Barriers to utilisation of antenatal care services in Bloemfontein, sub-district of Mangaung Metro, Free State, South Africa
- Montshiwa, Kgalalelo Christine
- Authors: Montshiwa, Kgalalelo Christine
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Prenatal care
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26995 , vital:66212
- Description: Background: Maternal and child mortality remain a global health problem, regardless of preventative measures put in place. Antenatal care is crucial to decrease maternal and child morbidity and mortality. However, in Bloemfontein, the sub-district of Mangaung Metro in the Free State, it has been identified that women utilise this kind of service sub-optimally. The study aimed to explore and describe barriers to the utilisation of antenatal care by pregnant women in the Bloemfontein sub-district of Mangaung Metro. Methodology: This study was qualitative and used an explorative, descriptive design. Qualitative data was collected by using focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews. Three focus group discussions with twenty-five pregnant and lactating mothers, aged between 18 and 49 years, were conducted. Participants took part in one focus group discussion at each healthcare facility. Four key informant interviews were conducted with four facility managers and one professional midwife who conducted ANC at the clinic at the time of the study in the three healthcare facilities. A thematic analysis process was used to analyse the collected qualitative data under each identified barrier. The STATA version 15 was used in the analysis of the demographic characteristics of the participants. Results: Most of the participants indicated that they are aware of the importance of attending ANC appointments however, they have voiced that the delayed waiting times and staff attitudes contribute to how they feel about visiting a clinic early. Some of the participants mentioned that they have cultural barriers as they still believe that a traditional pregnant woman should not reveal her pregnancy in the early days but must rather wait until her stomach has grown significantly for her to visit the clinic. Two participants indicated that they had unplanned pregnancies and wanted to do an abortion, but their religious beliefs prevented them to choose to terminate their pregnancies. Economically, not all participants complained about their financial situation though the majority were unemployed and single. Participants from the Bloemspruit facility complained of transport as they stay far from the clinic and they are sometimes forced to walk alone which makes it difficult to attend all their booked sessions with their midwives. The results of the study revealed that there are several factors contributing to late antenatal care attendance namely provider and personal factors contributing to late antenatal care attendance in the Bloemfontein sub-district of Mangaung Metro. Personal factors that were found to be contributing to late antenatal care booking were lack of transport, especially for Bloemspruit participants, unwanted pregnancy, lack of financial support, lack of partner support, cultural and religious beliefs, and lack of knowledge. Provider factors that were found to be contributing to late booking were lack of resources like tools of the trade, long waiting times, poor infrastructure, human resources, and midwives’ attitudes. Recommendations. To deploy qualified midwives to conduct antenatal care clinics, to extend the service over the weekends as participants mentioned that they struggle to get time off from work during the week. Health promotion and community awareness campaigns on the importance of antenatal care may increase the utilisation of antenatal care services. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Montshiwa, Kgalalelo Christine
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Prenatal care
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26995 , vital:66212
- Description: Background: Maternal and child mortality remain a global health problem, regardless of preventative measures put in place. Antenatal care is crucial to decrease maternal and child morbidity and mortality. However, in Bloemfontein, the sub-district of Mangaung Metro in the Free State, it has been identified that women utilise this kind of service sub-optimally. The study aimed to explore and describe barriers to the utilisation of antenatal care by pregnant women in the Bloemfontein sub-district of Mangaung Metro. Methodology: This study was qualitative and used an explorative, descriptive design. Qualitative data was collected by using focus group discussions and key informants’ interviews. Three focus group discussions with twenty-five pregnant and lactating mothers, aged between 18 and 49 years, were conducted. Participants took part in one focus group discussion at each healthcare facility. Four key informant interviews were conducted with four facility managers and one professional midwife who conducted ANC at the clinic at the time of the study in the three healthcare facilities. A thematic analysis process was used to analyse the collected qualitative data under each identified barrier. The STATA version 15 was used in the analysis of the demographic characteristics of the participants. Results: Most of the participants indicated that they are aware of the importance of attending ANC appointments however, they have voiced that the delayed waiting times and staff attitudes contribute to how they feel about visiting a clinic early. Some of the participants mentioned that they have cultural barriers as they still believe that a traditional pregnant woman should not reveal her pregnancy in the early days but must rather wait until her stomach has grown significantly for her to visit the clinic. Two participants indicated that they had unplanned pregnancies and wanted to do an abortion, but their religious beliefs prevented them to choose to terminate their pregnancies. Economically, not all participants complained about their financial situation though the majority were unemployed and single. Participants from the Bloemspruit facility complained of transport as they stay far from the clinic and they are sometimes forced to walk alone which makes it difficult to attend all their booked sessions with their midwives. The results of the study revealed that there are several factors contributing to late antenatal care attendance namely provider and personal factors contributing to late antenatal care attendance in the Bloemfontein sub-district of Mangaung Metro. Personal factors that were found to be contributing to late antenatal care booking were lack of transport, especially for Bloemspruit participants, unwanted pregnancy, lack of financial support, lack of partner support, cultural and religious beliefs, and lack of knowledge. Provider factors that were found to be contributing to late booking were lack of resources like tools of the trade, long waiting times, poor infrastructure, human resources, and midwives’ attitudes. Recommendations. To deploy qualified midwives to conduct antenatal care clinics, to extend the service over the weekends as participants mentioned that they struggle to get time off from work during the week. Health promotion and community awareness campaigns on the importance of antenatal care may increase the utilisation of antenatal care services. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2023
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
Estimating estuarine suspended sediment concentration through spectral indices and band ratios derived from Sentinel-2 data: a case of Umzimvubu Estuary, South Africa
- Authors: Tshazi, Zamavuso
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Sediments (Geology) , Suspended sediments , Remote sensing
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27743 , vital:69406
- Description: The current study was aimed at evaluating the reliability and efficacy of selected remote sensing band ratios and indices in accurately estimating the spatial patterns of suspended sediment concentration level in Umzimvubu Estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Sentinel-2 imagery was acquired on the 29th of March 2022. Band reflectance values were extracted from Sentinel -2 imagery, and laboratory measurements of suspended sediment concentration were obtained from samples collected from fifty (50) sampling points in the estuary on the 29th of March 2022. Sentinel-2 imagery was then validated with the field data in estimating and mapping the suspended sediment concentration. Several remote sensing band ratios Red/(Green plus Near-Infrared), Near-Infrared/Green, Red plus Near-Infrared/Green, Blue(Green plus Red)/Blue and Green plus Near-Infrared)/Blue and indices, that is the Normalised Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), Normalized Difference Suspended Sediment Index (NDSSI) and Normalized Suspended Material Index (NSMI)) were then used to predict the suspended sediment concentration from Sentinel-2 imagery. The accuracy of band ratios and indices was evaluated by correlating the prediction against the observed suspended sediment concentration from Sentinel-2 imagery. A total of 50 points were randomly surveyed in the Umzimvubu estuary for analyzing suspended sediment concentration. Results indicate that the Blue (Green plus Red)/Blue, the Green plus Near-Infrared)/Blue and NMSI performed well based on their R-squared. The Blue (Green plus Red)/Blue and Green + Near-Infrared)/Blue band ratios had 0.86 and 0, 94, respectively. While NSMI yielded an R-squared of 0,76 and RMSE of 19,2 mg/L. The results in the current study indicate that Sentinel-2 imagery can reliably estimate the concentration of suspended sediment level in the Umzimvubu Estuary using band ratios and indices. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Tshazi, Zamavuso
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Sediments (Geology) , Suspended sediments , Remote sensing
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27743 , vital:69406
- Description: The current study was aimed at evaluating the reliability and efficacy of selected remote sensing band ratios and indices in accurately estimating the spatial patterns of suspended sediment concentration level in Umzimvubu Estuary, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Sentinel-2 imagery was acquired on the 29th of March 2022. Band reflectance values were extracted from Sentinel -2 imagery, and laboratory measurements of suspended sediment concentration were obtained from samples collected from fifty (50) sampling points in the estuary on the 29th of March 2022. Sentinel-2 imagery was then validated with the field data in estimating and mapping the suspended sediment concentration. Several remote sensing band ratios Red/(Green plus Near-Infrared), Near-Infrared/Green, Red plus Near-Infrared/Green, Blue(Green plus Red)/Blue and Green plus Near-Infrared)/Blue and indices, that is the Normalised Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), Normalized Difference Suspended Sediment Index (NDSSI) and Normalized Suspended Material Index (NSMI)) were then used to predict the suspended sediment concentration from Sentinel-2 imagery. The accuracy of band ratios and indices was evaluated by correlating the prediction against the observed suspended sediment concentration from Sentinel-2 imagery. A total of 50 points were randomly surveyed in the Umzimvubu estuary for analyzing suspended sediment concentration. Results indicate that the Blue (Green plus Red)/Blue, the Green plus Near-Infrared)/Blue and NMSI performed well based on their R-squared. The Blue (Green plus Red)/Blue and Green + Near-Infrared)/Blue band ratios had 0.86 and 0, 94, respectively. While NSMI yielded an R-squared of 0,76 and RMSE of 19,2 mg/L. The results in the current study indicate that Sentinel-2 imagery can reliably estimate the concentration of suspended sediment level in the Umzimvubu Estuary using band ratios and indices. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
Examining the nature of entrepreneurship within the towns and rural areas of Sakhisizwe Local Municipality, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Maliwa, Noluvuyo
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Developing countries--Economic conditions , Small business
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27555 , vital:69315
- Description: Entrepreneurship plays an important role in societies around the world because it supports economic growth and creates job opportunities. This study investigated the nature of entrepreneurship in three distinct parts of Sakhisizwe Local Municipality, including a town within Sakhisizwe’s former homeland area, rural communities within its former homeland area, and a town within an area characterised by large-scale commercial farms. The study sought to establish the share of adults in the different parts of the municipality involved in entrepreneurship, to identify factors that contribute to the decision to become an entrepreneur, and to examine strategies pursued by, and challenges experienced, different types of entrepreneurs. The study involved a random sample of 362 respondents and both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Among the main findings is that the proportion of adults involved in enterprise in Sakhisizwe is higher than found by other studies for South Africa as a whole, but is especially high for those living in the town in the former homeland area. While those residing in rural communities also engage in enterprise, they are generally compelled to practice their enterprises in town, thus have the disadvantage of needing frequent transport. While residing in the town in the commercial farming area is not disadvantageous in the same way, the challenge is that the town itself is able to support relatively few entrepreneurs due to fewer people coming to town for their shopping. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agricultures, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Maliwa, Noluvuyo
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Developing countries--Economic conditions , Small business
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27555 , vital:69315
- Description: Entrepreneurship plays an important role in societies around the world because it supports economic growth and creates job opportunities. This study investigated the nature of entrepreneurship in three distinct parts of Sakhisizwe Local Municipality, including a town within Sakhisizwe’s former homeland area, rural communities within its former homeland area, and a town within an area characterised by large-scale commercial farms. The study sought to establish the share of adults in the different parts of the municipality involved in entrepreneurship, to identify factors that contribute to the decision to become an entrepreneur, and to examine strategies pursued by, and challenges experienced, different types of entrepreneurs. The study involved a random sample of 362 respondents and both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Among the main findings is that the proportion of adults involved in enterprise in Sakhisizwe is higher than found by other studies for South Africa as a whole, but is especially high for those living in the town in the former homeland area. While those residing in rural communities also engage in enterprise, they are generally compelled to practice their enterprises in town, thus have the disadvantage of needing frequent transport. While residing in the town in the commercial farming area is not disadvantageous in the same way, the challenge is that the town itself is able to support relatively few entrepreneurs due to fewer people coming to town for their shopping. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agricultures, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
Interpreting structural polarization in Zimbabwean electoral politics since 1980
- Authors: Munhuweyi, kenneth Takudzwa
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Zimbabwe -- Politics and government -- 1980- , Political history , Politics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27105 , vital:66303
- Description: The study presents the structural polarization that characterized Zimbabwe’s postindependence electoral politics from 1980. Existing literature on the same phenomenon of polarization is both fragmented and inconsistent. Nevertheless, this study traced the history of Zimbabwean polarization to the pre-colonial and colonial periods to ascertain the reality of post-independence polarization. The postindependence of Zimbabwe under the Mugabe and Mnangagwa administrations, the ZANU-PF ruling party, was marked by political repression and restriction in electoral politics -a stealth authoritarian practice. In line with earlier studies, this research suggested that Zimbabwe is far from being an institutionalized democracy, given the dearth of electoral democratic qualities, the rule of law- and constitutional subversion. Zimbabwe has had a series of elections under monitoring and evaluation by local and international observers. The electoral observers’ reports and verdicts remain crucial in any given election and require scrutiny to determine their credibility and legitimacy. In 2018, Mnangagwa opened a doorway for international electoral monitoring/observation, previously closed by Mugabe in 2002. While recognizing Mnangagwa’s democratic aspirations, the 2017 post-coup was laced with political repression and 2018 post-election judicial verdict bias. There have been democratic transitioning impediments due to the ZANU-PF party’s centralized state institutions and militarized state capture –typical of a bureaucratic authoritarian regime. With the ZANU-PF party’s competitive authoritarianism in Zimbabwe, the thesis presented the prospects of the Citizens Coalition for Change opposition political parties’ -office seeking coalition building -aiming at maximizing electoral outcomes towards power changing and electoral reforms. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Munhuweyi, kenneth Takudzwa
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Zimbabwe -- Politics and government -- 1980- , Political history , Politics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27105 , vital:66303
- Description: The study presents the structural polarization that characterized Zimbabwe’s postindependence electoral politics from 1980. Existing literature on the same phenomenon of polarization is both fragmented and inconsistent. Nevertheless, this study traced the history of Zimbabwean polarization to the pre-colonial and colonial periods to ascertain the reality of post-independence polarization. The postindependence of Zimbabwe under the Mugabe and Mnangagwa administrations, the ZANU-PF ruling party, was marked by political repression and restriction in electoral politics -a stealth authoritarian practice. In line with earlier studies, this research suggested that Zimbabwe is far from being an institutionalized democracy, given the dearth of electoral democratic qualities, the rule of law- and constitutional subversion. Zimbabwe has had a series of elections under monitoring and evaluation by local and international observers. The electoral observers’ reports and verdicts remain crucial in any given election and require scrutiny to determine their credibility and legitimacy. In 2018, Mnangagwa opened a doorway for international electoral monitoring/observation, previously closed by Mugabe in 2002. While recognizing Mnangagwa’s democratic aspirations, the 2017 post-coup was laced with political repression and 2018 post-election judicial verdict bias. There have been democratic transitioning impediments due to the ZANU-PF party’s centralized state institutions and militarized state capture –typical of a bureaucratic authoritarian regime. With the ZANU-PF party’s competitive authoritarianism in Zimbabwe, the thesis presented the prospects of the Citizens Coalition for Change opposition political parties’ -office seeking coalition building -aiming at maximizing electoral outcomes towards power changing and electoral reforms. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
Perceptions of stakeholders in schools on the implementation of school sport policy in school sport development in the Amathole-west district, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Xakaxa, M Z
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Sports administration , Sports and state
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27959 , vital:70943
- Description: This study aimed to explore the perceptions of stakeholders in schools regarding the implementation of school sport policy and its impact on school sport development in the Amathole-west district of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The research sought to examine teachers' knowledge of the Department of Basic Education's school sport policy, assess whether the policy promotes school sport development, identify ways to enhance its implementation in Amathole-west, and propose strategies for the effective implementation of the policy by the Department of Basic Education. Adopting a qualitative interpretivist research approach, the study employed in-depth one-on-one interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. A purposive sample of 20 participants was selected, grouped into four focus groups, to contribute valuable insights to the study. Drawing on the Participatory School Governance model and the Social Ecological Model, the findings revealed that teachers, members of the School Management Team, and School Governing Body members perceive sports as essential for learners, as they promote physical health and instill discipline and moral behavior. However, the study also highlighted that teachers and School Governing Body members play a limited role in the implementation of school sport policy and development. Instead, they tend to rely on externally qualified sports experts, resulting in reduced involvement in policy implementation. The study emphasizes the need for improved involvement and investment in school sport policy implementation. Additionally, several strategies were suggested to ensure the effective implementation of school sport policy. These include providing Continued Professional Development (CPD) opportunities for teachers and increasing awareness about the sports policy. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the perceptions of school stakeholders regarding the implementation of school sport policy and the development of school sports in Amathole-west, South Africa. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing teachers' involvement and knowledge in policy implementation and recommend strategies for the successful implementation of the school sport policy , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Xakaxa, M Z
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Sports administration , Sports and state
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27959 , vital:70943
- Description: This study aimed to explore the perceptions of stakeholders in schools regarding the implementation of school sport policy and its impact on school sport development in the Amathole-west district of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The research sought to examine teachers' knowledge of the Department of Basic Education's school sport policy, assess whether the policy promotes school sport development, identify ways to enhance its implementation in Amathole-west, and propose strategies for the effective implementation of the policy by the Department of Basic Education. Adopting a qualitative interpretivist research approach, the study employed in-depth one-on-one interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis. A purposive sample of 20 participants was selected, grouped into four focus groups, to contribute valuable insights to the study. Drawing on the Participatory School Governance model and the Social Ecological Model, the findings revealed that teachers, members of the School Management Team, and School Governing Body members perceive sports as essential for learners, as they promote physical health and instill discipline and moral behavior. However, the study also highlighted that teachers and School Governing Body members play a limited role in the implementation of school sport policy and development. Instead, they tend to rely on externally qualified sports experts, resulting in reduced involvement in policy implementation. The study emphasizes the need for improved involvement and investment in school sport policy implementation. Additionally, several strategies were suggested to ensure the effective implementation of school sport policy. These include providing Continued Professional Development (CPD) opportunities for teachers and increasing awareness about the sports policy. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the perceptions of school stakeholders regarding the implementation of school sport policy and the development of school sports in Amathole-west, South Africa. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing teachers' involvement and knowledge in policy implementation and recommend strategies for the successful implementation of the school sport policy , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
Spatial assessment of riparian vegetation condition in relation to water quality: a case of the Keiskamma River, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Teyise, Anda
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Water quality , Riparian plants , Stream health
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27679 , vital:69393
- Description: Riparian vegetation plays several roles in ecological functioning, such as improving water quality because it can filtrate the sediments and provides stability on the floodplain. The condition of riparian vegetation can serve to provide information regarding river condition. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which water quality level of the Keiskamma River can be explained by the riparian vegetation density patterns. This study used Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) satellite image to assess spatial patterns in riparian vegetation condition. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was generated from the Sentinel-2 imagery and was used as the base from which riparian vegetation density classes were obtained through the supervised image classification technique. The image classification accuracy assessment was caried out to verify and validate the accuracy of riparian vegetation density classes. This technique produced the overall accuracy (OA) classification of 83.72 percent. The riverine water quality parameters were measured on the randomly surveyed sites using the Premium Series PC60 5-in-1 Water Quality Tester. High density of riparian vegetation were found in the upper course of the river. The low-density riparian vegetation dominates the middle course of the river while the lower part of the river contains a mixture of the three riparian vegetation conditions. The one-sample t-test statistical technique was carried out to determine the spatial pattern of water quality parameters. The t-test results revealed the significant variation in water pH, with the p-value of 0.00. However, t-test results also showed insignificant variations in water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC), with p-values of 0.117 0.059 and 0.059 respectively. The linear regression was used to determine the relationship between riparian vegetation and water quality. In this case, the NDVI values were used as surrogate for riparian vegetation condition. The results showed insignificant relationships between NDVI and water pH (r2 = 0.00), NDVI and water TDS (r2 = 0.09), and NDVI and water EC (r2 = 0.09) along the Keiskamma River. In view of the findings obtained from this study “spatial differences in riparian vegetation along the lateral and longitudinal dimensions of the Keiskamma River denote spatial variations in water quality levels”, is rejected. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Teyise, Anda
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: Water quality , Riparian plants , Stream health
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27679 , vital:69393
- Description: Riparian vegetation plays several roles in ecological functioning, such as improving water quality because it can filtrate the sediments and provides stability on the floodplain. The condition of riparian vegetation can serve to provide information regarding river condition. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which water quality level of the Keiskamma River can be explained by the riparian vegetation density patterns. This study used Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) satellite image to assess spatial patterns in riparian vegetation condition. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was generated from the Sentinel-2 imagery and was used as the base from which riparian vegetation density classes were obtained through the supervised image classification technique. The image classification accuracy assessment was caried out to verify and validate the accuracy of riparian vegetation density classes. This technique produced the overall accuracy (OA) classification of 83.72 percent. The riverine water quality parameters were measured on the randomly surveyed sites using the Premium Series PC60 5-in-1 Water Quality Tester. High density of riparian vegetation were found in the upper course of the river. The low-density riparian vegetation dominates the middle course of the river while the lower part of the river contains a mixture of the three riparian vegetation conditions. The one-sample t-test statistical technique was carried out to determine the spatial pattern of water quality parameters. The t-test results revealed the significant variation in water pH, with the p-value of 0.00. However, t-test results also showed insignificant variations in water Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC), with p-values of 0.117 0.059 and 0.059 respectively. The linear regression was used to determine the relationship between riparian vegetation and water quality. In this case, the NDVI values were used as surrogate for riparian vegetation condition. The results showed insignificant relationships between NDVI and water pH (r2 = 0.00), NDVI and water TDS (r2 = 0.09), and NDVI and water EC (r2 = 0.09) along the Keiskamma River. In view of the findings obtained from this study “spatial differences in riparian vegetation along the lateral and longitudinal dimensions of the Keiskamma River denote spatial variations in water quality levels”, is rejected. , Thesis (MSci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
The classification performance of ensemble decision tree classifiers: a case study of detecting fraud in credit card transactions
- Authors: Chogugudza, Mcdonald
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: fraud , Commercial fraud , Accounting fraud
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27590 , vital:69317
- Description: In this dissertation, we propose ensemble decision tree classifiers as an ideal classification technique for solving the problem of fraud in the domain of credit card transactions. Ensemble tree classifiers have been applied in many areas like speech recognition, image recognition and medical diagnostics and have shown excellent results. At the centre of fraud, credit card fraud has been a major concern. The rise in credit card fraud is largely attributed to the nature in which it can be done. A fraudster does not need to always be physically present to commit fraud making it the number one target for criminals. Card-Not-Present refers to this type of fraud where an electronic transaction can be conducted without the need for a client to be present. This can be done via telephonic calls or the web. To be able to come up with better classifiers it was important for the researcher to first investigate what causes misclassifications in fraud detection systems. A systematic literature review was done to uncover the factors that have been identified as causes of misclassifications. It was discovered that many factors lead to misclassifications and several authors have proposed techniques to handle these factors. However, there is no universal techniques for addressing factors that lead to misclassifications as different domains have different datasets which require different techniques. This study investigates how parameters involved in modelling fraud detection systems impact the classification performance of ensemble decision tree classifiers. The factors that were investigated include sample size, sampling technique, learning method and choice of split criterion and how they affect classification performance. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate how the aforementioned factors contributed to better classifiers. Ecommerce data from Vesta corporation made available on Kaggle was used in the experiments. The data was split into two sets, one for training the models and the other for testing the performance of the models. Accuracy, confusion matrix, precision and recall were used as performance measures. Our results showed that a larger sample size resulted in better classifiers. This is attributed to models having more instances to learn from which covers most patterns of fraudulent transactions. The sampling technique was shown to be pivotal in classification performance as under sampling showed a great reduction in performance as it achieved a maximum accuracy of 89.6223 while oversampling produced increased performance with maximum accuracy of 99.9531. Furthermore, our results showed that the choice of split criterion impacts the performance of ensemble tree classifiers. The use of entropy as the choice of split criterion resulted in better classifiers compared to the use of the Gini index. However, the downside is that entropy requires more time to execute compared to the Gini index. Lastly, the learning method proved to impact the performance of ensemble classifiers. Models that used supervised learning had better performance compared to those that use unsupervised learning in detecting credit card fraud. The conclusions from this research are insightful when designing fraud detection systems that use ensemble decision tree classifiers as base learners. , Thesis (Msci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Chogugudza, Mcdonald
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: fraud , Commercial fraud , Accounting fraud
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27590 , vital:69317
- Description: In this dissertation, we propose ensemble decision tree classifiers as an ideal classification technique for solving the problem of fraud in the domain of credit card transactions. Ensemble tree classifiers have been applied in many areas like speech recognition, image recognition and medical diagnostics and have shown excellent results. At the centre of fraud, credit card fraud has been a major concern. The rise in credit card fraud is largely attributed to the nature in which it can be done. A fraudster does not need to always be physically present to commit fraud making it the number one target for criminals. Card-Not-Present refers to this type of fraud where an electronic transaction can be conducted without the need for a client to be present. This can be done via telephonic calls or the web. To be able to come up with better classifiers it was important for the researcher to first investigate what causes misclassifications in fraud detection systems. A systematic literature review was done to uncover the factors that have been identified as causes of misclassifications. It was discovered that many factors lead to misclassifications and several authors have proposed techniques to handle these factors. However, there is no universal techniques for addressing factors that lead to misclassifications as different domains have different datasets which require different techniques. This study investigates how parameters involved in modelling fraud detection systems impact the classification performance of ensemble decision tree classifiers. The factors that were investigated include sample size, sampling technique, learning method and choice of split criterion and how they affect classification performance. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate how the aforementioned factors contributed to better classifiers. Ecommerce data from Vesta corporation made available on Kaggle was used in the experiments. The data was split into two sets, one for training the models and the other for testing the performance of the models. Accuracy, confusion matrix, precision and recall were used as performance measures. Our results showed that a larger sample size resulted in better classifiers. This is attributed to models having more instances to learn from which covers most patterns of fraudulent transactions. The sampling technique was shown to be pivotal in classification performance as under sampling showed a great reduction in performance as it achieved a maximum accuracy of 89.6223 while oversampling produced increased performance with maximum accuracy of 99.9531. Furthermore, our results showed that the choice of split criterion impacts the performance of ensemble tree classifiers. The use of entropy as the choice of split criterion resulted in better classifiers compared to the use of the Gini index. However, the downside is that entropy requires more time to execute compared to the Gini index. Lastly, the learning method proved to impact the performance of ensemble classifiers. Models that used supervised learning had better performance compared to those that use unsupervised learning in detecting credit card fraud. The conclusions from this research are insightful when designing fraud detection systems that use ensemble decision tree classifiers as base learners. , Thesis (Msci) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
The effects of school violence on teaching and learning in selected schools in Amatole West District, Eastern Cape
- Poswa, S
- Authors: Poswa, S
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: School violence , Violence in children
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26075 , vital:64788
- Description: The purpose of this study was to look at the effects of school violence on teaching and learning in three selected schools in the Amathole West education district. The objectives of the study guided the entire project and the theory of socio-ecology by Benbenishty and Astor (2005) underpinned and guided the study. Different forms of school violence, causes of school violence, its effects and measures to curb its spread were discussed. The study made use of the pragmatic paradigm which allowed the researcher to make use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data collection instruments consisted of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Three high schools were selected purposively with a sample of 75 respondents. Three principals, five teachers (school management team) and 7 learners (school representative council) participated in the semi-structured interview and 60 learners were randomly selected to take part in the questionnaire completion. Data analysis included coding of questionnaires and running the codes on the SPSS package. There after, results were presented using tables and descriptive analysis. Percentages and numeric figures of different forms of school violence were analysed. Data collected from the semi-interviews was coded according to different themes and categories and presented in form of discussions. Thematic analysis was applied in this regard. Therefore, the themes that emerged from the findings of the study were linked to the reviewed literature and research questions. The researcher cross-checked with the participants whether their responses were captured correctly before drawing any conclusions. The major findings of the study revealed that school violence is very much prevalent in the three selected schools. However, the severity of the problem varies from one school to another. Learners indicated that they experience bullying, verbal abuse, corporal punishment, cyberbullying, theft of property, gang-related violence and sexual harassment. Bullying, verbal abuse, cyberbullying and corporal punishment were rated as the most common and frequent forms of violence. In addition to the findings above, some causes of school violence noted by the respondents included peer pressure, poor parental care, exposure to violence at home or communities, unguided exposure to media, easy access to drugs, alcohol and weapons and teacher absenteeism. Effects of school violence included loss of concentration in class, poor academic results, class disruptions and depression or suicidal thoughts. All participants were allowed to say what they think should be done to curb the spread of school violence. Reasons given included that of ensuring that other departments are included in the committees that deal directly with school violence cases, strict and consistent enforcement of the school code of conduct and the department’s policies on school violence. Most learners and teachers indicated that parents are not present in the lives of their children. Thus, parental involvement was strongly recommended by most participants. The researcher had some recommendations to make. It was recommended that communities should take an active part in fighting drug and alcohol abuse by learners in communities. This could be done by reporting people who sell these drugs and alcohol to persons who are under the age of 18. It was further recommended that the department of education should understand and take advantage of technology. School violence apps can be developed specifically for teenagers. These will ensure that knowledge about school violence is spread to most learners. Lastly, workshops should be conducted with both teachers and learners to equip them more about school violence. The conclusion of the study highlighted some important points to be taken into consideration. One of the points was that a failure to implement the strategies outlined in the study will result in the department spending millions of Rands in repairing and replacing what has been lost in schools. This lose will be due to theft and vandalism, high rate of teachers resigning because of stress-related problems. In addition, the economy will be characterised by a high rate of unemployment due to learners who drop out of school, overcrowded classes will continue to affect teaching and learning. Ultimately, there will be a continuous decrease in the NSC results of entire District of Amathole West. For further or future research studies, the researcher suggested that studies on the department’s policies on school violence are needed. These studies can focus on what the policy entails, and the implementation and effectiveness of such policies. In addition to these studies, a study that closely looks at parents as contributing factors to school violence is needed. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Poswa, S
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: School violence , Violence in children
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26075 , vital:64788
- Description: The purpose of this study was to look at the effects of school violence on teaching and learning in three selected schools in the Amathole West education district. The objectives of the study guided the entire project and the theory of socio-ecology by Benbenishty and Astor (2005) underpinned and guided the study. Different forms of school violence, causes of school violence, its effects and measures to curb its spread were discussed. The study made use of the pragmatic paradigm which allowed the researcher to make use of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data collection instruments consisted of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Three high schools were selected purposively with a sample of 75 respondents. Three principals, five teachers (school management team) and 7 learners (school representative council) participated in the semi-structured interview and 60 learners were randomly selected to take part in the questionnaire completion. Data analysis included coding of questionnaires and running the codes on the SPSS package. There after, results were presented using tables and descriptive analysis. Percentages and numeric figures of different forms of school violence were analysed. Data collected from the semi-interviews was coded according to different themes and categories and presented in form of discussions. Thematic analysis was applied in this regard. Therefore, the themes that emerged from the findings of the study were linked to the reviewed literature and research questions. The researcher cross-checked with the participants whether their responses were captured correctly before drawing any conclusions. The major findings of the study revealed that school violence is very much prevalent in the three selected schools. However, the severity of the problem varies from one school to another. Learners indicated that they experience bullying, verbal abuse, corporal punishment, cyberbullying, theft of property, gang-related violence and sexual harassment. Bullying, verbal abuse, cyberbullying and corporal punishment were rated as the most common and frequent forms of violence. In addition to the findings above, some causes of school violence noted by the respondents included peer pressure, poor parental care, exposure to violence at home or communities, unguided exposure to media, easy access to drugs, alcohol and weapons and teacher absenteeism. Effects of school violence included loss of concentration in class, poor academic results, class disruptions and depression or suicidal thoughts. All participants were allowed to say what they think should be done to curb the spread of school violence. Reasons given included that of ensuring that other departments are included in the committees that deal directly with school violence cases, strict and consistent enforcement of the school code of conduct and the department’s policies on school violence. Most learners and teachers indicated that parents are not present in the lives of their children. Thus, parental involvement was strongly recommended by most participants. The researcher had some recommendations to make. It was recommended that communities should take an active part in fighting drug and alcohol abuse by learners in communities. This could be done by reporting people who sell these drugs and alcohol to persons who are under the age of 18. It was further recommended that the department of education should understand and take advantage of technology. School violence apps can be developed specifically for teenagers. These will ensure that knowledge about school violence is spread to most learners. Lastly, workshops should be conducted with both teachers and learners to equip them more about school violence. The conclusion of the study highlighted some important points to be taken into consideration. One of the points was that a failure to implement the strategies outlined in the study will result in the department spending millions of Rands in repairing and replacing what has been lost in schools. This lose will be due to theft and vandalism, high rate of teachers resigning because of stress-related problems. In addition, the economy will be characterised by a high rate of unemployment due to learners who drop out of school, overcrowded classes will continue to affect teaching and learning. Ultimately, there will be a continuous decrease in the NSC results of entire District of Amathole West. For further or future research studies, the researcher suggested that studies on the department’s policies on school violence are needed. These studies can focus on what the policy entails, and the implementation and effectiveness of such policies. In addition to these studies, a study that closely looks at parents as contributing factors to school violence is needed. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
The experiences of students with a physical disability at institutions of higher learning: a systematic review
- Makubalo, Siphokazi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8596-7357
- Authors: Makubalo, Siphokazi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8596-7357
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: People with disabilities -- Education (Higher) , People with disabilities in higher education , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27242 , vital:66484
- Description: This study aims to explore the experiences of physically disabled students at institutions of higher. The research methodology followed in conducting this study is a systematic review. Thus, published literature from the period of 2000-2020 on the experiences of physically disabled students in South African institutions of higher learning was reviewed. Five articles which met the inclusion criteria were assessed for eligibility using the CASP criteria. The social model of disability is applied as a theoretical framework in exploring these experiences. A synthesis of results and findings of South African studies relating to physically disabled students in institutions of higher learning is provided. Themes that emerged in the study indicate that physically disabled students experience social exclusion related to architectural access barriers, attitudinal barriers, lack of support and discrimination in South African Institutions of higher learning, which impacts their overall physical access in these institutions. The study found that addressing these challenges and access barriers would result in positive experiences for physically disabled students on campuses. The study concluded that to improve the experiences of physically disabled students, institutional effort is necessary that is extensive both in scope and systematic in nature. For future studies, it is recommended that a qualitative study explore not just disabled students‟ lived experiences but also be inclusive of academic and support staffs‟ perceptions. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
- Authors: Makubalo, Siphokazi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8596-7357
- Date: 2022-11
- Subjects: People with disabilities -- Education (Higher) , People with disabilities in higher education , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27242 , vital:66484
- Description: This study aims to explore the experiences of physically disabled students at institutions of higher. The research methodology followed in conducting this study is a systematic review. Thus, published literature from the period of 2000-2020 on the experiences of physically disabled students in South African institutions of higher learning was reviewed. Five articles which met the inclusion criteria were assessed for eligibility using the CASP criteria. The social model of disability is applied as a theoretical framework in exploring these experiences. A synthesis of results and findings of South African studies relating to physically disabled students in institutions of higher learning is provided. Themes that emerged in the study indicate that physically disabled students experience social exclusion related to architectural access barriers, attitudinal barriers, lack of support and discrimination in South African Institutions of higher learning, which impacts their overall physical access in these institutions. The study found that addressing these challenges and access barriers would result in positive experiences for physically disabled students on campuses. The study concluded that to improve the experiences of physically disabled students, institutional effort is necessary that is extensive both in scope and systematic in nature. For future studies, it is recommended that a qualitative study explore not just disabled students‟ lived experiences but also be inclusive of academic and support staffs‟ perceptions. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-11
A Psychobiography of the late Milase Jumartha Majola (néé Moyake)- 1932 - 2021
- Authors: Mbambo-Tom, Thembeka Esther
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27640 , vital:69379
- Description: This study is a psychobiography of a Black South African Woman, Milase Jumartha Majola (néé Moyake), herein fondly referred to as ‘Mrs Majola’. Mrs Majola is not an icon in the general sense, but yet a definite unsung hero for many in her community. In her 89 years, she has touched many people’s lives and left a vast imprint in the community. Mrs Majola has been identified as a psychobiographical subject for this study based on her exemplary and extraordinary endeavours, which contributed significantly to the psycho-social well-being of the youth and the elderly within Port Elizabeth townships (now known as Gqeberha). The main objective of this study was to explore and describe Mrs Majola’s psychosocial development. Her psycho-social development was studied through the PERMA Theory of well-being lens and transformed into a narrative to understand better what made her a remarkable individual. Data was gathered from primary and secondary sources to enrich the psychobiography and qualitatively analysed. The findings show that Mrs Majola could balance her life in a way supported by the PERMA Theory of well-being. Results demonstrate her ability to understand and manage her Positive (negative) emotions, Engagements, Relationships, Meaningfulness, and Accomplishments as a mother, co-worker and community leader, which created numerous success stories during her tenure. Even though Mrs Majola experienced many hardships in life, such as losing her husband at the young age of 39, she always stayed positive and successfully used her inner strength to motivate her to keep living her purpose in life. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
- Authors: Mbambo-Tom, Thembeka Esther
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27640 , vital:69379
- Description: This study is a psychobiography of a Black South African Woman, Milase Jumartha Majola (néé Moyake), herein fondly referred to as ‘Mrs Majola’. Mrs Majola is not an icon in the general sense, but yet a definite unsung hero for many in her community. In her 89 years, she has touched many people’s lives and left a vast imprint in the community. Mrs Majola has been identified as a psychobiographical subject for this study based on her exemplary and extraordinary endeavours, which contributed significantly to the psycho-social well-being of the youth and the elderly within Port Elizabeth townships (now known as Gqeberha). The main objective of this study was to explore and describe Mrs Majola’s psychosocial development. Her psycho-social development was studied through the PERMA Theory of well-being lens and transformed into a narrative to understand better what made her a remarkable individual. Data was gathered from primary and secondary sources to enrich the psychobiography and qualitatively analysed. The findings show that Mrs Majola could balance her life in a way supported by the PERMA Theory of well-being. Results demonstrate her ability to understand and manage her Positive (negative) emotions, Engagements, Relationships, Meaningfulness, and Accomplishments as a mother, co-worker and community leader, which created numerous success stories during her tenure. Even though Mrs Majola experienced many hardships in life, such as losing her husband at the young age of 39, she always stayed positive and successfully used her inner strength to motivate her to keep living her purpose in life. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
Aetiological factors that lead to suicide attempts among the youth of Lusikisiki area
- Authors: Zweni, Mzamile Benute
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27544 , vital:69314
- Description: The general aim of this study was to investigate the aetiological factors that lead to suicidal attempts among the youth of Lusikisiki area in the Eastern Cape Province. A sample of hundred and fifty participants with an average age of 24 years old was selected using convenient sampling. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. After the data were collected, it was then analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings show that various factors lead to suicide ideation and suicide attempts among youth of Lusikisiki. Economic hardship, depression and substance abuse to name few, were found to be among factors that lead to suicide attempt. Based on the research findings, the researcher recommends that various stakeholders such as the Department of Social development should work in corroboration. Departments such as Department of Education and Sports, Recreation and Culture should make awareness campaigns that will psycho-educate youth in rural areas, possibly alleviating drug and substance abuse. Those awarenesses may also tap into strengthening psychosocial well-being of youth. Furthermore, Department of Social Development should come up with community outreach programs aimed at alleviating poverty as the contributory factor towards suicide attempt. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
- Authors: Zweni, Mzamile Benute
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27544 , vital:69314
- Description: The general aim of this study was to investigate the aetiological factors that lead to suicidal attempts among the youth of Lusikisiki area in the Eastern Cape Province. A sample of hundred and fifty participants with an average age of 24 years old was selected using convenient sampling. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. After the data were collected, it was then analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings show that various factors lead to suicide ideation and suicide attempts among youth of Lusikisiki. Economic hardship, depression and substance abuse to name few, were found to be among factors that lead to suicide attempt. Based on the research findings, the researcher recommends that various stakeholders such as the Department of Social development should work in corroboration. Departments such as Department of Education and Sports, Recreation and Culture should make awareness campaigns that will psycho-educate youth in rural areas, possibly alleviating drug and substance abuse. Those awarenesses may also tap into strengthening psychosocial well-being of youth. Furthermore, Department of Social Development should come up with community outreach programs aimed at alleviating poverty as the contributory factor towards suicide attempt. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
Grade four teachers’ experiences on using English as a medium of instruction: case study of two primary schools in Mdantsane Township
- Authors: Ngozi, Moyisi Victor
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching , English language -- Study and teaching (Elementary)|
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26064 , vital:64787
- Description: Learners in South African schools are reportedly struggling with literacy when they reach grade four (PIRLS, 2016). This is attributed to instructional language transition between grades three and four that is underpinned by Language in Education policy (LiEP), whic9h enforces language transition from mother tongue instruction to English medium of instruction. Hence, the study focused on the grade four teachers’ experiences on using English as medium of instruction. The study used a qualitative research approach and adopted the interpretivism paradigm as well as a case study research design. A small target sample of the study included 15 participants sampled in two primary schools of Mdantsane Township in the Eastern Cape Province. Participants who are grade four teachers’, one of which is Head of the department (HOD) were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Semi-structured interviews and observations were used as methods of collecting data. The data were analysed through a thematic approach according to the themes taken from the sub research questions that were formulated to guide the study The study found that the learners’ transition from to grade four is a multifaceted one and presented teachers with a burden of having to deal with second language instructional issues among learners. There are no clearly defined guidelines to facilitate smooth language transition from grade three and four. There is lack of teacher involvement on language policy development and implementation. Furthermore, there are misconceptions regarding the use of code switching as a method of teaching and learning. The study recommended that the language transtion from mother tongue instruction to English medium of instruction should be separated from the multifaceted phase transition. Learners should be introduced to English medium of instruction earlier than grade four. The department should establish guidelines to manage the transition. The departmental approach to language policy development should take into consideration the views of teachers. The department should regularly organise sufficient teacher workshops aimed at addressing teachers’ second language instructional ability issues. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
- Authors: Ngozi, Moyisi Victor
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching , English language -- Study and teaching (Elementary)|
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26064 , vital:64787
- Description: Learners in South African schools are reportedly struggling with literacy when they reach grade four (PIRLS, 2016). This is attributed to instructional language transition between grades three and four that is underpinned by Language in Education policy (LiEP), whic9h enforces language transition from mother tongue instruction to English medium of instruction. Hence, the study focused on the grade four teachers’ experiences on using English as medium of instruction. The study used a qualitative research approach and adopted the interpretivism paradigm as well as a case study research design. A small target sample of the study included 15 participants sampled in two primary schools of Mdantsane Township in the Eastern Cape Province. Participants who are grade four teachers’, one of which is Head of the department (HOD) were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Semi-structured interviews and observations were used as methods of collecting data. The data were analysed through a thematic approach according to the themes taken from the sub research questions that were formulated to guide the study The study found that the learners’ transition from to grade four is a multifaceted one and presented teachers with a burden of having to deal with second language instructional issues among learners. There are no clearly defined guidelines to facilitate smooth language transition from grade three and four. There is lack of teacher involvement on language policy development and implementation. Furthermore, there are misconceptions regarding the use of code switching as a method of teaching and learning. The study recommended that the language transtion from mother tongue instruction to English medium of instruction should be separated from the multifaceted phase transition. Learners should be introduced to English medium of instruction earlier than grade four. The department should establish guidelines to manage the transition. The departmental approach to language policy development should take into consideration the views of teachers. The department should regularly organise sufficient teacher workshops aimed at addressing teachers’ second language instructional ability issues. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
The rise and fall of long serving African leaders: a comparative analysis of Libya and Zimbabwe
- Maciko, Mihle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5091-4949
- Authors: Maciko, Mihle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5091-4949
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: African leaders , Muammar Gaddafi , Robert Mugabe
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27066 , vital:66264
- Description: Africa has recently faced a wave of dethroning of long serving leaders after many years of these leaders being in power. Some of the names which have been victims to this wave include Muammar Gaddafi, Omar Al Bashir, and Robert Mugabe. This study aims to examine this new wave as to the reasons behind it and what it means for existing long serving leaders in Africa. It will study the rise to power of Muammar Gaddafi and Robert Mugabe and what led to their demise, as hopes of providing advice to remaining dictators on how they can consolidate power so that they do not suffer the same fate as those already dethroned. A qualitative study has been carried out using secondary sources for data collection, to study this wave. From the data analysed, it showed that these leaders rose through ways of good governance and progressive economic policies. Various tactics were used to consolidate power, some being aggressive while others were aligned with democratic principles. These tactics are explained using two theories: informational theory of authoritarianism and theory of revolution. The data also pointed out that these methods eventually proved to be fuelling a fire of revolt amongst citizens, who found themselves in unbearable situations, eventually removing Gaddafi and Mugabe from power. This study provided lessons to existing long-serving leaders of having respect for human rights, being able to adapt with democracy and prioritising the welfare and wellbeing of their citizens. This is to ensure they do not suffer the same fate as Muammar Gaddafi and Robert Mugabe. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
- Authors: Maciko, Mihle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5091-4949
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: African leaders , Muammar Gaddafi , Robert Mugabe
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27066 , vital:66264
- Description: Africa has recently faced a wave of dethroning of long serving leaders after many years of these leaders being in power. Some of the names which have been victims to this wave include Muammar Gaddafi, Omar Al Bashir, and Robert Mugabe. This study aims to examine this new wave as to the reasons behind it and what it means for existing long serving leaders in Africa. It will study the rise to power of Muammar Gaddafi and Robert Mugabe and what led to their demise, as hopes of providing advice to remaining dictators on how they can consolidate power so that they do not suffer the same fate as those already dethroned. A qualitative study has been carried out using secondary sources for data collection, to study this wave. From the data analysed, it showed that these leaders rose through ways of good governance and progressive economic policies. Various tactics were used to consolidate power, some being aggressive while others were aligned with democratic principles. These tactics are explained using two theories: informational theory of authoritarianism and theory of revolution. The data also pointed out that these methods eventually proved to be fuelling a fire of revolt amongst citizens, who found themselves in unbearable situations, eventually removing Gaddafi and Mugabe from power. This study provided lessons to existing long-serving leaders of having respect for human rights, being able to adapt with democracy and prioritising the welfare and wellbeing of their citizens. This is to ensure they do not suffer the same fate as Muammar Gaddafi and Robert Mugabe. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
A content analysis of public academic literature that explores the relationship between gang membership and identity in South African prisons, focusing on group processes
- Yantolo, Siphosethu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-3458
- Authors: Yantolo, Siphosethu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-3458
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Gang members -- South Africa , Prison gangs -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27253 , vital:66485
- Description: Prison gangs are currently prevalent in South African correctional facilities, and they have a devastating impact on the lives of many young men in South African jails and society (Nel, 2017). The purpose of this study was to examine scholarly literature on the topic of gang membership and its link with identity in South African prisons, with a focus on group processes. This study examined published academic literature and analyzed it using a mixed-method approach that included content analysis. The literature was examined using keywords, theoretical background, article kinds, participant gender, participant age, and author affiliation. Furthermore, themes were developed by qualitatively assessing the problem statements of the associated papers and identifying their consequences. Most of the research on gang membership and identification in jail focused on prison gang members and, to a lesser extent, non-gang members, with minimal focus on correctional services authorities. The findings on author affiliation revealed that most of the authors were linked with South African universities. The qualitative findings of this study revealed that Rule Violation, Power and Status, and the Need for Belonging are the most dominating themes relating to group processes and have a substantial influence on prison gang membership. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
- Authors: Yantolo, Siphosethu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3011-3458
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Gang members -- South Africa , Prison gangs -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27253 , vital:66485
- Description: Prison gangs are currently prevalent in South African correctional facilities, and they have a devastating impact on the lives of many young men in South African jails and society (Nel, 2017). The purpose of this study was to examine scholarly literature on the topic of gang membership and its link with identity in South African prisons, with a focus on group processes. This study examined published academic literature and analyzed it using a mixed-method approach that included content analysis. The literature was examined using keywords, theoretical background, article kinds, participant gender, participant age, and author affiliation. Furthermore, themes were developed by qualitatively assessing the problem statements of the associated papers and identifying their consequences. Most of the research on gang membership and identification in jail focused on prison gang members and, to a lesser extent, non-gang members, with minimal focus on correctional services authorities. The findings on author affiliation revealed that most of the authors were linked with South African universities. The qualitative findings of this study revealed that Rule Violation, Power and Status, and the Need for Belonging are the most dominating themes relating to group processes and have a substantial influence on prison gang membership. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
Analysis of early-phase contact tracing during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Mangaung Metro, Free State
- Monyobo, Priscilla Kesaletseng
- Authors: Monyobo, Priscilla Kesaletseng
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: COVID-19 (Disease) , Contact tracing (Epidemiology) , Public health
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23533 , vital:58105
- Description: Background and Aim Contact tracing is a critical public health measure for controlling and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Although the principles underlying this strategy are not novel, understanding the changes in infectiousness of COVID-19 is indeed novel. As are the capacity and operating procedures required to support disease investigation in Mangang Metro during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. On 16 March 2020, the first coronavirus disease case in the area, which led to a larger outbreak, occurred in Mangaung Metro, Free State province, South Africa. To date, Mangaung Metro remains the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic and the primary driver of the caseload in the Free State province. The aim of this study was to analyse contact tracing data in Mangaung Metro during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (16 March 2020 – 30 June 2020) in order to measure the viral transmissibility of COVID-19 in the early stages of the outbreak, specifically in the context of Mangaung Metro. Methods A descriptive systematic analysis of index COVID-19 cases and their contacts in Mangaung Metro was conducted. The review period ran from 16 March to 30 June 2020, during which there was a total of 1 001 cases in Mangaung Metro. Data was captured on an Excel spreadsheet using the contact line list variables from the established National Institute of Communicable Disease contact line list framework. The inferential statistics were based on a time series analysis to compare the impact of contact tracing stratified by symptomatology and the root cause of the cases to the overall cases in Mangaung Metro. The study determined whether isolation, quarantine, and contact tracing were able to control outbreaks in the early phase using characteristics of disease transmission and parameters particularised to the COVID- 19 pathogen. Results As of 30 June 2020, the Free State province had a total of 2 072 COVID-19 cases. Mangaung Metro contributed 1 001 cases (48percent) of the total number of cases in the study period. Between March and June 2020, 3 553 contacts were traced in Mangaung Metro. This number translates to at least three investigated and traced contacts per index or laboratory confirmed positive case. From the traced contacts, 1 080 samples were collected and sent for laboratory testing. In April 2020, the greatest number of samples were collected. This high rate in sample collection is posited to be the result of the high rate of contacts traced, as well as the initial clinical guidelines followed for contact tracing. Most positive contacts were discovered in March 2020. One of the possible reasons for the high detection of COVID-19 confirmed positive contacts during the early stages of the outbreak was the focus and importance of contact tracing while the caseload remained relatively low. However, as the outbreak progressed in the Mangaung Metro context, the number and relative percentage of positive cases detected through contact tracing decreased. In total, the positive contacts recorded in March 2020 amounted to 92 (51.3percent), 18 in April (10.5percent), 41 in May (22.9percent), and 28 in June (15.6percent). The March 2020 tracking rate was the highest at 73.2percent, with an average contact tracing rate of 15.5percentby the end of June 2020. Of all the contacts traced, 7.9percent involved healthcare workers in the Free State. Conclusion The study’s findings show that contact tracing was an effective control measure during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mangung Metro district. Furthermore, the impact was greatest when the caseload was low and the burden on the healthcare system less severe. Mangaung Metro demonstrated the capability of tracing more contacts in the early-early phase of the outbreak; however, as the outbreak progressed to the latent early phase, the caseload increased and fewer contacts were traced. The consequence of contact tracing not being as effective during the latent early phase relates to the increase in both exposed and untraceable contacts, which in turn fueled the increase of new cases. This further impacted the at-risk and vulnerable population, especially the elderly, who were at an increased risk if not traced in a timely manner, possibly resulting in mortality. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
- Authors: Monyobo, Priscilla Kesaletseng
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: COVID-19 (Disease) , Contact tracing (Epidemiology) , Public health
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23533 , vital:58105
- Description: Background and Aim Contact tracing is a critical public health measure for controlling and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Although the principles underlying this strategy are not novel, understanding the changes in infectiousness of COVID-19 is indeed novel. As are the capacity and operating procedures required to support disease investigation in Mangang Metro during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. On 16 March 2020, the first coronavirus disease case in the area, which led to a larger outbreak, occurred in Mangaung Metro, Free State province, South Africa. To date, Mangaung Metro remains the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic and the primary driver of the caseload in the Free State province. The aim of this study was to analyse contact tracing data in Mangaung Metro during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (16 March 2020 – 30 June 2020) in order to measure the viral transmissibility of COVID-19 in the early stages of the outbreak, specifically in the context of Mangaung Metro. Methods A descriptive systematic analysis of index COVID-19 cases and their contacts in Mangaung Metro was conducted. The review period ran from 16 March to 30 June 2020, during which there was a total of 1 001 cases in Mangaung Metro. Data was captured on an Excel spreadsheet using the contact line list variables from the established National Institute of Communicable Disease contact line list framework. The inferential statistics were based on a time series analysis to compare the impact of contact tracing stratified by symptomatology and the root cause of the cases to the overall cases in Mangaung Metro. The study determined whether isolation, quarantine, and contact tracing were able to control outbreaks in the early phase using characteristics of disease transmission and parameters particularised to the COVID- 19 pathogen. Results As of 30 June 2020, the Free State province had a total of 2 072 COVID-19 cases. Mangaung Metro contributed 1 001 cases (48percent) of the total number of cases in the study period. Between March and June 2020, 3 553 contacts were traced in Mangaung Metro. This number translates to at least three investigated and traced contacts per index or laboratory confirmed positive case. From the traced contacts, 1 080 samples were collected and sent for laboratory testing. In April 2020, the greatest number of samples were collected. This high rate in sample collection is posited to be the result of the high rate of contacts traced, as well as the initial clinical guidelines followed for contact tracing. Most positive contacts were discovered in March 2020. One of the possible reasons for the high detection of COVID-19 confirmed positive contacts during the early stages of the outbreak was the focus and importance of contact tracing while the caseload remained relatively low. However, as the outbreak progressed in the Mangaung Metro context, the number and relative percentage of positive cases detected through contact tracing decreased. In total, the positive contacts recorded in March 2020 amounted to 92 (51.3percent), 18 in April (10.5percent), 41 in May (22.9percent), and 28 in June (15.6percent). The March 2020 tracking rate was the highest at 73.2percent, with an average contact tracing rate of 15.5percentby the end of June 2020. Of all the contacts traced, 7.9percent involved healthcare workers in the Free State. Conclusion The study’s findings show that contact tracing was an effective control measure during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mangung Metro district. Furthermore, the impact was greatest when the caseload was low and the burden on the healthcare system less severe. Mangaung Metro demonstrated the capability of tracing more contacts in the early-early phase of the outbreak; however, as the outbreak progressed to the latent early phase, the caseload increased and fewer contacts were traced. The consequence of contact tracing not being as effective during the latent early phase relates to the increase in both exposed and untraceable contacts, which in turn fueled the increase of new cases. This further impacted the at-risk and vulnerable population, especially the elderly, who were at an increased risk if not traced in a timely manner, possibly resulting in mortality. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
Analysis of early-phase contact tracing during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Mangaung Metro, Free State
- Monyobo, Priscilla Kesaletseng
- Authors: Monyobo, Priscilla Kesaletseng
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Contact tracing (Epidemiology) , Health services administration
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27006 , vital:66215
- Description: Background and Aim Contact tracing is a critical public health measure for controlling and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Although the principles underlying this strategy are not novel, understanding the changes in infectiousness of COVID-19 is indeed novel. As are the capacity and operating procedures required to support disease investigation in Mangang Metro during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. On 16 March 2020, the first coronavirus disease case in the area, which led to a larger outbreak, occurred in Mangaung Metro, Free State province, South Africa. To date, Mangaung Metro remains the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic and the primary driver of the caseload in the Free State province. The aim of this study was to analyse contact tracing data in Mangaung Metro during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (16 March 2020 – 30 June 2020) in order to measure the viral transmissibility of COVID-19 in the early stages of the outbreak, specifically in the context of Mangaung Metro. Methods A descriptive systematic analysis of index COVID-19 cases and their contacts in Mangaung Metro was conducted. The review period ran from 16 March to 30 June 2020, during which there was a total of 1 001 cases in Mangaung Metro. Data was captured on an Excel spreadsheet using the contact line list variables from the established National Institute of Communicable Disease contact line list framework. The inferential statistics were based on a time series analysis to compare the impact of contact tracing stratified by symptomatology and the root cause of the cases to the overall cases in Mangaung Metro. The study determined whether isolation, quarantine, and contact tracing were able to control outbreaks in the early phase using characteristics of disease transmission and parameters particularised to the COVID- 19 pathogen. Results As of 30 June 2020, the Free State province had a total of 2 072 COVID-19 cases. Mangaung Metro contributed 1 001 cases (48 percent) of the total number of cases in the study period. Between March and June 2020, 3 553 contacts were traced in Mangaung Metro. This number translates to at least three investigated and traced contacts per index or laboratory confirmed positive case. From the traced contacts, 1 080 samples were collected and sent for laboratory testing. In April 2020, the greatest number of samples were collected. This high rate in sample collection is posited to be the result of the high rate of contacts traced, as well as the initial clinical guidelines followed for contact tracing. Most positive contacts were discovered in March 2020. One of the possible reasons for the high detection of COVID-19 confirmed positive contacts during the early stages of the outbreak was the focus and importance of contact tracing while the caseload remained relatively low. However, as the outbreak progressed in the Mangaung Metro context, the number and relative percentage of positive cases detected through contact tracing decreased. In total, the positive contacts recorded in March 2020 amounted to 92 (51.3 percent), 18 in April (10.5 percent), 41 in May (22.9percent), and 28 in June (15.6 percent). The March 2020 tracking rate was the highest at 73.2percent, with an average contact tracing rate of 15.5 percent by the end of June 2020. Of all the contacts traced, 7.9 percent involved healthcare workers in the Free State. Conclusion The study’s findings show that contact tracing was an effective control measure during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mangung Metro district. Furthermore, the impact was greatest when the caseload was low and the burden on the healthcare system less severe. Mangaung Metro demonstrated the capability of tracing more contacts in the early-early phase of the outbreak; however, as the outbreak progressed to the latent early phase, the caseload increased and fewer contacts were traced. The consequence of contact tracing not being as effective during the latent early phase relates to the increase in both exposed and untraceable contacts, which in turn fueled the increase of new cases. This further impacted the at-risk and vulnerable population, especially the elderly, who were at an increased risk if not traced in a timely manner, possibly resulting in mortality. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
- Authors: Monyobo, Priscilla Kesaletseng
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Contact tracing (Epidemiology) , Health services administration
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27006 , vital:66215
- Description: Background and Aim Contact tracing is a critical public health measure for controlling and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Although the principles underlying this strategy are not novel, understanding the changes in infectiousness of COVID-19 is indeed novel. As are the capacity and operating procedures required to support disease investigation in Mangang Metro during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. On 16 March 2020, the first coronavirus disease case in the area, which led to a larger outbreak, occurred in Mangaung Metro, Free State province, South Africa. To date, Mangaung Metro remains the epicentre of the COVID-19 pandemic and the primary driver of the caseload in the Free State province. The aim of this study was to analyse contact tracing data in Mangaung Metro during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak (16 March 2020 – 30 June 2020) in order to measure the viral transmissibility of COVID-19 in the early stages of the outbreak, specifically in the context of Mangaung Metro. Methods A descriptive systematic analysis of index COVID-19 cases and their contacts in Mangaung Metro was conducted. The review period ran from 16 March to 30 June 2020, during which there was a total of 1 001 cases in Mangaung Metro. Data was captured on an Excel spreadsheet using the contact line list variables from the established National Institute of Communicable Disease contact line list framework. The inferential statistics were based on a time series analysis to compare the impact of contact tracing stratified by symptomatology and the root cause of the cases to the overall cases in Mangaung Metro. The study determined whether isolation, quarantine, and contact tracing were able to control outbreaks in the early phase using characteristics of disease transmission and parameters particularised to the COVID- 19 pathogen. Results As of 30 June 2020, the Free State province had a total of 2 072 COVID-19 cases. Mangaung Metro contributed 1 001 cases (48 percent) of the total number of cases in the study period. Between March and June 2020, 3 553 contacts were traced in Mangaung Metro. This number translates to at least three investigated and traced contacts per index or laboratory confirmed positive case. From the traced contacts, 1 080 samples were collected and sent for laboratory testing. In April 2020, the greatest number of samples were collected. This high rate in sample collection is posited to be the result of the high rate of contacts traced, as well as the initial clinical guidelines followed for contact tracing. Most positive contacts were discovered in March 2020. One of the possible reasons for the high detection of COVID-19 confirmed positive contacts during the early stages of the outbreak was the focus and importance of contact tracing while the caseload remained relatively low. However, as the outbreak progressed in the Mangaung Metro context, the number and relative percentage of positive cases detected through contact tracing decreased. In total, the positive contacts recorded in March 2020 amounted to 92 (51.3 percent), 18 in April (10.5 percent), 41 in May (22.9percent), and 28 in June (15.6 percent). The March 2020 tracking rate was the highest at 73.2percent, with an average contact tracing rate of 15.5 percent by the end of June 2020. Of all the contacts traced, 7.9 percent involved healthcare workers in the Free State. Conclusion The study’s findings show that contact tracing was an effective control measure during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak in Mangung Metro district. Furthermore, the impact was greatest when the caseload was low and the burden on the healthcare system less severe. Mangaung Metro demonstrated the capability of tracing more contacts in the early-early phase of the outbreak; however, as the outbreak progressed to the latent early phase, the caseload increased and fewer contacts were traced. The consequence of contact tracing not being as effective during the latent early phase relates to the increase in both exposed and untraceable contacts, which in turn fueled the increase of new cases. This further impacted the at-risk and vulnerable population, especially the elderly, who were at an increased risk if not traced in a timely manner, possibly resulting in mortality. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
Data management and dispensary: missing link contributing to antiretroviral loss to follow-Up in Lejweleputswa District
- Moatlhodi, Charlotte Motshele
- Authors: Moatlhodi, Charlotte Motshele
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Health services administration , Drug monitoring , Antiretroviral agents
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26973 , vital:66207
- Description: Background and aim: The widespread use and access to Anti-Retro Viral Treatment (ART) world-wide has contributed to full preventive and therapeutic benefits. An estimated amount of 68percent of HIV positive people received ART in South Africa (SA) as of 2018. However, reports from TIER.Net and DHIS (District Health Information System), indicate that the retention of patients on ART (specifically first line triple combination therapy Tenofovir Emtricitabine Efavirenz (TEE)) continues to decline. Meanwhile, data on TEE dispensed from the dispensary shows increasing quantities patients across the Free State province on a monthly basis. The aim of this study is to determine factors contributing to the discrepancy between Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) TEE dispensing data and patients on FDC TEE captured on TIER.Net and Health Patient Registration System (HPRS), as a means of improving identification and monitoring of patients that carry the potential risk of being lost to subsequent follow-ups (ART collection / clinical visits). Methods: A retrospective, quantitative, and descriptive record review of 382 medical records of HIV positive patients, along with TIER.Net and Health Patient Registration System (HPRS) reports, was conducted at five primary healthcare (PHC) facilities, each representing the five sub-districts found in Lejweleputswa district using a self-designed data collection tool. Descriptive statistics was used to summarise and present data. Results: Sixty five percent the TEE collected from the dispensary was captured on TIER. Net. It could not be determined on none of the medical records whether or not the administrative clerk captured dispensed TEE on the same date of collection from the dispensary on TIER.Net. Subsequently, the actual date of capturing the TEE dispenses on TIER.Net following collection of the treatment from the dispensary could also not be determined. The overall data on TEE dispensed/collected from the dispensary the same was not the same as the data captured on TIER.Net. Thirty five percent of patients were reported to have collected their ART according to dispensary data than that reported on TIER.Net. Eighty percent of the TEE collected from the dispensary was captured on HPRS. Eighty percent of facilities had an area and computer dedicated for HPRS and TIER.Net but none had a backup computer in cases of theft/breakage. None of the facilities had access to back up connectivity, a manual capturing process in the form of paper-based head count registers was instead utilised as back-up. Conclusion: The following factors were found to contribute to the discrepancy between the TEE dispensing data, TIER.net and HPRS: Poor records keeping, unauthorised dispensing of prescriptions, poor data management, delays and non-capturing of ART medical records and infrastructural and human resource challenges that exist in the data management of the patient medical records. There is a need to address these gaps in order to improve reliability of dispensary data, as well as reports from TIER.Net and HPRS, in order to streamline the identification and monitoring of patients at risk of becoming lost to follow-up. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
- Authors: Moatlhodi, Charlotte Motshele
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Health services administration , Drug monitoring , Antiretroviral agents
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26973 , vital:66207
- Description: Background and aim: The widespread use and access to Anti-Retro Viral Treatment (ART) world-wide has contributed to full preventive and therapeutic benefits. An estimated amount of 68percent of HIV positive people received ART in South Africa (SA) as of 2018. However, reports from TIER.Net and DHIS (District Health Information System), indicate that the retention of patients on ART (specifically first line triple combination therapy Tenofovir Emtricitabine Efavirenz (TEE)) continues to decline. Meanwhile, data on TEE dispensed from the dispensary shows increasing quantities patients across the Free State province on a monthly basis. The aim of this study is to determine factors contributing to the discrepancy between Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) TEE dispensing data and patients on FDC TEE captured on TIER.Net and Health Patient Registration System (HPRS), as a means of improving identification and monitoring of patients that carry the potential risk of being lost to subsequent follow-ups (ART collection / clinical visits). Methods: A retrospective, quantitative, and descriptive record review of 382 medical records of HIV positive patients, along with TIER.Net and Health Patient Registration System (HPRS) reports, was conducted at five primary healthcare (PHC) facilities, each representing the five sub-districts found in Lejweleputswa district using a self-designed data collection tool. Descriptive statistics was used to summarise and present data. Results: Sixty five percent the TEE collected from the dispensary was captured on TIER. Net. It could not be determined on none of the medical records whether or not the administrative clerk captured dispensed TEE on the same date of collection from the dispensary on TIER.Net. Subsequently, the actual date of capturing the TEE dispenses on TIER.Net following collection of the treatment from the dispensary could also not be determined. The overall data on TEE dispensed/collected from the dispensary the same was not the same as the data captured on TIER.Net. Thirty five percent of patients were reported to have collected their ART according to dispensary data than that reported on TIER.Net. Eighty percent of the TEE collected from the dispensary was captured on HPRS. Eighty percent of facilities had an area and computer dedicated for HPRS and TIER.Net but none had a backup computer in cases of theft/breakage. None of the facilities had access to back up connectivity, a manual capturing process in the form of paper-based head count registers was instead utilised as back-up. Conclusion: The following factors were found to contribute to the discrepancy between the TEE dispensing data, TIER.net and HPRS: Poor records keeping, unauthorised dispensing of prescriptions, poor data management, delays and non-capturing of ART medical records and infrastructural and human resource challenges that exist in the data management of the patient medical records. There is a need to address these gaps in order to improve reliability of dispensary data, as well as reports from TIER.Net and HPRS, in order to streamline the identification and monitoring of patients at risk of becoming lost to follow-up. , Thesis (MPA) -- Faculty of Health Sciences
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
Exploring the perceptions and attitudes of University of Fort Hare students towards seeking psychological counselling services
- Authors: Pantshwa, Siziphiwe
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Counseling , Helping behavior , Psychology, Applied
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23809 , vital:60807
- Description: The purpose of this study was to explore and examine the perceptions and attitudes of Fort Hare students towards seeking psychological help. It provided an understanding of factors that influence the help-seeking behaviours of university students. The study used an explorative qualitative approach in collecting data to find problems frequently encountered by students, their preferred sources of help for those problems, and their attitudes towards seeking psychological help. The sample was selected through a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Six participants, undergraduate and post-graduate students from the University of Fort Hare, East London campus, participated in the study. The data was collected in face-to-face semi-structured individual interviews in which participants were questioned orally. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data collected from the semi-structured interviews were thematically analysed by employing Braun and Clarke’s six steps of thematic analysis. Social constructionism as a meta-theory and Ecosystems theory provided the theoretical underpinning for the interpretation of the study. The study results revealed that close friends and family members were the preferred sources of help chosen by students. Five significant problems were experienced by students. Financial issues, difficulty adjusting to the university environment, academic stress, being away from home and managing time were at the top list of the challenges experienced by students. The factors that inhibited -seeking for psychological help were social stigma, access to a psychologist, financial constraints, and viewing a psychologist as a stranger. However the study further found that students had a positive attitude toward professional psychological help. This indicates a slight shift from previous studies, which reported negative attitudes among university students. Participants also reported on the influence of their socio-cultural background, the opinions held by their family and community members towards seeking psychological help. This study recommends specific interventions in which seeking psychological help can be reinforced, such as holding workshops to psycho-educate students about the benefits of using counselling services and the negative implications of not seeking professional help when experiencing psychological distress. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
- Authors: Pantshwa, Siziphiwe
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Counseling , Helping behavior , Psychology, Applied
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23809 , vital:60807
- Description: The purpose of this study was to explore and examine the perceptions and attitudes of Fort Hare students towards seeking psychological help. It provided an understanding of factors that influence the help-seeking behaviours of university students. The study used an explorative qualitative approach in collecting data to find problems frequently encountered by students, their preferred sources of help for those problems, and their attitudes towards seeking psychological help. The sample was selected through a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Six participants, undergraduate and post-graduate students from the University of Fort Hare, East London campus, participated in the study. The data was collected in face-to-face semi-structured individual interviews in which participants were questioned orally. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data collected from the semi-structured interviews were thematically analysed by employing Braun and Clarke’s six steps of thematic analysis. Social constructionism as a meta-theory and Ecosystems theory provided the theoretical underpinning for the interpretation of the study. The study results revealed that close friends and family members were the preferred sources of help chosen by students. Five significant problems were experienced by students. Financial issues, difficulty adjusting to the university environment, academic stress, being away from home and managing time were at the top list of the challenges experienced by students. The factors that inhibited -seeking for psychological help were social stigma, access to a psychologist, financial constraints, and viewing a psychologist as a stranger. However the study further found that students had a positive attitude toward professional psychological help. This indicates a slight shift from previous studies, which reported negative attitudes among university students. Participants also reported on the influence of their socio-cultural background, the opinions held by their family and community members towards seeking psychological help. This study recommends specific interventions in which seeking psychological help can be reinforced, such as holding workshops to psycho-educate students about the benefits of using counselling services and the negative implications of not seeking professional help when experiencing psychological distress. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
Factors contributing to the speaking of English in Grade 4 literacy: Case studies of two schools in Chris Hani West District
- Authors: Kleinbooi, Cingile
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching , Language and languages -- Study and teaching , English teachers
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26018 , vital:64781
- Description: The teachers and the learners have difficulties using English as a medium of instruction. In the classroom lessons, IsiXhosa dominated natural dialogues across everybody in the class. There was minimal use of English. The findings revealed that some teachers and learners struggle to speak fluently in English as their second language. This led to mother tongue usage in many grade 4 classes that is isiXhosa. This triggered the researcher to embark on this study since both teachers and learners lack the motivation to speak English. This is because most teachers are not qualified. They are allowed to teach without the teaching qualifications due to a shortage of teaching staff and over-grounded learners. In this view, code-switching is one of the dominant factors in helping learners understand English instructions better. The study adopted a qualitative research approach. The interviews for the teachers, focus groups for the learners, and document analysis were used to collect data, whereby the purposive sampling technique was used to identify the participants. A case study approach was also adopted as the data was collected from schools. The inductive analysis was adopted for data analysis. The constructivism paradigm was also adopted since it uses the experiences of humans in their settings or circumstances. Classroom observations were also used to get in-depth information on the ground. The study recommends an extensive evaluation and review of the Language policy of South Africa to measure the effectiveness of English as a medium of instruction in public schools. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
- Authors: Kleinbooi, Cingile
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching , Language and languages -- Study and teaching , English teachers
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26018 , vital:64781
- Description: The teachers and the learners have difficulties using English as a medium of instruction. In the classroom lessons, IsiXhosa dominated natural dialogues across everybody in the class. There was minimal use of English. The findings revealed that some teachers and learners struggle to speak fluently in English as their second language. This led to mother tongue usage in many grade 4 classes that is isiXhosa. This triggered the researcher to embark on this study since both teachers and learners lack the motivation to speak English. This is because most teachers are not qualified. They are allowed to teach without the teaching qualifications due to a shortage of teaching staff and over-grounded learners. In this view, code-switching is one of the dominant factors in helping learners understand English instructions better. The study adopted a qualitative research approach. The interviews for the teachers, focus groups for the learners, and document analysis were used to collect data, whereby the purposive sampling technique was used to identify the participants. A case study approach was also adopted as the data was collected from schools. The inductive analysis was adopted for data analysis. The constructivism paradigm was also adopted since it uses the experiences of humans in their settings or circumstances. Classroom observations were also used to get in-depth information on the ground. The study recommends an extensive evaluation and review of the Language policy of South Africa to measure the effectiveness of English as a medium of instruction in public schools. , Thesis (MEd) -- Faculty of Education, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
Recidivism in children after completion of rhythm of life diversion programme in Chris Hani Eastern Cape
- Authors: Zimba, Thanduxolo
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27651 , vital:69380
- Description: One of the recommendations made by the South African Law Commission (SALC) (1997) when discussing the issue of child justice was that the justice system should aim to promote the well-being of the child and deal with the child in an individualised way. This dissertation discusses recidivism in children after completing the Rhythm of Life (ROL) diversion programme which aims at diverting children who conflict with the law away from criminal procedures to programmes that assist in behaviour modification. The study is inspired by the need to uncover the effectiveness of the programme and the challenges encountered when it is delivered. It is further motivated by the need to expose the reasons why children return to the criminal justice system after having attended the ROL diversion programme. Additionally, it seeks to gain perspectives of the probation officers’ and parents’ insights on the observed changes after the attendance of the programme. The study utilised a qualitative methodology with an interpretive and descriptive paradigm, which used in-depth interviews and focus groups as a method of data collection. The participants of the study were children who completed the ROL diversion programme, parents or guardians of children who completed the ROL diversion programme, and probation officers implementing the programme. The data was analysed and presented following the following four themes, i.e., factors contributing to recidivism by children after completion of the ROL diversion programme, diversion programme content, and completion of the diversion programme and the effectiveness of the ROL diversion programme. The literature consulted was broken up into; the historical development of diversion programmes and the inherent legislative framework, the magnitude and extent of recidivism of children after completion of the ROL diversion programme, and the factors which contribute to recidivism by children after completion of the ROL diversion programme. The reviewed literature further scrutinised the global, regional, and South African perspectives on managing young people, and lastly reviewed the benefits and challenges of diversion programmes in general. The study used the social learning theory as a theoretical framework to explain and discuss recidivism and the effectiveness of diversion programmes. This is a general approach to psychology and regards criminal behaviour as no different from any kind of behaviour as it is learned through the processes of observation, imitation and vicarious reinforcement and punishment. The findings of the study revealed that the impact of absent and or lack of father figures in the family influenced the children to get involved in criminal activities. The findings further indicated that probation officers face various challenges when facilitating the programme, such as substance abuse by children, lack of resources and functional aids, and the language as the facilitator guide is written in English. It was also discovered that parents from the sample used an authoritarian style of parenting, which exerts high expectations from children while providing little in the way of feedback and nurturance. Lastly, the findings indicated that the ROL diversion programme does modify the behaviour of children on completion. However, the main challenge is the environment the children return to after completion as it is assumed as a contributing factor to committing the crime. One of the recommendations is to strengthen parenting programmes and to introduce a programme for parents or guardians of children with serious behavioural challenges, another recommendation is the development of a risk assessment tool for young people, to assist probation officers in holistically dealing with children. Additionally, probation service practitioners should be provided by the government with the necessary resources to ensure that aftercare services are rendered effectively and efficiently. The researcher lastly recommends that probation officers conduct an intervention evaluation after the programme to identify children who could not understand the content of the programme so that additional methods of intervention could be employed such as casework. The study had the following conclusions; risk factors such as lack of parental support, substance abuse, peer pressure and bereavement were causes for re-offending in the children interviewed; the programme manual presents a challenge in terms of language, because the manual is written in English, and not all children can understand English; the issue of restorative justice was overlooked by probation officers when dealing with children when they re-offended. The study also concluded that the ROL diversion programme is effective to a certain extent, depending on how the children utilize the skills acquired from the programme, and as the parents reflected that they observed a change in their children’s behaviour post-diversion, while children also expressed that they learnt valuable life skills which made them resilient. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09
- Authors: Zimba, Thanduxolo
- Date: 2022-09
- Subjects: Grahamstown (South Africa) , Eastern Cape (South Africa) , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27651 , vital:69380
- Description: One of the recommendations made by the South African Law Commission (SALC) (1997) when discussing the issue of child justice was that the justice system should aim to promote the well-being of the child and deal with the child in an individualised way. This dissertation discusses recidivism in children after completing the Rhythm of Life (ROL) diversion programme which aims at diverting children who conflict with the law away from criminal procedures to programmes that assist in behaviour modification. The study is inspired by the need to uncover the effectiveness of the programme and the challenges encountered when it is delivered. It is further motivated by the need to expose the reasons why children return to the criminal justice system after having attended the ROL diversion programme. Additionally, it seeks to gain perspectives of the probation officers’ and parents’ insights on the observed changes after the attendance of the programme. The study utilised a qualitative methodology with an interpretive and descriptive paradigm, which used in-depth interviews and focus groups as a method of data collection. The participants of the study were children who completed the ROL diversion programme, parents or guardians of children who completed the ROL diversion programme, and probation officers implementing the programme. The data was analysed and presented following the following four themes, i.e., factors contributing to recidivism by children after completion of the ROL diversion programme, diversion programme content, and completion of the diversion programme and the effectiveness of the ROL diversion programme. The literature consulted was broken up into; the historical development of diversion programmes and the inherent legislative framework, the magnitude and extent of recidivism of children after completion of the ROL diversion programme, and the factors which contribute to recidivism by children after completion of the ROL diversion programme. The reviewed literature further scrutinised the global, regional, and South African perspectives on managing young people, and lastly reviewed the benefits and challenges of diversion programmes in general. The study used the social learning theory as a theoretical framework to explain and discuss recidivism and the effectiveness of diversion programmes. This is a general approach to psychology and regards criminal behaviour as no different from any kind of behaviour as it is learned through the processes of observation, imitation and vicarious reinforcement and punishment. The findings of the study revealed that the impact of absent and or lack of father figures in the family influenced the children to get involved in criminal activities. The findings further indicated that probation officers face various challenges when facilitating the programme, such as substance abuse by children, lack of resources and functional aids, and the language as the facilitator guide is written in English. It was also discovered that parents from the sample used an authoritarian style of parenting, which exerts high expectations from children while providing little in the way of feedback and nurturance. Lastly, the findings indicated that the ROL diversion programme does modify the behaviour of children on completion. However, the main challenge is the environment the children return to after completion as it is assumed as a contributing factor to committing the crime. One of the recommendations is to strengthen parenting programmes and to introduce a programme for parents or guardians of children with serious behavioural challenges, another recommendation is the development of a risk assessment tool for young people, to assist probation officers in holistically dealing with children. Additionally, probation service practitioners should be provided by the government with the necessary resources to ensure that aftercare services are rendered effectively and efficiently. The researcher lastly recommends that probation officers conduct an intervention evaluation after the programme to identify children who could not understand the content of the programme so that additional methods of intervention could be employed such as casework. The study had the following conclusions; risk factors such as lack of parental support, substance abuse, peer pressure and bereavement were causes for re-offending in the children interviewed; the programme manual presents a challenge in terms of language, because the manual is written in English, and not all children can understand English; the issue of restorative justice was overlooked by probation officers when dealing with children when they re-offended. The study also concluded that the ROL diversion programme is effective to a certain extent, depending on how the children utilize the skills acquired from the programme, and as the parents reflected that they observed a change in their children’s behaviour post-diversion, while children also expressed that they learnt valuable life skills which made them resilient. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-09