A comparative study of the in vitro antidiabetic properties, cytotoxicity and mechanism of action of Albuca bracteata and Albuca setosa bulb extracts
- Authors: Odeyemi, Samuel Wale
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Medicinal plants Herbs -- Therapeutic use Diabetics -- Alternative treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3154 , vital:28327
- Description: The search for cheap, non toxic and readily available antidiabetic drugs has been a challenge for researchers and the pharmaceutical industries. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by defects in the synthesis of insulin and/or insensitivity to the action of insulin at the target cells. The disease has been on the increase mostly in developing countries where large proportions of the population have little access to good medical care due to either accessibility or non availability of synthetic drugs. This has led to the use of medicinal plants to treat diabetes because it is safe, cheap and with few side effects. There is little scientific evidence on the dosages, active compounds, mechanisms of action and toxicity of these traditionally used plants. Two of the most frequently used plants; Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated in this study. The qualitative analysis of different extractions of these plants revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The antioxidant properties of aqueous, acetone and methanollic extracts of Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated using models such as Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). Both plants revealed inhibitions against DPPH in a concentration - dependent manner with Albuca setosa (0.330 mg/ml) showing higher activity than Albuca bracteata (0.647 mg/ml) determined from the IC50. The aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed a higher inhibition against DPPH radical compared to the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract at all concentrations investigated. The isolated saponins from Albuca bracteata had a higher DPPH scavenging activity than the crude methanolic extract of the plant in a concentration - dependent manner but are significantly different from each other at 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/ml only. The IC50 of the saponins was also observed to be higher than the crude extracts and standards.The Albuca setosa aqueous extract showed a higher percentage inhibition of ABTS radicals than Albuca bracteata at all the concentrations investigated. Overall, the Albuca setosa aqueous extract (0.0809 mg/ml) showed maximum activity against ABTS radicals. The iron reducing power was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the methanolic extract of both plants compared to the aqueous counterpart. Overall, the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract (0.344 mg/ml) showed maximum activity as indicated by the IC50. The aqueous extracts of both plants also revealed percentage inhibitions in a concentration - dependent manner against NO2. The aqueous extract of Albuca bracteata bulb was more active against nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide inhibition. In this study, the cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated at a high dose of 100 μg/ml on Chang liver cells and determined using MTT, crystal violet, glucose consumption, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase release and FRAP. The aqueous extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were non-toxic on Chang liver cells at the concentrations investigated. The MTT revealed that the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa bulb had the optimum cell viability of 108.09 percent while the acetonic extract of Albuca bracteata showed the least cell viability (37.72 percent) compared with the control. The crystal violet test also revealed the acetone extract of Albuca bracteata to have the least percentage of cell viability at 31.47 percent, while the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed the maximum cell viability at 112.5 percent. The aqueous extracts of both plants showed higher percentage cell density on the second day of incubation from the proliferation assay. All the tested samples were observed to consume more glucose than the blank except for the methanollic and acetone extracts of Albuca bracteata bulb. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Albuca setosa bulbs produced the highest lactate with 120.2 μg/ml and 113.7 μg/ml respectively. The acetone extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata revealed toxicity with a higher lactate dehydrogenase release compared to the control.
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- Authors: Odeyemi, Samuel Wale
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Medicinal plants Herbs -- Therapeutic use Diabetics -- Alternative treatment
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3154 , vital:28327
- Description: The search for cheap, non toxic and readily available antidiabetic drugs has been a challenge for researchers and the pharmaceutical industries. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by defects in the synthesis of insulin and/or insensitivity to the action of insulin at the target cells. The disease has been on the increase mostly in developing countries where large proportions of the population have little access to good medical care due to either accessibility or non availability of synthetic drugs. This has led to the use of medicinal plants to treat diabetes because it is safe, cheap and with few side effects. There is little scientific evidence on the dosages, active compounds, mechanisms of action and toxicity of these traditionally used plants. Two of the most frequently used plants; Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated in this study. The qualitative analysis of different extractions of these plants revealed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The antioxidant properties of aqueous, acetone and methanollic extracts of Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were investigated using models such as Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). Both plants revealed inhibitions against DPPH in a concentration - dependent manner with Albuca setosa (0.330 mg/ml) showing higher activity than Albuca bracteata (0.647 mg/ml) determined from the IC50. The aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed a higher inhibition against DPPH radical compared to the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract at all concentrations investigated. The isolated saponins from Albuca bracteata had a higher DPPH scavenging activity than the crude methanolic extract of the plant in a concentration - dependent manner but are significantly different from each other at 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/ml only. The IC50 of the saponins was also observed to be higher than the crude extracts and standards.The Albuca setosa aqueous extract showed a higher percentage inhibition of ABTS radicals than Albuca bracteata at all the concentrations investigated. Overall, the Albuca setosa aqueous extract (0.0809 mg/ml) showed maximum activity against ABTS radicals. The iron reducing power was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the methanolic extract of both plants compared to the aqueous counterpart. Overall, the Albuca bracteata aqueous extract (0.344 mg/ml) showed maximum activity as indicated by the IC50. The aqueous extracts of both plants also revealed percentage inhibitions in a concentration - dependent manner against NO2. The aqueous extract of Albuca bracteata bulb was more active against nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide inhibition. In this study, the cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated at a high dose of 100 μg/ml on Chang liver cells and determined using MTT, crystal violet, glucose consumption, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase release and FRAP. The aqueous extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata were non-toxic on Chang liver cells at the concentrations investigated. The MTT revealed that the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa bulb had the optimum cell viability of 108.09 percent while the acetonic extract of Albuca bracteata showed the least cell viability (37.72 percent) compared with the control. The crystal violet test also revealed the acetone extract of Albuca bracteata to have the least percentage of cell viability at 31.47 percent, while the aqueous extract of Albuca setosa showed the maximum cell viability at 112.5 percent. The aqueous extracts of both plants showed higher percentage cell density on the second day of incubation from the proliferation assay. All the tested samples were observed to consume more glucose than the blank except for the methanollic and acetone extracts of Albuca bracteata bulb. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Albuca setosa bulbs produced the highest lactate with 120.2 μg/ml and 113.7 μg/ml respectively. The acetone extracts of both Albuca setosa and Albuca bracteata revealed toxicity with a higher lactate dehydrogenase release compared to the control.
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An assessment of public accountability mechanisms towards eradicating corruption in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Rulashe, Tando
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Political corruption -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Misconduct in office -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1960 , vital:27588
- Description: The study critically examined the implementation of Public Accountability strategies and mechanisms: A case of Buffalo City Municipality. The problem statement gave emphases on the multiple cases drawn from stats reflected in domestic surveys that shows how corruption and maladministration have impacted the province negatively as well as the extreme poverty lines that dominate the communities in the republic and also the province. The New Public Management Theory was used to interpret the manner in which the participants were expected to give their views on leadership and accountability among others key issues. The objectives of the study were to; To assess the mechanisms implemented by Buffalo City Municipality., To explore the challenges affecting public accountability enforcement mechanisms in Buffalo City Municipality towards eradicating corruption, Determine the manner through which the Buffalo City Municipality can adopt tried and tested mechanism from Regional, national & international case studies on how to effective enforce public accountability for the sustainable management and curbing of corruption for effective and efficient service delivery and to recommend new mechanisms which Buffalo City Municipality can utilise in enforcing public accountability towards eradicating corruption in its institutions in order to encourage sustainable community development through service delivery. The study adopted a case study approach based on a mixed method paradigm where data was collected through a questionnaire, interviews and document analysis. Case studies are normally associated with qualitative research, but can also be used as a method of inquiry employing a positivist epistemology and ontology. A total sample of 50 participants was chosen through a non-probability sampling technique. The major findings of the study reflected that there is a huge break in communication between government and the citizens in the locality while also establishing that the mechanisms currently being used were only as good as the factors influencing their implementation among other issues. Major recommendations included community engagement, capacity building and skills development, retention and expansion, lack of resources, promote individual independence of the community and the enhancement the Public Participation Unit.
- Full Text:
An assessment of public accountability mechanisms towards eradicating corruption in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Rulashe, Tando
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Political corruption -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Misconduct in office -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Municipal government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Local government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1960 , vital:27588
- Description: The study critically examined the implementation of Public Accountability strategies and mechanisms: A case of Buffalo City Municipality. The problem statement gave emphases on the multiple cases drawn from stats reflected in domestic surveys that shows how corruption and maladministration have impacted the province negatively as well as the extreme poverty lines that dominate the communities in the republic and also the province. The New Public Management Theory was used to interpret the manner in which the participants were expected to give their views on leadership and accountability among others key issues. The objectives of the study were to; To assess the mechanisms implemented by Buffalo City Municipality., To explore the challenges affecting public accountability enforcement mechanisms in Buffalo City Municipality towards eradicating corruption, Determine the manner through which the Buffalo City Municipality can adopt tried and tested mechanism from Regional, national & international case studies on how to effective enforce public accountability for the sustainable management and curbing of corruption for effective and efficient service delivery and to recommend new mechanisms which Buffalo City Municipality can utilise in enforcing public accountability towards eradicating corruption in its institutions in order to encourage sustainable community development through service delivery. The study adopted a case study approach based on a mixed method paradigm where data was collected through a questionnaire, interviews and document analysis. Case studies are normally associated with qualitative research, but can also be used as a method of inquiry employing a positivist epistemology and ontology. A total sample of 50 participants was chosen through a non-probability sampling technique. The major findings of the study reflected that there is a huge break in communication between government and the citizens in the locality while also establishing that the mechanisms currently being used were only as good as the factors influencing their implementation among other issues. Major recommendations included community engagement, capacity building and skills development, retention and expansion, lack of resources, promote individual independence of the community and the enhancement the Public Participation Unit.
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An investigation into English second language competence and performance of Shona and Ndebele first lanuage learners
- Authors: Nhongo, Raphael
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Applied linguistics -- South Africa , Language and languages -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Multilingual education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12216 , vital:39198
- Description: The thrust of the study was to investigate the common ESL practices towards proficiency amongst O‟ level learners who are L1 speakers of either Shona or Ndebele and who are from either a rural or an urban setting. The aim of the study was to scrutinize how a learner‟s first language and the rural and urban environment influence ESL proficiency. The aim was to establish how rural and urban settings condition ESL proficiency and how ESL proficiency differs between these two settings. The other aim of the study was to establish the strategies that are used by teachers and learners in ESL teaching and learning and also to evaluate the effectiveness of such strategies. The study was qualitative in nature although a limited quantitative design was employed in the presentation of frequency tables. The study used a case study design. The information that was used in this study was gathered through the use of proficiency tests that were administered to forty O‟ level learners and through content analysis of learners‟ essays which were extracted from their essay exercise books. Sixteen O‟ level English language teachers, six English language examiners, one subject manager of English language and two curriculum developers were interviewed. The secondary data also played an important role in the study. The results of the study showed that teachers and learners use a number of strategies in the teaching and learning of ESL of which some of the strategies that they use have previously not been documented by other L2 researchers. It was also realized that learners in rural areas are at a disadvantage as compared to those in rural schools and such challenges include lack of exposure, inadequate reading materials, faulty instruction, unavailability of libraries and some other social issues. The major conclusion that was made in this study was that ESL learning and teaching strategies are of crucial importance to competence and performance in ESL proficiency.
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- Authors: Nhongo, Raphael
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Applied linguistics -- South Africa , Language and languages -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Multilingual education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12216 , vital:39198
- Description: The thrust of the study was to investigate the common ESL practices towards proficiency amongst O‟ level learners who are L1 speakers of either Shona or Ndebele and who are from either a rural or an urban setting. The aim of the study was to scrutinize how a learner‟s first language and the rural and urban environment influence ESL proficiency. The aim was to establish how rural and urban settings condition ESL proficiency and how ESL proficiency differs between these two settings. The other aim of the study was to establish the strategies that are used by teachers and learners in ESL teaching and learning and also to evaluate the effectiveness of such strategies. The study was qualitative in nature although a limited quantitative design was employed in the presentation of frequency tables. The study used a case study design. The information that was used in this study was gathered through the use of proficiency tests that were administered to forty O‟ level learners and through content analysis of learners‟ essays which were extracted from their essay exercise books. Sixteen O‟ level English language teachers, six English language examiners, one subject manager of English language and two curriculum developers were interviewed. The secondary data also played an important role in the study. The results of the study showed that teachers and learners use a number of strategies in the teaching and learning of ESL of which some of the strategies that they use have previously not been documented by other L2 researchers. It was also realized that learners in rural areas are at a disadvantage as compared to those in rural schools and such challenges include lack of exposure, inadequate reading materials, faulty instruction, unavailability of libraries and some other social issues. The major conclusion that was made in this study was that ESL learning and teaching strategies are of crucial importance to competence and performance in ESL proficiency.
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Assessing the role of social transfers in curbing household food insecurity in Harare rural district, Zimbabwe
- Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Authors: Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Zimbabwe Food security -- Zimbabwe Households -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12205 , vital:39197
- Description: Purpose – Empirical work on the career development processes of vulnerable groups such as refugees is beginning to receive currency within the academic literature. However, little is known about the intersection of factors such as gender and structural constraints on such processes especially within developing countries such as South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore the career development processes of women refugees in South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach – A qualitative research approach through narrative inquiry was used. Snowball sampling was employed to select the 20 women refugees who took part in this research. The study location was the city of Port Elizabeth located in the Eastern Cape Province. The three levels of meaning-making incorporated in previous narrative research was utilised to analyse the data. Findings Results show that women refugees are more concerned with a short-term desire to survive and acquire basic commodities than a long-term focus to advance and develop their careers. This is mainly compounded by constraints personal to the individual and those in the environment. Finally, the results illustrate that career development processes of women refugees are affected by the inextricably intertwined factors associated with their gender, immigration status as well as person-environmental factors. Practical implications – The research suggests strategies that policy makers in South Africa and other developing nations that are hosting refugees can use to assist women not just their career development but also their lived experiences. Originality/value – This study extends and advances literature on the career development issues of vulnerable groups such as women refugees especially in developing nations such as South Africa.
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- Authors: Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Zimbabwe Food security -- Zimbabwe Households -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12205 , vital:39197
- Description: Purpose – Empirical work on the career development processes of vulnerable groups such as refugees is beginning to receive currency within the academic literature. However, little is known about the intersection of factors such as gender and structural constraints on such processes especially within developing countries such as South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore the career development processes of women refugees in South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach – A qualitative research approach through narrative inquiry was used. Snowball sampling was employed to select the 20 women refugees who took part in this research. The study location was the city of Port Elizabeth located in the Eastern Cape Province. The three levels of meaning-making incorporated in previous narrative research was utilised to analyse the data. Findings Results show that women refugees are more concerned with a short-term desire to survive and acquire basic commodities than a long-term focus to advance and develop their careers. This is mainly compounded by constraints personal to the individual and those in the environment. Finally, the results illustrate that career development processes of women refugees are affected by the inextricably intertwined factors associated with their gender, immigration status as well as person-environmental factors. Practical implications – The research suggests strategies that policy makers in South Africa and other developing nations that are hosting refugees can use to assist women not just their career development but also their lived experiences. Originality/value – This study extends and advances literature on the career development issues of vulnerable groups such as women refugees especially in developing nations such as South Africa.
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Enabling and constraining factors in Zimbabwe's 3-3-3 teacher education curriculum model : the case of a secondary teacher education college
- Authors: Shava, Nosizo
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Education -- Curricula -- Zimbabwe Teacher participation in curriculum planning -- Zimbabwe Teachers -- Training of -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5686 , vital:29362
- Description: This study offers an explanation of enabling and / or constraining factors in Zimbabwe‘s 3-3-3 secondary teacher education model for Post ‗O‘ Level Science. It is a theory driven study that derives its theoretical foundation from Roy Bhaskar‘s critical realism and Margaret Archer‘s morphogenetic approach to reality. The study therefore offers explanations about structural, cultural and agential influences that facilitate and / or hinder the 3-year program for Post ‗O‘ Level Science. This was a qualitative case study of one secondary teacher education college in Zimbabwe. Qualitative data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis. One official from the Department of Teacher Education(DTE) at the University of Zimbabwe(UZ),the Principal, the Vice Principal and 10 lecturers from the studied college,3 Heads of Science department in secondary schools,3mentors and 5 groups of 10 and 11eleven student teachers participated in the study. The DTE Handbook (2012), vision and mission statements and core values of the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education Science and Technology Development (MHTESTD),DTE and the studied college, syllabuses, teaching practice reports, policy documents, external examining reports, College Academic Board (CAB) minutes, admission records, mark profiles and pass lists among other relevant documents complemented interview data. As a theory driven study, structural, cultural and agential influences were found to be enabling and / or constraining the model. The acute shortage of Science teachers in secondary schools and the few Post ‗A‘ Level Science graduates led to the re-introduction of the 3- year Post ‗O‘ Level Science program in secondary teacher education colleges. The bureaucratic structures in educational institutions, the In-Out-In structure, institutional structures such as the family, the University, the studied college, secondary schools, infrastructural facilities, material and financial resources, transport facilities and utilities such as water, electricity and the internet were established as some among other structural factors affecting the 3-3-3 model. Discourses held about the teaching profession, the vision, mission and core values of the MHTESTD,DTE and the studied college, beliefs about what Science teachers should learn, knowledge, skills, attitudes and values they should acquire and how they should be taught were established as cultural factors enabling and / or constraining the 3-3-3 model. Agential influences offering causal explanation for enablers and / or constrainers of the model were established as the decision by the Principal and the CAB to re-introduce the 3- year Post ‗O‘ Level Science program, the decision by the students to enroll for the program, the recruitment of under qualified students, the use of various teaching methods, conducting staff development and mentorship workshops and failure to increase staff establishment. The study has put forth recommendations for the improvement on constraining factors in pre-service teacher education programs. With the understanding that agency has power to reinforce or transform structures and cultures, it should not be seen to be reinforcing disadvantaged structural positions and cultures; instead, after having identified structural and cultural constrainers, it should engage in communicative and meta-reflexivity to come up with the best possible solutions to the hindrances. Courses of action should then be taken accordingly.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Shava, Nosizo
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Education -- Curricula -- Zimbabwe Teacher participation in curriculum planning -- Zimbabwe Teachers -- Training of -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5686 , vital:29362
- Description: This study offers an explanation of enabling and / or constraining factors in Zimbabwe‘s 3-3-3 secondary teacher education model for Post ‗O‘ Level Science. It is a theory driven study that derives its theoretical foundation from Roy Bhaskar‘s critical realism and Margaret Archer‘s morphogenetic approach to reality. The study therefore offers explanations about structural, cultural and agential influences that facilitate and / or hinder the 3-year program for Post ‗O‘ Level Science. This was a qualitative case study of one secondary teacher education college in Zimbabwe. Qualitative data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions and document analysis. One official from the Department of Teacher Education(DTE) at the University of Zimbabwe(UZ),the Principal, the Vice Principal and 10 lecturers from the studied college,3 Heads of Science department in secondary schools,3mentors and 5 groups of 10 and 11eleven student teachers participated in the study. The DTE Handbook (2012), vision and mission statements and core values of the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education Science and Technology Development (MHTESTD),DTE and the studied college, syllabuses, teaching practice reports, policy documents, external examining reports, College Academic Board (CAB) minutes, admission records, mark profiles and pass lists among other relevant documents complemented interview data. As a theory driven study, structural, cultural and agential influences were found to be enabling and / or constraining the model. The acute shortage of Science teachers in secondary schools and the few Post ‗A‘ Level Science graduates led to the re-introduction of the 3- year Post ‗O‘ Level Science program in secondary teacher education colleges. The bureaucratic structures in educational institutions, the In-Out-In structure, institutional structures such as the family, the University, the studied college, secondary schools, infrastructural facilities, material and financial resources, transport facilities and utilities such as water, electricity and the internet were established as some among other structural factors affecting the 3-3-3 model. Discourses held about the teaching profession, the vision, mission and core values of the MHTESTD,DTE and the studied college, beliefs about what Science teachers should learn, knowledge, skills, attitudes and values they should acquire and how they should be taught were established as cultural factors enabling and / or constraining the 3-3-3 model. Agential influences offering causal explanation for enablers and / or constrainers of the model were established as the decision by the Principal and the CAB to re-introduce the 3- year Post ‗O‘ Level Science program, the decision by the students to enroll for the program, the recruitment of under qualified students, the use of various teaching methods, conducting staff development and mentorship workshops and failure to increase staff establishment. The study has put forth recommendations for the improvement on constraining factors in pre-service teacher education programs. With the understanding that agency has power to reinforce or transform structures and cultures, it should not be seen to be reinforcing disadvantaged structural positions and cultures; instead, after having identified structural and cultural constrainers, it should engage in communicative and meta-reflexivity to come up with the best possible solutions to the hindrances. Courses of action should then be taken accordingly.
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Implication of tillage, texture and mineralogy on the sieving efficiency, physical-based soil organic matter and aggregate stability of some soils in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Peter, Prince Chinedu
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Tillage Soil management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Soil physics -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Soil structure -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2710 , vital:28058
- Description: Soil structure and its associated physical properties are essential soil components. Soil texture and mineralogy are inherent soil properties that influence soil management. This study assessed the implication of tillage, texture and mineralogy on soil sieving, aggregate stability indices and physical fractions of organic matter in soils of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. An Iris FTLVH – 0200 digital electromagnetic sieve shaker (Filtra Vibraciόn SL Spain), was used to determine settings for sieving efficiency. Mean weight diameter (MWD), water stable aggregate (WSA), state of aggregation (SA), dispersion ratio (DR), water dispersible clay (WDC), clay dispersion ratio (CDR), clay flocculation index (CFI), and potential structural deformation index (PSDI) were aggregate stability indices evaluated to check for sensitivity in evaluating aggregate stability of soils under two tillage systems and physical fractions of carbon and nitrogen in soils of Eastern Cape Province. The T4I3P2 and T4I4P3 settings were sensitive under tillage and T4I1P4, T3I4P3 and T4I4P3 were sensitive under mineralogical considerations for sieving efficiency. The total carbon in soils under conventional tillage (CT) was 17.7 g/kg and in soils under no tillage (NT) it was 15.8 g/kg. The total carbon content in the clay fraction of soils under CT was 24.1 percent higher than the total carbon content in the clay fraction of soils under NT. The total nitrogen content in the clay fraction of soils under CT was 5.4 percent higher than the total nitrogen content in the soils under NT. The total carbon in the sandy loam (SL) textured soils was 17.4 g/kg and in the sandy clay loam (SCL) textured soils it was 17.1 g/kg. The total nitrogen in SL soils was 3.7 g/kg and in SCL soils it was 3.7 g/kg. The clay fraction had higher total carbon than other fractions in Sl and SCL soils. The higher values of nitrogen were observed in the silt fraction for SL soils and clay fraction for SCL soils. The total carbon in the soils dominated with kaolinite was 17.3 g/kg and in quartz dominated soils the value was 16.9 g/kg. The total nitrogen in the soils dominated with kaolinite was 3.7 g/kg and in the soils dominated with quartz the value was 3.7 g/kg. For soils under NT the WDC was 135.8 g/kg and for soils under CT it was 139.7 g/kg. The ASC was 72.5 for soils under NT and 92.0for soils under CT. The DR was 0.9 for soils under NT and 0.8 for soils under CT. The CFI was 0.5 for soils under NT and 0.5 for soils under CT. The CDR was 0.5 for soils under NT and 0.5 for soils under CT. The MWDw was 1.6 mm for soils under NT and 1.4 mm for soils under CT. The MWDd was 4.0 mm for soils under NT and 4.0 for soils under CT. The percent WSA > 0.25 mm was 61.7 percent for soils under NT and 56.2 percent for soils under CT. The PSDI was 55.2 percent for soils under NT and 61.15 percent for soils under CT. The SA was 43.2 percent for soils under NT and 37.89 percent for soils under CT. The WDC was 125.7 g/kg for SCL soils and 151.4 g/kg for SL soils. The CDR was 0.5 for both SCL and SL soils. The DR was 0.9 for SCL soils and 0.8 for SL soils. The CFI was 0.5 for both SCL and SL soils. The ASC was 56.2 g/kg for SCL soils and 115 g/kg for SL soils. The MWDw was 1.5 mm for SCL soils and 1.4 mm for SL soils. The MWDd was 3.6 mm for SCL soils and 3.6 mm for SL soils. The percent WSA > 0.25 mm was 53.0 percent for SCL soils and 62.5 percent for SL soils. The PSDI was 59.2 percent for SCL soils and 59.7 percent for SL soils. The SA was 33.6 percent for SCL soils and 45.2 percent for SL soils. The WDC was 313.3 g/kg for kaolinitic soils and 120.7 g/kg for quartz dominated soils. The CDR was 0.5 for kaolinitic soils and 0.5 for quartz dominated soils. The DR was 0.9 for kaolinitic soils and 0.8 for quartz dominated soils. The CFI was 0.5 for kaolinitic soils and 0.5 for quartz dominated soils. The ASC was 110.0 g/kg for kaolinitic soils and 101.7 g/kg for quartz dominated soils. The WSA > 0.25 mm was 57.3 percent for quartz dominated soils and 68.4 percent for kaolinitic soils. The MWDw was 1.6 mm for quartz dominated soils and 0.8 mm for kaolinitic soils. The MWDd was 3.6 mm for quartz dominated soils and 3.4 mm for kaolinitic soils. The PSDI was 56.3 for quartz dominated soils and 76.0 for kaolinitic soils.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Peter, Prince Chinedu
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Tillage Soil management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Soil physics -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Soil structure -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2710 , vital:28058
- Description: Soil structure and its associated physical properties are essential soil components. Soil texture and mineralogy are inherent soil properties that influence soil management. This study assessed the implication of tillage, texture and mineralogy on soil sieving, aggregate stability indices and physical fractions of organic matter in soils of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. An Iris FTLVH – 0200 digital electromagnetic sieve shaker (Filtra Vibraciόn SL Spain), was used to determine settings for sieving efficiency. Mean weight diameter (MWD), water stable aggregate (WSA), state of aggregation (SA), dispersion ratio (DR), water dispersible clay (WDC), clay dispersion ratio (CDR), clay flocculation index (CFI), and potential structural deformation index (PSDI) were aggregate stability indices evaluated to check for sensitivity in evaluating aggregate stability of soils under two tillage systems and physical fractions of carbon and nitrogen in soils of Eastern Cape Province. The T4I3P2 and T4I4P3 settings were sensitive under tillage and T4I1P4, T3I4P3 and T4I4P3 were sensitive under mineralogical considerations for sieving efficiency. The total carbon in soils under conventional tillage (CT) was 17.7 g/kg and in soils under no tillage (NT) it was 15.8 g/kg. The total carbon content in the clay fraction of soils under CT was 24.1 percent higher than the total carbon content in the clay fraction of soils under NT. The total nitrogen content in the clay fraction of soils under CT was 5.4 percent higher than the total nitrogen content in the soils under NT. The total carbon in the sandy loam (SL) textured soils was 17.4 g/kg and in the sandy clay loam (SCL) textured soils it was 17.1 g/kg. The total nitrogen in SL soils was 3.7 g/kg and in SCL soils it was 3.7 g/kg. The clay fraction had higher total carbon than other fractions in Sl and SCL soils. The higher values of nitrogen were observed in the silt fraction for SL soils and clay fraction for SCL soils. The total carbon in the soils dominated with kaolinite was 17.3 g/kg and in quartz dominated soils the value was 16.9 g/kg. The total nitrogen in the soils dominated with kaolinite was 3.7 g/kg and in the soils dominated with quartz the value was 3.7 g/kg. For soils under NT the WDC was 135.8 g/kg and for soils under CT it was 139.7 g/kg. The ASC was 72.5 for soils under NT and 92.0for soils under CT. The DR was 0.9 for soils under NT and 0.8 for soils under CT. The CFI was 0.5 for soils under NT and 0.5 for soils under CT. The CDR was 0.5 for soils under NT and 0.5 for soils under CT. The MWDw was 1.6 mm for soils under NT and 1.4 mm for soils under CT. The MWDd was 4.0 mm for soils under NT and 4.0 for soils under CT. The percent WSA > 0.25 mm was 61.7 percent for soils under NT and 56.2 percent for soils under CT. The PSDI was 55.2 percent for soils under NT and 61.15 percent for soils under CT. The SA was 43.2 percent for soils under NT and 37.89 percent for soils under CT. The WDC was 125.7 g/kg for SCL soils and 151.4 g/kg for SL soils. The CDR was 0.5 for both SCL and SL soils. The DR was 0.9 for SCL soils and 0.8 for SL soils. The CFI was 0.5 for both SCL and SL soils. The ASC was 56.2 g/kg for SCL soils and 115 g/kg for SL soils. The MWDw was 1.5 mm for SCL soils and 1.4 mm for SL soils. The MWDd was 3.6 mm for SCL soils and 3.6 mm for SL soils. The percent WSA > 0.25 mm was 53.0 percent for SCL soils and 62.5 percent for SL soils. The PSDI was 59.2 percent for SCL soils and 59.7 percent for SL soils. The SA was 33.6 percent for SCL soils and 45.2 percent for SL soils. The WDC was 313.3 g/kg for kaolinitic soils and 120.7 g/kg for quartz dominated soils. The CDR was 0.5 for kaolinitic soils and 0.5 for quartz dominated soils. The DR was 0.9 for kaolinitic soils and 0.8 for quartz dominated soils. The CFI was 0.5 for kaolinitic soils and 0.5 for quartz dominated soils. The ASC was 110.0 g/kg for kaolinitic soils and 101.7 g/kg for quartz dominated soils. The WSA > 0.25 mm was 57.3 percent for quartz dominated soils and 68.4 percent for kaolinitic soils. The MWDw was 1.6 mm for quartz dominated soils and 0.8 mm for kaolinitic soils. The MWDd was 3.6 mm for quartz dominated soils and 3.4 mm for kaolinitic soils. The PSDI was 56.3 for quartz dominated soils and 76.0 for kaolinitic soils.
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Supporting the implementation of alternatives to corporal punishment in the Eastern Cape secondary schools : towards a framework for school management teams and teachers
- Authors: Kalipa, Velelo Clifton
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: School discipline -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Corporal punishment of children -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rewards and punishments in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5664 , vital:29359
- Description: Alternative to corporal punishment in schools is a worldwide practice. Most countries have banned the use of corporal punishment in schools and have promulgated laws and adopted policies aiming to enforce the practice of alternative to corporal punishment. South Africa is one of the countries that have introduced policy on alternatives to corporal punishment. However, this policy does not provide details on how School Management Teams (SMTs) and teachers should support the implementation of alternatives to corporal punishment; as a result, schools end up having different approaches in as far as implementing alternatives to corporal punishment is concerned. There is also a serious problem of indiscipline in schools and this has since attracted growing attention of researchers in South Africa and the whole world. There are serious offences by learners in schools which range from serious criminal ones such as drug abuse, assaults, theft, murders and rapes to less serious ones such as truancy, incomplete projects, absenteeism and lateness, dodging and bunking of classes in schools. This study therefore sought to investigate how SMT and teachers support the implementation of alternatives to corporal punishment in schools. This was a multi case study of four secondary schools in the King Williams Town Education District which was conducted through qualitative research approach. Interviews and documentary analysis were used to collect data and a total of 16 participants (four principals, four SMT members and eight teachers) were selected. From the data, it emerged that some teachers were fixed in using corporal punishment to discipline learners in schools. The data also showed that the alternatives to corporal punishment (ATCP) policies were inconsistently applied as schools had different approaches in as far as how ATCP is implemented and that some schools had no ATCP policies at all. It also emerged from the data that school leadership was a problem in as far as supporting the implementation of ATCP in schools as in some schools the issues of disciplining learners was centralised in the principal’s office. It also became clear that the majority of participants did not understand the national policy on ATCP. There were no indications of parental involvement in the implementation of ATCP in schools. It can be concluded that the channels of communication among principals, SMTs, teachers with regards to the implementation of ATCP was problematic as there were no clear roles as to how each of these officials should implement ATCP. Some teachers still perceived the ATCP as unsuitable for maintaining discipline in rural schools and their discipline strategies were still characterized by punitive measures which border on corporal punishment. School discipline was not seen as a societal matter where other relevant stakeholders could play a pivotal role in learner discipline. This had a negative impact on the school discipline. Learners had no responsibility on maintenance of positive school atmosphere as they were not in any way part taking in the maintenance of discipline in schools. This study therefore recommends a comprehensive framework for the implementation of ATCP that will give details on the roles of SMTs and teachers in the implementation of ATCP in schools. It is recommended that this framework be inclusive of parents and other community stakeholders who would give different perspectives on the implementation of ATCP in schools as education is a societal matter. It is also recommended that more research be conducted that will deal with urban schools and on the involvement of parents and other stakeholders in the implementation of ATCP.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Kalipa, Velelo Clifton
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: School discipline -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Corporal punishment of children -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Rewards and punishments in education
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5664 , vital:29359
- Description: Alternative to corporal punishment in schools is a worldwide practice. Most countries have banned the use of corporal punishment in schools and have promulgated laws and adopted policies aiming to enforce the practice of alternative to corporal punishment. South Africa is one of the countries that have introduced policy on alternatives to corporal punishment. However, this policy does not provide details on how School Management Teams (SMTs) and teachers should support the implementation of alternatives to corporal punishment; as a result, schools end up having different approaches in as far as implementing alternatives to corporal punishment is concerned. There is also a serious problem of indiscipline in schools and this has since attracted growing attention of researchers in South Africa and the whole world. There are serious offences by learners in schools which range from serious criminal ones such as drug abuse, assaults, theft, murders and rapes to less serious ones such as truancy, incomplete projects, absenteeism and lateness, dodging and bunking of classes in schools. This study therefore sought to investigate how SMT and teachers support the implementation of alternatives to corporal punishment in schools. This was a multi case study of four secondary schools in the King Williams Town Education District which was conducted through qualitative research approach. Interviews and documentary analysis were used to collect data and a total of 16 participants (four principals, four SMT members and eight teachers) were selected. From the data, it emerged that some teachers were fixed in using corporal punishment to discipline learners in schools. The data also showed that the alternatives to corporal punishment (ATCP) policies were inconsistently applied as schools had different approaches in as far as how ATCP is implemented and that some schools had no ATCP policies at all. It also emerged from the data that school leadership was a problem in as far as supporting the implementation of ATCP in schools as in some schools the issues of disciplining learners was centralised in the principal’s office. It also became clear that the majority of participants did not understand the national policy on ATCP. There were no indications of parental involvement in the implementation of ATCP in schools. It can be concluded that the channels of communication among principals, SMTs, teachers with regards to the implementation of ATCP was problematic as there were no clear roles as to how each of these officials should implement ATCP. Some teachers still perceived the ATCP as unsuitable for maintaining discipline in rural schools and their discipline strategies were still characterized by punitive measures which border on corporal punishment. School discipline was not seen as a societal matter where other relevant stakeholders could play a pivotal role in learner discipline. This had a negative impact on the school discipline. Learners had no responsibility on maintenance of positive school atmosphere as they were not in any way part taking in the maintenance of discipline in schools. This study therefore recommends a comprehensive framework for the implementation of ATCP that will give details on the roles of SMTs and teachers in the implementation of ATCP in schools. It is recommended that this framework be inclusive of parents and other community stakeholders who would give different perspectives on the implementation of ATCP in schools as education is a societal matter. It is also recommended that more research be conducted that will deal with urban schools and on the involvement of parents and other stakeholders in the implementation of ATCP.
- Full Text:
The role of academic middle managers in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in private higher education institutions in Botswana
- Authors: Rudhumbu, Norman
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Universities and colleges -- Botswana -- Administration Education, Higher -- Aims and objectives -- Botswana Curriculum planning -- Botswana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2979 , vital:28214
- Description: The purpose of the study was to examine the role of academic middle managers (AMMs) in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in private higher education institutions in Botswana. This study employed a mixed methods research approach which utilised a structured questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide to gather data on AMMs‟ role in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs in Botswana. SPSS version 21 was used for analysing quantitative data while thematic analysis was used for analysing qualitative data on the role of AMMs in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs. The study showed that the role of AMMs in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs was too complex and demanding because they spent most of their time on daily administrative routines instead of on core academic activities such as planning and implementing curriculum change in their departments. The AMMs in the PHEIs under study operated more like managers in academic departments than academics in management. As a result the study showed that AMMs faced more challenges than opportunities in their planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs. The major challenges AMMs faced in the planning and implementation of curriculum change were a highly controlled and strict work environment, role conflict, lack of autonomy, role strain and heavy workloads which limited the time AMMs spent on the core business of managing curriculum change in their departments. The study also highlighted some of the strategies albeit a few, which, despite the numerous challenges AMMs faced, are used to try and make the planning and implementation of curriculum change by AMMs was to some extent successful. The study provided insight on the influence of AMMs biographical characteristics as well as the influence of AMM job requirements (such as having a detailed job description and having authority over curriculum matters) on how AMMs enacted their role in curriculum change. Based on the results of the study, a model to assist AMMs in the effective planning and implementation of curriculum change was proposed.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Rudhumbu, Norman
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Universities and colleges -- Botswana -- Administration Education, Higher -- Aims and objectives -- Botswana Curriculum planning -- Botswana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2979 , vital:28214
- Description: The purpose of the study was to examine the role of academic middle managers (AMMs) in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in private higher education institutions in Botswana. This study employed a mixed methods research approach which utilised a structured questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide to gather data on AMMs‟ role in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs in Botswana. SPSS version 21 was used for analysing quantitative data while thematic analysis was used for analysing qualitative data on the role of AMMs in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs. The study showed that the role of AMMs in the planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs was too complex and demanding because they spent most of their time on daily administrative routines instead of on core academic activities such as planning and implementing curriculum change in their departments. The AMMs in the PHEIs under study operated more like managers in academic departments than academics in management. As a result the study showed that AMMs faced more challenges than opportunities in their planning and implementation of curriculum change in PHEIs. The major challenges AMMs faced in the planning and implementation of curriculum change were a highly controlled and strict work environment, role conflict, lack of autonomy, role strain and heavy workloads which limited the time AMMs spent on the core business of managing curriculum change in their departments. The study also highlighted some of the strategies albeit a few, which, despite the numerous challenges AMMs faced, are used to try and make the planning and implementation of curriculum change by AMMs was to some extent successful. The study provided insight on the influence of AMMs biographical characteristics as well as the influence of AMM job requirements (such as having a detailed job description and having authority over curriculum matters) on how AMMs enacted their role in curriculum change. Based on the results of the study, a model to assist AMMs in the effective planning and implementation of curriculum change was proposed.
- Full Text:
Towards a changing context and performance practice of mbira dzavadzimu music in Zimbabwe
- Authors: Chipendo, Claudio
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Mbira music -- Zimbabwe Shona (African people) -- Music
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6357 , vital:29588
- Description: Mbira dzavadzimu music and performance practice has been in existence since the pre-colonial era. It played a crucial role in ritual and non-ritual activities of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. However, political, social and global influences as well as technological advancement have resulted in change of context and performance practice. Unfortunately, these have not been recorded for future generations. The major aim of the study is therefore to examine the change of context and performance practice of mbira dzavadzimu in Zimbabwe. This was achieved by reviewing mbira dzavadzimu music and performance practice within the modern setting of dandaro. I looked at change from a theoretical lens of the theory of diffusion, syncretism and mediatisation. The study was in the qualitative form superimposed on some case studies. Unstructured interviews, participant and non-participant observations were the main instruments used to collect data from both traditional and modern mbira performances. Data was also collected from museums, archives, radio and television stations. The study established that the changes in context and performance practice of mbira dzavadzimu in Zimbabwe were to a larger extent due to foreign influences such as colonialism, the coming of missionaries, modernisation, urbanisation, commercialisation, mediatisation, the use of modern technology and institutionalisation. Due to the aforementioned influences, the environmental settings, the change of context from sacred to secular, the relationship with ancestral spirits, musical practices, performance situations and quality of sound, have been modified and adjusted in response to the influences of the globalised world’s ever changing audience and performance space. In short, this has resulted in a shift of mbira performances from its traditional to modern settings, from the village to the city and onto the international scene with a new performer-audience setting. Various innovations were carried out on the instrument and its music as a result of the advent of modern technology. The use of microphones, modern amplification systems, recording studios, radio and television broadcast, audio and video cassettes, CDs, DVD, teaching of the instrument using audio and video instructional models and the use of internet sites in learning how to play mbira dzavadzimu and other instruments have become a reality. It has been evident from the study that urban and rural areas take up change in different ways and that in the former change is more pronounced than in the latter. Urban area communities are more “developed” than their rural counterparts because the former are more exposed to technological influences and the commercialisation of music. The study has also established that Zimbabwean mbira music is a good example of modern transculturality. The instrument and its music have played a major role in breaking down cultural boundaries and bringing the people of the world together for purposes of performing on the instrument. From the findings of this study, I attribute most of the changes to technologisation, for most of the changes that have taken place on mbira dzavadzimu were a result of the highly technologised way of life Zimbabweans now lead.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Chipendo, Claudio
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Mbira music -- Zimbabwe Shona (African people) -- Music
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/6357 , vital:29588
- Description: Mbira dzavadzimu music and performance practice has been in existence since the pre-colonial era. It played a crucial role in ritual and non-ritual activities of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. However, political, social and global influences as well as technological advancement have resulted in change of context and performance practice. Unfortunately, these have not been recorded for future generations. The major aim of the study is therefore to examine the change of context and performance practice of mbira dzavadzimu in Zimbabwe. This was achieved by reviewing mbira dzavadzimu music and performance practice within the modern setting of dandaro. I looked at change from a theoretical lens of the theory of diffusion, syncretism and mediatisation. The study was in the qualitative form superimposed on some case studies. Unstructured interviews, participant and non-participant observations were the main instruments used to collect data from both traditional and modern mbira performances. Data was also collected from museums, archives, radio and television stations. The study established that the changes in context and performance practice of mbira dzavadzimu in Zimbabwe were to a larger extent due to foreign influences such as colonialism, the coming of missionaries, modernisation, urbanisation, commercialisation, mediatisation, the use of modern technology and institutionalisation. Due to the aforementioned influences, the environmental settings, the change of context from sacred to secular, the relationship with ancestral spirits, musical practices, performance situations and quality of sound, have been modified and adjusted in response to the influences of the globalised world’s ever changing audience and performance space. In short, this has resulted in a shift of mbira performances from its traditional to modern settings, from the village to the city and onto the international scene with a new performer-audience setting. Various innovations were carried out on the instrument and its music as a result of the advent of modern technology. The use of microphones, modern amplification systems, recording studios, radio and television broadcast, audio and video cassettes, CDs, DVD, teaching of the instrument using audio and video instructional models and the use of internet sites in learning how to play mbira dzavadzimu and other instruments have become a reality. It has been evident from the study that urban and rural areas take up change in different ways and that in the former change is more pronounced than in the latter. Urban area communities are more “developed” than their rural counterparts because the former are more exposed to technological influences and the commercialisation of music. The study has also established that Zimbabwean mbira music is a good example of modern transculturality. The instrument and its music have played a major role in breaking down cultural boundaries and bringing the people of the world together for purposes of performing on the instrument. From the findings of this study, I attribute most of the changes to technologisation, for most of the changes that have taken place on mbira dzavadzimu were a result of the highly technologised way of life Zimbabweans now lead.
- Full Text:
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