Photodynamic therapy using morpholine substituted porphyrins in the presence of cancer specific molecules linked to graphene quantum dots
- Authors: Magaela, Ngwanabjala Bridged
- Date: 2023-03-29
- Subjects: Photochemotherapy , Morpholine , Biotin , Folic acid , MCF-7 , Quantum dots
- Language: English
- Type: Academic theses , Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/422486 , vital:71947
- Description: This thesis reports on the synthesis, characterization, photophysiochemical properties of morpholine substituted symmetrical and asymmetrical porphyrins. The synthesized porphyrins are conjugated to cancer selective biomolecules (folic acid and biotin) which are linked to nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots, as potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The symmetrical morpholine porphyrin complexes 2 (Sn(IV) 5,10,15,20 tetra-4-morpholinyl porphyrin) and 3 (Zn 5,10,15,20 tetra-4-morpholinyl porphyrin) had the same substituent but different central metals, and they were both conjugated to biotin decorated nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (B-NGQDs), however complex 2 (Sn(IV) 5,10,15,20 tetra-4-morpholinyl porphyrin) was conjugated to B-NGQDs through an ester bond and complex 3 (Zinc 5,10,15,20 tetra-4-morpholinyl porphyrin) through 𝜋-𝜋 stacking. The effect of asymmetry was studied by comparing complex 3 (Zn 5,10,15,20 tetra-4-morpholinyl porphyrin) and complex 5 (Zn 5- bromophenyl-10-15-20-(tris-4- morpholinyl) porphyrin). Complex 5 (Zn 5- bromophenyl-10-15-20-(tris-4- morpholinyl) porphyrin) was an asymmetric porphyrin with morpholine and bromine as substituents. It was observed that asymmetry enhances singlet oxygen quantum yield and PDT activity. It was also observed that folic acid is a better targeting biomolecule when compared to biotin, and this was studied by comparing complex 3 conjugated to B-NGQDs and complex 3 conjugated to folic acid decorated nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots (FA-NGQDs). 3-FA-NGQDs had a better cellular uptake and PDT activity. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Chemistry, 2023
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- Date Issued: 2023-03-29
The de novo biosynthesis of biotin is required for the optimal growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the intracellular environment
- Authors: McLaughlin, Claire
- Date: 2021-10-29
- Subjects: Salmonella , Biotin , Biosynthesis , Salmonella typhimurium , Antibacterial agents , Anti-infective agents , Pathogenic bacteria , Salmonella food poisoning
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/192097 , vital:45195
- Description: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a foodborne pathogen infecting humans and animals, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. The increase in antibiotic-resistant S. Typhimurium infections in recent years has highlighted the need for new antibacterial drugs and drug targets. S. Typhimurium can acquire biotin through de novo biosynthesis or via transport from its extracellular environment. The importance of the vitamin for bacterial survival, coupled with the absence of the biotin biosynthetic pathway in humans, makes the biotin biosynthetic enzymes attractive targets for drug discovery. The study's primary aim was to determine the relative importance of the biotin biosynthesis and transport pathways for the in vitro and ex vivo growth and survival of S. Typhimurium, with the goal of validating the pathways as valid targets for antimicrobial drug development. In order to achieve this aim, we generated S. Typhimurium mutant strains harbouring deletions in either the biotin biosynthetic gene, bioB, or putative high-affinity biotin transporter, yigM (ΔbioB and ΔyigM, respectively), as well as a double mutant in which the two mutations were combined (ΔbioB ΔyigM). Since the simultaneous disruption of biotin biosynthesis and transport in the double mutant may form a synthetic lethal combination, preventing further analysis of the strain, we also constructed a conditional mutant in which the promoter of the yigM gene was replaced by the arabinose-regulatable, PBAD promoter in the ΔbioB background (ΔbioB PBAD::yigM). Since the expression of the YigM in this strain is arabinose-regulatable, its role as a biotin transporter can be evaluated by altering the arabinose concentration in the growth media. Once the mutant strains were isolated and verified genetically, their growth and that of their genetically complemented counterparts were analysed in liquid and/or solid M9 minimal medium in the absence of biotin. Consistent with previous observations, the ΔbioB auxotrophic mutant's growth was severely compromised in minimal media in the absence of biotin. The growth of the strain could, however, be restored by supplementation with exogenous biotin or expression of the wild type bioB gene from an episomal plasmid. The ability of biotin to reverse the growth defect of the ΔbioB mutant strain was, however, dependent on the presence of a functional YigM, since biotin supplementation did not affect the growth of the ΔbioB ΔyigM double mutant strain. The introduction of a second copy of the yigM gene in the ΔbioB ΔyigM background, however, restored the growth of the strain in the presence, but not absence, of biotin. The dependence of the double mutant on both YigM and biotin for growth supports the idea that the protein functions as the sole or primary biotin transporter in S. Typhimurium, as it has recently been shown for E. coli (Ringsletter, 2010; Finkenwirth et al, 2013). The essentiality of YigM for biotin transport was subsequently verified by two independent means. Firstly, the growth of the ΔbioB PBAD::yigM promoter-replacement mutant was strictly dependent on the inclusion of arabinose in biotin-supplemented M9 minimal media supplemented, indicating that the expression of YigM from the PBAD promoter is essential for biotin transport. Secondly, following treatment with a known small-molecule inhibitor of the biotin biosynthesis, MAC-13772, exogenous biotin was capable of restoring the growth defect of the YigM+ wild type S. Typhimurium strain, but not the YigM− ΔyigM mutant. Taken together, these findings confirm that YigM serves as the biotin transporter for S. Typhimurium and that the corresponding ΔyigM mutant is, as a result, defective for biotin transport. Having confirmed the genotypes and phenotypes of the ΔbioB, ΔyigM, and ΔbioB ΔyigM mutants, we next analysed the importance of the biotin biosynthesis and transport pathways for the growth and survival of S. Typhimurium within the intracellular environment. To this end, we determined the proliferation of each of the mutant strains following infection of HeLa epithelial and RAW264.7 macrophage-like cell lines. Our results revealed that the de novo biosynthesis of biotin is required for the optimal growth of S. Typhimurium following infection of both epithelial and macrophage-like cell lines. Disruption of biotin transport, by contrast, had no significant effect on the intracellular proliferation of S. Typhimurium when a functional pathway for the biosynthesis of biotin was present. The simultaneous disruption of biotin biosynthesis and transport, however, resulted in significant attenuation of S. Typhimurium in epithelial cells, while bacterial survival in macrophages decreased to below the limit of detection. Overall, our results suggest the S. Typhimurium relies primarily on biotin produced by the de novo biosynthesis pathway to support its growth in the intracellular environment. While YigM-mediated biotin transport is essential for sustaining the viability of intracellular S. Typhimurium in the absence of de novo biosynthesis, it appears to play a relatively minor role in the acquisition of biotin during growth in the nutrient-limited Salmonella containing vacuole. Our findings suggest that inhibiting biotin biosynthesis may be a viable strategy for combating systemic infections caused by Salmonella, as has been recently proposed for other medically important bacterial pathogens (Carfrae et al., 2020). , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2021
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- Date Issued: 2021-10-29