days. Secondly, an experiment to evaluate the impact of petroleum-based wax mixed with 2-(4-thiazolyl) benzimidazole [thiabendazole (TBZ)] (TBZ: 500 mg.L-1) on shade net vs control fruits was conducted. The fruits were stored at 4°C and - 0.6°C (coated) for 30 days and were evaluated after 7 days storage at room temperature. Shade net did not significantly affect the internal quality attributes of citrus fruits. The 20percent- shade net promoted size of ‘Washington’, ‘Cambria’ navels and ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin, whilst rind colour was not affect. Firmness loss was higher on ‘Eureka’ lemon and ‘Washington’ navel, regardless of the growing conditions and cold storage duration. Rind firmness of ‘Cambria’ navel and ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin were not significantly affected by shade net and storage duration. ‘Eureka’ lemon was found to be more sensitive to CI. However, the application of wax+ TBZ eliminated CI on all 4-cultivars. Therefore, it is recommended to apply wax+ TBZ in packline to eliminate CI and fungal development. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Moabelo, Phillipine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-1390
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Fruit-culture , Horticulture , Citrus fruits
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22622 , vital:52600
- Description: Pre-harvest technology of shade net is environmental friendly and was found previously to improve fruit growth and yield. In addition, it reduces wind blemishes and sunburn, and effectively act as a buffer against climate fluctuations, such as excessive light, wind and hail damages. However, commercial shade nets are capital intensive; therefore, it is important for farmers to understand its impact on fruit quality that is desired for export market and assess whether the investment is profitable to the industry or not. It was brought to attention that several citrus cultivars grown in Addo, Eastern Cape under 20percent commercial shade net shows sensitivity to chilling injury (CI); however. no information is yet documented about the impact of this technology on fruit quality. To determine the efficacy of 20percent-shade net technology in relation to the control (no shade net), the present study was designed with the objective to compare internal and external quality parameters of ‘Washington and Cambria’ navels, ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin, and ‘Eureka’ lemon fruit grown in shade netted orchards and stored at low temperatures (4 and -0.6°C) for 30 days in Addo area, Eastern Cape. Internal quality attributes assessed includes juice content, °Brixpercent, titratable acid (TA), °Brix:acid ratio and average number of seeds. External quality data assessed include rind colour, and fruit size, firmness/texture and fresh weight loss. For chilling injury, fruits were evaluated by examining the degree of rind pitting and assigning levels of severity namely 0, 1, 2 or 3 where 0 = no pitting detected, 1 = 1 pit, 2 = 2 or more pitting detected and 3 = severe pitting detected. The post-harvest experiments were done on fruits harvested from commercial citrus orchards in Sundays River Valley, between Kirkwood and Addo (33° 34' 0" South, 25° 41' 0" East), in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, over two harvesting seasons (2018 and 2019). The ‘Eureka’ lemon and ‘Washington navel’ fruit were collected from Allendale farm; the ‘Cambria’ navel fruits from the Nuwelande and Olifantsbos farms; and the ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin fruits from the Dunbrody/Unifruitti farm. The quality attributes were recorded in the Laboratory of the Citrus Research International (CRI), Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa during Season 1, and in the Horticulture lab of the University of Fort Hare (UFH), Alice, Eastern Cape, South, Africa during Season 2. The experimental layout was a typical pseudo randomised completely block design (RCBD) (not truly randomised) whereby treatments tested were subjected over time (pre-test, post-test). The two treatments i.e. shade vs. control (no shade net) could not be randomly allocated to orchards due to the practical issue of working on a commercial farm, . The sub-factor consisted of three postharvest treatments: Ambiemt temperature (at 0 days storage), 4°C and -0.6°C storages for 30 days. Secondly, an experiment to evaluate the impact of petroleum-based wax mixed with 2-(4-thiazolyl) benzimidazole [thiabendazole (TBZ)] (TBZ: 500 mg.L-1) on shade net vs control fruits was conducted. The fruits were stored at 4°C and - 0.6°C (coated) for 30 days and were evaluated after 7 days storage at room temperature. Shade net did not significantly affect the internal quality attributes of citrus fruits. The 20percent- shade net promoted size of ‘Washington’, ‘Cambria’ navels and ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin, whilst rind colour was not affect. Firmness loss was higher on ‘Eureka’ lemon and ‘Washington’ navel, regardless of the growing conditions and cold storage duration. Rind firmness of ‘Cambria’ navel and ‘Valley Gold’ mandarin were not significantly affected by shade net and storage duration. ‘Eureka’ lemon was found to be more sensitive to CI. However, the application of wax+ TBZ eliminated CI on all 4-cultivars. Therefore, it is recommended to apply wax+ TBZ in packline to eliminate CI and fungal development. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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The experiences of youth foster care leavers in Makanda town, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Maselana, Tembisa https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-6959-0895
- Authors: Maselana, Tembisa https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-6959-0895
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Foster children -- Services for , Foster home care
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22368 , vital:52031
- Description: This study sought to explore the experiences of foster care youth who had exited the system within a period of three years in Makhanda Town, Eastern Cape. The coping mechanisms employed by foster care youth after exiting the system, and the policies, legislations and support services available were explored. The study adopted a qualitative research method. Non-probability sampling was employed to recruit 23 foster care youth who had exited the system within three years in Makhanda Town. In addition, 6 professionals dealing with statutory cases, three (3) foster parents and one (1) key informant were selected. Data was collected through the use of face-to-face semistructured individual interviews with foster care youth who had exited the system. The focus group discussion was held with professionals dealing with statutory cases and the ward councillor. The researcher analysed the data thematically. The study findings revealed that long term and comprehensive planning was important so as to provide a consistent and all round support to the fostered youth during the pre and post foster care phases. It was established that for most foster care children, the lack of a complete plan affects their transition from their biological home through the foster care system. Consequently, they come out more vulnerable than when there were initially placed in foster care. The study highlighted the serious need for training and job placement for the youths, a structure that is currently non-existent. The study recommended that the Department of Social Development (DSD) should make it compulsory for statutory social workers within the foster care domain to come up with individualized and personalized plans that outline the needs and deliverables for each child placed in the foster care system. Importantly, DSD must create a framework that is endorsed and accepted by all stakeholders so as to achieve the best interest of the child in all situations. Furthermore, the study recommends that DSD should employ more social workers to address the current human resources shortages in foster care units. Lastly, the study recommends restructuring of placement system to be less paper-work for effective and efficient, integrity, and quality of the service provision. , Thesis (MSW) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Maselana, Tembisa https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-6959-0895
- Date: 2021-11
- Subjects: Foster children -- Services for , Foster home care
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22368 , vital:52031
- Description: This study sought to explore the experiences of foster care youth who had exited the system within a period of three years in Makhanda Town, Eastern Cape. The coping mechanisms employed by foster care youth after exiting the system, and the policies, legislations and support services available were explored. The study adopted a qualitative research method. Non-probability sampling was employed to recruit 23 foster care youth who had exited the system within three years in Makhanda Town. In addition, 6 professionals dealing with statutory cases, three (3) foster parents and one (1) key informant were selected. Data was collected through the use of face-to-face semistructured individual interviews with foster care youth who had exited the system. The focus group discussion was held with professionals dealing with statutory cases and the ward councillor. The researcher analysed the data thematically. The study findings revealed that long term and comprehensive planning was important so as to provide a consistent and all round support to the fostered youth during the pre and post foster care phases. It was established that for most foster care children, the lack of a complete plan affects their transition from their biological home through the foster care system. Consequently, they come out more vulnerable than when there were initially placed in foster care. The study highlighted the serious need for training and job placement for the youths, a structure that is currently non-existent. The study recommended that the Department of Social Development (DSD) should make it compulsory for statutory social workers within the foster care domain to come up with individualized and personalized plans that outline the needs and deliverables for each child placed in the foster care system. Importantly, DSD must create a framework that is endorsed and accepted by all stakeholders so as to achieve the best interest of the child in all situations. Furthermore, the study recommends that DSD should employ more social workers to address the current human resources shortages in foster care units. Lastly, the study recommends restructuring of placement system to be less paper-work for effective and efficient, integrity, and quality of the service provision. , Thesis (MSW) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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Assessing the local awareness and perception of invasive alien plants: A case study of Port St Johns Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Somkala, Avela Abongile
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Alien plants , Invasive plants
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22600 , vital:52595
- Description: Invasive alien plants (IAPs) are introduced species that constitute a self-sustaining population, consistently producing offspring in large numbers and at considerable distances from the parent plants with the potential to spread over a large area. Species invasions are one of the main conservation threats today and have caused modification of ecosystems, particularly in coastal areas. Therefore, Port St Johns Local Municipality (PSJ LM) was an appropriate study site to evaluate the local awareness and perceptions of IAPs. The study investigated the local community’s perceptions of invasive alien plants' uses and ecological impacts. Information about the local awareness and perceptions of invasive alien plant species in PSJ LM was gathered through semi-structured interviews, observation and guided field walks with 120 participants between February and April 2021. The participants included 30 people working on the alien plant eradication project in PSJ LM (Wards 1, 2 and 3) and 90 randomly selected community members. The data collected were entered in Microsoft Excel 2016 programme and analyzed for descriptive statistical patterns using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) version 22.0. Biological invasion by IAPs was ubiquitously perceived, with participants working on invasive alien plant eradication project in the area exhibiting more scientifically based knowledge on IAPs than ordinary community members. Invasive alien plants in the area appear to have adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts, as the participants are not benefiting from these plant species. Similarly, costs of eradicating these species were also acknowledged. The ability of local community members to identify IAPs is vital in effective management of the spread of these species. A total of seven invasive IAPs were recorded. Evaluating the perceptions of local people towards IAPs provides valuable insights for development planning and future management programmes focusing on biological invasions. The study will provide a basis for an enabling policy and institutional environment that provides a coherent framework for the sustainable management of IAPs in the Eastern Cape Province. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Somkala, Avela Abongile
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Alien plants , Invasive plants
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22600 , vital:52595
- Description: Invasive alien plants (IAPs) are introduced species that constitute a self-sustaining population, consistently producing offspring in large numbers and at considerable distances from the parent plants with the potential to spread over a large area. Species invasions are one of the main conservation threats today and have caused modification of ecosystems, particularly in coastal areas. Therefore, Port St Johns Local Municipality (PSJ LM) was an appropriate study site to evaluate the local awareness and perceptions of IAPs. The study investigated the local community’s perceptions of invasive alien plants' uses and ecological impacts. Information about the local awareness and perceptions of invasive alien plant species in PSJ LM was gathered through semi-structured interviews, observation and guided field walks with 120 participants between February and April 2021. The participants included 30 people working on the alien plant eradication project in PSJ LM (Wards 1, 2 and 3) and 90 randomly selected community members. The data collected were entered in Microsoft Excel 2016 programme and analyzed for descriptive statistical patterns using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) version 22.0. Biological invasion by IAPs was ubiquitously perceived, with participants working on invasive alien plant eradication project in the area exhibiting more scientifically based knowledge on IAPs than ordinary community members. Invasive alien plants in the area appear to have adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts, as the participants are not benefiting from these plant species. Similarly, costs of eradicating these species were also acknowledged. The ability of local community members to identify IAPs is vital in effective management of the spread of these species. A total of seven invasive IAPs were recorded. Evaluating the perceptions of local people towards IAPs provides valuable insights for development planning and future management programmes focusing on biological invasions. The study will provide a basis for an enabling policy and institutional environment that provides a coherent framework for the sustainable management of IAPs in the Eastern Cape Province. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Barriers to participation in sports among urban adolescents at an International School in Cape Town, South Africa
- Authors: Klaasen, Robyn Jade
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Urban teenagers -- Sports , Sports administration
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22155 , vital:51991
- Description: The benefits of participating in sport have been well documented and great emphasis has been placed on the role that it plays in the development of character and social skills, apart from physical and psychological benefits. Sport represents an optimal means of enabling children and adolescents to meet their daily requirements for physical activity to maintain health. Conversely, despite all of the widely acknowledged benefits, participation in sport among children and adolescents continues to decline throughout the world. Although a great deal of research has been conducted to identify barriers to participation in sport, most of it has concerned poor, rural, disadvantaged, or other marginalised groups. As a consequence, a large proportion of the research has attributed low rates of participation in sport to practical barriers, which usually take the forms of either logistical problems or a lack of resources. The aim of this study was to identify the barriers to participation in sport among adolescents in an affluent, urban setting, at an international school in Cape Town, South Africa. The Barriers to Sport Participation Questionnaire was used to identify the social, personal, and practical barriers that affected 107 adolescents who were enrolled in the school. The data was analysed by means of the SPSS (IBM, Version 27) software package and seven significant barriers were identified. Fear of academic failure, environmental constraints, and lack of interest were identified as the primary barriers, thereby emphasising the significant influence of personal barriers, rather than practical ones. It was also found that the influence of particular barriers was greater on females than their male counterparts and that the respondents who either did not participate in sport themselves or were from households in which other members did not do so were more adversely affected by some barriers than the others. Significant correlations were found between some grades and certain barriers, the most notable being those between respondents in Grades 7, 9, and 10 and the fear of academic failure barrier. In light of these findings, it could be concluded that the global decline in participation in sport among the youth is a complex problem and that particular barriers, which might not have been identified in previous research, could be particularly influential in affluent environments. As it is evident that as barriers can be specific to particular groups and settings, the optimal means of overcoming them is unlikely to be found through the adoption of a one-size-fitsall approach. Instead, further research and customised interventions are required. , Thesis (HMS) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Klaasen, Robyn Jade
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Urban teenagers -- Sports , Sports administration
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22155 , vital:51991
- Description: The benefits of participating in sport have been well documented and great emphasis has been placed on the role that it plays in the development of character and social skills, apart from physical and psychological benefits. Sport represents an optimal means of enabling children and adolescents to meet their daily requirements for physical activity to maintain health. Conversely, despite all of the widely acknowledged benefits, participation in sport among children and adolescents continues to decline throughout the world. Although a great deal of research has been conducted to identify barriers to participation in sport, most of it has concerned poor, rural, disadvantaged, or other marginalised groups. As a consequence, a large proportion of the research has attributed low rates of participation in sport to practical barriers, which usually take the forms of either logistical problems or a lack of resources. The aim of this study was to identify the barriers to participation in sport among adolescents in an affluent, urban setting, at an international school in Cape Town, South Africa. The Barriers to Sport Participation Questionnaire was used to identify the social, personal, and practical barriers that affected 107 adolescents who were enrolled in the school. The data was analysed by means of the SPSS (IBM, Version 27) software package and seven significant barriers were identified. Fear of academic failure, environmental constraints, and lack of interest were identified as the primary barriers, thereby emphasising the significant influence of personal barriers, rather than practical ones. It was also found that the influence of particular barriers was greater on females than their male counterparts and that the respondents who either did not participate in sport themselves or were from households in which other members did not do so were more adversely affected by some barriers than the others. Significant correlations were found between some grades and certain barriers, the most notable being those between respondents in Grades 7, 9, and 10 and the fear of academic failure barrier. In light of these findings, it could be concluded that the global decline in participation in sport among the youth is a complex problem and that particular barriers, which might not have been identified in previous research, could be particularly influential in affluent environments. As it is evident that as barriers can be specific to particular groups and settings, the optimal means of overcoming them is unlikely to be found through the adoption of a one-size-fitsall approach. Instead, further research and customised interventions are required. , Thesis (HMS) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Impact of press freedom on reportage of corruption in the Nigerian oil and gas industry : a comparative content analysis of four Nigerian Newspapers
- Ayodeji-Falade, Monisola Bolajoko
- Authors: Ayodeji-Falade, Monisola Bolajoko
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Newspapers -- Nigeria , Freedom of the press , Mass media -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21805 , vital:51787
- Description: A free press is pivotal to eradication of corruption in the society as the press remains the most powerful channel of communication that cut across all publics. Thus, this study seeks to evaluate the impact of press freedom on reportage of corruption in the oil and gas industry through a content analysis of four Nigerian newspapers (The Punch, Vanguard, Guardian and Nigerian Tribune). The study adopted a mixed research method involving both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were collected and analysed through content analysis of the selected newspapers while the qualitative data collected through interview of the respective newspaper correspondents were analysed using thematic analysis. The study revealed that 534 stories were published on corruption in the Nigerian oil and gas sector by all the newspapers within the study period (July 2018-June 2019), with the Punch having the highest magnitude of stories (n = 196, 36.70percent) while Nigerian Tribune had the highest number of stories reported on its front and back pages (n = 143, 92.25percent). However, Guardian had the highest number of full-paged stories (n = 15, 20percent) whereas the Punch and Nigerian Tribune adopted the widest range of publication formats with news being the most dominant format employed by all the dailies (n = 462, 86.52percent). Although, all the newspapers employed more episodic frame (n = 432, 80.89percent) than thematic frame (n = 93,17.41percent), framing analysis revealed oil theft, vandalism, alleged-fraud, environmental consequences and economic consequences as the major frames used in the coverage of stories on corruption in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Thematic analysis showed that the newspaper correspondents did not have access to adequate information on corruption in the sector while journalists in the country are still being subjected to intimidation, arrest and imprisonment. These findings suggest that the selected newspapers gave prominence to reportage of corruption in the oil and gas sector in country, which implies that the newspapers are fulfilling their agenda-setting roles and social responsibility in the society. Nevertheless, the level of press freedom in Nigeria has partly affected the reportage of corruption in the oil and gas sector of the country as this has restricted the use of investigative reporting occasioned by the lack of access to classified information on corruption and envisaged harm by potential sources and journalists. Nevertheless, this study proposes an anticorruption-media model, which focuses on the significance of the media as an anticorruption agent in a developing country. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ayodeji-Falade, Monisola Bolajoko
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Newspapers -- Nigeria , Freedom of the press , Mass media -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21805 , vital:51787
- Description: A free press is pivotal to eradication of corruption in the society as the press remains the most powerful channel of communication that cut across all publics. Thus, this study seeks to evaluate the impact of press freedom on reportage of corruption in the oil and gas industry through a content analysis of four Nigerian newspapers (The Punch, Vanguard, Guardian and Nigerian Tribune). The study adopted a mixed research method involving both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were collected and analysed through content analysis of the selected newspapers while the qualitative data collected through interview of the respective newspaper correspondents were analysed using thematic analysis. The study revealed that 534 stories were published on corruption in the Nigerian oil and gas sector by all the newspapers within the study period (July 2018-June 2019), with the Punch having the highest magnitude of stories (n = 196, 36.70percent) while Nigerian Tribune had the highest number of stories reported on its front and back pages (n = 143, 92.25percent). However, Guardian had the highest number of full-paged stories (n = 15, 20percent) whereas the Punch and Nigerian Tribune adopted the widest range of publication formats with news being the most dominant format employed by all the dailies (n = 462, 86.52percent). Although, all the newspapers employed more episodic frame (n = 432, 80.89percent) than thematic frame (n = 93,17.41percent), framing analysis revealed oil theft, vandalism, alleged-fraud, environmental consequences and economic consequences as the major frames used in the coverage of stories on corruption in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Thematic analysis showed that the newspaper correspondents did not have access to adequate information on corruption in the sector while journalists in the country are still being subjected to intimidation, arrest and imprisonment. These findings suggest that the selected newspapers gave prominence to reportage of corruption in the oil and gas sector in country, which implies that the newspapers are fulfilling their agenda-setting roles and social responsibility in the society. Nevertheless, the level of press freedom in Nigeria has partly affected the reportage of corruption in the oil and gas sector of the country as this has restricted the use of investigative reporting occasioned by the lack of access to classified information on corruption and envisaged harm by potential sources and journalists. Nevertheless, this study proposes an anticorruption-media model, which focuses on the significance of the media as an anticorruption agent in a developing country. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
Investigating the feasibility of using remote sensing in index-based crop insurance for South Africa’s smallholder farming systems
- Masiza, Wonga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6224-3812
- Authors: Masiza, Wonga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6224-3812
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Precision farming , Agricultural engineering , Climatic changes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23000 , vital:54890
- Description: Crop farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is largely practiced by resource-poor farmers under rain-fed and unpredictable weather conditions. Since agriculture is the mainstay of SSA’s economy, the lack of improved and adapted agricultural technologies in this region sets back economic development and the fight against poverty. Overcoming this constraint and achieving the sustainable development goal to end poverty, requires innovative tools that can be used for weather risk management. One tool that has been gaining momentum recently is index-based crop insurance (IBCI). Since the launch of the first IBCI program in Africa around 2005, the number of IBCI programs has increased. Unfortunately, these programs are constrained by poor product design, basis risk, and low uptake of contracts. When these issues were first pointed-out in the earliest IBCI programs, many reports suggested satellite remote sensing (RS) as a viable solution. Hence, the first objective of this study was to assess how RS has been used in IBCI, the challenges RS faces, and potential contributions of RS that have not yet been meaningfully exploited. The literature shows that IBCI programs are increasingly adopting RS. RS has improved demarcation of unit areas of insurance and enabled IBCI to reach inaccessible areas that do not have sufficient meteorological infrastructure. However, the literature also shows that IBCI is still tainted by basis risk, which emanates from poor contract designs, the influence of non-weather factors on crop yields, imperfect correlations between satellite-based indices and crop yields, and the lack of historical data for calibration. Although IBCI reports cover vegetation and crop health monitoring, few to none cover crop type and crop area mapping. Furthermore, areas including high-resolution mapping, data fusion, microwave RS, machine learning, and computer vision have not been sufficiently tested in IBCI. The second objective of this study was to assess how RS and machine learning techniques can be used to enhance the mapping of smallholder crop farming landscapes. The findings show that machine learning ensembles and the combination of optical and microwave data can map a smallholder farming landscape with a maximum accuracy of 97.71 percent. The third objective was to identify factors that influence crop yields and crop losses in order to improve IBCI design. Results demonstrated that the pervasive notion that low yields in smallholder farms are related to rainfall is an oversimplification. Factors including fertilizer use, seed variety, soil properties, soil moisture, growing degree-days, management, and socioeconomic conditions are some of the most important factors influencing crop yields and crop losses in smallholder farming systems. This shows why IBCI needs to be part of a comprehensive risk management system that understands and approaches smallholder crop farming as complex by linking insurance with advisories and input supplies. Improved inputs and good farming practices could reduce the influence of non-weather factors on crop losses, and thereby reduce basis risk in weather-based index insurance (WII) contracts. The fourth objective of this study was to assess how well the combination of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical indices estimate soil moisture. As stated earlier, soil moisture was found to be one of the most important factors affecting crop yields. Although this method better estimated soil moisture over the first half of the growing season, estimation accuracies were comparable to those found in studies that had used similar datasets (RMSE = 0.043 m3 m-3, MAE = 0.034 m3 m- 3). Further interrogation of interaction effects between the variables used in this study and consideration of other factors that affect SAR backscatter could improve the method. More importantly, incorporating high-resolution satellite-based monitoring of soil moisture into IBCI could potentially reduce basis risk. The fifth objective of this study was to develop an IBCI for smallholder crop farming systems. The proposed IBCI scheme covers maize and derives index thresholds from crop water requirements and satellite-based rainfall estimates. It covers rainfall deficits over the vegetative, mid-season, and late-season stages of maize growth. The key contribution of this system is the derivation of index thresholds from CWR and site-specific rainfall conditions. The widely used approach, which calibrates IBCI by correlating yields and rainfall, exposes contracts to basis risk because, by simply correlating yield and rainfall data, it overlooks the influence of non-weather factors on crop yields and losses. The proposed system must be linked or bundled with non-weather variables that affect crop yields. Effectively, this means that the insurance must be linked or bundled with advisories and input supplies to address the influence of non-weather factors on crop losses. This system also incorporates a crop area-mapping component, which was found to be lacking in many IBCI systems. In conclusion, an IBCI that is based on crop water requirements, which incorporates crop area mapping and links insurance with non-weather crop yield-determining factors, is potentially capable of improving crop insurance for smallholder farming systems. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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- Authors: Masiza, Wonga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6224-3812
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Precision farming , Agricultural engineering , Climatic changes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23000 , vital:54890
- Description: Crop farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is largely practiced by resource-poor farmers under rain-fed and unpredictable weather conditions. Since agriculture is the mainstay of SSA’s economy, the lack of improved and adapted agricultural technologies in this region sets back economic development and the fight against poverty. Overcoming this constraint and achieving the sustainable development goal to end poverty, requires innovative tools that can be used for weather risk management. One tool that has been gaining momentum recently is index-based crop insurance (IBCI). Since the launch of the first IBCI program in Africa around 2005, the number of IBCI programs has increased. Unfortunately, these programs are constrained by poor product design, basis risk, and low uptake of contracts. When these issues were first pointed-out in the earliest IBCI programs, many reports suggested satellite remote sensing (RS) as a viable solution. Hence, the first objective of this study was to assess how RS has been used in IBCI, the challenges RS faces, and potential contributions of RS that have not yet been meaningfully exploited. The literature shows that IBCI programs are increasingly adopting RS. RS has improved demarcation of unit areas of insurance and enabled IBCI to reach inaccessible areas that do not have sufficient meteorological infrastructure. However, the literature also shows that IBCI is still tainted by basis risk, which emanates from poor contract designs, the influence of non-weather factors on crop yields, imperfect correlations between satellite-based indices and crop yields, and the lack of historical data for calibration. Although IBCI reports cover vegetation and crop health monitoring, few to none cover crop type and crop area mapping. Furthermore, areas including high-resolution mapping, data fusion, microwave RS, machine learning, and computer vision have not been sufficiently tested in IBCI. The second objective of this study was to assess how RS and machine learning techniques can be used to enhance the mapping of smallholder crop farming landscapes. The findings show that machine learning ensembles and the combination of optical and microwave data can map a smallholder farming landscape with a maximum accuracy of 97.71 percent. The third objective was to identify factors that influence crop yields and crop losses in order to improve IBCI design. Results demonstrated that the pervasive notion that low yields in smallholder farms are related to rainfall is an oversimplification. Factors including fertilizer use, seed variety, soil properties, soil moisture, growing degree-days, management, and socioeconomic conditions are some of the most important factors influencing crop yields and crop losses in smallholder farming systems. This shows why IBCI needs to be part of a comprehensive risk management system that understands and approaches smallholder crop farming as complex by linking insurance with advisories and input supplies. Improved inputs and good farming practices could reduce the influence of non-weather factors on crop losses, and thereby reduce basis risk in weather-based index insurance (WII) contracts. The fourth objective of this study was to assess how well the combination of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical indices estimate soil moisture. As stated earlier, soil moisture was found to be one of the most important factors affecting crop yields. Although this method better estimated soil moisture over the first half of the growing season, estimation accuracies were comparable to those found in studies that had used similar datasets (RMSE = 0.043 m3 m-3, MAE = 0.034 m3 m- 3). Further interrogation of interaction effects between the variables used in this study and consideration of other factors that affect SAR backscatter could improve the method. More importantly, incorporating high-resolution satellite-based monitoring of soil moisture into IBCI could potentially reduce basis risk. The fifth objective of this study was to develop an IBCI for smallholder crop farming systems. The proposed IBCI scheme covers maize and derives index thresholds from crop water requirements and satellite-based rainfall estimates. It covers rainfall deficits over the vegetative, mid-season, and late-season stages of maize growth. The key contribution of this system is the derivation of index thresholds from CWR and site-specific rainfall conditions. The widely used approach, which calibrates IBCI by correlating yields and rainfall, exposes contracts to basis risk because, by simply correlating yield and rainfall data, it overlooks the influence of non-weather factors on crop yields and losses. The proposed system must be linked or bundled with non-weather variables that affect crop yields. Effectively, this means that the insurance must be linked or bundled with advisories and input supplies to address the influence of non-weather factors on crop losses. This system also incorporates a crop area-mapping component, which was found to be lacking in many IBCI systems. In conclusion, an IBCI that is based on crop water requirements, which incorporates crop area mapping and links insurance with non-weather crop yield-determining factors, is potentially capable of improving crop insurance for smallholder farming systems. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Salmonella species isolated from final effluent discharged from the Fort Hare Dairy Farm in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality
- Thinyane, Pindile https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-9407
- Authors: Thinyane, Pindile https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-9407
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Salmonella typhimurium , Anti-infective agents , Multidrug resistance
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22666 , vital:52618
- Description: The exposure of livestock to antimicrobials for treatment, prophylaxis, or development advancement can select for antimicrobial resistant organisms that can be transmitted to humans. Salmonella as a significant zoonotic microorganism can go about as a likely supply of antimicrobial resistant determinants. Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen that causes food and waterborne infections. It affects wild and domestic animals, and humans, by causing a number of infections including Salmonellosis. Salmonella species infect humans through the consumption of contaminated meat, like beef, chicken, pork etc. This study aimed to determine the molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella species isolated from effluent discharged from the Fort Hare Dairy Farm in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the molecular confirmation of the presumptive Salmonella isolates targeting both ompC gene and typh gene. Standard disc diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The confirmed Salmonella isolates were tested against 12 test antimicrobial agents and were screened for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) including blaTEM and amp for beta-lactams, and tetC for tetracycline. The research showed that the effluent discharge from this farm is contaminated with Salmonella. Presumptive Salmonella densities were ranging between 1,7 ×102 to 6,1×102 CFU/100ml, out of 83 presumptive isolates recovered, 61 were molecularly confirmed Salmonella typhimurium. The most prevalent Salmonella species found in this study was Salmonella typhimurium, which was more abundant in the final effluent discharges than in the water samples. This may be due to the contamination from farm animal faeces. The susceptibility against 12 different antibiotics by the recovered Salmonella typhimurium were examined, and Salmonella typhimurium isolates was notably resistant to azithromycin, ampicillin, amoxiclav, but less resistance were seen on doripenem , meropenem and ciprofloxacin but none of the isolates were resistant to norfloxacin. Antibiotic results obtained from this research suggest that Quinolones (Norfloxicin, Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid), and Carbapenems (Meropenem and Doripenem.) were the most effective antibiotics against Salmonella. Forty-eight percent of isolates were found to be resistant to more than 3 antibiotics from different families thus considering them to be multidrug resistant. Resistant determinants ampC, blaTEM and tetC were detected on resistant isolates. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics on animal producing farms put human lives at risk as it promotes the emergency of multidrug resistant bacteria. Findings of this study revealed that animal producing farm pose a threat to the community as they harbour and promote the emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimurium. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Thinyane, Pindile https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8236-9407
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Salmonella typhimurium , Anti-infective agents , Multidrug resistance
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22666 , vital:52618
- Description: The exposure of livestock to antimicrobials for treatment, prophylaxis, or development advancement can select for antimicrobial resistant organisms that can be transmitted to humans. Salmonella as a significant zoonotic microorganism can go about as a likely supply of antimicrobial resistant determinants. Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen that causes food and waterborne infections. It affects wild and domestic animals, and humans, by causing a number of infections including Salmonellosis. Salmonella species infect humans through the consumption of contaminated meat, like beef, chicken, pork etc. This study aimed to determine the molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella species isolated from effluent discharged from the Fort Hare Dairy Farm in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the molecular confirmation of the presumptive Salmonella isolates targeting both ompC gene and typh gene. Standard disc diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The confirmed Salmonella isolates were tested against 12 test antimicrobial agents and were screened for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) including blaTEM and amp for beta-lactams, and tetC for tetracycline. The research showed that the effluent discharge from this farm is contaminated with Salmonella. Presumptive Salmonella densities were ranging between 1,7 ×102 to 6,1×102 CFU/100ml, out of 83 presumptive isolates recovered, 61 were molecularly confirmed Salmonella typhimurium. The most prevalent Salmonella species found in this study was Salmonella typhimurium, which was more abundant in the final effluent discharges than in the water samples. This may be due to the contamination from farm animal faeces. The susceptibility against 12 different antibiotics by the recovered Salmonella typhimurium were examined, and Salmonella typhimurium isolates was notably resistant to azithromycin, ampicillin, amoxiclav, but less resistance were seen on doripenem , meropenem and ciprofloxacin but none of the isolates were resistant to norfloxacin. Antibiotic results obtained from this research suggest that Quinolones (Norfloxicin, Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid), and Carbapenems (Meropenem and Doripenem.) were the most effective antibiotics against Salmonella. Forty-eight percent of isolates were found to be resistant to more than 3 antibiotics from different families thus considering them to be multidrug resistant. Resistant determinants ampC, blaTEM and tetC were detected on resistant isolates. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics on animal producing farms put human lives at risk as it promotes the emergency of multidrug resistant bacteria. Findings of this study revealed that animal producing farm pose a threat to the community as they harbour and promote the emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimurium. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Rethinking the role of councilors in a digital era governance:: a critical analysis of Shinyanga Municipality and Nzega District Council in Tanzania
- Linje, Anna Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1990-3309
- Authors: Linje, Anna Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1990-3309
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Internet in public administration , Information technology Political aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21759 , vital:51749
- Description: This study endeavored to rethink the roles of councilors in a digital era governance. The essence of councils’ role according to Adams (2013), is that they are the only level of government with a legislative mandate for the well-being of people and responsive to local risks and opportunities. Therefore, it is important to rethink their roles as they require a full range of interactions which can now be facilitated by the use of digital potentials (Adams, 2013). The study explored the councilors’ undertakings to understand the current situation and if they embrace the new forms of digital governance. Also, the researcher reviewed the laws and policies guiding the councilors in their undertakings and if they accommodated the digital era requirements. Moreover, the researcher examined the capacity of councilors and the challenges they face in their undertakings. The study employed a qualitative approach, whereby semistructured interviews, observation and documentary review were used to collect data. The findings revealed that councils’ practices and processes continue to be outside the digital age. One of the major factors was a dearth of limited practical experiences to upkeep the digital governance opportunities and tailor their decisions accordingly. Regarding legislatives, the findings showed that there was evidence of formulation of new legislatives including the current ICT policy (2016) that respond to the digital governance. Yet, it was indicated that the digital legislatives were not well captured by the individual councilors, while the enforcement mechanisms were still at its infancy. Also, councils could not provide a clear digital platform framework. The capacity of councilors was found to be insufficient, they were not well equipped in terms of facilities, skills and digital technicalities. Generally, lack of political readiness, spirit of fear and poor digital infrastructure were major challenges. The study recommended councils adopt new ways in parallel with the existing ones, this should be inclusive of frequent trainings. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Linje, Anna Peter https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1990-3309
- Date: 2021-10
- Subjects: Internet in public administration , Information technology Political aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21759 , vital:51749
- Description: This study endeavored to rethink the roles of councilors in a digital era governance. The essence of councils’ role according to Adams (2013), is that they are the only level of government with a legislative mandate for the well-being of people and responsive to local risks and opportunities. Therefore, it is important to rethink their roles as they require a full range of interactions which can now be facilitated by the use of digital potentials (Adams, 2013). The study explored the councilors’ undertakings to understand the current situation and if they embrace the new forms of digital governance. Also, the researcher reviewed the laws and policies guiding the councilors in their undertakings and if they accommodated the digital era requirements. Moreover, the researcher examined the capacity of councilors and the challenges they face in their undertakings. The study employed a qualitative approach, whereby semistructured interviews, observation and documentary review were used to collect data. The findings revealed that councils’ practices and processes continue to be outside the digital age. One of the major factors was a dearth of limited practical experiences to upkeep the digital governance opportunities and tailor their decisions accordingly. Regarding legislatives, the findings showed that there was evidence of formulation of new legislatives including the current ICT policy (2016) that respond to the digital governance. Yet, it was indicated that the digital legislatives were not well captured by the individual councilors, while the enforcement mechanisms were still at its infancy. Also, councils could not provide a clear digital platform framework. The capacity of councilors was found to be insufficient, they were not well equipped in terms of facilities, skills and digital technicalities. Generally, lack of political readiness, spirit of fear and poor digital infrastructure were major challenges. The study recommended councils adopt new ways in parallel with the existing ones, this should be inclusive of frequent trainings. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text: