Assessment of the antibacterial properties of n-Hexane extract of Cocos Nucifera and its interactions with some conventional antibiotics
- Authors: Akinyele, Taiwo Adesola
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Coconut palm , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections , Vibrio infections , Antibiotics , Hexane , Extracts
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11245 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/416 , Coconut palm , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections , Vibrio infections , Antibiotics , Hexane , Extracts
- Description: Cocos nucifera belong to the family Aracaceae (palm Family). The English name is coconut and it is used extensively as medicinal remedies against infections such as urinary tract infections, gastro intestinal infections, skin and wound infections. The in vitro antibacterial (including anti-listerial and anti-vibrio) properties as well as the evaluation of the combination potentials of the plant extract with six front-line antibiotics were evaluated in this study using standard procedures. The in vitro anti-listerial properties of the crude aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of Cocos nucifera were carried out against 37 Listeria isolates. Twenty-nine of the test organisms were susceptible to the aqueous extract while thirty were susceptible to the n-Hexane extract both at the screening concentration of 25 mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.6 - 5.0 mg/ml. For the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count ranged between 0.32 Log10 and 4.8 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 2.4 Log10 and 6.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. The time-kill characteristics of the two extracts suggest that at higher concentration (2 × MIC) and longer duration of interaction (8 hr), more bacteria were killed. In vitro anti-vibrio and antibacterial properties experiment revealed that of all the 45 vibrio and 25 bacteria strains that was tested, 37 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 38 to the n-Hexane extract, while 17 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 21 to the n-Hexane extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.3 - 5.0 mg/ml. viii The time kill studies revealed that for the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count in time kill assay ranged between 0.12 Log10 and 4.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 0.56 Log10 and 6.4 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. In the test for the combination interactions, the checkerboard method revealed synergy of 67% and indifferent of 33%, while the time kill assay detected synergy in 72% and indifferent in 28% of the combinations tested. The synergy detected was not specific to any of the antibiotics or the Gram reaction of the bacteria, and no antagonism was detected. We conclude that the aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of C. nucifera contains potential broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modulating compounds that could be relevant in the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. In addition, the husk which is being discarded as agro waste will opens up a vista of opportunities for utilization for therapeutic purposes
- Full Text:
- Authors: Akinyele, Taiwo Adesola
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Coconut palm , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections , Vibrio infections , Antibiotics , Hexane , Extracts
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11245 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/416 , Coconut palm , Microbial sensitivity tests , Gram-negative bacterial infections , Vibrio infections , Antibiotics , Hexane , Extracts
- Description: Cocos nucifera belong to the family Aracaceae (palm Family). The English name is coconut and it is used extensively as medicinal remedies against infections such as urinary tract infections, gastro intestinal infections, skin and wound infections. The in vitro antibacterial (including anti-listerial and anti-vibrio) properties as well as the evaluation of the combination potentials of the plant extract with six front-line antibiotics were evaluated in this study using standard procedures. The in vitro anti-listerial properties of the crude aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of Cocos nucifera were carried out against 37 Listeria isolates. Twenty-nine of the test organisms were susceptible to the aqueous extract while thirty were susceptible to the n-Hexane extract both at the screening concentration of 25 mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.6 - 5.0 mg/ml. For the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count ranged between 0.32 Log10 and 4.8 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 2.4 Log10 and 6.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hours interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. The time-kill characteristics of the two extracts suggest that at higher concentration (2 × MIC) and longer duration of interaction (8 hr), more bacteria were killed. In vitro anti-vibrio and antibacterial properties experiment revealed that of all the 45 vibrio and 25 bacteria strains that was tested, 37 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 38 to the n-Hexane extract, while 17 were susceptible to the aqueous extract and 21 to the n-Hexane extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for all the susceptible bacteria ranged between 0.3 - 5.0 mg/ml. viii The time kill studies revealed that for the aqueous extract, average log reduction in viable cell count in time kill assay ranged between 0.12 Log10 and 4.2 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. For the n-Hexane extract, the log reduction ranged between 0.56 Log10 and 6.4 Log10 CFU/ml after 8 hr interaction in 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. In the test for the combination interactions, the checkerboard method revealed synergy of 67% and indifferent of 33%, while the time kill assay detected synergy in 72% and indifferent in 28% of the combinations tested. The synergy detected was not specific to any of the antibiotics or the Gram reaction of the bacteria, and no antagonism was detected. We conclude that the aqueous and n-Hexane extract of the husk of C. nucifera contains potential broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modulating compounds that could be relevant in the treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. In addition, the husk which is being discarded as agro waste will opens up a vista of opportunities for utilization for therapeutic purposes
- Full Text:
Phytochemical analysis and bioactivity of selected South African medicinal plants on clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori
- Authors: Njume, Collise
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Helicobacter pylori , Medicinal plants -- Biotechnology , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Extracts , Helicobacter pylori infections
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11260 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/449 , Helicobacter pylori , Medicinal plants -- Biotechnology , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Extracts , Helicobacter pylori infections
- Description: Medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment of numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. In the developing world, especially in rural areas, herbal remedies continue to be a primary source of medicine. Scientifically, medicinal plants have proven to be an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which have already been formulated into useful therapeutic substances or have provided a basis for the development of new lead molecules for pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic resistance, undesireable side effects and expences associated with the use of combination therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections have generated a considerable interest in the study of medicinal plants as potential sources of new drugs against this organism. The high complexicity of bioactive compounds accumulated in plants coupled with their broad antimicrobial activity may make it difficult for pathogenic organisms, including H. pylori to acquire resistance during treatment. This study therefore evaluates the antimicrobial potential of selected South African medicinal plants employed in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections, and the subsequent isolation of the plant active principles. An ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections was conducted in the study area. Crude extracts of Combretum molle, Sclerocarya birrea, Garcinia kola, Alepidea amatymbica and 2 Strychnos species were screened against 30 clinical strains of H. pylori and 2 standard control strains (NCTC 11638 and ATCC 43526). In the preliminary stages of this study, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water extracts of the plants were tested against H. pylori by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. The plant crude extracts that exhibited anti-H. pylori activity with a iv percentage susceptibility of 50 percent and above were considered for the rate of kill assays and the most active crude extracts selected for bio-assay guided isolation of the active ingredient. Preliminary fractionation of the crude extract was achieved by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using different solvent combinations; hexane/diethylether (HDE), ethyl acetate/methanol/water (EMW) and chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (CEF) in order to determine the most suitable combination for column chromatography (CC) and subsequent testing by indirect bioautography. The extract was then fractionated in a silica gel column using previously determined solvent combinations as eluent. Active fractions obtained from column chromatography separations were further fractionated and the compounds identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. All the plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against H. pylori with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 0 - 38 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.06 - 5.0 mg/mL. The most active plant extracts were the acetone extract of C. molle with a percentage susceptibility of 87.1 percent, acetone and aqueous extracts of S. birrea (71 percent each) and the ethanolic extracts of G. kola (53.3 percent). Except for the aqueous extract, these extracts also exhibited a strong bactericidal activity against H. pylori at different concentrations. TLC analysis revealed the presence of 9 components in the acetone extract of S. birrea with the EMW solvent system as opposed to 5 and 8 with HDE and CEF respectively. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the identification of 52 compounds from the acetone extract of S. birrea with n-octacosane being the most abundant (41.68 percent). This was followed by pyrrolidine (38.91 percent), terpinen-4-ol (38.3 percent), n-eicosane (24.98 percent), cyclopentane (16.76 percent), n-triacontane (16.28 percent), aromadendrene (13.63 percent) and α-gujunene (8.77 percent). Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against H. pylori at all concentrations tested. These results may serve as preliminary scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal uses of the above mentioned plants in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections in South Africa. Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine could be considered for further evaluation as therapeutic or prophylactic agents in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections. However, further investigations would be necessary to determine their toxicological properties, in-vivo potencies and mechanism of action against H.pylori
- Full Text:
- Authors: Njume, Collise
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Helicobacter pylori , Medicinal plants -- Biotechnology , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Extracts , Helicobacter pylori infections
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11260 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/449 , Helicobacter pylori , Medicinal plants -- Biotechnology , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Extracts , Helicobacter pylori infections
- Description: Medicinal plants have been used as traditional medicine in the treatment of numerous human diseases for thousands of years in many parts of the world. In the developing world, especially in rural areas, herbal remedies continue to be a primary source of medicine. Scientifically, medicinal plants have proven to be an abundant source of biologically active compounds, many of which have already been formulated into useful therapeutic substances or have provided a basis for the development of new lead molecules for pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic resistance, undesireable side effects and expences associated with the use of combination therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections have generated a considerable interest in the study of medicinal plants as potential sources of new drugs against this organism. The high complexicity of bioactive compounds accumulated in plants coupled with their broad antimicrobial activity may make it difficult for pathogenic organisms, including H. pylori to acquire resistance during treatment. This study therefore evaluates the antimicrobial potential of selected South African medicinal plants employed in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections, and the subsequent isolation of the plant active principles. An ethnobotanical survey of plants used in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections was conducted in the study area. Crude extracts of Combretum molle, Sclerocarya birrea, Garcinia kola, Alepidea amatymbica and 2 Strychnos species were screened against 30 clinical strains of H. pylori and 2 standard control strains (NCTC 11638 and ATCC 43526). In the preliminary stages of this study, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water extracts of the plants were tested against H. pylori by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods. The plant crude extracts that exhibited anti-H. pylori activity with a iv percentage susceptibility of 50 percent and above were considered for the rate of kill assays and the most active crude extracts selected for bio-assay guided isolation of the active ingredient. Preliminary fractionation of the crude extract was achieved by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using different solvent combinations; hexane/diethylether (HDE), ethyl acetate/methanol/water (EMW) and chloroform/ethyl acetate/formic acid (CEF) in order to determine the most suitable combination for column chromatography (CC) and subsequent testing by indirect bioautography. The extract was then fractionated in a silica gel column using previously determined solvent combinations as eluent. Active fractions obtained from column chromatography separations were further fractionated and the compounds identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. All the plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against H. pylori with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 0 - 38 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.06 - 5.0 mg/mL. The most active plant extracts were the acetone extract of C. molle with a percentage susceptibility of 87.1 percent, acetone and aqueous extracts of S. birrea (71 percent each) and the ethanolic extracts of G. kola (53.3 percent). Except for the aqueous extract, these extracts also exhibited a strong bactericidal activity against H. pylori at different concentrations. TLC analysis revealed the presence of 9 components in the acetone extract of S. birrea with the EMW solvent system as opposed to 5 and 8 with HDE and CEF respectively. Bioassay-guided isolation led to the identification of 52 compounds from the acetone extract of S. birrea with n-octacosane being the most abundant (41.68 percent). This was followed by pyrrolidine (38.91 percent), terpinen-4-ol (38.3 percent), n-eicosane (24.98 percent), cyclopentane (16.76 percent), n-triacontane (16.28 percent), aromadendrene (13.63 percent) and α-gujunene (8.77 percent). Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against H. pylori at all concentrations tested. These results may serve as preliminary scientific validation of the ethnomedicinal uses of the above mentioned plants in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections in South Africa. Terpinen-4-ol and pyrrolidine could be considered for further evaluation as therapeutic or prophylactic agents in the treatment of H. pylori-related infections. However, further investigations would be necessary to determine their toxicological properties, in-vivo potencies and mechanism of action against H.pylori
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In vitro bioactivity of crude extracts of Lippia javanica on clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori: preliminary phytochemical screening
- Authors: Nkomo, Lindelwa Precious
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Extracts , Helicobacter pylori , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11257 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/508 , Extracts , Helicobacter pylori , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable
- Description: Helicobacter pylori classified as a class 1 carcinogen is a common human pathogen implicated in certain gastrointestinal diseases. Helicobacter pylori infection is acquired mainly in childhood, especially in developing countries. H. pylori infection causes peptic ulcer, duodenitis, gastritis and cancer. The growing resistance of H. pylori to antibiotics used in its treatment as well as other innate limitations of the triple therapy has necessitated a search for alternative treatment from natural sources which could be readily available, less cost effective. The antimicrobial activity of solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and water) crude extracts of Lippia javanica were investigated against 31 H. pylori strains by the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by spectrophotometric analysis at 620 nm using the broth micro dilution method and the rate of kill by broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis was also performed. H. pylori standard strain NCTC 11638 was included as a positive control. Metronidazole and amoxicillin were used as positive control antibiotics. The ANOVA test was used to analyze the results using SPSS version 17.0. The strains were inhibited by all the extracts with inhibition zones of diameter ranging from 0-36 mm and 0-35 mm for the control antibiotic, clarithromycin. The MIC90 ranged from 0.039- 0.625 mg/mL for acetone; 0.039-1.25mg/mL for methanol, 0.00195-0.313 mg/mL for ethanol; 0.01975-2.5 mg/mL for metronidazole and 0.0048-2.5 mg/mL for amoxicillin. Acetone extract completely inhibited strain PE369C at MIC (0.1 mg/mL) and 2× MIC (0.2 mg/mL) in 18h and at ½× MIC (0.05 mg/mL) in 36h. Strain PE466C was completely inhibited at 4× MIC in 72h. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and alkaloids. The results indicate that the extracts of the leaves of L. javanica may contain compounds with anti-H. pylori activity and merits further study to identify the compounds.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nkomo, Lindelwa Precious
- Date: 2010
- Subjects: Extracts , Helicobacter pylori , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11257 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/508 , Extracts , Helicobacter pylori , Antibiotics , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Materia medica, Vegetable
- Description: Helicobacter pylori classified as a class 1 carcinogen is a common human pathogen implicated in certain gastrointestinal diseases. Helicobacter pylori infection is acquired mainly in childhood, especially in developing countries. H. pylori infection causes peptic ulcer, duodenitis, gastritis and cancer. The growing resistance of H. pylori to antibiotics used in its treatment as well as other innate limitations of the triple therapy has necessitated a search for alternative treatment from natural sources which could be readily available, less cost effective. The antimicrobial activity of solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and water) crude extracts of Lippia javanica were investigated against 31 H. pylori strains by the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by spectrophotometric analysis at 620 nm using the broth micro dilution method and the rate of kill by broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis was also performed. H. pylori standard strain NCTC 11638 was included as a positive control. Metronidazole and amoxicillin were used as positive control antibiotics. The ANOVA test was used to analyze the results using SPSS version 17.0. The strains were inhibited by all the extracts with inhibition zones of diameter ranging from 0-36 mm and 0-35 mm for the control antibiotic, clarithromycin. The MIC90 ranged from 0.039- 0.625 mg/mL for acetone; 0.039-1.25mg/mL for methanol, 0.00195-0.313 mg/mL for ethanol; 0.01975-2.5 mg/mL for metronidazole and 0.0048-2.5 mg/mL for amoxicillin. Acetone extract completely inhibited strain PE369C at MIC (0.1 mg/mL) and 2× MIC (0.2 mg/mL) in 18h and at ½× MIC (0.05 mg/mL) in 36h. Strain PE466C was completely inhibited at 4× MIC in 72h. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and alkaloids. The results indicate that the extracts of the leaves of L. javanica may contain compounds with anti-H. pylori activity and merits further study to identify the compounds.
- Full Text:
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