Relating vegetation condition to grazing management systems in the central Keiskamma catchment, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Ndou, Naledzani Nyahman
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Grazing -- Management , Grazing -- South Africa -- Management , Vegetation and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10673 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020645
- Description: Vegetation degradation in South Africa has been identified as a serious environmental problem, especially impacting communal areas. This study investigated the spatial distribution of vegetative condition, along with related changes, deterioration and trends, across the communal villages of the central Keiskamma catchment, Eastern Cape Province. The principal hypothesis of this study was that differences in grazing management strategies may explain the variations in vegetation condition within these communal areas. This investigation assessed the status and condition of vegetation in relation to local institutional grazing management systems, in association with factoring in relevant topographical and physical elements. Topographic homogeneity of the study area was tested by extracting topographic parameters from a DEM and performing a Chi squared test. Remote sensing techniques were used to analyse the spatial and temporal variations in vegetation condition between the villages. Landsat TM images, from 1984 and 1999, in conjunction with SPOT imagery of 2011, were used to assess the spatial trends in vegetation. Land use and cover maps were generated, comprising five categories of land cover, viz. intact vegetation; transformed vegetation; degraded vegetation; bare surfaces; and water. The classification of the images was achieved using the supervised object-oriented classification techniques, which aggregates pixels of each class into homogeneous objects. Information regarding existence and functionality of local institutional structures was obtained through structured interview method. Vegetation condition was correlated to grazing management systems, with the logistic regression confirming a significant relationship between vegetation condition and grazing management systems. Analysis of vegetation condition trends revealed a decline in pristine vegetation with an increase in degraded vegetation and exposed soil throughout the villages. However, it was observed that the decrease in pristine vegetation, with the associated increase in degraded vegetation and soil, do not occur evenly among the villages of the central Keiskamma catchment; the communal areas surrounding certain villages exhibited severe degradation of soil and vegetation, while other villages demonstrated less or minimal deterioration in their environs. The topographic homogeneity of the study locale lent credence to the theory that the uneven distribution of vegetation conditions between the villages is not controlled by topographic factors. Analysis of the data, collected through interviews, revealed differences in the functionality of institutional structures between villages. A statistically significant correlation between the vegetative condition and implementation of grazing management systems, supports the postulated concept that the variances in vegetation condition of the central Keiskamma catchment reflect the efficacy or inefficiency of the settlements‘ grazing management systems. Through gathering, analysing and assessing all the data, a conclusion was drawn, which advances that the primary requirement for remedial action in reversing the current decline in vegetation condition is strengthening the local institutional management regimes throughout all villages under study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Ndou, Naledzani Nyahman
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Grazing -- Management , Grazing -- South Africa -- Management , Vegetation and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10673 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020645
- Description: Vegetation degradation in South Africa has been identified as a serious environmental problem, especially impacting communal areas. This study investigated the spatial distribution of vegetative condition, along with related changes, deterioration and trends, across the communal villages of the central Keiskamma catchment, Eastern Cape Province. The principal hypothesis of this study was that differences in grazing management strategies may explain the variations in vegetation condition within these communal areas. This investigation assessed the status and condition of vegetation in relation to local institutional grazing management systems, in association with factoring in relevant topographical and physical elements. Topographic homogeneity of the study area was tested by extracting topographic parameters from a DEM and performing a Chi squared test. Remote sensing techniques were used to analyse the spatial and temporal variations in vegetation condition between the villages. Landsat TM images, from 1984 and 1999, in conjunction with SPOT imagery of 2011, were used to assess the spatial trends in vegetation. Land use and cover maps were generated, comprising five categories of land cover, viz. intact vegetation; transformed vegetation; degraded vegetation; bare surfaces; and water. The classification of the images was achieved using the supervised object-oriented classification techniques, which aggregates pixels of each class into homogeneous objects. Information regarding existence and functionality of local institutional structures was obtained through structured interview method. Vegetation condition was correlated to grazing management systems, with the logistic regression confirming a significant relationship between vegetation condition and grazing management systems. Analysis of vegetation condition trends revealed a decline in pristine vegetation with an increase in degraded vegetation and exposed soil throughout the villages. However, it was observed that the decrease in pristine vegetation, with the associated increase in degraded vegetation and soil, do not occur evenly among the villages of the central Keiskamma catchment; the communal areas surrounding certain villages exhibited severe degradation of soil and vegetation, while other villages demonstrated less or minimal deterioration in their environs. The topographic homogeneity of the study locale lent credence to the theory that the uneven distribution of vegetation conditions between the villages is not controlled by topographic factors. Analysis of the data, collected through interviews, revealed differences in the functionality of institutional structures between villages. A statistically significant correlation between the vegetative condition and implementation of grazing management systems, supports the postulated concept that the variances in vegetation condition of the central Keiskamma catchment reflect the efficacy or inefficiency of the settlements‘ grazing management systems. Through gathering, analysing and assessing all the data, a conclusion was drawn, which advances that the primary requirement for remedial action in reversing the current decline in vegetation condition is strengthening the local institutional management regimes throughout all villages under study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
An investigation of the factors influencing vegetation stress in a part of the Keiskamma catchment, Eastern Cape : a remote sensing and GIS approach
- Haindongo, Priscilla Nauwanga
- Authors: Haindongo, Priscilla Nauwanga
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Plants, Effect of stress on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Land use -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Vegetation and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Remote sensing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10652 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/975 , Plants, Effect of stress on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Land use -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Vegetation and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Remote sensing
- Description: Vegetation stress as a form of degradation is a widespread problem in many catchments in the Eastern Cape province. The Keiskamma is one of the catchments where considerable parts of the thicket biome are stressed. This necessitates an assessment of the status of the thicket biome by way of detecting vegetation stress in the area. The underpinnings of vegetation stress are investigated in this study. As a basic method to evaluate the thicket condition, remotely sensed data were acquired. High resolution ASTER imagery for the Keiskamma area at two different dates (2001 and 2005) was used to compute SVI and NDVI as indicators of vegetation stress conditions. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to derive slope angle and aspect. By way of digitizing from ortho-photo maps, various land-use types were mapped using Arc View GIS. The relationship between land use, terrain, soil erosion and vegetation stress was established. Field based techniques comprising stomatal conductance measurements were used and compared to remotely sensed data. The SVI and NDVI resultant images expressed similarities in areas depicting vegetation stress conditions at both epochs. A strong linear regression between NDVI and stomatal conductance measurements (mmol/m²) serve to confirm that the NDVI is a reliable indicator of vegetation stress condition. Slope angle and aspect were found to have a significant influence on vegetation stress conditions. Similarly variations in soil moisture and soil surface condition have strong implications for vegetation stress. Amongst other land-use types, abandoned lands were found to have the lowest NDVI values implying an association with the worst vegetation stress scenarios. It was concluded that an element of persistent stress conditions exists amongst the thicket vegetation of the Keiskamma catchment. This was mainly due to land use activities in the area.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
- Authors: Haindongo, Priscilla Nauwanga
- Date: 2009
- Subjects: Plants, Effect of stress on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Land use -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Vegetation and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Remote sensing
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10652 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/975 , Plants, Effect of stress on -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Land use -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Vegetation and climate -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Ecology -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Remote sensing
- Description: Vegetation stress as a form of degradation is a widespread problem in many catchments in the Eastern Cape province. The Keiskamma is one of the catchments where considerable parts of the thicket biome are stressed. This necessitates an assessment of the status of the thicket biome by way of detecting vegetation stress in the area. The underpinnings of vegetation stress are investigated in this study. As a basic method to evaluate the thicket condition, remotely sensed data were acquired. High resolution ASTER imagery for the Keiskamma area at two different dates (2001 and 2005) was used to compute SVI and NDVI as indicators of vegetation stress conditions. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used to derive slope angle and aspect. By way of digitizing from ortho-photo maps, various land-use types were mapped using Arc View GIS. The relationship between land use, terrain, soil erosion and vegetation stress was established. Field based techniques comprising stomatal conductance measurements were used and compared to remotely sensed data. The SVI and NDVI resultant images expressed similarities in areas depicting vegetation stress conditions at both epochs. A strong linear regression between NDVI and stomatal conductance measurements (mmol/m²) serve to confirm that the NDVI is a reliable indicator of vegetation stress condition. Slope angle and aspect were found to have a significant influence on vegetation stress conditions. Similarly variations in soil moisture and soil surface condition have strong implications for vegetation stress. Amongst other land-use types, abandoned lands were found to have the lowest NDVI values implying an association with the worst vegetation stress scenarios. It was concluded that an element of persistent stress conditions exists amongst the thicket vegetation of the Keiskamma catchment. This was mainly due to land use activities in the area.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009
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