Groundwater exploration using borehole and geophysical techniques in the east of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality (formerly Nkonkobe Local Municipality) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Xanga, Sithule
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Groundwater ecology , Geophysical instruments , Borehole gravimetry
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22643 , vital:52616
- Description: The study area lies in the eastern portion of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality (RMLM), formerly known as Nkonkobe Local Municipality within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in the southeastern portion of the main Karoo Basin. Its northen part is mountainous with high altitude of about 1500 m with dense vegetation, whereas the southern part attains low altitude of about 600 m with sparse vegetation. The entire study area is covered on the surface by the Beaufort Group sediments comprised of three geological formations namely Middleton Formation, Balfour Formation members (Oudeberg, Daggaboersnek, Baberskrans, Elandsberg, and Pilangkloof), and the Katberg Formation. Karoo igneous bodies (dolerite dykes and sills) intruded the sediments causing fracturing. The area receives mean annual precipitation of about 54 mm. It is semi-arid to dry with insufficient surface water resources and hence the need for this research to explore for potential groundwater. Many techniques were employed to reveal the surface and subsurface geology, including groundwater potential areas using climate data, vegetation cover, borehole data analysis, geological field mapping, rock samples collection for petrographic analysis, a density-porosity determination, magnetic data analysis, and electrical resistivity tomography. The study area was divided into seven sub-regions, SR1 to SR7. The climate data showed that the area experiences high monthly average temperatures of about 21.6 °C during the summer, and is a semi-arid to dry region. Vegetation cover is dense in the mountainous northern part of the study area. It receives comparatively high rainfall, experiences less evapotranspiration than the southern part the low altitude, receives less rainfall, and has relatively high temperatures and evapotranspiration. A total of 385 boreholes from the Department Water and Sanitation were analysed and these showed that sub-regions SR1 up to SR7 had average borehole depths ranging from 51.9 to 67.7 m, water strike depths from 13.8 to 21.7 m and yields from 0.8 to 1.9 L/s. Sub-regions SR2, SR4, SR5, while SR7 have an average yield ≥ 1.4 L/s up to 1.9 L/s and are classified in this study as having a good or high groundwater yield potential. Fifteen thin sections were studied indicating that the Beaufort Group has mudstone, shale and fine-grained sandstone. The latter was dominant in the studied thin sections with 70 – 80 % quartz, 15 – 20 % groundmass, 5 – 10 % of feldspars, 2 – 5 % biotite, and some had vein like cracks filled with clay cement. Laboratory studies show average dry densities for the formations vary from 2.44 to 2.65 g/cm3, and porosities range from 1.6 to 4.0 %. Magnetic grid data obtained from the Council for Geoscience (CGS) were reduced to the pole, first vertical derivative and analytic signal maps were generated to delineate magnetic sources in the sediments. The magnetic anomalies showed lineaments and ring-shaped patterns that were interpreted to be due to Karoo dykes and sills, respectively. Some of these intrusions are mapped on the geological map and quite a number are not mapped as they are under sediment cover. The intrusions are important in groundwater exploration as they would have caused fracturing of surrounding formations causing increased secondary porosity and permeability. Further, they are groundwater localisers. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out at 12 selected sites using the dipoledipole and Wenner-Schlumberger arrays, with a maximum cable length of 360 m was used with an approximate maximum depth of investigation of 70 m. Most of the sites’ inverted models show a low resistivity top layer of about 10 m thickness, which is inferred to be topsoil with moisture/water and or clayey content. A high resistivity second layer underneath the top layer, and is interpreted to be slightly weathered sandstone at its top grading into compact sandstones at the bottom of the investigation depth. Four site results show models with an intermediate layer between the top and bottom layers consisting of moderate resistivity values due to mudstones. Most of the models have vertical, narrow, low resistivity zones extending from the surface to the bottom layer, interpreted as fracturing. The top layer could be an unconfined aquifer during the wet months but is likely to dry up during the dry, hot months. The inferred fractures that extend deeper from the surface could be good groundwater targets to drill boreholes. Dolerite intrusions can act as natural groundwater barriers depending on their orientation hence such structures are the main targets when searching for groundwater. Vegetation cover observed on satellite images of remote sensing can be used along with other techniques to explore for groundwater. It is recommended that future ERT surveys should measure both electrical resistivity and induced polarization chargeability to discriminate between water and clay influence. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
- Authors: Xanga, Sithule
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Groundwater ecology , Geophysical instruments , Borehole gravimetry
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22643 , vital:52616
- Description: The study area lies in the eastern portion of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality (RMLM), formerly known as Nkonkobe Local Municipality within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in the southeastern portion of the main Karoo Basin. Its northen part is mountainous with high altitude of about 1500 m with dense vegetation, whereas the southern part attains low altitude of about 600 m with sparse vegetation. The entire study area is covered on the surface by the Beaufort Group sediments comprised of three geological formations namely Middleton Formation, Balfour Formation members (Oudeberg, Daggaboersnek, Baberskrans, Elandsberg, and Pilangkloof), and the Katberg Formation. Karoo igneous bodies (dolerite dykes and sills) intruded the sediments causing fracturing. The area receives mean annual precipitation of about 54 mm. It is semi-arid to dry with insufficient surface water resources and hence the need for this research to explore for potential groundwater. Many techniques were employed to reveal the surface and subsurface geology, including groundwater potential areas using climate data, vegetation cover, borehole data analysis, geological field mapping, rock samples collection for petrographic analysis, a density-porosity determination, magnetic data analysis, and electrical resistivity tomography. The study area was divided into seven sub-regions, SR1 to SR7. The climate data showed that the area experiences high monthly average temperatures of about 21.6 °C during the summer, and is a semi-arid to dry region. Vegetation cover is dense in the mountainous northern part of the study area. It receives comparatively high rainfall, experiences less evapotranspiration than the southern part the low altitude, receives less rainfall, and has relatively high temperatures and evapotranspiration. A total of 385 boreholes from the Department Water and Sanitation were analysed and these showed that sub-regions SR1 up to SR7 had average borehole depths ranging from 51.9 to 67.7 m, water strike depths from 13.8 to 21.7 m and yields from 0.8 to 1.9 L/s. Sub-regions SR2, SR4, SR5, while SR7 have an average yield ≥ 1.4 L/s up to 1.9 L/s and are classified in this study as having a good or high groundwater yield potential. Fifteen thin sections were studied indicating that the Beaufort Group has mudstone, shale and fine-grained sandstone. The latter was dominant in the studied thin sections with 70 – 80 % quartz, 15 – 20 % groundmass, 5 – 10 % of feldspars, 2 – 5 % biotite, and some had vein like cracks filled with clay cement. Laboratory studies show average dry densities for the formations vary from 2.44 to 2.65 g/cm3, and porosities range from 1.6 to 4.0 %. Magnetic grid data obtained from the Council for Geoscience (CGS) were reduced to the pole, first vertical derivative and analytic signal maps were generated to delineate magnetic sources in the sediments. The magnetic anomalies showed lineaments and ring-shaped patterns that were interpreted to be due to Karoo dykes and sills, respectively. Some of these intrusions are mapped on the geological map and quite a number are not mapped as they are under sediment cover. The intrusions are important in groundwater exploration as they would have caused fracturing of surrounding formations causing increased secondary porosity and permeability. Further, they are groundwater localisers. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out at 12 selected sites using the dipoledipole and Wenner-Schlumberger arrays, with a maximum cable length of 360 m was used with an approximate maximum depth of investigation of 70 m. Most of the sites’ inverted models show a low resistivity top layer of about 10 m thickness, which is inferred to be topsoil with moisture/water and or clayey content. A high resistivity second layer underneath the top layer, and is interpreted to be slightly weathered sandstone at its top grading into compact sandstones at the bottom of the investigation depth. Four site results show models with an intermediate layer between the top and bottom layers consisting of moderate resistivity values due to mudstones. Most of the models have vertical, narrow, low resistivity zones extending from the surface to the bottom layer, interpreted as fracturing. The top layer could be an unconfined aquifer during the wet months but is likely to dry up during the dry, hot months. The inferred fractures that extend deeper from the surface could be good groundwater targets to drill boreholes. Dolerite intrusions can act as natural groundwater barriers depending on their orientation hence such structures are the main targets when searching for groundwater. Vegetation cover observed on satellite images of remote sensing can be used along with other techniques to explore for groundwater. It is recommended that future ERT surveys should measure both electrical resistivity and induced polarization chargeability to discriminate between water and clay influence. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
The dynamics of household debt in South Africa
- Authors: Mabitle, Mope
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Debt , Finance, Personal
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21781 , vital:51751
- Description: Household debt as a proportion of South African household disposable income remain alarmingly above 70 percent. Impliedly, the majority of households are spending the bulk of their income on servicing debt. This not only puts a strain on household welfare but also on economic growth as household spending is the major contributor to economic activity in the country. Based on this background, the study examines the dynamics of the South African household debt. The analysis was done both at the macro and individual/household level (micro). The macro-level data covered the period from 1994 to 2018 utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. The empirical results indicated that there is both a long-term and short-term relationship between the variables of interest. The results further show that the majority of low-income households in South Africa borrow more, as a way to smoothen their consumption. Interest rate as the official instrument to counter borrowing was found to have a positive relationship with household debt, indicating that households borrow to settle the existing debt as interest rates increases. The dummy variable used to capture the credit regulations enactment/amendments was found to be insignificant in the long run. This suggests that credit regulations implemented in South Africa have not reduced the propensity to borrow. At a micro level, the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data was used. Five waves of data were collected on the same individuals every 2 years. Panel regressions were employed in the analysis and the empirical results revealed that employment and income at the micro-level are found to be strong determinants of household debt. The results further showed that being a male and a white individual was positively associated with the likelihood of taking up more debt in general. On the other hand, the results indicated that being a black African is associated with a high likelihood of using services from most of the informal non-banking institutions. The results also revealed that the greater the education level of the head of the household, the higher the probability of taking more debt. One of the telltale signs of over-indebtedness is the persistence of debt, households respond to increased debt and their inability to repay it by increasing their borrowing. The study also investigated the transmission matrices of households in and out of debt. The results indicate a higher transition frequency in and out of debt on informal loans from the non-banking sector that is normally accessed by the poorer households, this could indicate debt entrapment and the persistence of debt at lower-income levels. Based on empirical results, the study recommended policies that would support consumption without necessarily increasing the credit appetite of household debt. Additional recommendations are those that support selective lending and the strengthening of the risk management of lending institutions. Furthermore, to combat the rising levels of household debt, several measures are proposed in the study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
- Authors: Mabitle, Mope
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Debt , Finance, Personal
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21781 , vital:51751
- Description: Household debt as a proportion of South African household disposable income remain alarmingly above 70 percent. Impliedly, the majority of households are spending the bulk of their income on servicing debt. This not only puts a strain on household welfare but also on economic growth as household spending is the major contributor to economic activity in the country. Based on this background, the study examines the dynamics of the South African household debt. The analysis was done both at the macro and individual/household level (micro). The macro-level data covered the period from 1994 to 2018 utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. The empirical results indicated that there is both a long-term and short-term relationship between the variables of interest. The results further show that the majority of low-income households in South Africa borrow more, as a way to smoothen their consumption. Interest rate as the official instrument to counter borrowing was found to have a positive relationship with household debt, indicating that households borrow to settle the existing debt as interest rates increases. The dummy variable used to capture the credit regulations enactment/amendments was found to be insignificant in the long run. This suggests that credit regulations implemented in South Africa have not reduced the propensity to borrow. At a micro level, the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data was used. Five waves of data were collected on the same individuals every 2 years. Panel regressions were employed in the analysis and the empirical results revealed that employment and income at the micro-level are found to be strong determinants of household debt. The results further showed that being a male and a white individual was positively associated with the likelihood of taking up more debt in general. On the other hand, the results indicated that being a black African is associated with a high likelihood of using services from most of the informal non-banking institutions. The results also revealed that the greater the education level of the head of the household, the higher the probability of taking more debt. One of the telltale signs of over-indebtedness is the persistence of debt, households respond to increased debt and their inability to repay it by increasing their borrowing. The study also investigated the transmission matrices of households in and out of debt. The results indicate a higher transition frequency in and out of debt on informal loans from the non-banking sector that is normally accessed by the poorer households, this could indicate debt entrapment and the persistence of debt at lower-income levels. Based on empirical results, the study recommended policies that would support consumption without necessarily increasing the credit appetite of household debt. Additional recommendations are those that support selective lending and the strengthening of the risk management of lending institutions. Furthermore, to combat the rising levels of household debt, several measures are proposed in the study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
The impact of small-scale farming on food insecurity in rural South Africa over the period 2009 to 2018
- Otunola, Olabisi Benedicta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-1487
- Authors: Otunola, Olabisi Benedicta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-1487
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Sustainable Development Goals , Food supply
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21387 , vital:48517
- Description: The concept of food insecurity has evolved over the years. However, due to the increases in the rate of hunger and food insecurity in many countries of the world, this phenomenon has continued to give both government and private agencies a lot of concern. As it stands now, achieving food security in African countries remain a major task regardless of various efforts made by most of these countries to reduce food insecurity and the household’s welfare by extension. As a result of the importance of this discourse, the issue of food security is number 2 on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In South Africa, the rate of household food insecurity is still observed to be high, especially in the rural households. One of the most talked about way of combating food insecurity is through household farming. But food insecurity is believed to have affected the household’s level of productivity despite their commitment to improved welfare situation in the country. Consequently, this study sought to assess the impact rural household farming has on food insecurity in South Africa between the year 2009 and 2018. Using the South African General household survey, information on the household socioeconomics and demographic features were retrieved, as well as variables that are believed to impact the rural household agribusiness. In determining this, frequency counts, percentages, the logistic regression model was used. Also, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale-score (HFIAS-score), multinomial logistic regression as well as the propensity score matching (PSM) was used in achieving the objectives of this research and the data was analysed with Microsoft Excel and STATA version 15. The result of the analysis showed that, the mean age of the household head is 53.96, 55.92, 56.65 for the year 2010, 2014 and 2018 respectively. Adding to that, the range of the households’ size ranged from 1 to 20 in the year 2010, 1 to 46 in the year 2014 and 1 to 20 in the year 2018. From the inferential statistic result, the gender of the household head is significant (p<0.000, 0.011, and 0.006) in determining household participation in agricultural activities for the years under review. The results of the PSM, using different matching methods reveals that the average treatment effect (ATT) of the impact of agricultural participation ranges from -0.121, -0.174, -0.132, and -0.106 in 2015; and -0.076, -0.173, -0.073, and -0.086 in the year 2018. This study therefore recommends that household farming should be encouraged by both private and public agencies as they contribute significantly to reduction in food insecurity. The transportation services in the rural areas should be examined in order to avoid situations that will lead to the increase in cost of transporting agricultural goods and services among the rural inhabitants. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
- Authors: Otunola, Olabisi Benedicta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-1487
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Sustainable Development Goals , Food supply
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21387 , vital:48517
- Description: The concept of food insecurity has evolved over the years. However, due to the increases in the rate of hunger and food insecurity in many countries of the world, this phenomenon has continued to give both government and private agencies a lot of concern. As it stands now, achieving food security in African countries remain a major task regardless of various efforts made by most of these countries to reduce food insecurity and the household’s welfare by extension. As a result of the importance of this discourse, the issue of food security is number 2 on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In South Africa, the rate of household food insecurity is still observed to be high, especially in the rural households. One of the most talked about way of combating food insecurity is through household farming. But food insecurity is believed to have affected the household’s level of productivity despite their commitment to improved welfare situation in the country. Consequently, this study sought to assess the impact rural household farming has on food insecurity in South Africa between the year 2009 and 2018. Using the South African General household survey, information on the household socioeconomics and demographic features were retrieved, as well as variables that are believed to impact the rural household agribusiness. In determining this, frequency counts, percentages, the logistic regression model was used. Also, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale-score (HFIAS-score), multinomial logistic regression as well as the propensity score matching (PSM) was used in achieving the objectives of this research and the data was analysed with Microsoft Excel and STATA version 15. The result of the analysis showed that, the mean age of the household head is 53.96, 55.92, 56.65 for the year 2010, 2014 and 2018 respectively. Adding to that, the range of the households’ size ranged from 1 to 20 in the year 2010, 1 to 46 in the year 2014 and 1 to 20 in the year 2018. From the inferential statistic result, the gender of the household head is significant (p<0.000, 0.011, and 0.006) in determining household participation in agricultural activities for the years under review. The results of the PSM, using different matching methods reveals that the average treatment effect (ATT) of the impact of agricultural participation ranges from -0.121, -0.174, -0.132, and -0.106 in 2015; and -0.076, -0.173, -0.073, and -0.086 in the year 2018. This study therefore recommends that household farming should be encouraged by both private and public agencies as they contribute significantly to reduction in food insecurity. The transportation services in the rural areas should be examined in order to avoid situations that will lead to the increase in cost of transporting agricultural goods and services among the rural inhabitants. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
The obligation of unmarried biological parents to provide financial support for their children: a contemporary assessment from a children’s rights perspective
- Authors: Obi, Lauretta
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Children's rights , Support (Domestic relations)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22445 , vital:52322
- Description: In South Africa, the compelling task of unmarried biological parents to provide financial support (in the form of paying monthly maintenance) to their children, as a matter of children’s rights, is intended to ensure the children’s economic and psychological well-being both in the present and future. This study seeks, within the private judicial system and socio-economic context, to explore the nature of children’s rights as they pertain to parental financial support and, the responsibilities of unmarried parents to provide financial support for their biological children until they become self-supporting. This is significant as many unmarried parents usually downplay their responsibilities towards ensuring the well-being of their minor children. Section 28 of the South African Constitution of 1996 enshrines it as a duty of parents to fulfil this aspect of their children’s fundamental rights and our courts apply these rules to the letter. The task of providing support to children basically rests with their birth parents as the primary care givers, and in the absence of these parents or, due to their inability, this legal obligation falls on the state. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
- Authors: Obi, Lauretta
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Children's rights , Support (Domestic relations)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22445 , vital:52322
- Description: In South Africa, the compelling task of unmarried biological parents to provide financial support (in the form of paying monthly maintenance) to their children, as a matter of children’s rights, is intended to ensure the children’s economic and psychological well-being both in the present and future. This study seeks, within the private judicial system and socio-economic context, to explore the nature of children’s rights as they pertain to parental financial support and, the responsibilities of unmarried parents to provide financial support for their biological children until they become self-supporting. This is significant as many unmarried parents usually downplay their responsibilities towards ensuring the well-being of their minor children. Section 28 of the South African Constitution of 1996 enshrines it as a duty of parents to fulfil this aspect of their children’s fundamental rights and our courts apply these rules to the letter. The task of providing support to children basically rests with their birth parents as the primary care givers, and in the absence of these parents or, due to their inability, this legal obligation falls on the state. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
The School Governing Bodies conceptualization of ulwaluko in school-based policies: Towards a deconstructed educational leadership and management framework
- Gqeba, Nokuzola Gloria https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-9009-2150
- Authors: Gqeba, Nokuzola Gloria https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-9009-2150
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Initiation rites
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20057 , vital:45104
- Description: Ulwaluko (male initiation), one of the African traditions, which serves as transitional rite of passage from boyhood, has evolved over time, through the colonial era, apartheid regime and the current dispensation (Ntsebeza, 2004). Evidence indicates that within the South African context, the majority of candidates of Ulwaluko are males of school-going age. Ulwaluko is said to be a school where initiates are taught, yet there is no link between ulwaluko and formal schooling. Therefore, the study examines the extent to which School Governing Bodies (SGBs) conceptualize ulwaluko in the school-based policies. The study used theoretical lenses of Hall’s ‘Third Space’ or hybridity, as well as Decoloniality, qualitative approach, and a Case Study Design. For this study, two high schools were purposely sampled, with a total of twelve participants that included Principals, SGB Chairpersons, and SGB Educator Representatives, Representatives of Learners and Ordinary SGB members. In-depth interviews and document reviews were employed as research instruments. The findings of the study suggest that even though ulwaluko seemed to affect the management of the two schools, it was not explicitly addressed in their policies. Ulwaluko is reluctantly and cautiously addressed informally. Lastly, the schools were reportedly reluctant to open debates on how ulwaluko could be accommodated for fear of “contaminating” school protocols with the African culture, which they thought did not belong in schools. The study makes various suggestions to build a strong relationship between ulwaluko and formal school practices. One of the main recommendations is the integration of ulwaluko into the mainstream education system through school governance and school-based policy. The study also proposes a deconstructed leadership and management framework that places African cultural practices such as Ulwaluko into the mainstream of management and curriculum. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
- Authors: Gqeba, Nokuzola Gloria https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-9009-2150
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Initiation rites
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20057 , vital:45104
- Description: Ulwaluko (male initiation), one of the African traditions, which serves as transitional rite of passage from boyhood, has evolved over time, through the colonial era, apartheid regime and the current dispensation (Ntsebeza, 2004). Evidence indicates that within the South African context, the majority of candidates of Ulwaluko are males of school-going age. Ulwaluko is said to be a school where initiates are taught, yet there is no link between ulwaluko and formal schooling. Therefore, the study examines the extent to which School Governing Bodies (SGBs) conceptualize ulwaluko in the school-based policies. The study used theoretical lenses of Hall’s ‘Third Space’ or hybridity, as well as Decoloniality, qualitative approach, and a Case Study Design. For this study, two high schools were purposely sampled, with a total of twelve participants that included Principals, SGB Chairpersons, and SGB Educator Representatives, Representatives of Learners and Ordinary SGB members. In-depth interviews and document reviews were employed as research instruments. The findings of the study suggest that even though ulwaluko seemed to affect the management of the two schools, it was not explicitly addressed in their policies. Ulwaluko is reluctantly and cautiously addressed informally. Lastly, the schools were reportedly reluctant to open debates on how ulwaluko could be accommodated for fear of “contaminating” school protocols with the African culture, which they thought did not belong in schools. The study makes various suggestions to build a strong relationship between ulwaluko and formal school practices. One of the main recommendations is the integration of ulwaluko into the mainstream education system through school governance and school-based policy. The study also proposes a deconstructed leadership and management framework that places African cultural practices such as Ulwaluko into the mainstream of management and curriculum. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
A gender responsive entrepreneurship development (GRED) model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry: : A focus on women sculptors
- Basiyawo, Patricia Heriette Mwedzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-177X
- Authors: Basiyawo, Patricia Heriette Mwedzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-177X
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Women-owned business enterprises , Women artists -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21748 , vital:51748
- Description: This study was based on the GRED model and it sought to proffer solution to the challenges being faced by women sculptor entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The solution is set to help the policy makers, women in the creative industry and non-governmental organizations that work with women in the sculpting industry. The study’s main thrust was to create a gender responsive entrepreneurship development model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The entire study was anchored on determining the conceptual and contextual basis for a gender responsive approach to entrepreneurial development interventions, interrogating current government entrepreneurship approaches in Zimbabwe, determining important antecedents for entrepreneurship development that respond to gender dynamics within the creative industry in Zimbabwe and designing a GRED model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry basing on the findings of the research. The research employed qualitative research, through which focus group discussions, individual interviews, observations and document analysis were exploited for data collection. Armed with permission from UREC and the Ministries responsible for the creative industry, this study established that women in the creative industry were marginalized, poorly resourced and that government approaches and strategies were not being well implemented to benefit them. The study also revealed that most of the entrepreneurial activities were marred by corruption. The following tenets were recommended to foster viable women sculptors’ entrepreneurship: 50:50 representation, robust use of opportunities, business registration, forming of associations, funding, support, training, exhibitions, records keeping, monitoring and evaluation. The above tenets formed the basis of the constructed GRED model. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Basiyawo, Patricia Heriette Mwedzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-177X
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Women-owned business enterprises , Women artists -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21748 , vital:51748
- Description: This study was based on the GRED model and it sought to proffer solution to the challenges being faced by women sculptor entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The solution is set to help the policy makers, women in the creative industry and non-governmental organizations that work with women in the sculpting industry. The study’s main thrust was to create a gender responsive entrepreneurship development model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The entire study was anchored on determining the conceptual and contextual basis for a gender responsive approach to entrepreneurial development interventions, interrogating current government entrepreneurship approaches in Zimbabwe, determining important antecedents for entrepreneurship development that respond to gender dynamics within the creative industry in Zimbabwe and designing a GRED model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry basing on the findings of the research. The research employed qualitative research, through which focus group discussions, individual interviews, observations and document analysis were exploited for data collection. Armed with permission from UREC and the Ministries responsible for the creative industry, this study established that women in the creative industry were marginalized, poorly resourced and that government approaches and strategies were not being well implemented to benefit them. The study also revealed that most of the entrepreneurial activities were marred by corruption. The following tenets were recommended to foster viable women sculptors’ entrepreneurship: 50:50 representation, robust use of opportunities, business registration, forming of associations, funding, support, training, exhibitions, records keeping, monitoring and evaluation. The above tenets formed the basis of the constructed GRED model. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Characterization of sandstone reservoirs and hydrocarbon generation potential of selected four wells in the Pletmos basin, offshore South Africa
- Moloi, Busiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-4901
- Authors: Moloi, Busiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-4901
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Hydrocarbon reservoirs
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22512 , vital:52387
- Description: This study focused on the use of data from four wells (Ga-M1, Ga-S1, Ga-Z1, and Gb-J1) comprises of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous shallow marine clastic sandstones consisting of wildcat wells located in Block 11 of the Pletmos Basin, a sub-basin of the Southern Outeniqua Basin, south offshore South Africa. This research evaluates the hydrocarbon potential in the Pletmos Basin by integrating core and well log data to characterize the source and reservoir rock potential. The methods implemented consist of a mineralogical and petrological analysis of about 300 thin section slides from four wells were studied. Stratigraphic profile computation from core logging, geochemistry analysis focusing on total organic carbon (TOC), geophysical wireline logs, conventional core analysis, geological well reports, and petrophysical analysis (water saturation, porosity, permeability, and volume of clay) were done using Interactive Petrophysics software. The different datasets were used to delineate how the mineralogy, total organic carbon content, poro-perm properties, fluid saturation, and volume of clay impact the hydrocarbon production potential. The evaluated sandstones have depths ranging from 2523.9 m to 3397.2 m with varying thickness depending on the position of the well. The results indicate that the study area consists of shallow marine clastic sandstones with sparse siltstones and mudstone that are fine-grained to silty in texture. The sedimentary sequence is characterized by moderate to intense bioturbation. Depositional environment was in a reducing condition indicated by plenty of glauconites. The tight fine-grained sandstones have low porosity values ranging from 4.5% to 13.8% in the selected intervals. The low porosity values may have been caused by the quartz cement that is observed from the thin sections. Low permeability values ranging from 0 mD to 0.16 mD are present throughout the studied wells caused by calcite cement and clay matrix. Source rock in the studied wells have inferior TOC values ranging from 0.31 wt% to 0.51 wt%. The van Krevelen indicates that the analysed samples have very low hydrogen index (HI) values and are consistent with Type III Kerogen (gas prone). A total of six reservoirs were identified. For well Ga-M1, one reservoir interval (2988.2 m – 30281 m) was selected and is located at BCII formation and was classified as a nonproducing reservoir due to its high water saturation content of 94.2%, even though it has an average porosity of 10.6%. Two reservoirs were selected for well Ga-S1, reservoir one (3026.3 m – 3107.7 m) is located within the 13AT1 formation and was classified as a producing reservoir with an average porosity of 11.9%, water saturation of 38.3%, and volume of clay of 29.5%. Reservoir 2 (3380.7 m – 3397.2 m) and the reservoirs (2970.20 m – 2993.0 m and 3006.80 m – 3049.50 m) from well Ga-Z1 located between the 9AT1 – BCVI formations were classified as non-reservoirs. One selected reservoir from well Gb-J1 had promising gas shows with an average porosity of 19%, water saturation value of 34.8%, and volume of shale of 33.1%. However, well Ga-S1 has a large interval with hydrocarbon potential compared to the well Gb-J1. Results indicate that the absence of hydrocarbon accumulation may result from non-effective seals due to the silty texture of the reservoir sandstones. Also, the presence of calcareous cement, clay minerals, and the argillaceous matrix reduce the porosity and permeability characteristics. To better understand the hydrocarbon potential of the Pletmos Basin, 3D seismic data is recommended to perform seismic well tie analysis for correlation between well log and seismic data to understand the basin‟s potential better. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Moloi, Busiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-4901
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Hydrocarbon reservoirs
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22512 , vital:52387
- Description: This study focused on the use of data from four wells (Ga-M1, Ga-S1, Ga-Z1, and Gb-J1) comprises of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous shallow marine clastic sandstones consisting of wildcat wells located in Block 11 of the Pletmos Basin, a sub-basin of the Southern Outeniqua Basin, south offshore South Africa. This research evaluates the hydrocarbon potential in the Pletmos Basin by integrating core and well log data to characterize the source and reservoir rock potential. The methods implemented consist of a mineralogical and petrological analysis of about 300 thin section slides from four wells were studied. Stratigraphic profile computation from core logging, geochemistry analysis focusing on total organic carbon (TOC), geophysical wireline logs, conventional core analysis, geological well reports, and petrophysical analysis (water saturation, porosity, permeability, and volume of clay) were done using Interactive Petrophysics software. The different datasets were used to delineate how the mineralogy, total organic carbon content, poro-perm properties, fluid saturation, and volume of clay impact the hydrocarbon production potential. The evaluated sandstones have depths ranging from 2523.9 m to 3397.2 m with varying thickness depending on the position of the well. The results indicate that the study area consists of shallow marine clastic sandstones with sparse siltstones and mudstone that are fine-grained to silty in texture. The sedimentary sequence is characterized by moderate to intense bioturbation. Depositional environment was in a reducing condition indicated by plenty of glauconites. The tight fine-grained sandstones have low porosity values ranging from 4.5% to 13.8% in the selected intervals. The low porosity values may have been caused by the quartz cement that is observed from the thin sections. Low permeability values ranging from 0 mD to 0.16 mD are present throughout the studied wells caused by calcite cement and clay matrix. Source rock in the studied wells have inferior TOC values ranging from 0.31 wt% to 0.51 wt%. The van Krevelen indicates that the analysed samples have very low hydrogen index (HI) values and are consistent with Type III Kerogen (gas prone). A total of six reservoirs were identified. For well Ga-M1, one reservoir interval (2988.2 m – 30281 m) was selected and is located at BCII formation and was classified as a nonproducing reservoir due to its high water saturation content of 94.2%, even though it has an average porosity of 10.6%. Two reservoirs were selected for well Ga-S1, reservoir one (3026.3 m – 3107.7 m) is located within the 13AT1 formation and was classified as a producing reservoir with an average porosity of 11.9%, water saturation of 38.3%, and volume of clay of 29.5%. Reservoir 2 (3380.7 m – 3397.2 m) and the reservoirs (2970.20 m – 2993.0 m and 3006.80 m – 3049.50 m) from well Ga-Z1 located between the 9AT1 – BCVI formations were classified as non-reservoirs. One selected reservoir from well Gb-J1 had promising gas shows with an average porosity of 19%, water saturation value of 34.8%, and volume of shale of 33.1%. However, well Ga-S1 has a large interval with hydrocarbon potential compared to the well Gb-J1. Results indicate that the absence of hydrocarbon accumulation may result from non-effective seals due to the silty texture of the reservoir sandstones. Also, the presence of calcareous cement, clay minerals, and the argillaceous matrix reduce the porosity and permeability characteristics. To better understand the hydrocarbon potential of the Pletmos Basin, 3D seismic data is recommended to perform seismic well tie analysis for correlation between well log and seismic data to understand the basin‟s potential better. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Dynamics of deviant behaviour among school learners: A case of selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province
- Ngwane, Lwando https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6404-899X
- Authors: Ngwane, Lwando https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6404-899X
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Deviant behavior
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21015 , vital:46894
- Description: Deviant behaviour within the school setting poses a threat to the physical and social survival of individuals. Therefore, this study explored the dynamics of deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study had the central aim of achieving the following specific objectives: (i) identify factors contributing to deviant behaviour among school learners, (ii) ascertain consequences of deviant behaviour among school learners, and (iii) establish preventative measures that should be employed to address deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study utilised a qualitative research approach and a qualitative research paradigm in the form of case study research design. In terms of data collection, the study applied an in-depth one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions. Furthermore, the study employed non-probability sampling, specifically snowball sampling, and sampled twenty (20) participants. These comprised ten (10) learners, three (3) Life Orientation (LO) teachers and seven (7) key informants (School Governing Body (SGB) members and the school principal). In addition, the study employed a qualitative data analysis approach, with data being analysed thematically. The study established that there is no single cause of deviant behaviour among school learners but a series of distinct factors contributing towards deviant behaviour in various ways, such as use of drugs, low self-esteem, poor upbringing, and poor academic performance. Other factors included negative peer group influence, social media, and lack of self-discipline as well as lack of moral values and negative self-concept. The study concludes that through implementation of awareness campaigns, deviance policy, educational programmes, sport and recreational activities, safety and security, and social and behavioural change programmes, deviant behaviour can be addressed at school. Furthermore, it can be concluded that good behaviour among learners are central to effective teaching and learning at school; therefore, this should be inculcated in the learners. In light of the above findings, the Department of Education (DoE), policy makers, and school administrators should ensure that schools are provided with adequate facilities for teaching and learning, sports and recreational activities as well as information communication technologies and internet connectivity. School principals, members of School Governing Bodies (SGBs), teachers and parents should reduce deviant behaviour though increased supervision. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Ngwane, Lwando https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6404-899X
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Deviant behavior
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21015 , vital:46894
- Description: Deviant behaviour within the school setting poses a threat to the physical and social survival of individuals. Therefore, this study explored the dynamics of deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study had the central aim of achieving the following specific objectives: (i) identify factors contributing to deviant behaviour among school learners, (ii) ascertain consequences of deviant behaviour among school learners, and (iii) establish preventative measures that should be employed to address deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study utilised a qualitative research approach and a qualitative research paradigm in the form of case study research design. In terms of data collection, the study applied an in-depth one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions. Furthermore, the study employed non-probability sampling, specifically snowball sampling, and sampled twenty (20) participants. These comprised ten (10) learners, three (3) Life Orientation (LO) teachers and seven (7) key informants (School Governing Body (SGB) members and the school principal). In addition, the study employed a qualitative data analysis approach, with data being analysed thematically. The study established that there is no single cause of deviant behaviour among school learners but a series of distinct factors contributing towards deviant behaviour in various ways, such as use of drugs, low self-esteem, poor upbringing, and poor academic performance. Other factors included negative peer group influence, social media, and lack of self-discipline as well as lack of moral values and negative self-concept. The study concludes that through implementation of awareness campaigns, deviance policy, educational programmes, sport and recreational activities, safety and security, and social and behavioural change programmes, deviant behaviour can be addressed at school. Furthermore, it can be concluded that good behaviour among learners are central to effective teaching and learning at school; therefore, this should be inculcated in the learners. In light of the above findings, the Department of Education (DoE), policy makers, and school administrators should ensure that schools are provided with adequate facilities for teaching and learning, sports and recreational activities as well as information communication technologies and internet connectivity. School principals, members of School Governing Bodies (SGBs), teachers and parents should reduce deviant behaviour though increased supervision. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Examining trainee teacher preparation for inclusive education in Zimbambwe
- Authors: Chikwaka, Miriam
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Inclusive education , Teaching , Education--Zimbabwe--History
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20046 , vital:45091
- Description: The research examined trainee teachers’ preparation for inclusive education in two teacher training colleges in Zimbabwe. Concerns are being raised that teacher preparation programmes are not adequately preparing trainee teachers for a holistic practice-based inclusive education. There is no agreement on the meaning of the concept of inclusive education. While some teacher educators resort to the traditional special needs education, others have adopted a paradigm shift to holistic inclusive education. The teacher education curriculum has not been aligned to teacher preparation for inclusive education. Trainee teachers go for teaching practice up to certification as qualified teachers without having acquired the skills and competencies for handling classrooms of learners with diverse educational needs. The study adopted pragmatism as the research paradigm, mixed-methods approach and QUAN-QUAL sequential explanatory triangulation of research designs; data collection instruments, data analysis and presentation of results were adopted. The researcher used stratified random sampling for quantitative data collection; and purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling for qualitative data collection. The total sample size was 210 trainee teachers and 20 teacher educators. Research instruments pilot-tested semi-structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and documentary analysis. The internal consistency and validity of the instruments was checked using Cronbach’s alpha test and coefficients above 0.8 were obtained showing that the instruments were reliable and trustworthy. The results were that trainee teachers were inadequately prepared for inclusive educational practice. Teacher educators do not have the adequate subject and pedagogical content knowledge to prepare trainee teachers for inclusive education. Both teacher educators and their trainee teachers do not understand holistic practice-based inclusive education. The challenges in preparing trainee teachers for inclusive education include ignorance of inclusive education legislation, non-inclusive teacher education curriculum, and teacher educators’ lack of inclusive teacher preparation competencies, and shortage of financial and inclusive education material resources. Strategies to improve the quality of teacher preparation for inclusive education practices include policy and teacher education curriculum reforms, teacher educator empowerment, funding, and infrastructure development. The success of inclusive education largely depends on the collaboration between intellectuals, academia industry, governments and the community at large. The keywords are teacher preparation, inclusive education, teacher educator, and trainee teacher. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Chikwaka, Miriam
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Inclusive education , Teaching , Education--Zimbabwe--History
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20046 , vital:45091
- Description: The research examined trainee teachers’ preparation for inclusive education in two teacher training colleges in Zimbabwe. Concerns are being raised that teacher preparation programmes are not adequately preparing trainee teachers for a holistic practice-based inclusive education. There is no agreement on the meaning of the concept of inclusive education. While some teacher educators resort to the traditional special needs education, others have adopted a paradigm shift to holistic inclusive education. The teacher education curriculum has not been aligned to teacher preparation for inclusive education. Trainee teachers go for teaching practice up to certification as qualified teachers without having acquired the skills and competencies for handling classrooms of learners with diverse educational needs. The study adopted pragmatism as the research paradigm, mixed-methods approach and QUAN-QUAL sequential explanatory triangulation of research designs; data collection instruments, data analysis and presentation of results were adopted. The researcher used stratified random sampling for quantitative data collection; and purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling for qualitative data collection. The total sample size was 210 trainee teachers and 20 teacher educators. Research instruments pilot-tested semi-structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and documentary analysis. The internal consistency and validity of the instruments was checked using Cronbach’s alpha test and coefficients above 0.8 were obtained showing that the instruments were reliable and trustworthy. The results were that trainee teachers were inadequately prepared for inclusive educational practice. Teacher educators do not have the adequate subject and pedagogical content knowledge to prepare trainee teachers for inclusive education. Both teacher educators and their trainee teachers do not understand holistic practice-based inclusive education. The challenges in preparing trainee teachers for inclusive education include ignorance of inclusive education legislation, non-inclusive teacher education curriculum, and teacher educators’ lack of inclusive teacher preparation competencies, and shortage of financial and inclusive education material resources. Strategies to improve the quality of teacher preparation for inclusive education practices include policy and teacher education curriculum reforms, teacher educator empowerment, funding, and infrastructure development. The success of inclusive education largely depends on the collaboration between intellectuals, academia industry, governments and the community at large. The keywords are teacher preparation, inclusive education, teacher educator, and trainee teacher. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Experiences of caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), South Africa
- Stofile, Nolukholo Catherine, Vellem, N M
- Authors: Stofile, Nolukholo Catherine , Vellem, N M
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Cerebral palsied children -- Home care , Children with disabilities -- Home care
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20131 , vital:45345
- Description: Caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) may experience some challenges and need support in caring for these children who present with a group of neurological disorders. Cerebral Palsy has been defined as a non-progressive condition of the brain, which results from interference during its development and affects body movement, muscle coordination, including motor and cognitive impairment. The objectives of the study were; to explore, describe, and interpret the experiences of caregivers of children with CP, to interpret the meaning attached to the experiences and interpret different support for caregivers of children with CP in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South. The University of Fort Hare Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Informed consent was obtained from the participants before data collection. Ethical principles to be followed when conducting a research study has also been discussed with participants and ensured. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was chosen for the study. Four participants were chosen purposively in this study because IPA studies use a detailed account of individual experience. The data collection method used for this study is semi-structured interviews, which were done in the participant’s comfortable environment, and lasted between 40 to 60 minutes, using an interview guide. Data analysis has been done using the 7 steps noted in IPA. The main findings of the study are lived experiences of caregivers caring for children with CP. Participants experienced financial, physical, and psychological challenges in caring for children with CP. Caregivers also received communal support from different stakeholders. Support from family, their employers, other caregivers and the government through the multi-disciplinary team and the provision of social grants. Trustworthiness was ensured by observing the principles of transferability, credibility, confirmability and dependability. , Thesis (MNurs) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Stofile, Nolukholo Catherine , Vellem, N M
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Cerebral palsied children -- Home care , Children with disabilities -- Home care
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20131 , vital:45345
- Description: Caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) may experience some challenges and need support in caring for these children who present with a group of neurological disorders. Cerebral Palsy has been defined as a non-progressive condition of the brain, which results from interference during its development and affects body movement, muscle coordination, including motor and cognitive impairment. The objectives of the study were; to explore, describe, and interpret the experiences of caregivers of children with CP, to interpret the meaning attached to the experiences and interpret different support for caregivers of children with CP in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South. The University of Fort Hare Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Informed consent was obtained from the participants before data collection. Ethical principles to be followed when conducting a research study has also been discussed with participants and ensured. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was chosen for the study. Four participants were chosen purposively in this study because IPA studies use a detailed account of individual experience. The data collection method used for this study is semi-structured interviews, which were done in the participant’s comfortable environment, and lasted between 40 to 60 minutes, using an interview guide. Data analysis has been done using the 7 steps noted in IPA. The main findings of the study are lived experiences of caregivers caring for children with CP. Participants experienced financial, physical, and psychological challenges in caring for children with CP. Caregivers also received communal support from different stakeholders. Support from family, their employers, other caregivers and the government through the multi-disciplinary team and the provision of social grants. Trustworthiness was ensured by observing the principles of transferability, credibility, confirmability and dependability. , Thesis (MNurs) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Investigation of the levels of PBDEs and PCNs in the surface water and sediments from selected waterbodies in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Agunbiade, Idowu Victoria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-0312
- Authors: Agunbiade, Idowu Victoria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-0312
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Persistent pollutants , Water -- Purification -- Organic compounds removal , Organic water pollutants
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22699 , vital:52660
- Description: Studies have revealed that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are omnipresent in our environment; almost all human beings have definite levels of POPs in their bodies. Even fetus and embryos are not spared; they have been found to bear certain levels of POPs. So far, there are about 28 chemicals listed as POPs among which are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). PCN and PBDE distributions have been reported from different sources around the world, but studies relating to PCNs occurrence and distribution in Africa, especially South Africa is still minimal. PBDEs have been reported to cause diabetes, cancer, damage to reproductive system, thyroid, liver and other vital organs in the body, while PCNs have been linked to chloracne (severe skin reactions/lesions) and liver disease (yellow atrophy) in humans, chicken oedema and X-disease in cattle. Hence, this study evaluates PCN levels in water and sediment samples from three waterbodies: North End Lake (NEL), Chatty River (CHA) and Makman Canal (MMC), while PBDE levels was reported in NEL and CHA samples. The three sites are located in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. The lake serves as a recreational resort while the latter two waterbodies are tributaries discharging into the Swartkop Estuary, an important estuary in ECP. Water samples were extracted with C18 cartridges (solid phase), while soxhlet was employed for the extraction of sediments. Water and sediment extricates were purified and quantified with gas chromatography-micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD). Forty-seven (47) water samples and 44 sediment samples were collected in August until December 2020 from six sampling points in NEL, five points in each of CHA and MMC. All the samples were evaluated for physicochemical properties, PBDEs and PCNs using validated standard methods. The sampling period covered three South Africa seasons: August (winter), October (spring) and December (summer). The physicochemical parameters (PP) of NEL water samples for the three seasons generally varied as follows: temperature (15.3–23°C), pH (7.9–10.3), oxidation-reduction potential, ORP (23.4-110 mV), atmospheric pressure, AP (14.52-15.56 PSI), turbidity (15.1–167 NTU), electrical conductivity, EC (114–1291 μS/cm), total dissolved solids, TDS (55-645 mg/L), total suspended solids, TSS (20–107 mg/L) and salinity (0.05–0.65 PSU). All the PPs except for turbidity and TSS are within acceptable limits. NEL sediments had moisture content (MC), organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC) in the range of 0.04–8.0percent, 0.08–2.2percent and 0.05–1.8percent, respectively. The sum of eight PCN congeners Σ8PCNs and six PBDE congeners Σ6PBDEs in NEL water samples ranged from 0.164–2.934 μg/L and 0.009-1.025 μg/L individually. The values for Σ8PCNs and Σ6PBDEs in NEL sediment samples varied from 0.991–237 μg/kg and 0.354-28.850 μg/kg, respectively. The calculated hazard quotient (HQ) corresponding to the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with PBDEs in NEL water samples was 2.0×10-3-1.4×10-1, while the TEQ values due to PCNs varied from 6.10×10-7- 3.12×10-3 μg/L in NEL water samples and 3.70×10-5-1.96×10-2 μg/kg dw in sediments. The PP values for CHA water samples include temperature (15.4–22.9°C), pH (7.7–10.5), TDS (991–1771 mg/L), TSS (6–41 mg/L), turbidity (1.0–198 NTU), EC (1981–3542 μS/cm), AP (14.60–14.80 PSI), ORP (-339.1-51.3 mV), and salinity (1.02–1.87 PSU). The EC, TDS and salinity exceeded acceptable values at certain points. The sediments of CHA have MC, OM and OC contents ranging from 0.01-10.2percent, 0.2-1.3percent and 0.1-0.8percent in that order. Sum of Σ8PCNs, Σ6PBDEs in CHA water and sediment samples ranged from 0.026–1.054 μg/L, 0.007-0.079 μg/L and 0.429–1888.468 μg/kg, 0.347-6.468 μg/kg individually. The HQ in CHA water samples was 1.6×10-3-7.7×10-3 and the estimated TEQ was 1.0×10-7-6.62×10-5 μg/L and 1.10×10−5-6.40×10−2 μg/kg in water and sediments, respectively. The temperatures for MMC water samples ranged from 15.6-24.5°C, while other PPs recorded were as follows: pH (8.4-10.2), TDS (943–4002 mg/L), TSS (7-491 mg/L), turbidity (2.9-154.2 NTU), EC (1885-8004 μS/cm), AP (14.53–14.82 PSI), ORP (7.8-130 mV) and salinity (0.96-4.47 PSU). MMC’s sediments recorded MC, OM and OC varying as 0.4- 18.9percent, 0.2-4.5percent and 0.1-2.6percent, respectively across the three seasons. The Σ8PCNs for MMC water and sediment samples were 0.035–0.699 μg/L and 0.260–6744 μg/kg. The TEQ values in MMC water and sediment samples were 1.19×10-7-1.47×10-4 μg/L and 4.43×10−5- 4.19×10−1 μg/kg, respectively. The results are all less than one, and this suggests that the selected water is safe. Results showed that NEL water had highest TEQ, PCN and PBDE concentrations, while MMC sediments recorded maximum TEQ and PCN levels in this study. PBDE concentrations in NEL sediments were above the other site. In conclusion, NEL water was most polluted with both pollutants (PCNs and PBDEs), but MMC sediments contained more PCNs. There is need for the immediate remediation of these selected waterbodies. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Agunbiade, Idowu Victoria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-0312
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Persistent pollutants , Water -- Purification -- Organic compounds removal , Organic water pollutants
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22699 , vital:52660
- Description: Studies have revealed that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are omnipresent in our environment; almost all human beings have definite levels of POPs in their bodies. Even fetus and embryos are not spared; they have been found to bear certain levels of POPs. So far, there are about 28 chemicals listed as POPs among which are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). PCN and PBDE distributions have been reported from different sources around the world, but studies relating to PCNs occurrence and distribution in Africa, especially South Africa is still minimal. PBDEs have been reported to cause diabetes, cancer, damage to reproductive system, thyroid, liver and other vital organs in the body, while PCNs have been linked to chloracne (severe skin reactions/lesions) and liver disease (yellow atrophy) in humans, chicken oedema and X-disease in cattle. Hence, this study evaluates PCN levels in water and sediment samples from three waterbodies: North End Lake (NEL), Chatty River (CHA) and Makman Canal (MMC), while PBDE levels was reported in NEL and CHA samples. The three sites are located in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. The lake serves as a recreational resort while the latter two waterbodies are tributaries discharging into the Swartkop Estuary, an important estuary in ECP. Water samples were extracted with C18 cartridges (solid phase), while soxhlet was employed for the extraction of sediments. Water and sediment extricates were purified and quantified with gas chromatography-micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD). Forty-seven (47) water samples and 44 sediment samples were collected in August until December 2020 from six sampling points in NEL, five points in each of CHA and MMC. All the samples were evaluated for physicochemical properties, PBDEs and PCNs using validated standard methods. The sampling period covered three South Africa seasons: August (winter), October (spring) and December (summer). The physicochemical parameters (PP) of NEL water samples for the three seasons generally varied as follows: temperature (15.3–23°C), pH (7.9–10.3), oxidation-reduction potential, ORP (23.4-110 mV), atmospheric pressure, AP (14.52-15.56 PSI), turbidity (15.1–167 NTU), electrical conductivity, EC (114–1291 μS/cm), total dissolved solids, TDS (55-645 mg/L), total suspended solids, TSS (20–107 mg/L) and salinity (0.05–0.65 PSU). All the PPs except for turbidity and TSS are within acceptable limits. NEL sediments had moisture content (MC), organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC) in the range of 0.04–8.0percent, 0.08–2.2percent and 0.05–1.8percent, respectively. The sum of eight PCN congeners Σ8PCNs and six PBDE congeners Σ6PBDEs in NEL water samples ranged from 0.164–2.934 μg/L and 0.009-1.025 μg/L individually. The values for Σ8PCNs and Σ6PBDEs in NEL sediment samples varied from 0.991–237 μg/kg and 0.354-28.850 μg/kg, respectively. The calculated hazard quotient (HQ) corresponding to the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with PBDEs in NEL water samples was 2.0×10-3-1.4×10-1, while the TEQ values due to PCNs varied from 6.10×10-7- 3.12×10-3 μg/L in NEL water samples and 3.70×10-5-1.96×10-2 μg/kg dw in sediments. The PP values for CHA water samples include temperature (15.4–22.9°C), pH (7.7–10.5), TDS (991–1771 mg/L), TSS (6–41 mg/L), turbidity (1.0–198 NTU), EC (1981–3542 μS/cm), AP (14.60–14.80 PSI), ORP (-339.1-51.3 mV), and salinity (1.02–1.87 PSU). The EC, TDS and salinity exceeded acceptable values at certain points. The sediments of CHA have MC, OM and OC contents ranging from 0.01-10.2percent, 0.2-1.3percent and 0.1-0.8percent in that order. Sum of Σ8PCNs, Σ6PBDEs in CHA water and sediment samples ranged from 0.026–1.054 μg/L, 0.007-0.079 μg/L and 0.429–1888.468 μg/kg, 0.347-6.468 μg/kg individually. The HQ in CHA water samples was 1.6×10-3-7.7×10-3 and the estimated TEQ was 1.0×10-7-6.62×10-5 μg/L and 1.10×10−5-6.40×10−2 μg/kg in water and sediments, respectively. The temperatures for MMC water samples ranged from 15.6-24.5°C, while other PPs recorded were as follows: pH (8.4-10.2), TDS (943–4002 mg/L), TSS (7-491 mg/L), turbidity (2.9-154.2 NTU), EC (1885-8004 μS/cm), AP (14.53–14.82 PSI), ORP (7.8-130 mV) and salinity (0.96-4.47 PSU). MMC’s sediments recorded MC, OM and OC varying as 0.4- 18.9percent, 0.2-4.5percent and 0.1-2.6percent, respectively across the three seasons. The Σ8PCNs for MMC water and sediment samples were 0.035–0.699 μg/L and 0.260–6744 μg/kg. The TEQ values in MMC water and sediment samples were 1.19×10-7-1.47×10-4 μg/L and 4.43×10−5- 4.19×10−1 μg/kg, respectively. The results are all less than one, and this suggests that the selected water is safe. Results showed that NEL water had highest TEQ, PCN and PBDE concentrations, while MMC sediments recorded maximum TEQ and PCN levels in this study. PBDE concentrations in NEL sediments were above the other site. In conclusion, NEL water was most polluted with both pollutants (PCNs and PBDEs), but MMC sediments contained more PCNs. There is need for the immediate remediation of these selected waterbodies. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Leadership experiences of six female deans in South African universities
- Mankayi, Mandisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-8559
- Authors: Mankayi, Mandisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-8559
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Women in higher education , Educational leadership
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26197 , vital:64957
- Description: The leadership of universities should be aware of and acknowledge the needs of female academics in order to facilitate the creation of an atmosphere that is welcoming to women. Currently, the needs of female academics are not being met by universities. In this study, the experiences of women from the Eastern Cape Province who have held positions as faculty deans in South African universities are investigated from the perspective of leadership. The interpretive paradigm was utilised throughout this qualitative research project. As a means of gathering information for the study, an interview guide with a structured format was combined with personal diaries. The questioning during the interview itself was unstructured because it was determined by the responses received from the people being interviewed. Interviews were conducted with six female deans from three different universities, using a technique called convenience sampling. After finishing the interview using an audio recorder, the recording was transcribed, and a technique called thematic analysis was applied to it. Because the study used theoretical lenses, the standpoint theory and feminist empiricism were both used in its analysis. According to the findings, despite the fact that South Africa has taken steps to ensure that men and women have equal opportunities and that legislation such as the Employment Act has been passed, women continue to face obstacles when trying to occupy higher leadership positions. Even though the study was not explicit in terms of the support they get from their colleagues, they mentioned the lack of support from their male counterparts. They experienced some major challenges as a result of the interaction between their leadership roles and the roles they held in their organisations. The participants suggested the underlying masculine conceptualization of leadership in their day-to-day interactions, such as working after hours and extensive travel, both of which were in conflict with their roles as mothers. According to the suggestions that have been made, the execution of the leadership roles and responsibilities shouldn't just be seen from a man's point of view. The performance of these roles ought to take into account gender sensitivity at every stage. Since things have not really moved in the direction that was anticipated, the government of South Africa ought to move more quickly to implement the equality law. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Mankayi, Mandisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-8559
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Women in higher education , Educational leadership
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26197 , vital:64957
- Description: The leadership of universities should be aware of and acknowledge the needs of female academics in order to facilitate the creation of an atmosphere that is welcoming to women. Currently, the needs of female academics are not being met by universities. In this study, the experiences of women from the Eastern Cape Province who have held positions as faculty deans in South African universities are investigated from the perspective of leadership. The interpretive paradigm was utilised throughout this qualitative research project. As a means of gathering information for the study, an interview guide with a structured format was combined with personal diaries. The questioning during the interview itself was unstructured because it was determined by the responses received from the people being interviewed. Interviews were conducted with six female deans from three different universities, using a technique called convenience sampling. After finishing the interview using an audio recorder, the recording was transcribed, and a technique called thematic analysis was applied to it. Because the study used theoretical lenses, the standpoint theory and feminist empiricism were both used in its analysis. According to the findings, despite the fact that South Africa has taken steps to ensure that men and women have equal opportunities and that legislation such as the Employment Act has been passed, women continue to face obstacles when trying to occupy higher leadership positions. Even though the study was not explicit in terms of the support they get from their colleagues, they mentioned the lack of support from their male counterparts. They experienced some major challenges as a result of the interaction between their leadership roles and the roles they held in their organisations. The participants suggested the underlying masculine conceptualization of leadership in their day-to-day interactions, such as working after hours and extensive travel, both of which were in conflict with their roles as mothers. According to the suggestions that have been made, the execution of the leadership roles and responsibilities shouldn't just be seen from a man's point of view. The performance of these roles ought to take into account gender sensitivity at every stage. Since things have not really moved in the direction that was anticipated, the government of South Africa ought to move more quickly to implement the equality law. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Market participation and welfare of smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa
- Lesala, Mahali Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2190
- Authors: Lesala, Mahali Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2190
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Farms, Small , Economic development -- South Africa , Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20916 , vital:46745
- Description: The low market participation of smallholder farmers in markets has received enormous attention from scholars, both in the country and the Eastern Cape Province. However, it is not clear how low their market participation is including its implications on farmer’s welfare. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which smallholder farmers in the homelands of the Eastern Cape participate in output markets and assess how their participation in markets has affected wellbeing of their households. This information will have important practical implications for policy regarding appropriate pathways for poverty alleviation and livelihoods improvements in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province. Three irrigation schemes; Qamata, Zanyokwe and Tyefu irrigation schemes were selected for this study. A sample of 210 smallholder irrigators were interviewed by means of a close-ended questionnaire. The data were analysed by means of descriptive statistical tools, the multiple-level choice models and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique. SPSS and STATA computer programmes were used to carry out all the estimations. The analysis established that, although agriculture is the primary activity for rural livelihoods, it is not the main contributor to family income. Rather, remittances and social grants were the dominant sources of household income in the Qamata, Zanyokwe and Tyefu areas. From the standpoint of market, maize and potatoes are the most popular crops, but potatoes dominate the market. This result confirms that maize is the staple crop and therefore mostly grown for home consumption while production of potatoes is market-oriented. The Market Participation Index (MPI) revealed that farmers sell at least 55 percent of their farm produce, implying that farmers have made some transition from subsistence to semi-commercial farming. However, farmers’ priority still remains food self-sufficiency and market participation only takes place after satisfying their home food needs. The results revealed that the significant factors influencing the farmers’ decisions and their extent of participation in output markets were the age, gender, marital status of the household head, primary occupation of household head, size of farm cultivated, government financial support, access to extension services and farmer’s membership of cooperatives. Concerning the impact of output market participation on welfare of smallholders, the Average Treatment on the Treated (ATT) as the measure of change revealed that participation in output markets has a positive impact on welfare of the smallholder farmers through increased incomes. Farmers who participated in output market were at least R838.44 better off than those who did not participate in markets although social grants and remittances made significantly higher contribution to household welfare. The study suggests that despite some improvements in income of market participants, the standards of living of the rural households are still far from what would be considered optimal. Crop farming evidently contributes less than desired, hence the persistence of the widespread poverty. It is urgent to focus interventions on improving agricultural productivity while widening strategies for improving rural livelihoods beyond agriculture to diversify the choices open to rural dwellers. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Lesala, Mahali Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2190
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Farms, Small , Economic development -- South Africa , Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20916 , vital:46745
- Description: The low market participation of smallholder farmers in markets has received enormous attention from scholars, both in the country and the Eastern Cape Province. However, it is not clear how low their market participation is including its implications on farmer’s welfare. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which smallholder farmers in the homelands of the Eastern Cape participate in output markets and assess how their participation in markets has affected wellbeing of their households. This information will have important practical implications for policy regarding appropriate pathways for poverty alleviation and livelihoods improvements in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province. Three irrigation schemes; Qamata, Zanyokwe and Tyefu irrigation schemes were selected for this study. A sample of 210 smallholder irrigators were interviewed by means of a close-ended questionnaire. The data were analysed by means of descriptive statistical tools, the multiple-level choice models and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique. SPSS and STATA computer programmes were used to carry out all the estimations. The analysis established that, although agriculture is the primary activity for rural livelihoods, it is not the main contributor to family income. Rather, remittances and social grants were the dominant sources of household income in the Qamata, Zanyokwe and Tyefu areas. From the standpoint of market, maize and potatoes are the most popular crops, but potatoes dominate the market. This result confirms that maize is the staple crop and therefore mostly grown for home consumption while production of potatoes is market-oriented. The Market Participation Index (MPI) revealed that farmers sell at least 55 percent of their farm produce, implying that farmers have made some transition from subsistence to semi-commercial farming. However, farmers’ priority still remains food self-sufficiency and market participation only takes place after satisfying their home food needs. The results revealed that the significant factors influencing the farmers’ decisions and their extent of participation in output markets were the age, gender, marital status of the household head, primary occupation of household head, size of farm cultivated, government financial support, access to extension services and farmer’s membership of cooperatives. Concerning the impact of output market participation on welfare of smallholders, the Average Treatment on the Treated (ATT) as the measure of change revealed that participation in output markets has a positive impact on welfare of the smallholder farmers through increased incomes. Farmers who participated in output market were at least R838.44 better off than those who did not participate in markets although social grants and remittances made significantly higher contribution to household welfare. The study suggests that despite some improvements in income of market participants, the standards of living of the rural households are still far from what would be considered optimal. Crop farming evidently contributes less than desired, hence the persistence of the widespread poverty. It is urgent to focus interventions on improving agricultural productivity while widening strategies for improving rural livelihoods beyond agriculture to diversify the choices open to rural dwellers. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Movement behaviour and reproductive biology of adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii) in the Breede Estuary
- Authors: Ziko, Bantony Alford
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Fishery management , Freshwater fishes , Fishes--Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20970 , vital:46870
- Description: Movements of the adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii), an overexploited estuary-dependant fishery species, were investigated in relation to its reproduction behaviour and selected environmental influences. The South African P. commersonnii population is known to spawn at sea along the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastline, whereas there no published records on spawning in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces exist. However, due to the occurrence of ripe running fish that were reported in the Breede Estuary (Western Cape - WC), an investigation into its reproductive behaviour was necessary, as was gaining a greater understanding of its movements between the estuary, the sea, and other connected habitats. Seven adult P. commersonnii (610 – 690 mm fork length, FL) were captured and implanted with long-life acoustic transmitters and their movements were logged on a linear array of 16 acoustic receivers in the Breede Estuary (WC) and six acoustic receivers in the adjacent marine environment. Movements of the tagged fish to other marine and estuary habitats were also determined using data collected by the Acoustic Tracking Array Platform (ATAP) which is an extended network of acoustic receivers along the South African coastline with receivers at sea and in selected estuaries. Furthermore, adult P. commersonnii tagged in the Goukou (n = 6) (WC) and Sundays (n = 8) (Eastern Cape - EC) estuaries, approximately 50 km and 470 km away, respectively, were also monitored to facilitate an improved understanding of inter-habitat connectivity. Fish tagged in Sundays and Goukou estuaries were monitored by the Acoustic Telemetry Array Platform (ATAP). Each individual fish tagged in the Breede Estuary was monitored between 356 and 1166 days and selected environmental parameters, including water temperature, river flow rate and rainfall, were measured during the study period (November 2016 – March 2020) to assess their influence on the movements of the tagged fish. Furthermore, to determine time of spawning and duration, gonads of 112 adult fish (383 – 700 mm FL) were opportunistically collected from recreational anglers in the Breede Estuary to determine the gonadal maturation cycles by using a combination of Gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histology. The tagged adult P. commersonnii spent significantly more time in the estuary (83.5 percent) than the marine (16.5 percent) environment, with all of the tagged P. commersonnii making sea trips of varying frequency and duration. While in the estuary, fish showed a strong preference for the lower reaches of the estuary compared to the middle and upper reaches. Area use varied seasonally, with the mouth area being heavily utilized during winter, then followed by summer. Sea trips in all three tagging estuaries also fluctuated seasonally, with more frequent movements during summer which lasted for longer periods. This coincided with the peak of the spawning period inferred from the gonad developmental cycle of fish captured in the Breede Estuary. Results from a generalized linear mixed model showed that the presence of Breede tagged P. commersonnii in the sea, where the species is known to spawn, was significantly influenced by water temperatures in the estuary and river flow rate with fish more likely to occur at sea during warmer months (summer) and periods of high river flow (winter). Furthermore, circular analysis showed that season (month) had a significant influence on the departure from and arrival in the Breede Estuary, with most departures and arrivals occurring during January. Moreover, P. commersonnii tagged in the Sundays Estuary also showed similar results where both departures and arrivals were influenced by season, mostly taking place in December and January, respectively. The increased frequency of sea trips by adult P. commersonnii in summer suggests regional spawning occurring in the WC. Based on the similar movement behaviour displayed by tagged fish in the Sundays Estuary, it is possible that spawning also occurs in the EC. Most of the P. commersonnii tagged in all the three estuaries never left their tagging estuaries (57 percent Breede, 66 percent Goukou, 38 percent Sundays), only making short sea trips, while others displayed use of multiple habitats. On average, the tagged P. commersonnii that left their tagging estuaries travelled a maximum distance of 377 km (Breede), 63 km (Goukou) and 300 km (Sundays). Tagged fish were more likely to visit nearby estuaries and offshore marine habitats (< 130 km) compared to distant ones (> 130 km). These results suggest that there are high levels of localised connectivity between P. commersonnii populations in different habitats although connectivity between distant habitats appears to be rare. Connectivity will likely occur on habitats located close to the boundaries of the WC, EC and KZN. The findings from this long-term monitoring study have shown that adult P. commersonnii rely heavily on the estuarine environment, undertaking short sea trips, thus demonstrating the importance of estuaries to the adult population. Due to various threats faced by estuaries such as habitat degradation and overexploitation, management of these systems is paramount to conserve such fishery resources. Due to the resident behaviour of the P. commersonnii within estuaries, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and area closures, in conjunction with Estuarine Protected Areas (EPAs) will be significant in the recovery and management of P. commersonnii populations. Since P. commersonnii appears to reach peak spawning activity during summer when fishing pressure is usually highest, improved enforcement during this period is necessary to conserve the spawning stock. As connectivity is an important aspect in the life of the P. commersonnii, ensuring such connectivity is maintained by protecting all these habitats is important. , Thesis (MSc) (Zoology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Ziko, Bantony Alford
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Fishery management , Freshwater fishes , Fishes--Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20970 , vital:46870
- Description: Movements of the adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii), an overexploited estuary-dependant fishery species, were investigated in relation to its reproduction behaviour and selected environmental influences. The South African P. commersonnii population is known to spawn at sea along the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastline, whereas there no published records on spawning in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces exist. However, due to the occurrence of ripe running fish that were reported in the Breede Estuary (Western Cape - WC), an investigation into its reproductive behaviour was necessary, as was gaining a greater understanding of its movements between the estuary, the sea, and other connected habitats. Seven adult P. commersonnii (610 – 690 mm fork length, FL) were captured and implanted with long-life acoustic transmitters and their movements were logged on a linear array of 16 acoustic receivers in the Breede Estuary (WC) and six acoustic receivers in the adjacent marine environment. Movements of the tagged fish to other marine and estuary habitats were also determined using data collected by the Acoustic Tracking Array Platform (ATAP) which is an extended network of acoustic receivers along the South African coastline with receivers at sea and in selected estuaries. Furthermore, adult P. commersonnii tagged in the Goukou (n = 6) (WC) and Sundays (n = 8) (Eastern Cape - EC) estuaries, approximately 50 km and 470 km away, respectively, were also monitored to facilitate an improved understanding of inter-habitat connectivity. Fish tagged in Sundays and Goukou estuaries were monitored by the Acoustic Telemetry Array Platform (ATAP). Each individual fish tagged in the Breede Estuary was monitored between 356 and 1166 days and selected environmental parameters, including water temperature, river flow rate and rainfall, were measured during the study period (November 2016 – March 2020) to assess their influence on the movements of the tagged fish. Furthermore, to determine time of spawning and duration, gonads of 112 adult fish (383 – 700 mm FL) were opportunistically collected from recreational anglers in the Breede Estuary to determine the gonadal maturation cycles by using a combination of Gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histology. The tagged adult P. commersonnii spent significantly more time in the estuary (83.5 percent) than the marine (16.5 percent) environment, with all of the tagged P. commersonnii making sea trips of varying frequency and duration. While in the estuary, fish showed a strong preference for the lower reaches of the estuary compared to the middle and upper reaches. Area use varied seasonally, with the mouth area being heavily utilized during winter, then followed by summer. Sea trips in all three tagging estuaries also fluctuated seasonally, with more frequent movements during summer which lasted for longer periods. This coincided with the peak of the spawning period inferred from the gonad developmental cycle of fish captured in the Breede Estuary. Results from a generalized linear mixed model showed that the presence of Breede tagged P. commersonnii in the sea, where the species is known to spawn, was significantly influenced by water temperatures in the estuary and river flow rate with fish more likely to occur at sea during warmer months (summer) and periods of high river flow (winter). Furthermore, circular analysis showed that season (month) had a significant influence on the departure from and arrival in the Breede Estuary, with most departures and arrivals occurring during January. Moreover, P. commersonnii tagged in the Sundays Estuary also showed similar results where both departures and arrivals were influenced by season, mostly taking place in December and January, respectively. The increased frequency of sea trips by adult P. commersonnii in summer suggests regional spawning occurring in the WC. Based on the similar movement behaviour displayed by tagged fish in the Sundays Estuary, it is possible that spawning also occurs in the EC. Most of the P. commersonnii tagged in all the three estuaries never left their tagging estuaries (57 percent Breede, 66 percent Goukou, 38 percent Sundays), only making short sea trips, while others displayed use of multiple habitats. On average, the tagged P. commersonnii that left their tagging estuaries travelled a maximum distance of 377 km (Breede), 63 km (Goukou) and 300 km (Sundays). Tagged fish were more likely to visit nearby estuaries and offshore marine habitats (< 130 km) compared to distant ones (> 130 km). These results suggest that there are high levels of localised connectivity between P. commersonnii populations in different habitats although connectivity between distant habitats appears to be rare. Connectivity will likely occur on habitats located close to the boundaries of the WC, EC and KZN. The findings from this long-term monitoring study have shown that adult P. commersonnii rely heavily on the estuarine environment, undertaking short sea trips, thus demonstrating the importance of estuaries to the adult population. Due to various threats faced by estuaries such as habitat degradation and overexploitation, management of these systems is paramount to conserve such fishery resources. Due to the resident behaviour of the P. commersonnii within estuaries, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and area closures, in conjunction with Estuarine Protected Areas (EPAs) will be significant in the recovery and management of P. commersonnii populations. Since P. commersonnii appears to reach peak spawning activity during summer when fishing pressure is usually highest, improved enforcement during this period is necessary to conserve the spawning stock. As connectivity is an important aspect in the life of the P. commersonnii, ensuring such connectivity is maintained by protecting all these habitats is important. , Thesis (MSc) (Zoology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Portrayals of masculinity in selected Nigerian plays
- Authors: Onuoha, Beatrice Nwawuloke
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Masculinity in literature , Nigeria -- In literature
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22131 , vital:51985
- Description: This work critically interrogates the portrayal of masculinity in plays written by both male and female Nigerian playwrights. Selected plays (three from each author) of Wole Soyinka, Femi Osofisan, Tess Onwueme and Tracie Utoh-Ezeajugh were studied in order to proffer answers to certain critical questions, some of which include determining whether the way male playwrights construct the psychosocial temperament of lead male characters differs from how such is depicted in the works of female authors. The study also sought to ascertain how the concept of masculinity has evolved through the careers of three generations of playwriting in Nigeria. While evaluating the differences that exist in the portrayal of masculinity in the male lead characters in the works of selected male playwrights when compared to those of their female counterparts, the study equally examines the portrayals of male identities in the selected texts. It also evaluates the notion of masculinity shift among the three generations of Nigerian playwrights with a view to ascertaining how textual portrayals of characters and events reflect the changing values that are held about male identities in different Nigerian societies. In executing these objectives, the study adopts a qualitative method, and then eclectically employs Raewyn Connell’s (1995) Theory of Masculinity, Judith Butler’s (1990) Theory of Performativity, and Louis Athan Althusser’s (1970) Idea of Interpellation as the Theoretical Framework to guide the analysis and interpretation of the selected texts. Furthermore, the study follows a constructivist model that involves several stages including the identification of the selected plays as the main texts, a perusal of the plays, review of the literature on gender portrayals in the plays, and a critiquing of the portrayal of masculinity in them. The findings of the analysis reveal that masculinity is a conditional, provisional and elusive subject. It is created in a certain socio-cultural and historical context and evolves according to situations. The studied texts demonstrate the artistic agency of women in constructing men’s masculinity. They imply that masculinity and femininity are like Siamese twins in the building of a peaceful, strong, and new nation. Moreover, the playwrights under study divulge that power is the key factor in (de)constructing and (re)defining of masculinity of men. Through their plays, the dramatists challenge and attempt to change the stereotypical constructs of men, dismantle the traditional gender roles and propose a new way of envisioning gender, where hegemonic principles can be nullified. It is therefore the submission of this work that Soyinka, Osofisan, Onwueme and Utoh-Ezeajugh do not affirm the social construct of masculinity but rather interrogate them. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Onuoha, Beatrice Nwawuloke
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Masculinity in literature , Nigeria -- In literature
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22131 , vital:51985
- Description: This work critically interrogates the portrayal of masculinity in plays written by both male and female Nigerian playwrights. Selected plays (three from each author) of Wole Soyinka, Femi Osofisan, Tess Onwueme and Tracie Utoh-Ezeajugh were studied in order to proffer answers to certain critical questions, some of which include determining whether the way male playwrights construct the psychosocial temperament of lead male characters differs from how such is depicted in the works of female authors. The study also sought to ascertain how the concept of masculinity has evolved through the careers of three generations of playwriting in Nigeria. While evaluating the differences that exist in the portrayal of masculinity in the male lead characters in the works of selected male playwrights when compared to those of their female counterparts, the study equally examines the portrayals of male identities in the selected texts. It also evaluates the notion of masculinity shift among the three generations of Nigerian playwrights with a view to ascertaining how textual portrayals of characters and events reflect the changing values that are held about male identities in different Nigerian societies. In executing these objectives, the study adopts a qualitative method, and then eclectically employs Raewyn Connell’s (1995) Theory of Masculinity, Judith Butler’s (1990) Theory of Performativity, and Louis Athan Althusser’s (1970) Idea of Interpellation as the Theoretical Framework to guide the analysis and interpretation of the selected texts. Furthermore, the study follows a constructivist model that involves several stages including the identification of the selected plays as the main texts, a perusal of the plays, review of the literature on gender portrayals in the plays, and a critiquing of the portrayal of masculinity in them. The findings of the analysis reveal that masculinity is a conditional, provisional and elusive subject. It is created in a certain socio-cultural and historical context and evolves according to situations. The studied texts demonstrate the artistic agency of women in constructing men’s masculinity. They imply that masculinity and femininity are like Siamese twins in the building of a peaceful, strong, and new nation. Moreover, the playwrights under study divulge that power is the key factor in (de)constructing and (re)defining of masculinity of men. Through their plays, the dramatists challenge and attempt to change the stereotypical constructs of men, dismantle the traditional gender roles and propose a new way of envisioning gender, where hegemonic principles can be nullified. It is therefore the submission of this work that Soyinka, Osofisan, Onwueme and Utoh-Ezeajugh do not affirm the social construct of masculinity but rather interrogate them. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
The implementation of National Core Standards with specific reference to clinical leadership: A case of Frere Hospital
- Authors: Rasi, Wandisa
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Health facilities -- Standards , Health services administration -- Standards
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21914 , vital:51842
- Description: BACKGROUND: Generally, many people in South Africa have difficulty accessing quality health services due to poor public service. Over 42 million citizens do not have health insurance and are growing sicker as they age. Health facilities, such as public health centers, are their only recourse. Health authorities in South Africa fail to monitor patient care effectively, as evidenced by their uninspiring record on patient experience. Anecdotes of poor patient experiences are extensive with the health ombudsman. The Office of Health Standards Compliance (OHSC) reports horrifying stories of patients sleeping on hospital floors due to the shortage of beds, patients unable to receive critical surgical treatment due to shortage of doctors, medical supplies and equipment failure or lack thereof. A few union protests have highlighted the poor quality of public healthcare. But it is not uncommon for South Africans to voice their displeasure over poor public healthcare. Health services are individualised and there is no specific interest group or community that is affected by this overall unpleasant experience. Indications of the growing public campaign against the deteriorating healthcare system may be as simple as the increasing number of medical legal claims. This study focuses on the implementation of national core standards with specific reference to clinical leadership. This study focuses on the implementation of national core standards with specific reference to clinical leadership. RESEARCH AIM: This research seeks to explore the effectiveness of the implementation of NCSs with specific reference to Clinical Leadership in Frere Hospital. It also wants to assess if the Frere hospital upholds the national core standards METHOD: qualitative research design was used in this study. Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted. CONCLUSION: The researcher concluded that it is quite evident that the public health sector is complex and that environmental influence affect the ECDOH Functions within the health system. There is a relationship between clinical leadership and service delivery; now, to improve service delivery within the Frere hospital, strong leadership is needed to drive the change towards implementing the NCS. Ultimately, Frere hospital does not uphold the NCSs, and the staff needs to be educated on what is and how it can improve the hospital’s service delivery. RECOMMENDATIONS: Effective public leadership development, high performing and accountable leadership behavioural measurement at the most senior level at the Frere hospital is very empirical in driving effective delivery of services to patients. Effective Performance management, visible leadership role at all management levels. Performance appraisal system needs to be engineered to focus on performance and results. Recognition and Implementation of clinical leadership. Establish a culture and implementation of good governance principles in health institutions. Establish an institution based OHSC office that is visible and implement NCS through Batho Pele Principles. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Rasi, Wandisa
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Health facilities -- Standards , Health services administration -- Standards
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21914 , vital:51842
- Description: BACKGROUND: Generally, many people in South Africa have difficulty accessing quality health services due to poor public service. Over 42 million citizens do not have health insurance and are growing sicker as they age. Health facilities, such as public health centers, are their only recourse. Health authorities in South Africa fail to monitor patient care effectively, as evidenced by their uninspiring record on patient experience. Anecdotes of poor patient experiences are extensive with the health ombudsman. The Office of Health Standards Compliance (OHSC) reports horrifying stories of patients sleeping on hospital floors due to the shortage of beds, patients unable to receive critical surgical treatment due to shortage of doctors, medical supplies and equipment failure or lack thereof. A few union protests have highlighted the poor quality of public healthcare. But it is not uncommon for South Africans to voice their displeasure over poor public healthcare. Health services are individualised and there is no specific interest group or community that is affected by this overall unpleasant experience. Indications of the growing public campaign against the deteriorating healthcare system may be as simple as the increasing number of medical legal claims. This study focuses on the implementation of national core standards with specific reference to clinical leadership. This study focuses on the implementation of national core standards with specific reference to clinical leadership. RESEARCH AIM: This research seeks to explore the effectiveness of the implementation of NCSs with specific reference to Clinical Leadership in Frere Hospital. It also wants to assess if the Frere hospital upholds the national core standards METHOD: qualitative research design was used in this study. Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted. CONCLUSION: The researcher concluded that it is quite evident that the public health sector is complex and that environmental influence affect the ECDOH Functions within the health system. There is a relationship between clinical leadership and service delivery; now, to improve service delivery within the Frere hospital, strong leadership is needed to drive the change towards implementing the NCS. Ultimately, Frere hospital does not uphold the NCSs, and the staff needs to be educated on what is and how it can improve the hospital’s service delivery. RECOMMENDATIONS: Effective public leadership development, high performing and accountable leadership behavioural measurement at the most senior level at the Frere hospital is very empirical in driving effective delivery of services to patients. Effective Performance management, visible leadership role at all management levels. Performance appraisal system needs to be engineered to focus on performance and results. Recognition and Implementation of clinical leadership. Establish a culture and implementation of good governance principles in health institutions. Establish an institution based OHSC office that is visible and implement NCS through Batho Pele Principles. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
The influence of socially constructed masculinities on gender-based violence: A content analysis of published academic literature
- Authors: Cajee, Mumtaaz
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Family violence , Sex (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23688 , vital:58304
- Description: Gender-based violence is a global epidemic. Masculinities-focused interventions have a positive influence on behaviour and contribute toward positive attitudes and gender equality (Das et al., 2012). These interventions have a positive influence on factors associated with gender-based violence. However, some studies found that this influence is behavioural and does not influence patriarchal beliefs (Jewkes et al., 2010; Roy & Das, 2014). Highlighting that intervention on gender-based violence requires redress. This research sought to establish what has been published in academic literature on the influence of masculinities on gender-based violence. The research was addressed through the social constructionist paradigm; it used a mixed methods approach to research. A content-analysis was applied to 100 published academic articles that were sampled from the University of Fort Hare’s online library database using purposive sampling. The research method and design is appropriately suited to the theoretical framework – social constructionism. Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) software was used to code the quantitative and qualitative data through deductive and inductive means. The quantitative results were interpreted using descriptive statistics. The qualitative findings were analysed using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The research in this sample is mostly qualitative, majority of the research within the sample was published between 2007 and 2018, and male participants are primarily focused on within research on this topic. Majority of the research within the sample was conducted using North American Participants. The findings support previous literature. They indicated that masculine norms, compensatory masculinity, and victimization of gender non-conforming individuals are the most prominent themes within the sample. The results indicated various gaps within the research. There is an indication that different dimensions of masculinity are associated with different forms of gender-based violence. It is recommended that future research focus on the different dimensions of masculinity and their association with various forms of genderbased violence in order to appropriately inform preventative strategies and intervention. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Cajee, Mumtaaz
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Family violence , Sex (Psychology)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23688 , vital:58304
- Description: Gender-based violence is a global epidemic. Masculinities-focused interventions have a positive influence on behaviour and contribute toward positive attitudes and gender equality (Das et al., 2012). These interventions have a positive influence on factors associated with gender-based violence. However, some studies found that this influence is behavioural and does not influence patriarchal beliefs (Jewkes et al., 2010; Roy & Das, 2014). Highlighting that intervention on gender-based violence requires redress. This research sought to establish what has been published in academic literature on the influence of masculinities on gender-based violence. The research was addressed through the social constructionist paradigm; it used a mixed methods approach to research. A content-analysis was applied to 100 published academic articles that were sampled from the University of Fort Hare’s online library database using purposive sampling. The research method and design is appropriately suited to the theoretical framework – social constructionism. Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) software was used to code the quantitative and qualitative data through deductive and inductive means. The quantitative results were interpreted using descriptive statistics. The qualitative findings were analysed using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The research in this sample is mostly qualitative, majority of the research within the sample was published between 2007 and 2018, and male participants are primarily focused on within research on this topic. Majority of the research within the sample was conducted using North American Participants. The findings support previous literature. They indicated that masculine norms, compensatory masculinity, and victimization of gender non-conforming individuals are the most prominent themes within the sample. The results indicated various gaps within the research. There is an indication that different dimensions of masculinity are associated with different forms of gender-based violence. It is recommended that future research focus on the different dimensions of masculinity and their association with various forms of genderbased violence in order to appropriately inform preventative strategies and intervention. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
The role of cooperatives in local economic development in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality: A participatory monitoring and evaluation approach
- Gxabuza, Fundiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-7365
- Authors: Gxabuza, Fundiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-7365
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Cooperative societies , Economic development , Participatory monitoring and evaluation (Project management)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20273 , vital:45645
- Description: The goal to halve unemployment in South Africa by 2014 has remained, to date, elusive. In the particular case of the Eastern Cape Province, the challenge of combating unemployment is even more daunting, as it currently faces high unemployment rates. However, while there is evidence that initiatives to promote employment generation could be reinforced through Local Economic Development (LED) and, in particular, cooperatives, not much has been reported on how cooperatives contribute in minimising unemployment in the Province. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) points to the inadequacy of the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of cooperatives as a critical challenge that has largely remained unaddressed. The inadequacy of M&E in respect to the role of cooperatives in employment and LED has affected cooperatives, generally, and those operating in the Eastern Cape, particularly. This study argues for a participatory approach to relevant M&E frameworks and, thus, presents a participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) framework for evaluating cooperatives’ impact on LED. The testable framework for PM&E is partially derived from participatory action research (PAR) methodologies, where the researcher and cooperatives identify and define the problem to be solved. The thesis then develops the framework by integrating PM&E and PAR approaches in the evaluation of cooperatives’ role in employment creation and LED. By reviewing relevant literature, this study identified, assessed, and synthesized important elements for its suggested framework. Research on cooperatives has tended to focus on their role as agents of development, and much has already focussed on sharing relevant lessons learnt. Fewer studies have, by contrast, focussed on an engaged methodology for the evaluation of cooperatives’ efforts in development. The findings of this current study show that a PM&E/PAR framework must be a joint effort of all affected parties; where the researcher and/or facilitator assumes the role of a change agent, and where participants are leaders of the movement in the course for action. This study was based in East London, and the target population consisted of primary cooperatives. Primary cooperatives are defined by the Buffalo City Integrated Cooperative Development Strategy (BCMM ICDS, 2016) are cooperative that have at least five members, and whose aim is providing employment to said members. The research design for this study was exploratory and inductive. As noted previously, this study adopted a qualitative research approach that combined PAR and PM&E. Two sets of data collection were utilised, namely focus group interviews (FGIs) and an emailed questionnaire (EQ). The FGIs were conducted with the overall study population, namely 14 cooperatives. The EQ was given to specific individual participants, namely senior government and municipal officials who are responsible for the noted cooperatives. The underlying theoretical framework for this research was empowerment, agency, and the theory of community development. A qualitative data analysis was utilised based on the translation of meaning not frequency. The search for meaning elicited rich insights pertaining to participants’ views and interpretations. In all, this study established that the participating Eastern Cape cooperatives have not yet achieved their desired contributory role of promoting LED; specifically, in terms of job creation. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Gxabuza, Fundiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-7365
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Cooperative societies , Economic development , Participatory monitoring and evaluation (Project management)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20273 , vital:45645
- Description: The goal to halve unemployment in South Africa by 2014 has remained, to date, elusive. In the particular case of the Eastern Cape Province, the challenge of combating unemployment is even more daunting, as it currently faces high unemployment rates. However, while there is evidence that initiatives to promote employment generation could be reinforced through Local Economic Development (LED) and, in particular, cooperatives, not much has been reported on how cooperatives contribute in minimising unemployment in the Province. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) points to the inadequacy of the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of cooperatives as a critical challenge that has largely remained unaddressed. The inadequacy of M&E in respect to the role of cooperatives in employment and LED has affected cooperatives, generally, and those operating in the Eastern Cape, particularly. This study argues for a participatory approach to relevant M&E frameworks and, thus, presents a participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) framework for evaluating cooperatives’ impact on LED. The testable framework for PM&E is partially derived from participatory action research (PAR) methodologies, where the researcher and cooperatives identify and define the problem to be solved. The thesis then develops the framework by integrating PM&E and PAR approaches in the evaluation of cooperatives’ role in employment creation and LED. By reviewing relevant literature, this study identified, assessed, and synthesized important elements for its suggested framework. Research on cooperatives has tended to focus on their role as agents of development, and much has already focussed on sharing relevant lessons learnt. Fewer studies have, by contrast, focussed on an engaged methodology for the evaluation of cooperatives’ efforts in development. The findings of this current study show that a PM&E/PAR framework must be a joint effort of all affected parties; where the researcher and/or facilitator assumes the role of a change agent, and where participants are leaders of the movement in the course for action. This study was based in East London, and the target population consisted of primary cooperatives. Primary cooperatives are defined by the Buffalo City Integrated Cooperative Development Strategy (BCMM ICDS, 2016) are cooperative that have at least five members, and whose aim is providing employment to said members. The research design for this study was exploratory and inductive. As noted previously, this study adopted a qualitative research approach that combined PAR and PM&E. Two sets of data collection were utilised, namely focus group interviews (FGIs) and an emailed questionnaire (EQ). The FGIs were conducted with the overall study population, namely 14 cooperatives. The EQ was given to specific individual participants, namely senior government and municipal officials who are responsible for the noted cooperatives. The underlying theoretical framework for this research was empowerment, agency, and the theory of community development. A qualitative data analysis was utilised based on the translation of meaning not frequency. The search for meaning elicited rich insights pertaining to participants’ views and interpretations. In all, this study established that the participating Eastern Cape cooperatives have not yet achieved their desired contributory role of promoting LED; specifically, in terms of job creation. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Theme and protest in the South African post-apartheid novel: a case study of the writings of three black South African novelists
- Moyo, Mbongeni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-9671
- Authors: Moyo, Mbongeni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-9671
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Postcolonialism in literature , Apartheid in literature , Protest literature, South African (English)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22023 , vital:51937
- Description: This study analyses a selected cohort of black South African novelists‟ depiction of the real burning issues of the post-Apartheid South Africa. The ideas that the study is concerned with in the novel under study, are based on the aspect of theme and how it is utilised by the respective authors to address the social, economic and political issues in the post-Apartheid South Africa. The study is an investigation of the extent to which black South African novelists have depicted the aforementioned issues. The research highlights those issues that the novels under study addressed and continues by revealing how the authors depict these issues in their texts. Moreover, the study concludes that literature has a role to play in the society and recommends that it should be reliable and useful to the society. It further recommends that literature should not ignore societal issues and should be corrective in its approach. The study is comprised of six chapters: Chapter One functions as an introduction to the study. It provides information on the aims and objectives of the study, the background information on the novels under study and South African literature itself. The chapter also outlines the method and the theories, which will be used in the study. It concludes by addressing the significance of the study. Chapter Two provides a detailed analysis of the theories, which will be used in the study. This includes the Marxism and Realism theory, Afrocentric theory and the Feminist Literary theory. It also defines the concept of theme and outlines its characteristics. It discusses post-colonial literature and its development in Africa. The chapter will conclude with a disclosure of the role of theme and of the author in the African novel. Chapter Three addresses the depiction of burning issues in Mpe‟s novel “Welcome to Our Hillbrow”. It discusses the real post-colonial challenges confronting the society during the post-Apartheid South Africa. It determines whether the novel under study adequately addresses these issues. Chapter Four identifies and addresses the depiction of burning post-colonial issues in Magona‟s novel “Beauty‟s Gift”. It unveils the themes that are dealt with in the novel under study thereby linking them effectively to the current situation in the new South Africa. Chapter Five unveils the central themes in Mahala‟s Novel “When a Man Cries” and it illustrates how the author protests against the ills of post-Apartheid South Africa. Chapter Six serves as the conclusion of the study and brings out the findings and recommendations of the study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Moyo, Mbongeni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-9671
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Postcolonialism in literature , Apartheid in literature , Protest literature, South African (English)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22023 , vital:51937
- Description: This study analyses a selected cohort of black South African novelists‟ depiction of the real burning issues of the post-Apartheid South Africa. The ideas that the study is concerned with in the novel under study, are based on the aspect of theme and how it is utilised by the respective authors to address the social, economic and political issues in the post-Apartheid South Africa. The study is an investigation of the extent to which black South African novelists have depicted the aforementioned issues. The research highlights those issues that the novels under study addressed and continues by revealing how the authors depict these issues in their texts. Moreover, the study concludes that literature has a role to play in the society and recommends that it should be reliable and useful to the society. It further recommends that literature should not ignore societal issues and should be corrective in its approach. The study is comprised of six chapters: Chapter One functions as an introduction to the study. It provides information on the aims and objectives of the study, the background information on the novels under study and South African literature itself. The chapter also outlines the method and the theories, which will be used in the study. It concludes by addressing the significance of the study. Chapter Two provides a detailed analysis of the theories, which will be used in the study. This includes the Marxism and Realism theory, Afrocentric theory and the Feminist Literary theory. It also defines the concept of theme and outlines its characteristics. It discusses post-colonial literature and its development in Africa. The chapter will conclude with a disclosure of the role of theme and of the author in the African novel. Chapter Three addresses the depiction of burning issues in Mpe‟s novel “Welcome to Our Hillbrow”. It discusses the real post-colonial challenges confronting the society during the post-Apartheid South Africa. It determines whether the novel under study adequately addresses these issues. Chapter Four identifies and addresses the depiction of burning post-colonial issues in Magona‟s novel “Beauty‟s Gift”. It unveils the themes that are dealt with in the novel under study thereby linking them effectively to the current situation in the new South Africa. Chapter Five unveils the central themes in Mahala‟s Novel “When a Man Cries” and it illustrates how the author protests against the ills of post-Apartheid South Africa. Chapter Six serves as the conclusion of the study and brings out the findings and recommendations of the study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
Use of Information Communication Technology for personal information management by University of Fort Hare students in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities
- Mafu, Phumelela https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3150-0828
- Authors: Mafu, Phumelela https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3150-0828
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Information technology , Personal information management
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20992 , vital:46884
- Description: This study investigated information communication technology for personal information management by the University of Fort Hare (UFH) students in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities (FSSH). The objectives were to: find out which information communication technology applications and tools the students often use to acquire personal information; determine at what stage the students often experience a high influx of personal information and how to cope with the technology, and establish the challenges the students encounter when using information communication technology to manage personal information. The aim was to assess information communication technology for personal information management by UFH students in the FSSH. A sample of sixty respondents was randomly selected to represent a large population hoping that the results could be generalized to all FSSH students and make predictions. A quantitative research approach was chosen, utilizing the survey design and the Theory of Planned Behavior because of attitudes, behavioral control, and subjective norm. The findings reveal that 55percent of the students prefer to use portable devices, laptops to be specific to access and store information. Even though there are many search engines, 93percent of the students often use Google to search and access academic purposes on the internet. Their primary reason is that it is easy to access, download, and store information from Google. It was also established that 26percent of the students face challenges such as slow internet or damaged computers, unavailability of Wi-Fi, and crowded computer labs. This hindered their learning process. As a result, out of desperation, racing against time to submit assignments, students end up committing plagiarism. Moreover, the study's findings showed that 50percent of the students encounter information overload before they write their exams because, at this point, they are working towards collecting as much information as possible to be prepared for the exams. Furthermore, the study affirmed that 57percent of the students agree that possessing computer skills helps students in their academic journey and confirmed that students from previously disadvantaged backgrounds lack of computer skills negatively affect their academic performance. They need a quantum leap to acquire computer skills imperative for their information access, engagement, consumption, and knowledge production. , Thesis (MLIS) -- Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Mafu, Phumelela https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3150-0828
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Information technology , Personal information management
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20992 , vital:46884
- Description: This study investigated information communication technology for personal information management by the University of Fort Hare (UFH) students in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities (FSSH). The objectives were to: find out which information communication technology applications and tools the students often use to acquire personal information; determine at what stage the students often experience a high influx of personal information and how to cope with the technology, and establish the challenges the students encounter when using information communication technology to manage personal information. The aim was to assess information communication technology for personal information management by UFH students in the FSSH. A sample of sixty respondents was randomly selected to represent a large population hoping that the results could be generalized to all FSSH students and make predictions. A quantitative research approach was chosen, utilizing the survey design and the Theory of Planned Behavior because of attitudes, behavioral control, and subjective norm. The findings reveal that 55percent of the students prefer to use portable devices, laptops to be specific to access and store information. Even though there are many search engines, 93percent of the students often use Google to search and access academic purposes on the internet. Their primary reason is that it is easy to access, download, and store information from Google. It was also established that 26percent of the students face challenges such as slow internet or damaged computers, unavailability of Wi-Fi, and crowded computer labs. This hindered their learning process. As a result, out of desperation, racing against time to submit assignments, students end up committing plagiarism. Moreover, the study's findings showed that 50percent of the students encounter information overload before they write their exams because, at this point, they are working towards collecting as much information as possible to be prepared for the exams. Furthermore, the study affirmed that 57percent of the students agree that possessing computer skills helps students in their academic journey and confirmed that students from previously disadvantaged backgrounds lack of computer skills negatively affect their academic performance. They need a quantum leap to acquire computer skills imperative for their information access, engagement, consumption, and knowledge production. , Thesis (MLIS) -- Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Humanities, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06