Prevalence and geo-mapping of livestock disease in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Phingilili, Wanga-Ungeviwa (https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-7227-6813)
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Parasitology , Veterinary medicine , Veterinary tropical medicine
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20959 , vital:46865
- Description: Livestock disease poses a threat to the livestock production industry due to ban on the exportation of live animals and animal by-products. Information on disease surveillance and mapping of disease prevalence and distribution in the Eastern Cape is very scarce. Therefore, two objectives were set to determine the prevalence and distribution of livestock disease in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) through retrospective investigation. A retrospective data of animal diseases in the ECP from 2013-2018 was obtained from the veterinary unit of the Department of Rural and Agrarian Reform (DrDAR) database, decoded, analysed, and interpreted. The first objective was to determine the prevalence and seasonal distribution of viral and bacterial diseases in ECP from 2013-2018. The second objective was to conduct a spatio-temporal analysis of parasitic diseases of livestock in ECP from 2013-2018. Significant associations (P< 0.05) were found between local municipality, season, year, and livestock species. The highest prevalence of viral disease was found in the Lukhanji (29.4 percent) and Mbhashe (17.5 percent), while bacterial diseases were found in Nelson Mandela Bay (27.7 percent) and Raymond Mhlaba (34.9 percent) municipalities. Viral infections were more common in autumn (53.8 percent), while bacterial infections were more in spring (58. 5 percent). The highest proportions of bacterial and viral diseases were in caprine (97.2 percent) and bovine (41.4 percent) species. Odds of disease occurrence were highest in Intsika yethu local municipality (OR= 3.279; 95 percent CI= 0.043-263.6; P<0.05) in autumn (OR = 2.131; 95 percent CI= 0.815-5.569; P<0.05) and in bovine (OR= 58.825; 95 percent CI= 16.283-205.591; P<0.05). Internal parasites (75 percent) were the highest reported in the year 2015), whereas external parasites (38.1 percent), and fly parasites (30.4 percent) were mostly reported in the year 2016. The highest prevalence of fly parasites and internal parasites was found in autumn (87 percent) and spring (75 percent), respectively. The Local municipality with the highest prevalence was Amahlathi (fly parasites, 91.3 percent), Dr Beyers Naude (external 3 parasite, 43.6 percent), Intsika yethu (internal parasite, 75 percent), Makana (protozoa, 5.8 percent), Mbhashe (haemoparasite, 40 percent percent), Raymond Mhlaba municipality (haemoparasite, 12.5 percent), and Lukhanji (fly parasite, 8.7 percent). Parasitic diseases with the highest prevalence in the province between 2013 to 2018 were babesiosis, anaplasmosis, cowdriosis, Bovine malignant catarrhal fever, and sheep scab. Livestock diseases are prevalent and unevenly distributed in the Eastern Cape Province. The diseases were mostly diagnosed in autumn and spring. , Thesis (MSc) (Animal Production Science) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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The adoption of the twin peaks model in the regulation of South African financial markets : a comparative analysis.
- Authors: Marange, Patience https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-4405-2702
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Financial services industry , Financial services industry--Law and legislation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21278 , vital:48175
- Description: Over two decades ago, a number of countries have changed their financial regulatory models. The growing complexity of financial products, the increasing challenge of regulating large financial conglomerates, and the repercussions of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, amongst other factors, have made regulatory reform a key priority for many economies. A move towards the Twin Peaks model of financial regulation has been one of the trends in recent years. This model sees regulation split into two broad functions which are market conduct regulation and prudential regulation. South Africa adopted the Twin Peaks financial regulatory model in 2017 as a way of strengthening its financial regulatory model. By adopting the Twin Peaks model, South Africa has become the eighth and the first developing country to adopt the financial regulatory model. The adoption of the Twin Peaks financial regulatory model in South Africa was mainly inspired by the effects of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. This study undertakes a comparison of the Twin Peaks model structure in South Africa with the structure of its counterparts, which are Australia, United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In doing so, the study identifies the strengths and possible weaknesses of the model in South Africa. The study discusses the extent to which the South African Twin Peaks model reflects international experience. The study traces the evolution of the financial markets and its regulation. It also delves into the main models of the regulation of financial services industry including the Twin Peaks model, which is the focus of the study. The rationale of South Africa’s adoption of the Twin Peaks model is also considered. The Twin Peaks model was introduced in South Africa through the enactment of the Financial Sector Regulatory Act. This legislation reveals that South Africa has drawn increasingly on international experience, particularly the structural design and the cooperation and collaboration of the regulators. It also reveals similarities, notable differences as well as characteristics that might be regarded as unique to South Africa. The similarities reveal that the South African Twin Peaks greatly aligns with that of its counterparts. This is exemplified through the cooperation and coordination between the regulators and the relationship between the regulators and the government amongst others. The study explores insights and lessons to South Africa which can be learnt from its counterparts like the need for effective coordination amongst the Twin Peak regulators. Thereafter, the study puts forward recommendations for reform, which can enable the effective implementation of the Twin Peaks financial regulatory architecture. , Thesis (MA) (Laws) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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The effects of household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances and energy security among rural households in Mnquma Local Municipality
- Authors: Ntonjane, P https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9432-9031
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Energy security , Sustainable development -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22655 , vital:52617
- Description: Energy security is critical to global economic development and agricultural activities. Electricity is one of the most beneficial types of energy for rural household livelihoods and smallholder producers in South Africa. This study aims to examine the effects of household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances and energy security among agricultural households in Mnquma Local Municipality. The study employed primary data obtained from 224 households using simple random sampling technique across three electrification stages. Descriptive statistics, and binary logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the household and the household agricultural income on the adoption of new electrical appliances and energy security across the three electrification stages. Descriptive statistics results indicated that non-electrified (67.1percent) and recently electrified (54.3percent) villages are dominated by female-headed households, while in electrified households there are more male head households (58.3percent). The results also show that among the households that have the highest total monthly income (greater than R15000), 34.5percent were electrified, 17.1 percent were recently electrified, and 4.3percent were non-electrified. The Binary logistic regression model's findings for the second objective revealed that household head factors such as age, monthly total household income, household size, and household agricultural income have significant effects on energy security. The study's findings revealed that household agricultural income has a significant impact at a 5 percent significant level on the adoption of electrical appliances. Binary logistic regression findings for the third objective revealed that on new electrical appliance adoption there was a significant effect of gender (at 5percent level), household size, energy security, and household agricultural income at a 1percent significance level. Binary logistic regression revealed that the coefficient of household size variable is positive and significant at a 1percent significant level on energy security and electrical appliance adoption. In this study, household agricultural income on the adoption of electrical appliances has been found to be the most critical factor influencing the energy security status of households among the selected rural households in Mnquma Local Municipality. As a result, policies must be put in place to facilitate access to electrical appliances through electrification programs, invention of affordable electric appliances, encourage participation in agricultural production and agricultural market access, that will provide households with social benefits. To improve energy security, electrical appliances should be simple to use and aid in the transition from biomass to electricity. , Thesis (MAgric) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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The enforcement of code conduct in local government: the case of O R Tambo District.
- Authors: Tyali, Gcobani Sonwabile
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Public administration--Moral and ethical aspects , Civil service ethics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21300 , vital:48381
- Description: The post-apartheid transformative agenda for local government in South Africa (SA) was built on a system of new key performance areas for public employees. The problems of accountability and transparency in local government finance management, as well as good governance and the capacity building of those public officials designated to support local development, were among them. Over the years, the conduct of public officials has received more scrutiny in the media as well as in academic research. Ethics management therefore, has garnered more attention as well especially in the fight against corruption. The premise is that, if ethics management can be institutionalised public officials can become more effective and discharge their duties with respect for public resources. The imperative for the implementation of an ethical framework was also based on the need to ensure inclusive development which can be enhanced by ensuring accountability by local government functionaries. In this regard, the conduct of municipal functionaries and its regulation based on the code of conduct takes centre stage. The study contextualises ethics management and its efficacy with specific reference to the code of conduct and its role in the prevalence of unethical conduct. The results reveal glaring inconsistencies in the implementation of the code of conduct and a myriad of challenges rendering ethics management ineffective. , Thesis (MA) (Administration) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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The impact of financial inclusion on poverty: a case of selected SADC countries.
- Authors: Ndlovu, Nkazimulo Glitter
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Financial services industry , Poverty--Africa , Poverty
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21311 , vital:48393
- Description: Financial inclusion is widely regarded as another conduit through which poverty can be alleviated. However, both theoretical and empirical literature does not reach consensus on the effect of financial inclusion on poverty. Against this background, the study empirically examines the effect of financial inclusion on poverty in selected Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, which include (Botswana, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia). The author employs the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique for the period 1980 to 2019. Based on the Financial Intermediation Theory and the Social Justice Theory: Tunnel effect, 5 different models were estimated. Variables used to capture the different dimensions of financial inclusion include ATMs per 1000km and Bank Accounts per 1000 adults as well as Bank’s private Credit to GDP and Commercial Bank branches per 1000 adults’. The control variables used in the study are; GDP per Capita, Government Consumption, Inflation and Education. Empirical results revealed that financial inclusion reduces the level of poverty in the selected SADC states. The results also revealed that GDP per capita and government spending have a negative effect on poverty in the region. An interesting finding, even though not the major focus of the study was the effect of education. The results revealed that lower levels of education may exacerbate the level of poverty in the region. At the same time, tertiary education was found to have a negative and significant effect on poverty. The empirical results imply that policy makers should center their focus on reforms that will ensure that more people are financially included in the region. Also policies promoting high growth levels and acquisition of higher levels of education should be pursued. , Thesis (MCom) (Economics) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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The investigation of groundwater potential zones in the Neotectonic area of Ntabankulu Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Nonkula, Zenande https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-7703
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Groundwater , Water-supply , Neotectonics
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22875 , vital:53068
- Description: Ntabankulu extends from latitude 30° 51' 09"S to 31° 09' 10" S and from longitude 29° 06' 51"E to 29° 23' 49"E in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Ntabankulu Local Municipality has 141 villages with 125 976 population size. About 36% of villages do not have water sources, 38% have partial functional water sources, 6% have non-functional water sources, and 20 % have reliable water sources, primarily rivers (Mnceba, Caba and Mzimvubu). Water is scarce in this area, especially in the dry season when perennial rivers and springs become dry. This research investigates groundwater potential zones and identifies suitable aquifers that can be developed to augment the water resources. The study involved: literature review, remote sensing, borehole and springs data, geological, petrographic and geophysical (gravity, magnetic and electrical resistivity) analyses. Each method has its purpose in finding the potential groundwater zones. Ntabankulu Local Municipality is located on the Karoo Supergroup in Ecca and Beaufort Group, Adelaide Subgroup and Balfour Formation. During field analysis, it was observed that this area consists of sandstone, shale and dolerite sills, dykes and complex rings. Fining up sequences, massive bedding, concretions, and spheroidal weathering were observed in sandstone, shale, and dolerite, respectively. Groundwater seepages are found within these structures. Sandstones are yellow due to the presence of limonite because of the continuous seepage. Red coloured laminated shale reflects that the rock has an iron oxidation state with hematite (Fe2O3) on the sediments. The Geographical Information Systems (GIS) method was used to extract lineaments. Lineaments dominate Ntabankulu with an NW-SE direction. Some of the lineaments are due to Karoo igneous intrusions, and others are due to neotectonic activities. Ntabankulu is located on the eastern and northern neotectonic belts. Geological maps and lineament maps were compared; it was observed that sandstones and shales are found on high liinament density areas. High yielding boreholes and springs coincide with lineaments, and some lineaments are faults. Hence areas that have high lineaments density could be groundwater potential zones. There are geological structures (faults, joints, and fractures) that are present. Systematic and non-systematic joints are found on sandstones which are due to extensional stress. These joints have been reactivated and acted as strike-slip faults. All these geological structures increase the porosity and permeability of the rocks. It was observed that the area of Ntabankulu consists of coarse-grained and medium-grained sandstone with quartz and orthoclase minerals. Dolerite consists of labradorite, clinopyroxene, olivine, oxide minerals with twinning formed during cooling and magma crystallisation. The gravity and magnetic methods were used to study the subsurface rock density contrasts and susceptibilities, respectively. The gravity and magnetic maps were generated in Geosoft Oasis 8.3 software. High gravity zones coincide with some of the mapped Karoo intrusions. Unmapped dolerite intrusions, lineaments and faults were inferred. The magnetic method delineated the subsurface structures (lineaments and faults), which are known to control groundwater accumulation. These structures and inferred dolerite intrusions helped in identifying groundwater potential zones. Groundwater potential zones were inferred in sedimentary rocks between dolerite intrusions and areas where sills and dykes intersect. A total of six vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted at Mzalwaneni and Tabankulu town areas using the Schlumberger configuration array with a maximum penetration depth of about 25- 33 m. The VES data were modelled in Winresist and Surfer 9 software to obtain 1D models and geoelectric sections, respectively. These 1D models have three layers with response curves of H-type. The top layer is about 0.4 - 0.7 m thick, with resistivity values from 12.3 – 1885.9 Ωm and is topsoil (sand and clay). The second layer of thickness 5.2 – 13.3 m has low resistivity values from 23.1- 44.9 Ωm. This layer is interpreted to be fractured shales and sandstones possibly containing water. The third layer of high resistivity values of 145.9 – 727.4 Ωm is inferred to be sandstone. The simultaneous interpretation of resistivity and normalised chargeability revealed that groundwater potential zones are characterised by low resistivity values and low normalised chargeability values for layers from 0.7 - 13.3 m depth. The groundwatwer in the area of Ntabankulu can be found on unconfined aquifers. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Vulnerability assessment of wetland ecosystems to water demand, climate variability and land-use/cover change: The case of Die Vlei wetland, Eastern Cape province, South Africa
- Authors: Gwena, Kudzanai Rosebud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-8937
- Date: 2021-09
- Subjects: Water-supply , Climate change mitigation
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22688 , vital:52656
- Description: Water scarcity is a major challenge in many different countries, particularly arid and or semi-arid like South Africa. Wetlands are one of the freshwater ecosystems that may assist in alleviating water scarcity because they are valuable not only as a water source for humans but also as an ecosystem of animals and plant species. However, wetlands have been experiencing rapid rates of vulnerability/risk due to alterations by population growth leading to enhanced water demand, climate variability, and human activities leading to land cover/land-use changes. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are less financially taxing methods useful in studying water scarcity, as shown in this study. The study begins with a literature review presentation based on a desk study from predominantly academic publications and additional municipal and consultancy reports on the wetland ecosystem’s vulnerability/risk and focuses on applying GIS & RS in related studies. After that, the study conducts a vulnerability assessment using the Ramsar Convention’s wetland vulnerability assessment using the theoretical framework stages using GIS and RS technologies. The study hypothesizes that water demand, climate variability, and land-use/cover changes (LULC) are the tri-factor responsible for wetland vulnerability. It begins the assessment by first quantifying wetland water demand using the wetland water budget, ecosystem services and the Penman-Montheith-FAO (ETo) evapotranspiration index. Secondly, objectively representing climate variability on wetland vulnerability using trend analysis to measure rainfall and temperature variability. Thirdly, reconstructing LULC changes from multi-date remotely sensed SPOT imagery over ten years from 2007 to 2017 to identify and monitor impacts of trends. The vulnerability was assessed through a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) that identified relevant variables and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) to evaluate the wetland’s exposure. The study concludes that there is evidence of a possible increase in water demand whilst climate variability, which is estimated to have a 39% contribution to the wetland dynamics, is characterised by a decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperatures. Lastly, LULC trends showed a marked increase in domestic and commercial farming, and farming has been identified as a wetland stressor of note. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Experiences of patients on short term drug resistant tuberculosis regimen at Nelson Mandela District TB Specialist Hospital
- Authors: Sempe, Thabo Benedict
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22940 , vital:53224
- Description: The purpose of this research study was to explore and describe the experiences of patients on short-term drug resistant TB treatment in a TB specialist hospital situated in Nelson Mandela District. Patients on XDR-TB treatment face many challenges which include side effects which they find hard to tolerate and they end up stopping the treatment. Socio-economic difficulties of concern include delayed social assistance from the government to support their families, particularly when they are breadwinners. A qualitative, descriptive, explorative contextual design was used in this research study. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed. The target population for this study consisted of those DR-TB patients who were on short-term regimen and semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. There were twelve participants who voluntary participated in the research study although the first interview was a pilot study. Ethical principles were adhered to throughout the study. A total of seven themes and twenty-seven sub-themes arose during the data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout this research. The research findings showed that the participants shared positive experiences in as far as being able to easily access the health care service. Most participants were moved through a range of emotions which included shock. They felt heartbroken about the devastation and the disruptive nature of this illness to themselves and their family lives and, more seriously, were fearful of the morbidity and mortality thoughts which pervaded their thoughts but their health improved when drug resistant TB treatment was initiated. Many of the participants found it easy to disclose to their friends as they knew they could count on their support at the best and worst of times in their treatment journey. In conclusion the participants provided suggestions regarding their support needs on the journey to recovery from DR-TB. The researcher provided certain recommendations as far as the challenges expressed by the participants and these will contribute to strengthening the DR-TB adherence strategies. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Knowledge and attitudes of women regarding cervical cancer and papanicolau smear screening in Caleb Motshabi, Bloemfontein
- Authors: Gwavu, Zintle
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Cervix uteri -- Cancer -- South Africa , Pap test
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21816 , vital:51795
- Description: The aim of the study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of women in Caleb Motshabi location regarding cervical cancer and Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening in order for district management to develop a health education programme on cervical cancer and the benefits of screening. Cervical cancer amongst women worldwide has been identified as the fourth most common cancer. A qualitative descriptive explorative contextual design was employed in this research study. A non-probability purposive sampling method was used. Women between the ages of 18-60 years’ old who reside in Caleb Motshabi location were the target population. Four focus group interviews were conducted. The groups consisted of four to six participants grouped together to discuss the matter. Ethical principles were maintained as well as the concept of trustworthiness throughout this study. Data analysis was done using Tesch’s approach to open coding in qualitative research. A total of seven themes and eight sub-themes arose during the analysis of the data and were completely discussed. The findings suggest that the majority of the participants were aware of cervical cancer and Pap smear, but they lacked knowledge of what cervical cancer is or its causes. Although some of the participants had done a Pap smear in their lifetime, knowledge about how and the reasons the procedure is done still lacked. The majority of participants had received information about Pap smear procedure from peers rather than from health care workers. A significant finding was the fact that the participants who had done the procedure were open to attending regular screenings since they had experience on how it is performed. In conclusion It was recommended that educational programmes relating to cervical cancer and Pap smear screening be intensified in the area. This can be done through increasing awareness programmes in the communities and during clinic visits. To try and increase the uptake of the Pap smear screening it was also recommended that mobile clinics should be introduced to encourage women in the communities. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Psychosocial experiences of caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice, Eastern Cape
- Authors: Mmangaliso, Azola
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Caregivers , Children with disabilities--Psychology , Children with mental disabilities
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21025 , vital:46904
- Description: There is dearth of information in South Africa about the psychosocial challenges experienced by caregivers of mentally challenged children. This study addresses psychosocial experiences of caregivers, such as, scorning, isolation and anxiety, which affect their well-being in adverse ways, and that continues to be overlooked by professionals dealing with mental health. This study sought to explore psychosocial experiences of caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice in the Eastern Cape in South Africa. The study intended to uncover the psychosocial wellbeing of caregivers of mentally challenged children. Secondly, it set out to highlight the coping mechanisms employed by caregivers of mentally challenged children to deal with their psychosocial experiences. Lastly, the study sought to examine policies, legislation and support services in place for psychosocial care of caregivers of mentally challenged children. The researcher adopted qualitative research methods. Snowball sampling was employed to recruit 15 caregivers of mentally challenged children in Alice. The age of the caregivers ranged between the ages of 20 and 65. In addition, purposive sampling was adopted to recruit six professionals working with mental health in Alice. All the participants were black Africans. The gender comprised of thirteen females and two males. Data was collected through the use of face-to-face, semi-structured individual interviews, one interview per research participant, with the caregivers of mentally challenged children, and through the use of one focus group discussion with professionals dealing with mental health. The researcher analysed data through thematic content analysis. The study findings indicate that caregivers of mentally challenged children experience the caregiving process negatively, with a lot of burden. It also appears that they do not cope positively with such experiences despite professionally-trained personnel that are obliged by the Social Assistance Act and other government policies to ensure that caregivers receive sufficient psychosocial services. Findings also indicate that there is very little that is done by the relevant professionals in ensuring that they render sufficient professional support services to caregivers, such as needs assessment and therapeutic services. In light of the findings, the study concludes that there is a need for continuous rendering of comprehensive psychosocial support services to the caregivers of mentally challenged children. It is also recommended that social workers empower caregivers for mentally challenged children so that they can function effectively in their communities. Further, the government needs to reinforce existing policies that afford these psychosocial services, such as Integrated National Strategy on Support Services to Children with Disabilities. Meaning, the government should take an oversite role of these policies and monitor whether they get implemented or not, especially at grassroots level. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Social Work) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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Psychosocial impact of mental illness on family caregivers of mental healthcare users in Mangaung District
- Authors: Leburu, Maria
- Date: 2021-08
- Subjects: Home care services -- South Africa -- Mangaung -- Psychological aspects , Caregivers -- South Africa -- Mangaung
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21770 , vital:51750
- Description: The purpose of this research study was to describe the psychosocial impact of mental illness on family caregivers of mental health care users in Mangaung district in order to explore strategies to empower mental health care users and their families to understand and to cope with mental illness problem. A qualitative, descriptive explorative and contextu al design was employed. A nonprobability, purposive sampling method was used to select participants. The target population was family caregivers from Mangaung district, whose ages were 18 years and above who were caring for mentally ill patients in their homes or admitted to a psychiatric institution. . Five focus group interviews were conducted but the first one was a pilot study. Ethical principles were maintained throughout the study as well as the concepts of trustworthiness were applied. Tesch’s approach to open coding in qualitative research was applied during data analysis. A total of six themes and twentynine sub-themes arose during data analysis and were fully discussed. Confidentiality and anonymity was ensured throughout the study. The findings suggested that most of the participants suffered psychosocial problems like stress, depression, stigma and financial constraints, although one participant indicated that she has accepted her situation of caregiving. In conclusion participants suggested that support groups should be established and awareness programmes should be put in place for community members to avoid stigmatising and laughing at caregivers, care users and family members. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health, 2021
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Effects of incarceration of women on the family system: a case of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality
- Authors: Dlova, Chumisa
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Women prisoners -- Effect of imprisonment on -- South Africa , Prisoners -- Family relationships , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22278 , vital:52014
- Description: Incarceration is a world-wide phenomenon. It is aimed at punishing those who are in conflict with the law while ensuring that they also undergo rehabilitation processes. Whereas one cannot argue that incarceration is inevitable for those in conflict with the law, it is essential to realise that, when a woman is incarcerated, the remaining family unit members are left behind to deal with all the effects of having a family member taken away. It has been observed that there is an increase in the number of incarcerated women. About two-thirds of incarcerated women reported having one or more minor children, and most of them have lived with their children before incarceration compared to 36% of men (Woodard & Copp, 2016). This study aimed to understand the effects of incarceration of women on the family system in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM). The study discussed the effects of women incarceration on their children, spouses/partners and care-givers. The available support services were also explored and the coping mechanisms adopted by these families during this period of incarceration. The study utilised a case study research design which was explorative in nature. The data was collected using semi-structured interviews with 15 participants who included eight children, one spouse, one partner and five care-givers. Bowen’s family system’s theory (1978) was utilised as an epistemological framework for the study. The study's findings revealed that the incarceration of women has a negative impact on the family members left behind. This increases the chances of school drop-out, alternative care placement and even criminal involvement of children themselves. It was also discovered that financial difficulties, infidelity and lack of proper support systems for these families are a challenge that is directly associated with incarceration. The study recommended that more efforts should be made to provide support through governmental, non-governmental and communitybased interventions to the families of incarcerated women to prevent these unintended effects. , Thesis (MSW) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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Exploring the socioeconomic hurdles faced by older persons: the Case of Marondera, Zimbabwe
- Authors: Mbulayi, Shingirai P https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7412-6234
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Economics -- Sociological aspects , Welfare economics , Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22390 , vital:52039
- Description: Zimbabwe is entering into an era of rapid population ageing and like many other countries in the developing world, the country appears to be oblivion or at least trivializing the importance of setting up systems and infrastructures to accommodate this impending demographic shift. This qualitative study explored the socioeconomic conditions faced by older persons in Dombotombo high density Suburb of Marondera in Zimbabwe. The study aimed to generate credible evidence to stimulate and provoke a serious discourse regarding the welfare of older persons both in the short and long term. The study was predicated on three fundamental objectives stated as: (i) To demonstrate the socioeconomic challenges encountered by older persons in Dombotombo high density suburb of Marondera in Zimbabwe, (ii) To determine the survival strategies used by the older persons in Dombotombo high density suburb of Marondera in Zimbabwe and (iii) To appraise the role played by the government and donor organizations in supporting the welfare of older persons in Dombotombo high density suburb of Marondera in Zimbabwe. Methodologically, the study was designed and undertaken using the qualitative research approach, design and techniques. The total sample size in the study was forty-eight (48) participants’ including twenty (20) older persons who took part in in-depth interviews, twentyfour (24) older persons who took part in three focus group discussions and four (4) key informants who took part in key informant interviews. All participants were purposively selected for inclusion in the study. Data for the study was collected through in-depth interviews, document analysis, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Data collection was guided by predesigned in-depth interview and focus group discussion schedules which included a number of questions. Collected data sets were subjected to thematic data analysis. The study was convienecd through the lens of the Modernisation Theory of Ageing and the Social Exchange Theory of Ageing. Findings demonstrated that older persons in Dombotombo suburb of Marondera were not a homogenous group, they faced multiple socioeconomic conditions ranging from ageism, poverty, abuse, exploitation, geriatric related morbidities, vicarious bereavement, low coverage by social protection programmes, limited support from the government and donor communities. Amid these challenges, findings demonstrated that older persons in Dombotombo were not passive victims of their advanced ages and circumstances; rather, they had devised and embraced various socioeconomic, cultural and religious survival strategies. The study recommended the need for the government and its allied development partners to invest in geriatric welfare by setting up systems and mobilizing communities and families and other social institutions to be companionate and supportive of their ageing members. , Thesis (MSW) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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Groundwater exploration using borehole and geophysical techniques in the east of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality (formerly Nkonkobe Local Municipality) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
- Authors: Xanga, Sithule
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Groundwater ecology , Geophysical instruments , Borehole gravimetry
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22643 , vital:52616
- Description: The study area lies in the eastern portion of Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality (RMLM), formerly known as Nkonkobe Local Municipality within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in the southeastern portion of the main Karoo Basin. Its northen part is mountainous with high altitude of about 1500 m with dense vegetation, whereas the southern part attains low altitude of about 600 m with sparse vegetation. The entire study area is covered on the surface by the Beaufort Group sediments comprised of three geological formations namely Middleton Formation, Balfour Formation members (Oudeberg, Daggaboersnek, Baberskrans, Elandsberg, and Pilangkloof), and the Katberg Formation. Karoo igneous bodies (dolerite dykes and sills) intruded the sediments causing fracturing. The area receives mean annual precipitation of about 54 mm. It is semi-arid to dry with insufficient surface water resources and hence the need for this research to explore for potential groundwater. Many techniques were employed to reveal the surface and subsurface geology, including groundwater potential areas using climate data, vegetation cover, borehole data analysis, geological field mapping, rock samples collection for petrographic analysis, a density-porosity determination, magnetic data analysis, and electrical resistivity tomography. The study area was divided into seven sub-regions, SR1 to SR7. The climate data showed that the area experiences high monthly average temperatures of about 21.6 °C during the summer, and is a semi-arid to dry region. Vegetation cover is dense in the mountainous northern part of the study area. It receives comparatively high rainfall, experiences less evapotranspiration than the southern part the low altitude, receives less rainfall, and has relatively high temperatures and evapotranspiration. A total of 385 boreholes from the Department Water and Sanitation were analysed and these showed that sub-regions SR1 up to SR7 had average borehole depths ranging from 51.9 to 67.7 m, water strike depths from 13.8 to 21.7 m and yields from 0.8 to 1.9 L/s. Sub-regions SR2, SR4, SR5, while SR7 have an average yield ≥ 1.4 L/s up to 1.9 L/s and are classified in this study as having a good or high groundwater yield potential. Fifteen thin sections were studied indicating that the Beaufort Group has mudstone, shale and fine-grained sandstone. The latter was dominant in the studied thin sections with 70 – 80 % quartz, 15 – 20 % groundmass, 5 – 10 % of feldspars, 2 – 5 % biotite, and some had vein like cracks filled with clay cement. Laboratory studies show average dry densities for the formations vary from 2.44 to 2.65 g/cm3, and porosities range from 1.6 to 4.0 %. Magnetic grid data obtained from the Council for Geoscience (CGS) were reduced to the pole, first vertical derivative and analytic signal maps were generated to delineate magnetic sources in the sediments. The magnetic anomalies showed lineaments and ring-shaped patterns that were interpreted to be due to Karoo dykes and sills, respectively. Some of these intrusions are mapped on the geological map and quite a number are not mapped as they are under sediment cover. The intrusions are important in groundwater exploration as they would have caused fracturing of surrounding formations causing increased secondary porosity and permeability. Further, they are groundwater localisers. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was carried out at 12 selected sites using the dipoledipole and Wenner-Schlumberger arrays, with a maximum cable length of 360 m was used with an approximate maximum depth of investigation of 70 m. Most of the sites’ inverted models show a low resistivity top layer of about 10 m thickness, which is inferred to be topsoil with moisture/water and or clayey content. A high resistivity second layer underneath the top layer, and is interpreted to be slightly weathered sandstone at its top grading into compact sandstones at the bottom of the investigation depth. Four site results show models with an intermediate layer between the top and bottom layers consisting of moderate resistivity values due to mudstones. Most of the models have vertical, narrow, low resistivity zones extending from the surface to the bottom layer, interpreted as fracturing. The top layer could be an unconfined aquifer during the wet months but is likely to dry up during the dry, hot months. The inferred fractures that extend deeper from the surface could be good groundwater targets to drill boreholes. Dolerite intrusions can act as natural groundwater barriers depending on their orientation hence such structures are the main targets when searching for groundwater. Vegetation cover observed on satellite images of remote sensing can be used along with other techniques to explore for groundwater. It is recommended that future ERT surveys should measure both electrical resistivity and induced polarization chargeability to discriminate between water and clay influence. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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The impact of small-scale farming on food insecurity in rural South Africa over the period 2009 to 2018
- Authors: Otunola, Olabisi Benedicta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-1487
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Sustainable Development Goals , Food supply
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21387 , vital:48517
- Description: The concept of food insecurity has evolved over the years. However, due to the increases in the rate of hunger and food insecurity in many countries of the world, this phenomenon has continued to give both government and private agencies a lot of concern. As it stands now, achieving food security in African countries remain a major task regardless of various efforts made by most of these countries to reduce food insecurity and the household’s welfare by extension. As a result of the importance of this discourse, the issue of food security is number 2 on the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In South Africa, the rate of household food insecurity is still observed to be high, especially in the rural households. One of the most talked about way of combating food insecurity is through household farming. But food insecurity is believed to have affected the household’s level of productivity despite their commitment to improved welfare situation in the country. Consequently, this study sought to assess the impact rural household farming has on food insecurity in South Africa between the year 2009 and 2018. Using the South African General household survey, information on the household socioeconomics and demographic features were retrieved, as well as variables that are believed to impact the rural household agribusiness. In determining this, frequency counts, percentages, the logistic regression model was used. Also, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale-score (HFIAS-score), multinomial logistic regression as well as the propensity score matching (PSM) was used in achieving the objectives of this research and the data was analysed with Microsoft Excel and STATA version 15. The result of the analysis showed that, the mean age of the household head is 53.96, 55.92, 56.65 for the year 2010, 2014 and 2018 respectively. Adding to that, the range of the households’ size ranged from 1 to 20 in the year 2010, 1 to 46 in the year 2014 and 1 to 20 in the year 2018. From the inferential statistic result, the gender of the household head is significant (p<0.000, 0.011, and 0.006) in determining household participation in agricultural activities for the years under review. The results of the PSM, using different matching methods reveals that the average treatment effect (ATT) of the impact of agricultural participation ranges from -0.121, -0.174, -0.132, and -0.106 in 2015; and -0.076, -0.173, -0.073, and -0.086 in the year 2018. This study therefore recommends that household farming should be encouraged by both private and public agencies as they contribute significantly to reduction in food insecurity. The transportation services in the rural areas should be examined in order to avoid situations that will lead to the increase in cost of transporting agricultural goods and services among the rural inhabitants. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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The obligation of unmarried biological parents to provide financial support for their children: a contemporary assessment from a children’s rights perspective
- Authors: Obi, Lauretta
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Children's rights , Support (Domestic relations)
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22445 , vital:52322
- Description: In South Africa, the compelling task of unmarried biological parents to provide financial support (in the form of paying monthly maintenance) to their children, as a matter of children’s rights, is intended to ensure the children’s economic and psychological well-being both in the present and future. This study seeks, within the private judicial system and socio-economic context, to explore the nature of children’s rights as they pertain to parental financial support and, the responsibilities of unmarried parents to provide financial support for their biological children until they become self-supporting. This is significant as many unmarried parents usually downplay their responsibilities towards ensuring the well-being of their minor children. Section 28 of the South African Constitution of 1996 enshrines it as a duty of parents to fulfil this aspect of their children’s fundamental rights and our courts apply these rules to the letter. The task of providing support to children basically rests with their birth parents as the primary care givers, and in the absence of these parents or, due to their inability, this legal obligation falls on the state. , Thesis (LLM) -- Faculty of Law, 2021
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Characterization of sandstone reservoirs and hydrocarbon generation potential of selected four wells in the Pletmos basin, offshore South Africa
- Authors: Moloi, Busiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-4901
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Hydrocarbon reservoirs
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22512 , vital:52387
- Description: This study focused on the use of data from four wells (Ga-M1, Ga-S1, Ga-Z1, and Gb-J1) comprises of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous shallow marine clastic sandstones consisting of wildcat wells located in Block 11 of the Pletmos Basin, a sub-basin of the Southern Outeniqua Basin, south offshore South Africa. This research evaluates the hydrocarbon potential in the Pletmos Basin by integrating core and well log data to characterize the source and reservoir rock potential. The methods implemented consist of a mineralogical and petrological analysis of about 300 thin section slides from four wells were studied. Stratigraphic profile computation from core logging, geochemistry analysis focusing on total organic carbon (TOC), geophysical wireline logs, conventional core analysis, geological well reports, and petrophysical analysis (water saturation, porosity, permeability, and volume of clay) were done using Interactive Petrophysics software. The different datasets were used to delineate how the mineralogy, total organic carbon content, poro-perm properties, fluid saturation, and volume of clay impact the hydrocarbon production potential. The evaluated sandstones have depths ranging from 2523.9 m to 3397.2 m with varying thickness depending on the position of the well. The results indicate that the study area consists of shallow marine clastic sandstones with sparse siltstones and mudstone that are fine-grained to silty in texture. The sedimentary sequence is characterized by moderate to intense bioturbation. Depositional environment was in a reducing condition indicated by plenty of glauconites. The tight fine-grained sandstones have low porosity values ranging from 4.5% to 13.8% in the selected intervals. The low porosity values may have been caused by the quartz cement that is observed from the thin sections. Low permeability values ranging from 0 mD to 0.16 mD are present throughout the studied wells caused by calcite cement and clay matrix. Source rock in the studied wells have inferior TOC values ranging from 0.31 wt% to 0.51 wt%. The van Krevelen indicates that the analysed samples have very low hydrogen index (HI) values and are consistent with Type III Kerogen (gas prone). A total of six reservoirs were identified. For well Ga-M1, one reservoir interval (2988.2 m – 30281 m) was selected and is located at BCII formation and was classified as a nonproducing reservoir due to its high water saturation content of 94.2%, even though it has an average porosity of 10.6%. Two reservoirs were selected for well Ga-S1, reservoir one (3026.3 m – 3107.7 m) is located within the 13AT1 formation and was classified as a producing reservoir with an average porosity of 11.9%, water saturation of 38.3%, and volume of clay of 29.5%. Reservoir 2 (3380.7 m – 3397.2 m) and the reservoirs (2970.20 m – 2993.0 m and 3006.80 m – 3049.50 m) from well Ga-Z1 located between the 9AT1 – BCVI formations were classified as non-reservoirs. One selected reservoir from well Gb-J1 had promising gas shows with an average porosity of 19%, water saturation value of 34.8%, and volume of shale of 33.1%. However, well Ga-S1 has a large interval with hydrocarbon potential compared to the well Gb-J1. Results indicate that the absence of hydrocarbon accumulation may result from non-effective seals due to the silty texture of the reservoir sandstones. Also, the presence of calcareous cement, clay minerals, and the argillaceous matrix reduce the porosity and permeability characteristics. To better understand the hydrocarbon potential of the Pletmos Basin, 3D seismic data is recommended to perform seismic well tie analysis for correlation between well log and seismic data to understand the basin‟s potential better. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Dynamics of deviant behaviour among school learners: A case of selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province
- Authors: Ngwane, Lwando https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6404-899X
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Deviant behavior
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21015 , vital:46894
- Description: Deviant behaviour within the school setting poses a threat to the physical and social survival of individuals. Therefore, this study explored the dynamics of deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study had the central aim of achieving the following specific objectives: (i) identify factors contributing to deviant behaviour among school learners, (ii) ascertain consequences of deviant behaviour among school learners, and (iii) establish preventative measures that should be employed to address deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study utilised a qualitative research approach and a qualitative research paradigm in the form of case study research design. In terms of data collection, the study applied an in-depth one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions. Furthermore, the study employed non-probability sampling, specifically snowball sampling, and sampled twenty (20) participants. These comprised ten (10) learners, three (3) Life Orientation (LO) teachers and seven (7) key informants (School Governing Body (SGB) members and the school principal). In addition, the study employed a qualitative data analysis approach, with data being analysed thematically. The study established that there is no single cause of deviant behaviour among school learners but a series of distinct factors contributing towards deviant behaviour in various ways, such as use of drugs, low self-esteem, poor upbringing, and poor academic performance. Other factors included negative peer group influence, social media, and lack of self-discipline as well as lack of moral values and negative self-concept. The study concludes that through implementation of awareness campaigns, deviance policy, educational programmes, sport and recreational activities, safety and security, and social and behavioural change programmes, deviant behaviour can be addressed at school. Furthermore, it can be concluded that good behaviour among learners are central to effective teaching and learning at school; therefore, this should be inculcated in the learners. In light of the above findings, the Department of Education (DoE), policy makers, and school administrators should ensure that schools are provided with adequate facilities for teaching and learning, sports and recreational activities as well as information communication technologies and internet connectivity. School principals, members of School Governing Bodies (SGBs), teachers and parents should reduce deviant behaviour though increased supervision. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, 2021
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Experiences of caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), South Africa
- Authors: Stofile, Nolukholo Catherine , Vellem, N M
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Cerebral palsied children -- Home care , Children with disabilities -- Home care
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20131 , vital:45345
- Description: Caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) may experience some challenges and need support in caring for these children who present with a group of neurological disorders. Cerebral Palsy has been defined as a non-progressive condition of the brain, which results from interference during its development and affects body movement, muscle coordination, including motor and cognitive impairment. The objectives of the study were; to explore, describe, and interpret the experiences of caregivers of children with CP, to interpret the meaning attached to the experiences and interpret different support for caregivers of children with CP in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South. The University of Fort Hare Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Informed consent was obtained from the participants before data collection. Ethical principles to be followed when conducting a research study has also been discussed with participants and ensured. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was chosen for the study. Four participants were chosen purposively in this study because IPA studies use a detailed account of individual experience. The data collection method used for this study is semi-structured interviews, which were done in the participant’s comfortable environment, and lasted between 40 to 60 minutes, using an interview guide. Data analysis has been done using the 7 steps noted in IPA. The main findings of the study are lived experiences of caregivers caring for children with CP. Participants experienced financial, physical, and psychological challenges in caring for children with CP. Caregivers also received communal support from different stakeholders. Support from family, their employers, other caregivers and the government through the multi-disciplinary team and the provision of social grants. Trustworthiness was ensured by observing the principles of transferability, credibility, confirmability and dependability. , Thesis (MNurs) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Movement behaviour and reproductive biology of adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii) in the Breede Estuary
- Authors: Ziko, Bantony Alford
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Fishery management , Freshwater fishes , Fishes--Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: Master's theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20970 , vital:46870
- Description: Movements of the adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii), an overexploited estuary-dependant fishery species, were investigated in relation to its reproduction behaviour and selected environmental influences. The South African P. commersonnii population is known to spawn at sea along the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastline, whereas there no published records on spawning in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces exist. However, due to the occurrence of ripe running fish that were reported in the Breede Estuary (Western Cape - WC), an investigation into its reproductive behaviour was necessary, as was gaining a greater understanding of its movements between the estuary, the sea, and other connected habitats. Seven adult P. commersonnii (610 – 690 mm fork length, FL) were captured and implanted with long-life acoustic transmitters and their movements were logged on a linear array of 16 acoustic receivers in the Breede Estuary (WC) and six acoustic receivers in the adjacent marine environment. Movements of the tagged fish to other marine and estuary habitats were also determined using data collected by the Acoustic Tracking Array Platform (ATAP) which is an extended network of acoustic receivers along the South African coastline with receivers at sea and in selected estuaries. Furthermore, adult P. commersonnii tagged in the Goukou (n = 6) (WC) and Sundays (n = 8) (Eastern Cape - EC) estuaries, approximately 50 km and 470 km away, respectively, were also monitored to facilitate an improved understanding of inter-habitat connectivity. Fish tagged in Sundays and Goukou estuaries were monitored by the Acoustic Telemetry Array Platform (ATAP). Each individual fish tagged in the Breede Estuary was monitored between 356 and 1166 days and selected environmental parameters, including water temperature, river flow rate and rainfall, were measured during the study period (November 2016 – March 2020) to assess their influence on the movements of the tagged fish. Furthermore, to determine time of spawning and duration, gonads of 112 adult fish (383 – 700 mm FL) were opportunistically collected from recreational anglers in the Breede Estuary to determine the gonadal maturation cycles by using a combination of Gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histology. The tagged adult P. commersonnii spent significantly more time in the estuary (83.5 percent) than the marine (16.5 percent) environment, with all of the tagged P. commersonnii making sea trips of varying frequency and duration. While in the estuary, fish showed a strong preference for the lower reaches of the estuary compared to the middle and upper reaches. Area use varied seasonally, with the mouth area being heavily utilized during winter, then followed by summer. Sea trips in all three tagging estuaries also fluctuated seasonally, with more frequent movements during summer which lasted for longer periods. This coincided with the peak of the spawning period inferred from the gonad developmental cycle of fish captured in the Breede Estuary. Results from a generalized linear mixed model showed that the presence of Breede tagged P. commersonnii in the sea, where the species is known to spawn, was significantly influenced by water temperatures in the estuary and river flow rate with fish more likely to occur at sea during warmer months (summer) and periods of high river flow (winter). Furthermore, circular analysis showed that season (month) had a significant influence on the departure from and arrival in the Breede Estuary, with most departures and arrivals occurring during January. Moreover, P. commersonnii tagged in the Sundays Estuary also showed similar results where both departures and arrivals were influenced by season, mostly taking place in December and January, respectively. The increased frequency of sea trips by adult P. commersonnii in summer suggests regional spawning occurring in the WC. Based on the similar movement behaviour displayed by tagged fish in the Sundays Estuary, it is possible that spawning also occurs in the EC. Most of the P. commersonnii tagged in all the three estuaries never left their tagging estuaries (57 percent Breede, 66 percent Goukou, 38 percent Sundays), only making short sea trips, while others displayed use of multiple habitats. On average, the tagged P. commersonnii that left their tagging estuaries travelled a maximum distance of 377 km (Breede), 63 km (Goukou) and 300 km (Sundays). Tagged fish were more likely to visit nearby estuaries and offshore marine habitats (< 130 km) compared to distant ones (> 130 km). These results suggest that there are high levels of localised connectivity between P. commersonnii populations in different habitats although connectivity between distant habitats appears to be rare. Connectivity will likely occur on habitats located close to the boundaries of the WC, EC and KZN. The findings from this long-term monitoring study have shown that adult P. commersonnii rely heavily on the estuarine environment, undertaking short sea trips, thus demonstrating the importance of estuaries to the adult population. Due to various threats faced by estuaries such as habitat degradation and overexploitation, management of these systems is paramount to conserve such fishery resources. Due to the resident behaviour of the P. commersonnii within estuaries, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and area closures, in conjunction with Estuarine Protected Areas (EPAs) will be significant in the recovery and management of P. commersonnii populations. Since P. commersonnii appears to reach peak spawning activity during summer when fishing pressure is usually highest, improved enforcement during this period is necessary to conserve the spawning stock. As connectivity is an important aspect in the life of the P. commersonnii, ensuring such connectivity is maintained by protecting all these habitats is important. , Thesis (MSc) (Zoology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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