Effects of non-communicable diseases on labour market outcomes in South Africa
- Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Authors: Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Labor economics , Environmental health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20340 , vital:45656
- Description: South Africa has experienced a high and rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle risk factors over the past decade. Health as a category of human capital is generally ex-pected to influence an individual’s labour supply and productivity. Despite the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, the high rate of economically inactive population and persistent wage inequalities in South Africa, there is limited empirical research on the effect of NCDs on labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials. Given this, the main object-ive of this study was to determine the effects of NCDs on three labour market outcomes: labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials in South Africa. This was divided into three major analytical objectives. Data used was extracted from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey collected by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Several econometric tests, including cross-sectional data analysis, panel data analysis and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods, were used in the study. The first analytical objective focused on estimating the effect of lifestyle risk factors on labour force participation through NCDs by gender. Endogenous multivariate probit models with a recur-sive simultaneous structure were employed as a method of analysis. The empirical findings suggested that NCDs and associated risk factors have detrimental effect on labour force participation. The analysis was further expanded to analyse the effect of gender differences, considering that the effect of NCDs may be gender-specific. The results revealed that the effect of stroke and heart diseases were significant only for men, while diabetes and high blood pressure were only significant for women. The results also emphasised the significant indirect influence of obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption on labour force participation through NCDs, especially for men. The second analytical chapter focused on investigating the effect of NCDs on employment status – that is, those employed, unemployed and economically inactive in the population of South Africa by gender. The estimation technique known as generalised linear latent and mixed methods (GLLAMM) was employed to fit the multinomial logit model with correlated random intercept. The findings suggest that NCDs affect the economically inactive population significantly relative to those employed, and the magnitude is larger for women than for men. There was no significant difference found in the effect of NCDs on the unemployed relative to the employed segment of the population. In addition, the results revealed gender differences on the effect of NCDs on employment status and that stroke had a significant influence on the employment status of both sexes, while heart diseases had significant influence only in men, whereas diabetes had significant effects only in women. The last analytical chapter focuses on estimating the effect of NCDs on wage differentials in South Africa by gender. The recentred influence function regression model and Blinder-Oaxaca de-composition with RIF were used in the chapter. The empirical results revealed that the effect of NCDs on earnings differ by gender. It was found that women with NCDs earn less than those without NCDs, while men with NCDs were found to earn more than their counterparts without NCDs. The results further revealed that women with NCDs suffer from wage discrimination in South Africa. The policy implications of this study are gender-specific. The results highlight the necessity for undertaking a massive awareness campaign regarding the prevention and control of NCDs, espe-cially among women. This can be achieved through specific female health programmes, including maternal healthcare. The findings of the study imply largely that calls for gender-responsive health approaches which take into account gender-specific needs and priorities should be promoted, compared to a blanket approach. In addition, there is a need for the government to complement education policies to promote labour market outcomes. Policies aimed at increasing access to education should continue to improve access to higher education and so to enhance participation in the labour force and reduce wage gaps. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Authors: Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Labor economics , Environmental health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20340 , vital:45656
- Description: South Africa has experienced a high and rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle risk factors over the past decade. Health as a category of human capital is generally ex-pected to influence an individual’s labour supply and productivity. Despite the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, the high rate of economically inactive population and persistent wage inequalities in South Africa, there is limited empirical research on the effect of NCDs on labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials. Given this, the main object-ive of this study was to determine the effects of NCDs on three labour market outcomes: labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials in South Africa. This was divided into three major analytical objectives. Data used was extracted from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey collected by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Several econometric tests, including cross-sectional data analysis, panel data analysis and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods, were used in the study. The first analytical objective focused on estimating the effect of lifestyle risk factors on labour force participation through NCDs by gender. Endogenous multivariate probit models with a recur-sive simultaneous structure were employed as a method of analysis. The empirical findings suggested that NCDs and associated risk factors have detrimental effect on labour force participation. The analysis was further expanded to analyse the effect of gender differences, considering that the effect of NCDs may be gender-specific. The results revealed that the effect of stroke and heart diseases were significant only for men, while diabetes and high blood pressure were only significant for women. The results also emphasised the significant indirect influence of obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption on labour force participation through NCDs, especially for men. The second analytical chapter focused on investigating the effect of NCDs on employment status – that is, those employed, unemployed and economically inactive in the population of South Africa by gender. The estimation technique known as generalised linear latent and mixed methods (GLLAMM) was employed to fit the multinomial logit model with correlated random intercept. The findings suggest that NCDs affect the economically inactive population significantly relative to those employed, and the magnitude is larger for women than for men. There was no significant difference found in the effect of NCDs on the unemployed relative to the employed segment of the population. In addition, the results revealed gender differences on the effect of NCDs on employment status and that stroke had a significant influence on the employment status of both sexes, while heart diseases had significant influence only in men, whereas diabetes had significant effects only in women. The last analytical chapter focuses on estimating the effect of NCDs on wage differentials in South Africa by gender. The recentred influence function regression model and Blinder-Oaxaca de-composition with RIF were used in the chapter. The empirical results revealed that the effect of NCDs on earnings differ by gender. It was found that women with NCDs earn less than those without NCDs, while men with NCDs were found to earn more than their counterparts without NCDs. The results further revealed that women with NCDs suffer from wage discrimination in South Africa. The policy implications of this study are gender-specific. The results highlight the necessity for undertaking a massive awareness campaign regarding the prevention and control of NCDs, espe-cially among women. This can be achieved through specific female health programmes, including maternal healthcare. The findings of the study imply largely that calls for gender-responsive health approaches which take into account gender-specific needs and priorities should be promoted, compared to a blanket approach. In addition, there is a need for the government to complement education policies to promote labour market outcomes. Policies aimed at increasing access to education should continue to improve access to higher education and so to enhance participation in the labour force and reduce wage gaps. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
Social policy and regional integration in SADC: a regional health care perspective
- Authors: Maduna-Mafu, Nqobani
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Regionalism , AIDS (Disease) -- Africa, Southern , HIV-positive persons -- Africa, Southern Africa, Southern -- Government policy
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19848 , vital:43386
- Description: The study examined the implementation of SADC health programmes, particularly the health protocol and its role to the advancement of health justice in the SADC region. Social driven regionalism involves member states adopting common policies in social policy areas that include; health, education and social protection. Therefore, the focus of this study was on regional integration-social policy interface and contribution towards socially equitable regional development with specific focus on health care provision. Since the 19th century development co-operation between countries has been informed by traditionalist views on regionalism, particularly the comparative advantage and the customs union paradigms. These anachronistic models have constructed a narrative suggesting that adopting trade-based regional integration schemes is a sustainable solution to fragmented markets and weak economies that are vulnerable to global economic trends. This antediluvian approach has produced forms of regionalism whose endeavour is the liberalisation of trade to the negation of human development. The SADC has experimented with this approach since the 1980s leading to the neglect of social policy and deepening human insecurity as shown by high mortality rates attributable to epidemics and low life expectancy in SADC member countries. Although neo-classical foundations are the socio-historical pivots of regional integration SADC has instruments that are centred on social actions aiming to promote citizens’ normative right to health. Thus, the fundamental strength with SADC regional social policy instruments is the incorporation of pro-poor commitments in systems of regional governance. While these social policies do not establish guarantees to the realisation of the right to health because they do have the politico-legal means to enforce such guarantees, they define regional agenda for justice in the context of deepening social challenges. This consequently makes the SADC region a site for norms that engender practices towards addressing the challenge of economic development and social transformation dichotomy. The existence of social policies arising from global health diplomacy means that the region has an opportunity to play a role as a vector for social justice through committing member states to equity and promoting social rights while providing brokerage needed for redistribution of public commodities. Using the qualitative approach, the study examined the implementation of SADC health programmes, particularly the health protocol, and the contribution to regional integration experience in the region. Narratives showed that SADC is facing enormous challenges in re-inventing regional co-operation towards health diplomacy. Although there is a confluence of factors militating against this form of regionalism, the fundamental contributory factor is lopsided regional integration favouring economic development ahead of social transformation. The architectural framework of SADC is trade-driven. Consequently, it lacks structures that can foster regional action on social questions that include; health infrastructure, health human resources, medical research and technology, vaccines production and procurement, regional health financing, civil society engagement towards achieving health justice in the region. The study has adopted the justice-driven regional health approach grounded on South to South co-operation principles and universalisation of health as the framework for understanding region and state-level interventions required to resolve intensifying social policy challenges including TB and HIV/AIDS. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management & Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Authors: Maduna-Mafu, Nqobani
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Regionalism , AIDS (Disease) -- Africa, Southern , HIV-positive persons -- Africa, Southern Africa, Southern -- Government policy
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19848 , vital:43386
- Description: The study examined the implementation of SADC health programmes, particularly the health protocol and its role to the advancement of health justice in the SADC region. Social driven regionalism involves member states adopting common policies in social policy areas that include; health, education and social protection. Therefore, the focus of this study was on regional integration-social policy interface and contribution towards socially equitable regional development with specific focus on health care provision. Since the 19th century development co-operation between countries has been informed by traditionalist views on regionalism, particularly the comparative advantage and the customs union paradigms. These anachronistic models have constructed a narrative suggesting that adopting trade-based regional integration schemes is a sustainable solution to fragmented markets and weak economies that are vulnerable to global economic trends. This antediluvian approach has produced forms of regionalism whose endeavour is the liberalisation of trade to the negation of human development. The SADC has experimented with this approach since the 1980s leading to the neglect of social policy and deepening human insecurity as shown by high mortality rates attributable to epidemics and low life expectancy in SADC member countries. Although neo-classical foundations are the socio-historical pivots of regional integration SADC has instruments that are centred on social actions aiming to promote citizens’ normative right to health. Thus, the fundamental strength with SADC regional social policy instruments is the incorporation of pro-poor commitments in systems of regional governance. While these social policies do not establish guarantees to the realisation of the right to health because they do have the politico-legal means to enforce such guarantees, they define regional agenda for justice in the context of deepening social challenges. This consequently makes the SADC region a site for norms that engender practices towards addressing the challenge of economic development and social transformation dichotomy. The existence of social policies arising from global health diplomacy means that the region has an opportunity to play a role as a vector for social justice through committing member states to equity and promoting social rights while providing brokerage needed for redistribution of public commodities. Using the qualitative approach, the study examined the implementation of SADC health programmes, particularly the health protocol, and the contribution to regional integration experience in the region. Narratives showed that SADC is facing enormous challenges in re-inventing regional co-operation towards health diplomacy. Although there is a confluence of factors militating against this form of regionalism, the fundamental contributory factor is lopsided regional integration favouring economic development ahead of social transformation. The architectural framework of SADC is trade-driven. Consequently, it lacks structures that can foster regional action on social questions that include; health infrastructure, health human resources, medical research and technology, vaccines production and procurement, regional health financing, civil society engagement towards achieving health justice in the region. The study has adopted the justice-driven regional health approach grounded on South to South co-operation principles and universalisation of health as the framework for understanding region and state-level interventions required to resolve intensifying social policy challenges including TB and HIV/AIDS. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management & Commerce, 2020
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The moderating effect of flourishing at work on psychological determinants and performance amongst early career academics at a selected university
- Authors: Mpofu, Mthokozisi
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Job satisfaction , Work environment
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21443 , vital:48629
- Description: Orientation – Flourishing is a phenomenon that moderates the relationship between psychological determinants and performance amongst early career academics at a selected South African university. Research objective – The main objective of this investigation was to explore if flourishing moderates the relationship between psychological determinants and performance amongst early career academics at a selected South African university. Motivation for the study – There are numerous difficulties that early career academics (ECAs) encounter in their career paths, including managing their current work performance, setting sights to pursue and explore further career development, and executing their tasks and activities. Coupled with this, they are expected to perform important roles that include facilitating teaching, its associated support work and research. Following on this, the most significant intervention with regards to ECAs’ professional careers would be to understand the controlling effect of flourishing at work on psychological determinants and the ability to execute job tasks and activities amongst early career academics with the intention of providing knowledge to help ECAs perform to their optimum level. Research approach/design and methods – A quantitative approach was applied with the Flourishing-at-Work Scale (FAWS) which was used to measure flourishing at work, while the Career Success Scale (CSS) was used to measure career performance. Resilience was measured through the Dispositional Resilience Scale, motivation was measured through the Achievement Motivation Questionnaire and personality was measured using The Big Five Inventory (BFI). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to model the relationship between the research variables aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and the Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) version 8.80. Main findings – The major finding in this study was that flourishing at work moderates the relationship between psychological determinants and performance. The findings revealed that personality predicts performance, and that a noteworthy relationship exists between resilience and performance. Additionally, a connection was found between motivation and performance. The results also revealed that all the psychological determinants, namely personality, resilience and motivation are important predictors of performance. Practical/Managerial implications – Institutions of higher learning and associated stakeholders will need to find ways to improve employee flourishing, managing personality, resilience, performance and motivation of ECAs in their workspaces through providing physical, emotional and intellectual resources that will afford employees to perform their tasks effectively; offering supportive and trusting relationships with leaders and managers; building sound relationships among co-workers; providing challenging, interesting roles and responsibilities; availing career advancement opportunities; providing clearly defined goals and role clarity; providing authentic leadership; being mindful that individual ECAs have unique personalities that assist them to perform satisfactorily in their roles; providing ECAs with opportunities for work adaptation, , optimistic thinking, realism, behavioural control, physical aptness, selflessness and removing removing uncertainty in their roles; availing environments that promote resilience within individuals which include a positive command climate, teamwork, and cohesion; and providing sound motivation systems correlated to organisation goals which might include growth/career advancement, stability, training and development, stimulating work and recognition. , Thesis (MCom) (Industrial Psychology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mpofu, Mthokozisi
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Job satisfaction , Work environment
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21443 , vital:48629
- Description: Orientation – Flourishing is a phenomenon that moderates the relationship between psychological determinants and performance amongst early career academics at a selected South African university. Research objective – The main objective of this investigation was to explore if flourishing moderates the relationship between psychological determinants and performance amongst early career academics at a selected South African university. Motivation for the study – There are numerous difficulties that early career academics (ECAs) encounter in their career paths, including managing their current work performance, setting sights to pursue and explore further career development, and executing their tasks and activities. Coupled with this, they are expected to perform important roles that include facilitating teaching, its associated support work and research. Following on this, the most significant intervention with regards to ECAs’ professional careers would be to understand the controlling effect of flourishing at work on psychological determinants and the ability to execute job tasks and activities amongst early career academics with the intention of providing knowledge to help ECAs perform to their optimum level. Research approach/design and methods – A quantitative approach was applied with the Flourishing-at-Work Scale (FAWS) which was used to measure flourishing at work, while the Career Success Scale (CSS) was used to measure career performance. Resilience was measured through the Dispositional Resilience Scale, motivation was measured through the Achievement Motivation Questionnaire and personality was measured using The Big Five Inventory (BFI). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to model the relationship between the research variables aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 and the Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) version 8.80. Main findings – The major finding in this study was that flourishing at work moderates the relationship between psychological determinants and performance. The findings revealed that personality predicts performance, and that a noteworthy relationship exists between resilience and performance. Additionally, a connection was found between motivation and performance. The results also revealed that all the psychological determinants, namely personality, resilience and motivation are important predictors of performance. Practical/Managerial implications – Institutions of higher learning and associated stakeholders will need to find ways to improve employee flourishing, managing personality, resilience, performance and motivation of ECAs in their workspaces through providing physical, emotional and intellectual resources that will afford employees to perform their tasks effectively; offering supportive and trusting relationships with leaders and managers; building sound relationships among co-workers; providing challenging, interesting roles and responsibilities; availing career advancement opportunities; providing clearly defined goals and role clarity; providing authentic leadership; being mindful that individual ECAs have unique personalities that assist them to perform satisfactorily in their roles; providing ECAs with opportunities for work adaptation, , optimistic thinking, realism, behavioural control, physical aptness, selflessness and removing removing uncertainty in their roles; availing environments that promote resilience within individuals which include a positive command climate, teamwork, and cohesion; and providing sound motivation systems correlated to organisation goals which might include growth/career advancement, stability, training and development, stimulating work and recognition. , Thesis (MCom) (Industrial Psychology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
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