The development of an in vitro system for the production of drug metabolites using microsomal enzymes from bovine liver
- Authors: Morrison, Roxanne
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007698 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Description: Drug metabolism is a specialised subset of xenobiotic metabolism, pertaining to the breakdown and elimination of pharmaceutical drugs. The enzymes involved in these pathways are the cytochrome P450 family of isozymes. Metabolism is an important factor in determining the pharmacological effects of drugs. The main aim of this study was to develop a system whereby the major metabolites of drugs can be produced in vitro. An in vitro system was developed and optimised using commercially prepared microsomes from rat liver and coumarin (by monitoring its conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin) as a model. The optimum running conditions for the incubations were 50 μM coumarin, 50 μg protein/ml microsomes, 1 mM NADP⁺, 5 mM G6P and 1U/ml G6PDH incubated for 30 minutes at 38℃. The HPLC method for the detection of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin was also validated with respect to linearity, reproducibility, precision, accuracy and lower limits of detection and quantification. The system developed was then tested using microsomes prepared from fresh bovine liver on these ten drugs of interest in doping control in horse racing: diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, promazine, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, morphine, codeine, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. The bovine liver microsomes were prepared using differential centrifugation and had activity on a par with the commercial preparations. This in vitro system metabolised the drugs and produced both phase I and II metabolites, similar to those observed in humans and horses in vivo. For example, the major metabolites of the benzodiazepine drug, diazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam as well as the glucuronidated phase II products were all found after incubations with the bovine liver microsomes. The metabolism of the drugs was also investigated in silico using the computational procedure, MetaSite. MetaSite was able to successfully predict known metabolites for most of the drugs studied. Differences were observed from the in vitro incubations and this is most likely due to MetaSite using only human cytochrome P450s for analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Morrison, Roxanne
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4087 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007698 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Xenobiotics -- Metabolism , Metabolites , Drugs -- Testing , Toxicity testing -- In vitro , Doping in horse racing -- Control -- Research
- Description: Drug metabolism is a specialised subset of xenobiotic metabolism, pertaining to the breakdown and elimination of pharmaceutical drugs. The enzymes involved in these pathways are the cytochrome P450 family of isozymes. Metabolism is an important factor in determining the pharmacological effects of drugs. The main aim of this study was to develop a system whereby the major metabolites of drugs can be produced in vitro. An in vitro system was developed and optimised using commercially prepared microsomes from rat liver and coumarin (by monitoring its conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin) as a model. The optimum running conditions for the incubations were 50 μM coumarin, 50 μg protein/ml microsomes, 1 mM NADP⁺, 5 mM G6P and 1U/ml G6PDH incubated for 30 minutes at 38℃. The HPLC method for the detection of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin was also validated with respect to linearity, reproducibility, precision, accuracy and lower limits of detection and quantification. The system developed was then tested using microsomes prepared from fresh bovine liver on these ten drugs of interest in doping control in horse racing: diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, promazine, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, morphine, codeine, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. The bovine liver microsomes were prepared using differential centrifugation and had activity on a par with the commercial preparations. This in vitro system metabolised the drugs and produced both phase I and II metabolites, similar to those observed in humans and horses in vivo. For example, the major metabolites of the benzodiazepine drug, diazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam as well as the glucuronidated phase II products were all found after incubations with the bovine liver microsomes. The metabolism of the drugs was also investigated in silico using the computational procedure, MetaSite. MetaSite was able to successfully predict known metabolites for most of the drugs studied. Differences were observed from the in vitro incubations and this is most likely due to MetaSite using only human cytochrome P450s for analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Influence of endogenous female sex-steroids on mutagen metabolism
- Authors: Goold, Richard David
- Date: 1985 , 2013-03-15
- Subjects: Mutagenesis , Drugs -- Metabolism , Steroid hormones -- Receptors , Cytochrome P-450
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3819 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004919 , Mutagenesis , Drugs -- Metabolism , Steroid hormones -- Receptors , Cytochrome P-450
- Description: Cytochrome P-450, the terminal oxidase of the metabolic mono-oxygenase system, is thought to exist in multiple forms, which have differing substrate specificities, and are variably inducible by different enzyme inducers. Many mutagens, themselves unreactive, require metabolic activation by one or more of these cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal enzymes for mutagenic activity. Such mutagens may be detected in the Salmonella mutagenicity test only by the incorporation of an hepatic microsomal (59) fraction into the assay (as a first approximation to in vivo metabolism). Induction of the microsomal enzymes by different agents enhances the metabolic activation of mutagens; in fact, many mutagens are only detected when the 59 fraction has been induced by appropriate agents. Inducers of the phenobarbital-type are known to enhance microsomal steroid hydroxylation when administered at supraphysiological levels, inducers of several mono-oxygenase activities. In turn, the steroids, have been reported to be The inductive effects of the female sex-steroids and the combined effects of steroid and phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment on the metabolic activation of four mutagens have been investigated using the Salmonella assay. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were pret reated with 17a-oestradiol (E2) or progesterone (PRG) , at a level of either 1 mg/kg or 20 mg / kg daily for 14 days. A duplicate set of similarly pretreated groups were also induced with PB. Hepatic microsomal fractions were prepared from each group and incubated with each of the te st mutagens in the presence of a tester strain known to detect each particular type of mutagen. Induction of the hepatic metabolizing system by PB increased the activation of the mutagens significantly (as reflected by an increased number of revertant prototrophic S .typhimurium colonies). The administration of PRG also caused significant, and dose-dependent, induction of the activation of af l atoxin B1, benzo(a)pyrene, and dimethylnitrosamine. In general, E2 exhibited no inductive effect, but it did produce an increase in the activation of aflatoxin B1 (a reaction which is known to be catalysed by a mono-oxygenase prefe rentially inducible by PB). When use was made of a microsomal fraction that was prepared from animals which were both steroidpretreated and induced by PB, mutagenic activation was of the same order of magnitude as that observed when induction was brought about by PB alone. The absence of additive effect, taken together with the observations already mentioned, indicate that steroids induce the same cytochrome isozymes that are induced by PB. The implications of sex-hormonal regulation of the metabolic activation of mutagens are briefly discussed. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1985
- Authors: Goold, Richard David
- Date: 1985 , 2013-03-15
- Subjects: Mutagenesis , Drugs -- Metabolism , Steroid hormones -- Receptors , Cytochrome P-450
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3819 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004919 , Mutagenesis , Drugs -- Metabolism , Steroid hormones -- Receptors , Cytochrome P-450
- Description: Cytochrome P-450, the terminal oxidase of the metabolic mono-oxygenase system, is thought to exist in multiple forms, which have differing substrate specificities, and are variably inducible by different enzyme inducers. Many mutagens, themselves unreactive, require metabolic activation by one or more of these cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal enzymes for mutagenic activity. Such mutagens may be detected in the Salmonella mutagenicity test only by the incorporation of an hepatic microsomal (59) fraction into the assay (as a first approximation to in vivo metabolism). Induction of the microsomal enzymes by different agents enhances the metabolic activation of mutagens; in fact, many mutagens are only detected when the 59 fraction has been induced by appropriate agents. Inducers of the phenobarbital-type are known to enhance microsomal steroid hydroxylation when administered at supraphysiological levels, inducers of several mono-oxygenase activities. In turn, the steroids, have been reported to be The inductive effects of the female sex-steroids and the combined effects of steroid and phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment on the metabolic activation of four mutagens have been investigated using the Salmonella assay. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were pret reated with 17a-oestradiol (E2) or progesterone (PRG) , at a level of either 1 mg/kg or 20 mg / kg daily for 14 days. A duplicate set of similarly pretreated groups were also induced with PB. Hepatic microsomal fractions were prepared from each group and incubated with each of the te st mutagens in the presence of a tester strain known to detect each particular type of mutagen. Induction of the hepatic metabolizing system by PB increased the activation of the mutagens significantly (as reflected by an increased number of revertant prototrophic S .typhimurium colonies). The administration of PRG also caused significant, and dose-dependent, induction of the activation of af l atoxin B1, benzo(a)pyrene, and dimethylnitrosamine. In general, E2 exhibited no inductive effect, but it did produce an increase in the activation of aflatoxin B1 (a reaction which is known to be catalysed by a mono-oxygenase prefe rentially inducible by PB). When use was made of a microsomal fraction that was prepared from animals which were both steroidpretreated and induced by PB, mutagenic activation was of the same order of magnitude as that observed when induction was brought about by PB alone. The absence of additive effect, taken together with the observations already mentioned, indicate that steroids induce the same cytochrome isozymes that are induced by PB. The implications of sex-hormonal regulation of the metabolic activation of mutagens are briefly discussed. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1985
Studies on the metabolism of SKF 525 A|
- Authors: Barber, Peter John
- Date: 1978 , 2013-10-14
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Cytochrome P-450
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3835 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007591 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Cytochrome P-450
- Description: Spectrophotometric studies have been carried out to determine the pH dependence of binding of SKF 525 A, Brietal sodium and carbon monoxide to cytochrome P-450. The optimal pH for metabolic conversion of SKF 525 A has been investigated and this agent and its major metabolite, SKF 8742 A, have been metabolised in vitro by swine and rat hepatic microsomes. A suitable gas liquid chromatography assay has been developed and used to analyse metabolic production. The effects of carbon monoxide, dithiothreitol, n-octylamine and of induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital on metabolism of SKF 525 A and SKF 8742 A have been investigated. Attempts have been made to synthesise SKF 525 AN-oxide. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
- Authors: Barber, Peter John
- Date: 1978 , 2013-10-14
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Cytochrome P-450
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3835 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007591 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Cytochrome P-450
- Description: Spectrophotometric studies have been carried out to determine the pH dependence of binding of SKF 525 A, Brietal sodium and carbon monoxide to cytochrome P-450. The optimal pH for metabolic conversion of SKF 525 A has been investigated and this agent and its major metabolite, SKF 8742 A, have been metabolised in vitro by swine and rat hepatic microsomes. A suitable gas liquid chromatography assay has been developed and used to analyse metabolic production. The effects of carbon monoxide, dithiothreitol, n-octylamine and of induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital on metabolism of SKF 525 A and SKF 8742 A have been investigated. Attempts have been made to synthesise SKF 525 AN-oxide. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
The study of the metabolism of phenylbutazone (4-butyl-1,2 -diphenylpyrazolidine - 3,5 - dione) in rats
- Authors: Alexander, Dorothy Mary
- Date: 1978 , 2013-10-18
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Phenylbutazone
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3832 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007468 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Phenylbutazone
- Description: In this study the metabolism of the anti-arthritic drug, phenylbutazone, was investigated in female Wistar rats, and the results compared with those of other workers in this field. Two interrelated projects were undertaken. The first covered the pattern of excretion, isolation and characterisation of the metabolites and decomposition products of phenylbutazone in rats dosed post-orally with the drug. It was found that the major route of excretion was via the urine and over 50% of the administered dose was excreted in the first 24 hours by this route. A small percentage of the dose was excreted in the faeces. The following compounds were identified using chromatographic and autoradiographic techniques: p-Hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone γ-Hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone in both its molecular forms (ring lactone and straight chain hydroxyl) 4-Hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone p-γ-Dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone p-4-Dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone Hydrolysable conjugates (possibly glucuronides) Water soluble non-hydrolysable conjugates. The second project dealt with the quantitation of the water insoluble compounds isolated in the initial work. Using a unique technique, combining inverse isotope dilution assay and spectrophotometric analysis, it was found that the major metabolite was the γ-hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone, present in both its molecular forms. Oxyphenbutazone was a minor metabolite and the p-γ-dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone was present only in very low concentration. These results did not conform with those of previous workers in this field who reported the γ-hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone, in one molecular form only, as the major metabolite and the dihydroxy derivative as the second metabolite with a higher concentration in the urine than oxyphenbutazone. This disparity could be due to the fact that these workers took no account of the presence of the two molecular forms of the γ-hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone with their different polarities and different Rf values. The present study showed that the straight chain hydroxyl isomer was probably mistakenly identified as the p-γ-dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone. This theory is supported by the fact that the percentage dose recovered by the previous workers of the γ-hydroxy and p-γ-dihydroxy derivatives together equalled the percentage dose recovered in this study of the two molecular forms of the γ-hydroxy derivative. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
- Authors: Alexander, Dorothy Mary
- Date: 1978 , 2013-10-18
- Subjects: Drugs -- Metabolism , Phenylbutazone
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:3832 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007468 , Drugs -- Metabolism , Phenylbutazone
- Description: In this study the metabolism of the anti-arthritic drug, phenylbutazone, was investigated in female Wistar rats, and the results compared with those of other workers in this field. Two interrelated projects were undertaken. The first covered the pattern of excretion, isolation and characterisation of the metabolites and decomposition products of phenylbutazone in rats dosed post-orally with the drug. It was found that the major route of excretion was via the urine and over 50% of the administered dose was excreted in the first 24 hours by this route. A small percentage of the dose was excreted in the faeces. The following compounds were identified using chromatographic and autoradiographic techniques: p-Hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone γ-Hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone in both its molecular forms (ring lactone and straight chain hydroxyl) 4-Hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone p-γ-Dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone p-4-Dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone Hydrolysable conjugates (possibly glucuronides) Water soluble non-hydrolysable conjugates. The second project dealt with the quantitation of the water insoluble compounds isolated in the initial work. Using a unique technique, combining inverse isotope dilution assay and spectrophotometric analysis, it was found that the major metabolite was the γ-hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone, present in both its molecular forms. Oxyphenbutazone was a minor metabolite and the p-γ-dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone was present only in very low concentration. These results did not conform with those of previous workers in this field who reported the γ-hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone, in one molecular form only, as the major metabolite and the dihydroxy derivative as the second metabolite with a higher concentration in the urine than oxyphenbutazone. This disparity could be due to the fact that these workers took no account of the presence of the two molecular forms of the γ-hydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone with their different polarities and different Rf values. The present study showed that the straight chain hydroxyl isomer was probably mistakenly identified as the p-γ-dihydroxy derivative of phenylbutazone. This theory is supported by the fact that the percentage dose recovered by the previous workers of the γ-hydroxy and p-γ-dihydroxy derivatives together equalled the percentage dose recovered in this study of the two molecular forms of the γ-hydroxy derivative. , KMBT_363 , Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1978
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