Pharmacological investigations of Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn. and Vernonia mespilifolia Less. used in folk medicine in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Unuofin, Jeremiah Oshiomame
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9231 , vital:34307
- Description: The prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidity is increasing in South Africa. High calorie diet, sedentary lifestyle and the cultural belief that being fat or obese signifies beauty, wellness and wealth are major causative factors. This study was undertaken to scientifically validate two major medicinal plants used traditionally in the Raymond Mhlaba Municipality for the mespilifolia Less. were used singly and in combination. According to ethnobotanical studies,these two plants are regarded as wild plants and are only used for medicinal purposes. There has been a dearth of scientific reports on the two plants and to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the nutritional, antioxidant, antimicrobial, safety and anti-obesity potentials of the two plants and their combination. This study revealed that both plants are rich in nutrients. K. africana had greater ash (16.28 percent), crude fat (1.12 percent), Ca (2505 mg/100g), Mg (485 mg/100g) and Fe (89.95 mg/100g) while V. mespilifolia showed higher crude fibre (29.24 percent), crude protein (10.75 percent), P (400 mg/100g), Na (570 mg/100g), Cu (1.55 mg/100g) and Mn (4.70 mg/100g). K. africana and V. mespilifolia both contributed 223.37 Kcal/kg and 237.37 Kcal/kg of energy respectively. The polyphenolic evaluation of the acetone, aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plants revealed that the acetone extract of the combination of both plants had higher total phenol (144.59 mgGAE/g) and flavonoid (803.93 mgQE/g) contents, the ethanol extract of the combined plant also had the highest tannin contents (1.25 mgTAE/g), while the acetone extracts of K. Africana had the highest proanthocyanidin content (585 mgCE/g). The antioxidant assays revealed that the ethanol extract for V. mespilifolia had higher scavenging potentials of ABTS, DPPH and vinitric oxide radicals while the aqueous extract of the combination of both had higher scavenging potential for hydrogen peroxide radicals. Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of the extracts using the minimial inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against 6 bacteria (Actinomyces odontolyticus, Lactobacillus sakei, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacteriodes thetaiotomicron) and 4 fungi (Candida albicans, Microsporium gypsum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Trichophyton tonsurans) revealed that the plants possess antimicrobial activity. The MIC of the extracts against the tested bacterial strains ranged from 2.5 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL acetone and ethanol extracts of V. mespilifolia and the combined plants as well as the ethanol extracts of K. africana. However, no activity was observed for the acetone extract of K. africana and aqueous extracts of V. mespilifolia and the combination of both plants. Only three fungal strains (Candida albicans, Microsporium gypsum and Penicillium chrysogenum) were susceptible to the organic extracts with an MIC 0.3125 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL while the aqueous extracts showed no activity against all the fungal strains. None of the plant extracts showed any activity against Trichophyton tonsurans. The brine shrimp toxicity test revealed that all the three extracts of V. mespilifolia, aqueous and ethanol extracts of K. africana and aqueous and acetone extracts of the combination of both plants were toxic in relative to Meyer’s index and other indices of toxicity. The cytotoxic effect of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of V. mespilifolia, K. africana and their combination were also evaluated using HeLa cells. From this study, all the extracts tested had IC50 values were greater than 20 μg/mL which connotes that they are not toxic. According to the American National Cancer Institute, crude plant extracts are considered cytotoxic in an in vitro assay when concentrations 20 μg/mL and below produce 50% inhibition of tumor cells, after an exposure time of 48 hours. In vivo acute evaluation of single oral administration of 2000 and 5000/kg body weight did not produce mortality or significant behavioral changes during 14 days observation. In addition, the sub-acute administration of the aqueous extract at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/bwt/ day over a period of 28 days revealed no mortality or morbidity. The weekly body and organ weight of the rats were not significantly different from those of the controls and extract treated rats. The aqueous extracts at all doses did not show any significant (p > 0.05) effect on biomarkers of liver and renal damage. Haematological evaluation revealed that oral administration of aqueous extracts of K. africana, V. mespilifolia and the combination of both plants did not induce anaemia or leucocytosis in the animals. Furthermore, histopathological evaluation of the internal organs revealed no detectable inflammation at the the doses administered over a period of 28 days. These results demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of K. africana, V. mespilifolia and the combination of both plants was potentially safe for consumption orally even in chronic administration. Enzyme based in-vitro antiobesity evaluation of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of K. africana, V. mespilifolia and their combination revealed that the ethanol extracts of both plants and their combination exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against α-amylase, α- glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. However, the standards used for the various inhibition assays exhibited much higher inhibitory actions when compared to any of the extracts. This suggests that the mechanism by which these two plants and their combination exert anti-obesity effects are probably not by inhibition of key enzymes of carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Unuofin, Jeremiah Oshiomame
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/9231 , vital:34307
- Description: The prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidity is increasing in South Africa. High calorie diet, sedentary lifestyle and the cultural belief that being fat or obese signifies beauty, wellness and wealth are major causative factors. This study was undertaken to scientifically validate two major medicinal plants used traditionally in the Raymond Mhlaba Municipality for the mespilifolia Less. were used singly and in combination. According to ethnobotanical studies,these two plants are regarded as wild plants and are only used for medicinal purposes. There has been a dearth of scientific reports on the two plants and to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the nutritional, antioxidant, antimicrobial, safety and anti-obesity potentials of the two plants and their combination. This study revealed that both plants are rich in nutrients. K. africana had greater ash (16.28 percent), crude fat (1.12 percent), Ca (2505 mg/100g), Mg (485 mg/100g) and Fe (89.95 mg/100g) while V. mespilifolia showed higher crude fibre (29.24 percent), crude protein (10.75 percent), P (400 mg/100g), Na (570 mg/100g), Cu (1.55 mg/100g) and Mn (4.70 mg/100g). K. africana and V. mespilifolia both contributed 223.37 Kcal/kg and 237.37 Kcal/kg of energy respectively. The polyphenolic evaluation of the acetone, aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plants revealed that the acetone extract of the combination of both plants had higher total phenol (144.59 mgGAE/g) and flavonoid (803.93 mgQE/g) contents, the ethanol extract of the combined plant also had the highest tannin contents (1.25 mgTAE/g), while the acetone extracts of K. Africana had the highest proanthocyanidin content (585 mgCE/g). The antioxidant assays revealed that the ethanol extract for V. mespilifolia had higher scavenging potentials of ABTS, DPPH and vinitric oxide radicals while the aqueous extract of the combination of both had higher scavenging potential for hydrogen peroxide radicals. Evaluation of antimicrobial potential of the extracts using the minimial inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against 6 bacteria (Actinomyces odontolyticus, Lactobacillus sakei, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacteriodes thetaiotomicron) and 4 fungi (Candida albicans, Microsporium gypsum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Trichophyton tonsurans) revealed that the plants possess antimicrobial activity. The MIC of the extracts against the tested bacterial strains ranged from 2.5 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL acetone and ethanol extracts of V. mespilifolia and the combined plants as well as the ethanol extracts of K. africana. However, no activity was observed for the acetone extract of K. africana and aqueous extracts of V. mespilifolia and the combination of both plants. Only three fungal strains (Candida albicans, Microsporium gypsum and Penicillium chrysogenum) were susceptible to the organic extracts with an MIC 0.3125 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL while the aqueous extracts showed no activity against all the fungal strains. None of the plant extracts showed any activity against Trichophyton tonsurans. The brine shrimp toxicity test revealed that all the three extracts of V. mespilifolia, aqueous and ethanol extracts of K. africana and aqueous and acetone extracts of the combination of both plants were toxic in relative to Meyer’s index and other indices of toxicity. The cytotoxic effect of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of V. mespilifolia, K. africana and their combination were also evaluated using HeLa cells. From this study, all the extracts tested had IC50 values were greater than 20 μg/mL which connotes that they are not toxic. According to the American National Cancer Institute, crude plant extracts are considered cytotoxic in an in vitro assay when concentrations 20 μg/mL and below produce 50% inhibition of tumor cells, after an exposure time of 48 hours. In vivo acute evaluation of single oral administration of 2000 and 5000/kg body weight did not produce mortality or significant behavioral changes during 14 days observation. In addition, the sub-acute administration of the aqueous extract at 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/bwt/ day over a period of 28 days revealed no mortality or morbidity. The weekly body and organ weight of the rats were not significantly different from those of the controls and extract treated rats. The aqueous extracts at all doses did not show any significant (p > 0.05) effect on biomarkers of liver and renal damage. Haematological evaluation revealed that oral administration of aqueous extracts of K. africana, V. mespilifolia and the combination of both plants did not induce anaemia or leucocytosis in the animals. Furthermore, histopathological evaluation of the internal organs revealed no detectable inflammation at the the doses administered over a period of 28 days. These results demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of K. africana, V. mespilifolia and the combination of both plants was potentially safe for consumption orally even in chronic administration. Enzyme based in-vitro antiobesity evaluation of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of K. africana, V. mespilifolia and their combination revealed that the ethanol extracts of both plants and their combination exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against α-amylase, α- glucosidase and pancreatic lipase. However, the standards used for the various inhibition assays exhibited much higher inhibitory actions when compared to any of the extracts. This suggests that the mechanism by which these two plants and their combination exert anti-obesity effects are probably not by inhibition of key enzymes of carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
- Full Text:
Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal and toxicological properties of Hermannia Incana cav.: a South African medicinal plant
- Authors: Appidi, Jaipal Reddy
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Sterculiaceae , Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Diarrhea , Botany, Medical
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:11304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/259 , Sterculiaceae , Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Diarrhea , Botany, Medical
- Description: Hermannia incana Cav. (Sterculiaceae), known as sweet yellow bells, is a medicinal plant used by the people of the Eastern Cape for the treatment of stomach-ache and diarrhoea. It has purgative and diaphoretic effects. It is a prostrate herb with yellow flowers and sparsely hairy and slightly glandular leaves, occurring in grassland and marshes in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Based on the ethnomedical uses of this plant, the research project was designed to evaluate its antidiarrhoeal and toxicological properties. An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in the Eastern Cape Province was carried out, using a questionnaire which was administered to herbalists, traditional healers and rural dwellers. This survey indicated a total of 17 plant species from 14 families. Elephantorrhiza elephantine (Burch.) Skeels, Hermannia incana Cav., Pelargonium reniforme Curt., Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. and Bulbine latifolia (L.f.) Roem. et Schult. were the most frequently mentioned and highly recommended plants for the treatment of diarrhoea by both the traditional healers and rural dwellers. The root, bark and leaves are the common parts of plants used, while decoctions and infusions are the main methods of preparation. The agar dilution method was used to study the antimicrobial activity. The methanol extracts of the plant showed appreciable activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 7.0 mg/ml. The acetone and water extracts of both the leaves and the roots showed moderate activity against Gram positive bacteria and less activity against Gram negative bacteria. All the extracts inhibited the growth of the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Mucor hiemalis with growth inhibition ranging from 54.31 percent to 96.67 percent at 0.1-10 mg/ml. None of the extracts suppressed the growth of Candida albicans at the maximum concentration (10 mg/ml) tested. iii In the in vivo antidiarrhoeal evaluation using Wistar rats, the aqueous extract at all the doses tested, significantly prolonged the time of induction of diarrhoea and also reduced the frequency of diarrhoeal episodes and fecal parameters (total number, number of wet, fresh and dry weight and water content of the faeces). The percentage inhibition of defecation and intestinal content (enteropooling) were increased in dose dependent manner. The doses also reduced the intestinal transit time of charcoal, masses and volumes of intestinal fluid (gastrointestinal motility). These results are indications of antidiarrhoeal property of H. incana leaf extract with the 600 mg/kg body weight of the extract being the most effective. In the toxicological evaluation using Wistar rats, the oral administration of the extract did not produce any significant effect on the liver and kidney body weight ratios, RBC, HB, PCV, MCV MCH, MCHC, RCDW, WBC, neutrophils, monocytes and basophils cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and atherogenic index. The extract also did not affect the levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin, albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alanine aminotransaminase in the serum were increased by the extract whereas aspartate aminotransaminase was decreased. The levels of LUC, platelets, lymphocytes and eosinophils were significantly affected at 600 mg/kg body weight. The available evidence in this study suggests that the extract of H. incana leaf is mild, parameter and dose specific. The structure and distribution of foliar appendages on the leaves of this plant were investigated with the JEOL (JSM-6390LV) scanning electron microscope (SEM). Both glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed. Long stalked glandular trichomes were present on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces while short stalked glandular trichomes were present only on the adaxial surface. Glandular trichomes were capitate while nonglandular trichomes were stellate with many arms. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopyiv SEM showed that Al, Ca, K, Na, Ti and Si were the major constituents of the crystals analyzed from the leaf surfaces. The phytochemical screening of H. incana revealed the presence of bioactive antidiarrhoeal agents such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, cardenolides and dienolides. Two flavonoids, epicatechin and 3, 5, 7, 2’ tetra-hydroxy flavone-3- O--D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the leaves of the plant through bio-active guided fractionation. Both these compounds were screened against diarrhoea causative organisms (Echerichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 100 μg/ml. The findings from this research have generally justified the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of diarrhoea in this province.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Appidi, Jaipal Reddy
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Sterculiaceae , Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Diarrhea , Botany, Medical
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:11304 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/259 , Sterculiaceae , Medicinal plants -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Diarrhea , Botany, Medical
- Description: Hermannia incana Cav. (Sterculiaceae), known as sweet yellow bells, is a medicinal plant used by the people of the Eastern Cape for the treatment of stomach-ache and diarrhoea. It has purgative and diaphoretic effects. It is a prostrate herb with yellow flowers and sparsely hairy and slightly glandular leaves, occurring in grassland and marshes in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Based on the ethnomedical uses of this plant, the research project was designed to evaluate its antidiarrhoeal and toxicological properties. An ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in the Eastern Cape Province was carried out, using a questionnaire which was administered to herbalists, traditional healers and rural dwellers. This survey indicated a total of 17 plant species from 14 families. Elephantorrhiza elephantine (Burch.) Skeels, Hermannia incana Cav., Pelargonium reniforme Curt., Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. and Bulbine latifolia (L.f.) Roem. et Schult. were the most frequently mentioned and highly recommended plants for the treatment of diarrhoea by both the traditional healers and rural dwellers. The root, bark and leaves are the common parts of plants used, while decoctions and infusions are the main methods of preparation. The agar dilution method was used to study the antimicrobial activity. The methanol extracts of the plant showed appreciable activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 7.0 mg/ml. The acetone and water extracts of both the leaves and the roots showed moderate activity against Gram positive bacteria and less activity against Gram negative bacteria. All the extracts inhibited the growth of the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Mucor hiemalis with growth inhibition ranging from 54.31 percent to 96.67 percent at 0.1-10 mg/ml. None of the extracts suppressed the growth of Candida albicans at the maximum concentration (10 mg/ml) tested. iii In the in vivo antidiarrhoeal evaluation using Wistar rats, the aqueous extract at all the doses tested, significantly prolonged the time of induction of diarrhoea and also reduced the frequency of diarrhoeal episodes and fecal parameters (total number, number of wet, fresh and dry weight and water content of the faeces). The percentage inhibition of defecation and intestinal content (enteropooling) were increased in dose dependent manner. The doses also reduced the intestinal transit time of charcoal, masses and volumes of intestinal fluid (gastrointestinal motility). These results are indications of antidiarrhoeal property of H. incana leaf extract with the 600 mg/kg body weight of the extract being the most effective. In the toxicological evaluation using Wistar rats, the oral administration of the extract did not produce any significant effect on the liver and kidney body weight ratios, RBC, HB, PCV, MCV MCH, MCHC, RCDW, WBC, neutrophils, monocytes and basophils cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and atherogenic index. The extract also did not affect the levels of sodium, potassium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin, albumin, total and conjugated bilirubin. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and alanine aminotransaminase in the serum were increased by the extract whereas aspartate aminotransaminase was decreased. The levels of LUC, platelets, lymphocytes and eosinophils were significantly affected at 600 mg/kg body weight. The available evidence in this study suggests that the extract of H. incana leaf is mild, parameter and dose specific. The structure and distribution of foliar appendages on the leaves of this plant were investigated with the JEOL (JSM-6390LV) scanning electron microscope (SEM). Both glandular and non-glandular trichomes were observed. Long stalked glandular trichomes were present on both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces while short stalked glandular trichomes were present only on the adaxial surface. Glandular trichomes were capitate while nonglandular trichomes were stellate with many arms. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopyiv SEM showed that Al, Ca, K, Na, Ti and Si were the major constituents of the crystals analyzed from the leaf surfaces. The phytochemical screening of H. incana revealed the presence of bioactive antidiarrhoeal agents such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, cardenolides and dienolides. Two flavonoids, epicatechin and 3, 5, 7, 2’ tetra-hydroxy flavone-3- O--D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the leaves of the plant through bio-active guided fractionation. Both these compounds were screened against diarrhoea causative organisms (Echerichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 100 μg/ml. The findings from this research have generally justified the traditional use of this plant for the treatment of diarrhoea in this province.
- Full Text:
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