- Title
- Management practices, milk quality, haemato-chemical biomarkers of free ranging pregnant goats from three genotypes and linear body measurements of their respective kids
- Creator
- Idamokoro, Emrobowansan Monday
- Subject
- Milk--Quality Biochemical markers Goat milk
- Date
- 2016
- Type
- Thesis
- Type
- Doctoral
- Type
- Animal Science
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11548
- Identifier
- vital:39082
- Description
- The broad objective of this study was to assess farmers’ perceptions on the welfare and management practices of pregnant goats and to determine the effect of genotypes and physiological status on doe’s performance (blood metabolites and milk quality) and their respective kid’s linear body measurements of goats reared in an extensive system of production. A survey was conducted among 153 goat farmers to assess their perception on goat mortality and management practices during and after gestation period. The results from the survey showed that 98.7percent of the farmers depended on pastures to feed their pregnant and lactating does. Majority of the farmers (59.9percent) did not vaccinate their dams against diseases before using them for breeding purposes. An aggregate of 77.8percent respondents allowed their does to mate freely on the veld. Most of the respondents (75.2percent) kept their pregnant goats together with other flocks in mud floor pen (kraals) fenced with tree branches. Farmers indicated that, poor diet (32percent), disease (24 percent) and predators (15percent) were some factors that cause mortality in pregnant does. About 66.7percent respondents perceived that, quality diet is a factor that can boost the reproductive performance of pregnant goats. The haemato-biochemical parameters of Nguni, Boer and Non-descript goats at late and early lactation revealed that, Nguni goat had higher (P ˂ 0.05) values of red cell counts (13.37 x1011/L), haemoglobin (9.07 g/dL) and creatine kinase (269.54 U/L) compared to Boer (9.96 x 1011/L, 7.94 g/ dL and 132.16 U/L) and Non-descript goats (12.98 x 1011 /L, 7.85 g/ dL and 143.50 U/L), respectively. The Nguni goats also had higher (P ˂ 0.05) mean values of glucose (3.38 mmol/L), sodium (141.66 mmol/L) and urea content (5.51 mmol/L) compared to Boer (2.96 mmol/L, 135.70 mmol/L and 4.45 mmol/L) and Non-descript goats (2.50 mmol/L, 141.31 mmol/L and 3.90 mmol/L), respectively. The results of blood metabolites also revealed that, there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the physiological status of goats. The late stage of pregnancy had higher mean values of red cell counts (14.44 x 1011 /L), haemoglobin (8.57 g/dL), haematocrit (0.67 L/L), glucose (3.12 mmol/L), sodium (141.74 mmol/L) and calcium content (2.37 mmol/L) compared to the early stage of lactation (9.77 x 1011/ L, 8.00 g /dL, 0.55 L/L, 2.77 mmol/L, 137.37 mmol/L and 2.23 mmol/L), respectively. Furthermore, it was revealed that, Nguni goats produced (1.2±0.09, 1.3±0.11 and 1.2±0.07 litres per day) more milk (P ˂ 0.05) at early, mid and late stages of lactation than Boer (0.6±0.10, 1.0±0.17 and 0.6±0.09 litres per day) and Non-descript (0.3±0.10, 0.3±0.12 and 0.3±0.09 litres per day) goats. There was significant difference (P ˂ 0.05) of genotypes on milk fat, milk magnesium and sodium contents among Nguni, Boer and Non-descript goats. Lactation stages had a significant effect (P ˂ 0.05) on some milk compositions (fat, protein, lactose and solid non-fat) and mineral profiles (Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Fe) of Nguni goats. Lactation stages had a significant effect (P ˂ 0.05) on fat, protein, lactose and solid non-fat content and mineral profiles (Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Fe) of Nguni goats. Milk protein content of Nguni goat was positively correlated to milk fat but, not in Boer and Non-descript goats. Milk quality parameters from the three goat genotypes possessed relatively moderate milk compositions and mineral profiles which is comparable to some exotic goat breeds. Nguni kids had higher mean weights (7.36 kg, 11.85 kg and 13.72 kg) than the Boer kids (5.20 kg, 7.18 kg and 10.20 kg) and the Non-descript goat kids (5.23 kg, 6.19 kg and 8.01 kg) at weeks 4, 6 and 8 after parturition, respectively. In terms of height at withers, the Nguni kids had higher mean values in heights (41.92 cm, 44.71 cm, 49.38 cm and 55.75 cm) than the Boer kids (35.67 cm, 37.14 cm, 42.40 and 44.20 cm) and the Non-descript kids (36.38 cm, 40.20 cm, 41.14 cm and 43.50 cm) at week 2, 4, 6 and 8 after parturition, respectively. Conversely, there was a positive correlation (P ˂ 0.05) between body lengths and live weights of Nguni goats and not in Boer and Non-descript goats. It was concluded from this study that, the indigenous Nguni, Boer and Non-descript pregnant goats were managed in poor conditions by communal farmers and the perceived causes of mortality of pregnant goats among others include poor feed, diseases and predators. In addition, the Nguni goats had higher mean values in some haematological parameters (red cell counts and haemoglobin) and serum biochemical profiles (glucose, sodium, urea and creatine kinase) than Boer and Non-descript goats during the periods of investigation. Nguni goats also produced more milk at the early and late stages of lactation compared to the Boer and Non-descript goats. The Non-descript goats had a higher mean value of milk fat compared to Nguni and Boer goats. Likewise, the Boer goats were observed to have higher mean value of milk magnesium and sodium content compared to Nguni and Non-descript goats. In terms of body weights and linear body measurments, the Nguni goat kids were superior compared to Boer and Non-descript goats.
- Format
- 228 leaves
- Format
- Publisher
- University of Fort Hare
- Publisher
- Faculty of Science and Agriculture
- Language
- English
- Rights
- University of Fort Hare
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