A critical assessment of economic policies and their impact on entrepreneurship development in South Africa: a case of Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town
- Oduwole, Olusola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-7392
- Authors: Oduwole, Olusola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-7392
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Economic policy , Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26302 , vital:65236
- Description: The complexity of the South African society due to past systematic exclusion of some communities from economic activities resulted in the triple challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment. Although various economic policies had been developed since the advent of the democratic dispensation in 1994, these policies focused on levelling the economic environment, poverty alleviation and massive social security system. However, despite all the interventions, South Africa remains one of the most unequal societies in the world. This is profiled by the mushrooming of informal settlements around cities with job seekers and frequent protests by people who are impatient to experience improvement in their quality of life and who feel cheated out of their social contract. Advocacy from the governing party’s tripartite alliance towards a developmental state had placed more obligations on the government. This requires deliberate interventions through policies implementation to improve or at best alleviate the well-being of the citizenry. A survey conducted in the township of Khayelitsha to assess the impact of such economic policies on the development of entrepreneurship. Khayelitsha is one of South Africa’s largest townships, an informal settlement profiled by unemployment, poor infrastructure and unavailability of basic services. The study explored the entrepreneurial perception, start-up barriers, entrepreneurship climate, and general cultural factors relating to the environment of entrepreneurship development. The results reveal that despite the various economic policies, high level of unwillingness of citizens towards entrepreneurial activity and business venture is rife notwithstanding the high level of unemployment and poverty. The antidote to these challenges would be a rapid entrepreneurship drive among people most affected that would cause them to mind their own business” and become “masters of their own destinies. Given the complexity and massiveness of the challenges, the conclusion shows that a pragmatic solution is required. Therefore, the emancipation of entrepreneurship development in South Africa townships needs attention. The recommended solution is a pragmatic and innovative strategy based on the acronyms NEEDS HELP which stand for Neighbourhood Enhancement and Environmental Development Strategy and Holistic Entrepreneurial Lifestyle Programme. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Oduwole, Olusola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-7392
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Economic policy , Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26302 , vital:65236
- Description: The complexity of the South African society due to past systematic exclusion of some communities from economic activities resulted in the triple challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment. Although various economic policies had been developed since the advent of the democratic dispensation in 1994, these policies focused on levelling the economic environment, poverty alleviation and massive social security system. However, despite all the interventions, South Africa remains one of the most unequal societies in the world. This is profiled by the mushrooming of informal settlements around cities with job seekers and frequent protests by people who are impatient to experience improvement in their quality of life and who feel cheated out of their social contract. Advocacy from the governing party’s tripartite alliance towards a developmental state had placed more obligations on the government. This requires deliberate interventions through policies implementation to improve or at best alleviate the well-being of the citizenry. A survey conducted in the township of Khayelitsha to assess the impact of such economic policies on the development of entrepreneurship. Khayelitsha is one of South Africa’s largest townships, an informal settlement profiled by unemployment, poor infrastructure and unavailability of basic services. The study explored the entrepreneurial perception, start-up barriers, entrepreneurship climate, and general cultural factors relating to the environment of entrepreneurship development. The results reveal that despite the various economic policies, high level of unwillingness of citizens towards entrepreneurial activity and business venture is rife notwithstanding the high level of unemployment and poverty. The antidote to these challenges would be a rapid entrepreneurship drive among people most affected that would cause them to mind their own business” and become “masters of their own destinies. Given the complexity and massiveness of the challenges, the conclusion shows that a pragmatic solution is required. Therefore, the emancipation of entrepreneurship development in South Africa townships needs attention. The recommended solution is a pragmatic and innovative strategy based on the acronyms NEEDS HELP which stand for Neighbourhood Enhancement and Environmental Development Strategy and Holistic Entrepreneurial Lifestyle Programme. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
An analysis of ethics and governance practices in the public sector: United Nations and African Union perspectives
- Authors: Shindika, Emmanuel Selemani
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: United Nations , African Union , Public administration -- Moral and ethical aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26164 , vital:64946
- Description: Recent studies highlight the importance of improving governance and ethics in public entities, especially in Africa. However, doing so requires an understanding on what forms governance and ethics in public institutions, particularly at a national level. Such considerations necessitates that some focus on continental and world institutions, such as, the African Union and the United Nations. These institutions have been in existence for a number of years with mandates of improving member states governance and ethics, as well as, service delivery to the public. As such, this research primarily focuses on understanding the roles played by the AU and the UN in shaping governance and ethics to member states, as well as, of its employees. The focus of this inquiry was to understand individual narratives about how working for public institutions on a daily to day basis influences governance and ethics understanding and application. Therefore, in order to properly analyse the narratives from respondents, the study applied an inductive and qualitative approach in order to explore how the AU and UN systems influence governance and ethics for member s states and employees. Data was collected through semi structured interviews with UN and AU officials, as well as public servants of member states for those organisations. The study made use of a thematic analyses method of interpreting data. A total of six major themes emerged, they are as follows: ethics a part in governance; effectiveness of AU and UN systems; disciplinary role; ethical guidelines and standards influence on public sector; member states adherence to the UN/AU ethical conduct; and implementation gaps in ethical guidelines within member states. Interviews were conducted in four countries namely; South Africa, Tanzania, Mauritius and Botswana. Findings from the study pointed that the AU and UN systems have loopholes in dealing with issues of governance and ethics. Moreover, member states respondents also pointed to the loopholes in those two organisations. The research suggests that member states should tighten their public entities ethical compliance assessments and follow suggestions from the UN and AU. Final recommendations and suggestions for further research are provided. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Shindika, Emmanuel Selemani
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: United Nations , African Union , Public administration -- Moral and ethical aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26164 , vital:64946
- Description: Recent studies highlight the importance of improving governance and ethics in public entities, especially in Africa. However, doing so requires an understanding on what forms governance and ethics in public institutions, particularly at a national level. Such considerations necessitates that some focus on continental and world institutions, such as, the African Union and the United Nations. These institutions have been in existence for a number of years with mandates of improving member states governance and ethics, as well as, service delivery to the public. As such, this research primarily focuses on understanding the roles played by the AU and the UN in shaping governance and ethics to member states, as well as, of its employees. The focus of this inquiry was to understand individual narratives about how working for public institutions on a daily to day basis influences governance and ethics understanding and application. Therefore, in order to properly analyse the narratives from respondents, the study applied an inductive and qualitative approach in order to explore how the AU and UN systems influence governance and ethics for member s states and employees. Data was collected through semi structured interviews with UN and AU officials, as well as public servants of member states for those organisations. The study made use of a thematic analyses method of interpreting data. A total of six major themes emerged, they are as follows: ethics a part in governance; effectiveness of AU and UN systems; disciplinary role; ethical guidelines and standards influence on public sector; member states adherence to the UN/AU ethical conduct; and implementation gaps in ethical guidelines within member states. Interviews were conducted in four countries namely; South Africa, Tanzania, Mauritius and Botswana. Findings from the study pointed that the AU and UN systems have loopholes in dealing with issues of governance and ethics. Moreover, member states respondents also pointed to the loopholes in those two organisations. The research suggests that member states should tighten their public entities ethical compliance assessments and follow suggestions from the UN and AU. Final recommendations and suggestions for further research are provided. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
An analysis of schooling outcomes in the Eastern Cape, using production function approach
- Authors: Ncanywa, Thobeka
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Education -- Economic aspects , Production functions (Economic theory) , School management and organization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26570 , vital:65656
- Description: This study analysed the schooling outcomes of the Eastern Cape Department of Basic Education in the period heading into the second decade of democracy. The main objective of the thesis is to discover what constitutes the education production function of the Eastern Cape schooling system. In an attempt to reach this objective, the study adopted an education production function approach to answer the questions of what constitute the Eastern Cape education production function, what the effects are of the Dinaledi policy interventions on learner performance and the effects of district size on schooling outcomes. The main focus of the constituents of the production function is on the level of the former Bantustan penalty and Department of Education and Training (DET) penalty in relation to former White schools; as well as the quality of educators in the province. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and quantile regressions were used to analyse the data and the Annual National Assessment (ANA) represented schooling outcomes and was estimated against school, educator and community characteristics. The results indicated a strong relationship between schooling outcomes and the school inputs that were used in the study. The effects of the Dinaledi intervention programme were analysed using the grade 12 panel data for the period from 2008 to 2013, where event dropout rates represented schooling outcomes. The findings that emerged from this study indicated that this programme provides a model that can improve the Eastern Cape schooling outcomes. The effects of district size on schooling outcomes were analysed with the regression discontinuity design technique and this revealed that district sizes have an impact on schooling outcomes. Overall, the results suggested that White schools perform better than their counterparts; that placing schools in quintiles is a good policy intervention; and that educator quality is associated with schooling outcomes. The key findings from this research were the continuing existence of the apartheid legacy in Black schools; poor educator quality; an inappropriate language of instruction; gender inequalities in performance and an uneven distribution of schools in districts. The recommendations for this research are to pay more attention to the improvement of educator quality in terms of educator qualifications, training and remuneration; implement a programme like the Dinaledi programme to all schools, as it provides resources to schools; and enforce the district size as informed by the district act so as to improve the support that district officials give to schools. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Ncanywa, Thobeka
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Education -- Economic aspects , Production functions (Economic theory) , School management and organization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26570 , vital:65656
- Description: This study analysed the schooling outcomes of the Eastern Cape Department of Basic Education in the period heading into the second decade of democracy. The main objective of the thesis is to discover what constitutes the education production function of the Eastern Cape schooling system. In an attempt to reach this objective, the study adopted an education production function approach to answer the questions of what constitute the Eastern Cape education production function, what the effects are of the Dinaledi policy interventions on learner performance and the effects of district size on schooling outcomes. The main focus of the constituents of the production function is on the level of the former Bantustan penalty and Department of Education and Training (DET) penalty in relation to former White schools; as well as the quality of educators in the province. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and quantile regressions were used to analyse the data and the Annual National Assessment (ANA) represented schooling outcomes and was estimated against school, educator and community characteristics. The results indicated a strong relationship between schooling outcomes and the school inputs that were used in the study. The effects of the Dinaledi intervention programme were analysed using the grade 12 panel data for the period from 2008 to 2013, where event dropout rates represented schooling outcomes. The findings that emerged from this study indicated that this programme provides a model that can improve the Eastern Cape schooling outcomes. The effects of district size on schooling outcomes were analysed with the regression discontinuity design technique and this revealed that district sizes have an impact on schooling outcomes. Overall, the results suggested that White schools perform better than their counterparts; that placing schools in quintiles is a good policy intervention; and that educator quality is associated with schooling outcomes. The key findings from this research were the continuing existence of the apartheid legacy in Black schools; poor educator quality; an inappropriate language of instruction; gender inequalities in performance and an uneven distribution of schools in districts. The recommendations for this research are to pay more attention to the improvement of educator quality in terms of educator qualifications, training and remuneration; implement a programme like the Dinaledi programme to all schools, as it provides resources to schools; and enforce the district size as informed by the district act so as to improve the support that district officials give to schools. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
An investigation of source rocks and depositional environments on acid mine drainage in South African coal mines: a comparison of the main Karoo basin and sub-basins.
- Authors: Ncube, Lindani
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Mine drainage -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Coal mines and mining -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Acid mine drainage -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19556 , vital:43139
- Description: The coal deposits have been and continue to be the primary source of energy in South Africa. The continuous use of coal presents many challenges that includes genesis of acid mine drainage (AMD) which is as a result of the oxidation of predominant pyrite (FeS2) and other sulphides. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of source rocks and their depositional environments on AMD generation in South African coal mine environments. Five collieries from five coalfields were selected as case studies: Brandspruit in the Highveld, Vaalkrantz in the Vryheid, the Elitheni in the Molteno-Indwe, the Arnot in the Witbank and the Malatleng Exploration Project in the Waterberg Coalfields. Brandspruit, Vaalkrantz and Elitheni Collieries are located in the Main Karoo Basin, while the Witbank and the Waterberg Coalfields are located in Sub-Basins. The study investigated a variety of indices such as palaeo-depositional environments, mineral assemblages, geochemical signatures, water quality parameters, acid base accounting (ABA) and water leach tests for the coal and associated non-coal strata. An effort was made to establish the relationship between the mineralogy of the studied lithologies and the associated water quality. The study resulted in delineation of detrital and diagenetic rock components and interpretation of source area of rock types and the origin and timing of diagenetic alterations. Sandstone units are prevalent, except in the Waterberg Coalfield where mudstones are prevalent. Classifications of the mineralogical composition with descriptive adjectives yield the rock names arkose to sub-arkose categories in the Main Karoo Basin, and sub-arenites to quartz arenites in the Sub-Basins with the sandstones of recycled origin. Further, the sandstones of the Main Karoo Basin are of mixed provenance whilst those of Sub-Basins represent cratonic interior provenance. Sandstone from the Main Karoo Basin generally exhibit high concentrations of feldspars, which favour either high relief, arid or arctic climates with less chemical weathering at the source area. The presence of glauconite in sediments of the Main Karoo Basin attests to a marine continental shelf depositional environment. Sediments of the Main Karoo Basin have high contents of tadpole-shaped pyrite in coal and non-coal strata as compared to sediments of the Sub-Basins. The observed pyrite is ascribed to early diagenetic origin, and is closely related to the generation of acid mining drainage. The sediments have experienced an involved sequence of diagenetic alterations. The alterations considered to be typical for sandstones in the Main Karoo Basin are calcite cementation, feldspar dissolution, kaolinite infilling, pyrite grain coatings, albitization and pressure solution; whereas, quartz overgrowth and clay matrix filling are characteristics of sediments of Sub-Basins. The sequence and distribution of these alterations are related to the source mineral composition, depositional environment, stratigraphic relationships and burial history of the sediments. A direct link exists among the depositional environments, the mineral assemblages and the geochemical compositions of the lithologies. SiO2 is the dominant major oxide and is abundant in coals from coalfields located in the Sub-Basins. Si, Al, Fe, Ca, S, Mg, K and Na show strong association with their discrete minerals. The sandstones are substantially enriched in elements that are chemically immobile and associated with terrigenous influx, such as SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2. The observed high contents of SiO2 are probably due to source rocks and silicification. SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 are related to clay and heavy minerals, with elevated Fe2O3 (Total) content in sediments of the Main Karoo Basin ascribed to sulphidization. Sediments from the Main Karoo Basin are enriched in both Na2O and K2O due to albitization and muscovitization. Substantial concentrations of Ba, Rb and Zr are in accordance to the high amount of phyllosilicates and heavy minerals. Muscovitization contributes to the correlation of Rb and Ba with K2O. The shales are substantially depleted in SiO2, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2 and Fe2O3 due to weathering and diagenetic alteration, but are enriched in Al2O3 and P2O5. The ABA test clearly indicates that sandstones from the Main Karoo Basin have a potential of generating AMD as they contain sufficient pyrite to generate acid, with the final pH values of the samples turning acidic upon complete oxidation of pyrite. On the contrary, sediments of SubBasins contain sufficient calcite that serves to limit the amount of acid generation. Both sandstone and coal from collieries representing the Main Karoo Basin are characterised by elevated contents of S percent in comparison to coal from collieries representing the Sub-Basins. In general, the quality of water is as a result of a combination of complex geochemical interactions that involves various ions from different sources. Water leaching test shows that the leachates have varied chemical compositions with pH values in the range of 4.5-9 for the sandstone, and 2– 8.9 for the coal leachates. Variations in the pH values are attributed to regional phenomena controlled by the mineralogical and hydrological environments. Furthermore, the variation in pH is ascribed to the presence of acid forming pyrite and acid neutralizing carbonate minerals that are highly reactive in the mining environment. Elements Na, Ca, Mg and K occur in non-compliant concentrations in both coal and non-coal leachates indicating their abundance in all of the lithologies. Na enrichment in the lithologies is associated with albite, clay minerals and Al-Ksulphate coatings. Elements Fe, Al, Cd and Pb are easily leached from the lithologies. According to the equilibrium model, gibbsite, cuprite, diaspore and boehmite are the supersaturated minerals in the lithologies. Influencing factors such as the mineralogical composition of rocks are reflected in the wide variation of pH, TDS, EC and the ion concentrations of the studied water samples. The pH of the studied areas is neutral to alkaline. High levels of TDS and EC are observed in the Brandspruit Colliery, which is due to dissolution of soluble salts from the rock sequence that the water passes through. The anion chemistry shows the dominance of SO4 2- in the surface and groundwater of Brandspruit, Vaalkrantz and Elitheni Collieries, whereas HCO3 - dominates in the Arnot Colliery. SO4 2- is ascribed to the oxidative weathering of pyrites. Cldominates in groundwater from the Arnot Colliery and the Waterberg Coalfield. The cation chemistry is dominated by Na+ in the surface and groundwater of the Brandspruit, Vaalkrantz and Elitheni Collieries. Mg2+ dominates in groundwater from the Arnot Colliery, while K+ dominates in the Waterberg Coalfield. Fe is highly enriched in water from the Brandspruit Colliery, and is linked to the oxidation of pyrite. Carbonates are the supersaturated minerals in the Sub-Basins whilst sulphates are supersaturated in the Main Karoo Basin. The research shows that variations in regional mineral distribution is a result of a palaeo-deposition environment that was of marine nature for the coal sequence in the Main Karoo Basin and of fresh water for the coal sequence in Sub-Basins. A direct link therefore exists between depositional environments, mineral assemblages and whole rock geochemistry. It can be concluded that AMD is directly linked to pyrite and other sulphides, the coal mines located in the Main Karoo Basin have the possibility to deteriorate surface- and ground-water quality and to generate AMD during the mining processes; coal miners need to seriously consider applying environmental protection measures when mining coal in the Main Karoo Basin. Whereas, coal mining in the Sub-Basins has low possibility of generating AMD and pollution. , Thesis (PhD) (Geology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Ncube, Lindani
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Mine drainage -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Coal mines and mining -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa , Acid mine drainage -- Environmental aspects -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19556 , vital:43139
- Description: The coal deposits have been and continue to be the primary source of energy in South Africa. The continuous use of coal presents many challenges that includes genesis of acid mine drainage (AMD) which is as a result of the oxidation of predominant pyrite (FeS2) and other sulphides. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of source rocks and their depositional environments on AMD generation in South African coal mine environments. Five collieries from five coalfields were selected as case studies: Brandspruit in the Highveld, Vaalkrantz in the Vryheid, the Elitheni in the Molteno-Indwe, the Arnot in the Witbank and the Malatleng Exploration Project in the Waterberg Coalfields. Brandspruit, Vaalkrantz and Elitheni Collieries are located in the Main Karoo Basin, while the Witbank and the Waterberg Coalfields are located in Sub-Basins. The study investigated a variety of indices such as palaeo-depositional environments, mineral assemblages, geochemical signatures, water quality parameters, acid base accounting (ABA) and water leach tests for the coal and associated non-coal strata. An effort was made to establish the relationship between the mineralogy of the studied lithologies and the associated water quality. The study resulted in delineation of detrital and diagenetic rock components and interpretation of source area of rock types and the origin and timing of diagenetic alterations. Sandstone units are prevalent, except in the Waterberg Coalfield where mudstones are prevalent. Classifications of the mineralogical composition with descriptive adjectives yield the rock names arkose to sub-arkose categories in the Main Karoo Basin, and sub-arenites to quartz arenites in the Sub-Basins with the sandstones of recycled origin. Further, the sandstones of the Main Karoo Basin are of mixed provenance whilst those of Sub-Basins represent cratonic interior provenance. Sandstone from the Main Karoo Basin generally exhibit high concentrations of feldspars, which favour either high relief, arid or arctic climates with less chemical weathering at the source area. The presence of glauconite in sediments of the Main Karoo Basin attests to a marine continental shelf depositional environment. Sediments of the Main Karoo Basin have high contents of tadpole-shaped pyrite in coal and non-coal strata as compared to sediments of the Sub-Basins. The observed pyrite is ascribed to early diagenetic origin, and is closely related to the generation of acid mining drainage. The sediments have experienced an involved sequence of diagenetic alterations. The alterations considered to be typical for sandstones in the Main Karoo Basin are calcite cementation, feldspar dissolution, kaolinite infilling, pyrite grain coatings, albitization and pressure solution; whereas, quartz overgrowth and clay matrix filling are characteristics of sediments of Sub-Basins. The sequence and distribution of these alterations are related to the source mineral composition, depositional environment, stratigraphic relationships and burial history of the sediments. A direct link exists among the depositional environments, the mineral assemblages and the geochemical compositions of the lithologies. SiO2 is the dominant major oxide and is abundant in coals from coalfields located in the Sub-Basins. Si, Al, Fe, Ca, S, Mg, K and Na show strong association with their discrete minerals. The sandstones are substantially enriched in elements that are chemically immobile and associated with terrigenous influx, such as SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2. The observed high contents of SiO2 are probably due to source rocks and silicification. SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 are related to clay and heavy minerals, with elevated Fe2O3 (Total) content in sediments of the Main Karoo Basin ascribed to sulphidization. Sediments from the Main Karoo Basin are enriched in both Na2O and K2O due to albitization and muscovitization. Substantial concentrations of Ba, Rb and Zr are in accordance to the high amount of phyllosilicates and heavy minerals. Muscovitization contributes to the correlation of Rb and Ba with K2O. The shales are substantially depleted in SiO2, CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2 and Fe2O3 due to weathering and diagenetic alteration, but are enriched in Al2O3 and P2O5. The ABA test clearly indicates that sandstones from the Main Karoo Basin have a potential of generating AMD as they contain sufficient pyrite to generate acid, with the final pH values of the samples turning acidic upon complete oxidation of pyrite. On the contrary, sediments of SubBasins contain sufficient calcite that serves to limit the amount of acid generation. Both sandstone and coal from collieries representing the Main Karoo Basin are characterised by elevated contents of S percent in comparison to coal from collieries representing the Sub-Basins. In general, the quality of water is as a result of a combination of complex geochemical interactions that involves various ions from different sources. Water leaching test shows that the leachates have varied chemical compositions with pH values in the range of 4.5-9 for the sandstone, and 2– 8.9 for the coal leachates. Variations in the pH values are attributed to regional phenomena controlled by the mineralogical and hydrological environments. Furthermore, the variation in pH is ascribed to the presence of acid forming pyrite and acid neutralizing carbonate minerals that are highly reactive in the mining environment. Elements Na, Ca, Mg and K occur in non-compliant concentrations in both coal and non-coal leachates indicating their abundance in all of the lithologies. Na enrichment in the lithologies is associated with albite, clay minerals and Al-Ksulphate coatings. Elements Fe, Al, Cd and Pb are easily leached from the lithologies. According to the equilibrium model, gibbsite, cuprite, diaspore and boehmite are the supersaturated minerals in the lithologies. Influencing factors such as the mineralogical composition of rocks are reflected in the wide variation of pH, TDS, EC and the ion concentrations of the studied water samples. The pH of the studied areas is neutral to alkaline. High levels of TDS and EC are observed in the Brandspruit Colliery, which is due to dissolution of soluble salts from the rock sequence that the water passes through. The anion chemistry shows the dominance of SO4 2- in the surface and groundwater of Brandspruit, Vaalkrantz and Elitheni Collieries, whereas HCO3 - dominates in the Arnot Colliery. SO4 2- is ascribed to the oxidative weathering of pyrites. Cldominates in groundwater from the Arnot Colliery and the Waterberg Coalfield. The cation chemistry is dominated by Na+ in the surface and groundwater of the Brandspruit, Vaalkrantz and Elitheni Collieries. Mg2+ dominates in groundwater from the Arnot Colliery, while K+ dominates in the Waterberg Coalfield. Fe is highly enriched in water from the Brandspruit Colliery, and is linked to the oxidation of pyrite. Carbonates are the supersaturated minerals in the Sub-Basins whilst sulphates are supersaturated in the Main Karoo Basin. The research shows that variations in regional mineral distribution is a result of a palaeo-deposition environment that was of marine nature for the coal sequence in the Main Karoo Basin and of fresh water for the coal sequence in Sub-Basins. A direct link therefore exists between depositional environments, mineral assemblages and whole rock geochemistry. It can be concluded that AMD is directly linked to pyrite and other sulphides, the coal mines located in the Main Karoo Basin have the possibility to deteriorate surface- and ground-water quality and to generate AMD during the mining processes; coal miners need to seriously consider applying environmental protection measures when mining coal in the Main Karoo Basin. Whereas, coal mining in the Sub-Basins has low possibility of generating AMD and pollution. , Thesis (PhD) (Geology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Assessing public administration implications of the use and disposal of agro-chemicals in A2 farms in Zimbabwe : a case study of Chirumhanzu District
- Authors: Matunhu, Viola
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Agricultural chemicals , Hazardous waste treatment facilities , Pesticide waste
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26481 , vital:65471
- Description: This study is concerned with use and disposal of agro-chemical in A2 farms in Zimbabwe with specific reference to Chirumhanzu District. The study is located in the field of public administration. A transformational mixed research design was employed in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the field data. The study involved farm employees in 21 A2 farms that use agro-chemicals to enhance farm productivity. Non probability sampling techniques were employed to select the participating farms. Interviews, questionnaires, literature search, and observation where the main data collection instruments. A total of 150 purposively selected employees drawn from 21 participating farms participated in the study. The findings of this empirical study, which uses the terms I, the researcher, and the study interchangeably, were that there is poor use and management of agro-chemicals in the area. Most farm employees do not adhere to instructions on use and disposal of the chemicals and there is a weak monitoring and evaluation of the use and disposal of agro-chemicals on the farms. Yet, most of these chemicals are carcinogens. Farm employees need to be trained on personal and public health implications of poor management of agro-chemicals. Labels on containers that store chemicals need to be written in both English and vernacular, which is not the case in the district. Labels on most of the chemicals on the farms studied are written in English and technical terms are used. Although, most of the employees on the farms are literate, they find it difficult to understand the jargon on labels. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Matunhu, Viola
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Agricultural chemicals , Hazardous waste treatment facilities , Pesticide waste
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26481 , vital:65471
- Description: This study is concerned with use and disposal of agro-chemical in A2 farms in Zimbabwe with specific reference to Chirumhanzu District. The study is located in the field of public administration. A transformational mixed research design was employed in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the field data. The study involved farm employees in 21 A2 farms that use agro-chemicals to enhance farm productivity. Non probability sampling techniques were employed to select the participating farms. Interviews, questionnaires, literature search, and observation where the main data collection instruments. A total of 150 purposively selected employees drawn from 21 participating farms participated in the study. The findings of this empirical study, which uses the terms I, the researcher, and the study interchangeably, were that there is poor use and management of agro-chemicals in the area. Most farm employees do not adhere to instructions on use and disposal of the chemicals and there is a weak monitoring and evaluation of the use and disposal of agro-chemicals on the farms. Yet, most of these chemicals are carcinogens. Farm employees need to be trained on personal and public health implications of poor management of agro-chemicals. Labels on containers that store chemicals need to be written in both English and vernacular, which is not the case in the district. Labels on most of the chemicals on the farms studied are written in English and technical terms are used. Although, most of the employees on the farms are literate, they find it difficult to understand the jargon on labels. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Study of the biotransformations and microbiological properties of cymbopogon citratus
- Ajayi, Emmanuel Olusegun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-4948
- Authors: Ajayi, Emmanuel Olusegun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-4948
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Lemongras , Essences and essential oils
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19737 , vital:43197
- Description: Variations in the essential oil yield, chemical composition and kinetics of chemical transformation, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the Cymbopogon citratus cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa, over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and the modified forms of conventional hydrodistillation methods have been evaluated. The modified forms involve variation in the pH medium to effect extraction and to obtain the whole leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass). The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 10, 11, 13, and 9 principal compounds in the microwave, extraction, hydrodistillation (water-distilled), hydrodistillation (aciddistilled and hydrodistillation (base-distilled), respectively with citral being the prominent compound in all the various extraction methods, with the water-distilled method having the highest cumulative citral content under the period specified. Each of the components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different points of the year. Different extraction methods produce different compounds. Increase in the amount of citral content was observed during the maturation stage of Cymbopogon citratus in all the extraction methods. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined on the oils and extracts of Cymbopogon citratus using agar dilution method. The essential oils obtained using all the methods of extraction showed activity against all the tested bacteria at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the acid-distilled varied between 1.25 and 5.0 mg mL-1, while those obtained by both water- and base-distilled showed equal activity on the microorganisms with the MIC ranging between 2.5 and 10 mg mL-1. The microwave extraction showed the least activity with the MIC of 10 mg mL-1. This however suggested that the oils obtained through acid-distillation showed the greatest activity than all other methods of extraction. Activity of the various extracts on bacteria showed that the ethanol extract had the highest activity on the tested organisms with MIC ranging between 0.625 and 1.25 mg mL-1. This was closely followed by the acid-extract (1.25 and 5.0 mg mL-1), methanol extract (1.25 and 10 mg mL-1), acetone extract (2.5 and 5.0 mg mL-1), and base extract (5.0 mg mL-1). Both cold water and hot water extracts showed the least activity of MIC, >10 mg mL-1. The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils and extracts were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay, [(2,2ˊ-azino bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS), nitric oxide and ferric reducing power assays. The oils and extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging ability, but not as high as the standard drugs. The base extract showed a higher reducing power than the standard drug, rutin. There were significant differences in the phytochemicals contents of the various leaf extracts. The acetone extract has the highest flavonol, proanthocyanidin, and alkaloid contents. The ethanol extract showed the highest amount of phenolic content with the acid extract, having the least. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography was employed to obtain different fractions of extracts using four eluent solvent systems of varying polarities: toluene, petroleum ether, hexane and ethyl acetate and sprayed with anisaldehyde. A single, visible spot of B-fraction was developed, collected and analyzed as 1-methyl-2,4,5- trinitroimidazole with renown valuable properties. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Ajayi, Emmanuel Olusegun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-4948
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Lemongras , Essences and essential oils
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19737 , vital:43197
- Description: Variations in the essential oil yield, chemical composition and kinetics of chemical transformation, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties of the Cymbopogon citratus cultivated in Alice, Eastern Cape of South Africa, over a period of 12 months using the solvent-free microwave extraction and the modified forms of conventional hydrodistillation methods have been evaluated. The modified forms involve variation in the pH medium to effect extraction and to obtain the whole leaf extracts of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass). The GC-MS analyses of the essential oils revealed the presence of 10, 11, 13, and 9 principal compounds in the microwave, extraction, hydrodistillation (water-distilled), hydrodistillation (aciddistilled and hydrodistillation (base-distilled), respectively with citral being the prominent compound in all the various extraction methods, with the water-distilled method having the highest cumulative citral content under the period specified. Each of the components of the oils varied in quantity and quality of yield at different points of the year. Different extraction methods produce different compounds. Increase in the amount of citral content was observed during the maturation stage of Cymbopogon citratus in all the extraction methods. Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined on the oils and extracts of Cymbopogon citratus using agar dilution method. The essential oils obtained using all the methods of extraction showed activity against all the tested bacteria at a concentration of 10 mg mL-1. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the acid-distilled varied between 1.25 and 5.0 mg mL-1, while those obtained by both water- and base-distilled showed equal activity on the microorganisms with the MIC ranging between 2.5 and 10 mg mL-1. The microwave extraction showed the least activity with the MIC of 10 mg mL-1. This however suggested that the oils obtained through acid-distillation showed the greatest activity than all other methods of extraction. Activity of the various extracts on bacteria showed that the ethanol extract had the highest activity on the tested organisms with MIC ranging between 0.625 and 1.25 mg mL-1. This was closely followed by the acid-extract (1.25 and 5.0 mg mL-1), methanol extract (1.25 and 10 mg mL-1), acetone extract (2.5 and 5.0 mg mL-1), and base extract (5.0 mg mL-1). Both cold water and hot water extracts showed the least activity of MIC, >10 mg mL-1. The antioxidant and free-radical scavenging activity of the obtained oils and extracts were tested by means of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH+) assay, [(2,2ˊ-azino bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS), nitric oxide and ferric reducing power assays. The oils and extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging ability, but not as high as the standard drugs. The base extract showed a higher reducing power than the standard drug, rutin. There were significant differences in the phytochemicals contents of the various leaf extracts. The acetone extract has the highest flavonol, proanthocyanidin, and alkaloid contents. The ethanol extract showed the highest amount of phenolic content with the acid extract, having the least. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography was employed to obtain different fractions of extracts using four eluent solvent systems of varying polarities: toluene, petroleum ether, hexane and ethyl acetate and sprayed with anisaldehyde. A single, visible spot of B-fraction was developed, collected and analyzed as 1-methyl-2,4,5- trinitroimidazole with renown valuable properties. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
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