The relationship between selected body composition components and self-efficacy among 12-14 year old rural adolescents in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Nkopo, Mandisi, S
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Child development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Children -- Growth Body composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4536 , vital:28403
- Description: Body composition changes drastically in both males and females during the adolescent years. The changes may have a negative effect on their physical health as well as psychological well-being, with respect to attributes such as self-efficacy. Being either overweight or obese during adolescence has social, economic and psychological consequences, which include low self-efficacy. However, very few international studies and not a single South African study could be found which measured the relationship of anthropometric body composition components, general self-efficacy levels and actual measured body size among adolescents, particularly among rural adolescents. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric body composition components and self efficacy, by conducting a comparison of self-efficacy levels among normal, overweight and obese 12 to 14-year-old rural adolescents in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample consisted of boys (n=49) and girls (n=43) between the ages of 12 and 14 years. The body composition components were body weight, stature, body mass index, sum of 3 skinfolds, percentage body fat and hip-to-waist ratio. The sample was also classified into normal, overweight and obese groups, according to body mass index. A self-administered Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C) which was developed by Muris (2001) was used to measure general self-efficacy. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation matrix and Cohen's effect size for significance (Cohen, 1992) and a Mann-Whitney U Test was used to determine statistical differences. Significance was set at p<0.05. Only 17 percent of the participants in the research sample were found to be overweight or obese. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant (p=0.02) differences between the participants who were classified as having normal weights and the group which comprised the overweight and the obese groups. Overweight and obese boys and girls still had very high levels of self-efficacy, although their body mass index scores were high. Boys scored higher in social self-efficacy and girls in academic self-efficacy. Only girls presented significantly high correlations between body mass index and emotional self-efficacy (r=0.33, p=0.02), total self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.44, p=0.00), social self-efficacy and hip-towaist ratio (r=0.39, p=0.01) and emotional self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.33, p=0.02), while boys presented them only with respect to body weight (r=0.31, p=0.02) and stature (r=0.39, p=0.00). The results suggest that a positive relationship exists between body composition, in terms of hip-to-waist ratio, weight and stature, and self-efficacy among South African rural adolescents. However, girls presented significantly strong and positive correlations between hip-to-waist ratio and self-efficacy, whereas boys presented significant, strong and positive correlations between body weight, stature and self-efficacy. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant differences between normal weight and overweight or obese South African rural adolescents. It seems likely that cultural beliefs may exert an influence on the psychosocial perceptions of adolescents in relation to body size, consequently affecting self efficacy levels.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nkopo, Mandisi, S
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Child development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Children -- Growth Body composition
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4536 , vital:28403
- Description: Body composition changes drastically in both males and females during the adolescent years. The changes may have a negative effect on their physical health as well as psychological well-being, with respect to attributes such as self-efficacy. Being either overweight or obese during adolescence has social, economic and psychological consequences, which include low self-efficacy. However, very few international studies and not a single South African study could be found which measured the relationship of anthropometric body composition components, general self-efficacy levels and actual measured body size among adolescents, particularly among rural adolescents. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric body composition components and self efficacy, by conducting a comparison of self-efficacy levels among normal, overweight and obese 12 to 14-year-old rural adolescents in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The sample consisted of boys (n=49) and girls (n=43) between the ages of 12 and 14 years. The body composition components were body weight, stature, body mass index, sum of 3 skinfolds, percentage body fat and hip-to-waist ratio. The sample was also classified into normal, overweight and obese groups, according to body mass index. A self-administered Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (SEQ-C) which was developed by Muris (2001) was used to measure general self-efficacy. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation matrix and Cohen's effect size for significance (Cohen, 1992) and a Mann-Whitney U Test was used to determine statistical differences. Significance was set at p<0.05. Only 17 percent of the participants in the research sample were found to be overweight or obese. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant (p=0.02) differences between the participants who were classified as having normal weights and the group which comprised the overweight and the obese groups. Overweight and obese boys and girls still had very high levels of self-efficacy, although their body mass index scores were high. Boys scored higher in social self-efficacy and girls in academic self-efficacy. Only girls presented significantly high correlations between body mass index and emotional self-efficacy (r=0.33, p=0.02), total self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.44, p=0.00), social self-efficacy and hip-towaist ratio (r=0.39, p=0.01) and emotional self-efficacy and hip-to-waist ratio (r=0.33, p=0.02), while boys presented them only with respect to body weight (r=0.31, p=0.02) and stature (r=0.39, p=0.00). The results suggest that a positive relationship exists between body composition, in terms of hip-to-waist ratio, weight and stature, and self-efficacy among South African rural adolescents. However, girls presented significantly strong and positive correlations between hip-to-waist ratio and self-efficacy, whereas boys presented significant, strong and positive correlations between body weight, stature and self-efficacy. Only emotional self-efficacy showed significant differences between normal weight and overweight or obese South African rural adolescents. It seems likely that cultural beliefs may exert an influence on the psychosocial perceptions of adolescents in relation to body size, consequently affecting self efficacy levels.
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Factors enhancing readmission of mental health care users to a mental health unit in East London as described by their caregivers
- Authors: Mahashe, Nozizwe Patricia
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Psychiatric Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11925 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021067
- Description: Readmission of mental healthcare users is a global challenge and concern which is associated with high costs. Readmission has negative effects as it is believed to promote dependency, demoralize patients and cause workload for staff. Re-admissions also bring a burden to caregivers and affect the caregiver’s health. In the light of this background, the aim of the study was to explore and describe factors enhancing readmission of mental health care users (MHCUs) to a mental health unit in East London as described by their caregivers. The objectives of the study were to: explore factors enhancing readmission of mental health care users in a mental health unit in East London as described by their caregivers and to document recommendations elicited from the findings of the study. A qualitative approach was used to collect and analyze data. The study used a descriptive and explorative design. Sampling was done using the purposive non-probability method. Unstructured face- to- face interviews were conducted using an interview guide. Fifteen (15) caregivers of MHCUs who had been readmitted to a mental health unit in East London were interviewed .The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The findings of this study suggest that non adherence to treatment, refusing to take treatment, defaulting treatment, denial, indulging in substance abuse, stigma, effects of disease, violence and aggressive behavior are the factors enhancing readmission of MCHUs to a mental health unit in East London. A better understanding of readmission of MHCUs can lead to early intervention and early planning of care. It is envisaged that psycho education, home visits and collaboration of clinic staff with hospital staff may decrease readmission of mental health care users in this unit.
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- Authors: Mahashe, Nozizwe Patricia
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Psychiatric Nursing Science)
- Identifier: vital:11925 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021067
- Description: Readmission of mental healthcare users is a global challenge and concern which is associated with high costs. Readmission has negative effects as it is believed to promote dependency, demoralize patients and cause workload for staff. Re-admissions also bring a burden to caregivers and affect the caregiver’s health. In the light of this background, the aim of the study was to explore and describe factors enhancing readmission of mental health care users (MHCUs) to a mental health unit in East London as described by their caregivers. The objectives of the study were to: explore factors enhancing readmission of mental health care users in a mental health unit in East London as described by their caregivers and to document recommendations elicited from the findings of the study. A qualitative approach was used to collect and analyze data. The study used a descriptive and explorative design. Sampling was done using the purposive non-probability method. Unstructured face- to- face interviews were conducted using an interview guide. Fifteen (15) caregivers of MHCUs who had been readmitted to a mental health unit in East London were interviewed .The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The findings of this study suggest that non adherence to treatment, refusing to take treatment, defaulting treatment, denial, indulging in substance abuse, stigma, effects of disease, violence and aggressive behavior are the factors enhancing readmission of MCHUs to a mental health unit in East London. A better understanding of readmission of MHCUs can lead to early intervention and early planning of care. It is envisaged that psycho education, home visits and collaboration of clinic staff with hospital staff may decrease readmission of mental health care users in this unit.
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Perceptions of professional nurses regarding factors that influence the integration of psychiatric services into primary health care in Buffalo City clinics in the Eastern Cape province
- Authors: Mhlahlo, Nontobeko Beatrice
- Date: 2014-01
- Subjects: Psychiatric nursing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Mental health services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Psychiatric hospital care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/29354 , vital:77955
- Description: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of the professional nurses regarding the factors that influence integration of psychiatric services into Primary Health Care (PHC) in Buffalo City clinics In the Eastern Cape. A qualitative research design was seen as the most suitable in this study. This method was chosen because the researcher was committed to explore the perceptions of the participants in the study. A purposive sampling method was used to select participants for the study, who were selected on the basis of their knowledge of the phenomenon. The participants were professional nurses who were involved in providing mental health care services at the primary health care settings. A pilot study was conducted in a primary health care setting involving participants with similar characteristics to the study population. Data were collected by means of individual interviews during which participants were able to relate their perceptions with regard to factors influencing integration of psychiatric services into primary health care. One broad, open-ended question was used to gather information from the participants. Data were collected until saturation point was reached. Transcriptions were made within three days of the interview. Data were analyzed manually. The researcher used the process of bracketing during data analysis and remained neutral, setting aside previous knowledge and beliefs about the phenomenon understudy. The researcher repeatedly listened to audio tapes used for data collection until completely satisfied with the interpretation of verbatim data. The research study was conducted in an ethically reflective manner, and trustworthiness was ensured at all times. The researcher allowed the participants freedom to conduct their lives as autonomous agents, without control, coercion or exploitation. The following findings were evident: In spite of a policy dictating the integration of services, it is apparently not done. The findings revealed that participants experienced barriers with regard to implementation of integrated mental health services due to lack of supervision, unavailability of protocols and policies, as well as inadequate trained staff to provide mental health services in PHC. There is either complete absence of or only fragmented mental health services at some clinics. The participants understood that integration of mental health services into primary health care would contribute to the reduction of stigma and the promotion of human rights for psychiatric patients. Shortage of resources, both human and material, imposed a great challenge with regard to provision of quality mental health services. The participants strongly recommended that basic training should be provided to improve their knowledge and skills to enable them to integrate psychiatric services into primary health care . The results also revealed that at specific times, primary health nurses provide psychiatric services for patients who have already been seen in a hospital and in some clinics such services do not exist. In clinics where the nurses are not psychiatric trained, there is no case finding, rehabilitation or prevention strategies taking place. Incorporation of comprehensive mental health services into primary health care is far from ideal, as professional nurses focus on issuing medication as a method of providing mental health services. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of of Health Sciences, 2014
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- Authors: Mhlahlo, Nontobeko Beatrice
- Date: 2014-01
- Subjects: Psychiatric nursing -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Mental health services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Psychiatric hospital care -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/29354 , vital:77955
- Description: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of the professional nurses regarding the factors that influence integration of psychiatric services into Primary Health Care (PHC) in Buffalo City clinics In the Eastern Cape. A qualitative research design was seen as the most suitable in this study. This method was chosen because the researcher was committed to explore the perceptions of the participants in the study. A purposive sampling method was used to select participants for the study, who were selected on the basis of their knowledge of the phenomenon. The participants were professional nurses who were involved in providing mental health care services at the primary health care settings. A pilot study was conducted in a primary health care setting involving participants with similar characteristics to the study population. Data were collected by means of individual interviews during which participants were able to relate their perceptions with regard to factors influencing integration of psychiatric services into primary health care. One broad, open-ended question was used to gather information from the participants. Data were collected until saturation point was reached. Transcriptions were made within three days of the interview. Data were analyzed manually. The researcher used the process of bracketing during data analysis and remained neutral, setting aside previous knowledge and beliefs about the phenomenon understudy. The researcher repeatedly listened to audio tapes used for data collection until completely satisfied with the interpretation of verbatim data. The research study was conducted in an ethically reflective manner, and trustworthiness was ensured at all times. The researcher allowed the participants freedom to conduct their lives as autonomous agents, without control, coercion or exploitation. The following findings were evident: In spite of a policy dictating the integration of services, it is apparently not done. The findings revealed that participants experienced barriers with regard to implementation of integrated mental health services due to lack of supervision, unavailability of protocols and policies, as well as inadequate trained staff to provide mental health services in PHC. There is either complete absence of or only fragmented mental health services at some clinics. The participants understood that integration of mental health services into primary health care would contribute to the reduction of stigma and the promotion of human rights for psychiatric patients. Shortage of resources, both human and material, imposed a great challenge with regard to provision of quality mental health services. The participants strongly recommended that basic training should be provided to improve their knowledge and skills to enable them to integrate psychiatric services into primary health care . The results also revealed that at specific times, primary health nurses provide psychiatric services for patients who have already been seen in a hospital and in some clinics such services do not exist. In clinics where the nurses are not psychiatric trained, there is no case finding, rehabilitation or prevention strategies taking place. Incorporation of comprehensive mental health services into primary health care is far from ideal, as professional nurses focus on issuing medication as a method of providing mental health services. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of of Health Sciences, 2014
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Approach to National Health Workforce Planning for health service delivery in South Africa
- Authors: Mahlathi, Malixole Percival
- Date: 2009-12
- Subjects: Health planning , Rural health services , Labor turnover
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25216 , vital:64058
- Description: Although South Africa educates and trains many health professionals of various categories, it continues to experience relative and critical shortages of these professionals especially at its rural health facilities. It boasts more than 15 Faculties of Health Sciences which train a variety of health professionals. In addition to training for its own purposes, it also offers training for several countries in the Southern African Development Community. The burden of disease is considered to be high and increasing, complicated by the HIV and AIDS epidemic. In the light of these challenges it is necessary that South Africa engages in careful health workforce planning as a long term approach to solve shortage of health professionals and improving the delivery of health services. This study examines the health workforce planning approaches by the various Provincial Departments of Health and the student planning approaches by the Faculties of Health Sciences of the Higher Education Institutions that train health professionals. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2009
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- Authors: Mahlathi, Malixole Percival
- Date: 2009-12
- Subjects: Health planning , Rural health services , Labor turnover
- Language: English
- Type: text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25216 , vital:64058
- Description: Although South Africa educates and trains many health professionals of various categories, it continues to experience relative and critical shortages of these professionals especially at its rural health facilities. It boasts more than 15 Faculties of Health Sciences which train a variety of health professionals. In addition to training for its own purposes, it also offers training for several countries in the Southern African Development Community. The burden of disease is considered to be high and increasing, complicated by the HIV and AIDS epidemic. In the light of these challenges it is necessary that South Africa engages in careful health workforce planning as a long term approach to solve shortage of health professionals and improving the delivery of health services. This study examines the health workforce planning approaches by the various Provincial Departments of Health and the student planning approaches by the Faculties of Health Sciences of the Higher Education Institutions that train health professionals. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2009
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