An evaluation of knowledge sharing as a knowledge management mechanism in public libraries in Cape Town, Western Cape Province , South Africa
- Authors: Tatana, Vuyokazi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Knowledge management Information services Organizational learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5138 , vital:29090
- Description: This study aimed to investigate into knowledge sharing as a mechanism for managing knowledge in the City of Cape Town public libraries, Western Cape, South Africa. The study sought to achieve the following objectives: To find out the extent to which knowledge sharing takes place in the City of Cape Town public libraries; To establish how knowledge is shared between the less experienced and the more experienced librarians; To explore the influence of knowledge sharing on service delivery in the City of Cape Town public libraries; To identify and discuss the impediments to knowledge sharing the City of Cape Town public libraries; The findings of the study would provide insight useful in addressing the challenges that confront public libraries as far as knowledge sharing and is concerned. This study would assist to maintain the best practices of knowledge sharing in the City of Cape Town public libraries.This study would also help the City of Cape Town policy makers and library management to come up with knowledge‐sharing/ knowledge management intervention measures from an informed point of view.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Tatana, Vuyokazi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Knowledge management Information services Organizational learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5138 , vital:29090
- Description: This study aimed to investigate into knowledge sharing as a mechanism for managing knowledge in the City of Cape Town public libraries, Western Cape, South Africa. The study sought to achieve the following objectives: To find out the extent to which knowledge sharing takes place in the City of Cape Town public libraries; To establish how knowledge is shared between the less experienced and the more experienced librarians; To explore the influence of knowledge sharing on service delivery in the City of Cape Town public libraries; To identify and discuss the impediments to knowledge sharing the City of Cape Town public libraries; The findings of the study would provide insight useful in addressing the challenges that confront public libraries as far as knowledge sharing and is concerned. This study would assist to maintain the best practices of knowledge sharing in the City of Cape Town public libraries.This study would also help the City of Cape Town policy makers and library management to come up with knowledge‐sharing/ knowledge management intervention measures from an informed point of view.
- Full Text:
An evaluation of security issues in cloud-based file sharing technologies
- Authors: Fana, Akhona
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Cloud computing -- Security measures Computer networks -- Security measures Computer security
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1841 , vital:27565
- Description: Cloud computing is one of the most promising technologies for backup and data storage that provides flexible access to data. Cloud computing plays a vital role in remote backup. It is so unfortunate that this computing technique has flaws that thrilled and edgy end users in implementing it effectively. These flaws include factors like lack of integrity, confidentiality and privacy to information. A secure cloud is impossible unless the computer-generated environment is appropriately secured. In any form of technology it is always advisable that security challenges must be prior identified and fixed before the implementation of that particular technology. Primarily, this study will focus on finding security issues in cloud computing with the objective of finding concerns like credential theft and session management in the ―Cloud‖. Main arguments like HTTP banner disclosure, Bash ―ShellShock‖ Injection and password issues were discovered during the stages of study implementation. These challenges may provide information that will permit hackers in manipulating and exploiting cloud environment. Identifying credential theft and session management in cloud-based file sharing technologies a mixed method approach was implemented throughout the course of the study due to the nature of study and unity of analysis. Penetration tests were performed as security testing technique. Prevention and guideline of security threats leads to a friendly and authentic world of technology.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Fana, Akhona
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Cloud computing -- Security measures Computer networks -- Security measures Computer security
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1841 , vital:27565
- Description: Cloud computing is one of the most promising technologies for backup and data storage that provides flexible access to data. Cloud computing plays a vital role in remote backup. It is so unfortunate that this computing technique has flaws that thrilled and edgy end users in implementing it effectively. These flaws include factors like lack of integrity, confidentiality and privacy to information. A secure cloud is impossible unless the computer-generated environment is appropriately secured. In any form of technology it is always advisable that security challenges must be prior identified and fixed before the implementation of that particular technology. Primarily, this study will focus on finding security issues in cloud computing with the objective of finding concerns like credential theft and session management in the ―Cloud‖. Main arguments like HTTP banner disclosure, Bash ―ShellShock‖ Injection and password issues were discovered during the stages of study implementation. These challenges may provide information that will permit hackers in manipulating and exploiting cloud environment. Identifying credential theft and session management in cloud-based file sharing technologies a mixed method approach was implemented throughout the course of the study due to the nature of study and unity of analysis. Penetration tests were performed as security testing technique. Prevention and guideline of security threats leads to a friendly and authentic world of technology.
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An evaluation of the effectiveness of organisational communication : a case of student-directed communication strategies at University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus
- Authors: Ncube, Sizalobuhle
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Communication in organizations--South Africa--Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Communication
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17395 , vital:40964
- Description: Organisational communication entails the interaction that the management has with its stakeholders. Communication is never complete if the message sent has not been fully understood by the receiver. Hence, for communication to be effective, the sender has to provide two-way open channels of communication as it allows dialogue which stimulates reaching a consensus. Thus, this study was done to find out about the effectiveness of organisational communication in relation to the student-directed communication strategies at University of Fort hare, Alice campus. Data were collected from the participants through four focus groups consisting of ten randomly picked students, and in-depth interviews with five SRC members and five University management staff. A qualitative methodological approach was therefore used in this study for data collection and analysis. Furthermore, the data analysed were categorised into different themes. The findings of this study indicate that the right communication messages and channel must always be used by organisations when communicating with stakeholders. The study also found out that communication will be effective if messages are received as intended by the sender. Conclusively, the study notes that stakeholders should be included in decision making processes in the organisation and that if their needs are also catered for, this will make them to be fully involved in understanding organisational concerns positively.
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- Authors: Ncube, Sizalobuhle
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Communication in organizations--South Africa--Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Communication
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/17395 , vital:40964
- Description: Organisational communication entails the interaction that the management has with its stakeholders. Communication is never complete if the message sent has not been fully understood by the receiver. Hence, for communication to be effective, the sender has to provide two-way open channels of communication as it allows dialogue which stimulates reaching a consensus. Thus, this study was done to find out about the effectiveness of organisational communication in relation to the student-directed communication strategies at University of Fort hare, Alice campus. Data were collected from the participants through four focus groups consisting of ten randomly picked students, and in-depth interviews with five SRC members and five University management staff. A qualitative methodological approach was therefore used in this study for data collection and analysis. Furthermore, the data analysed were categorised into different themes. The findings of this study indicate that the right communication messages and channel must always be used by organisations when communicating with stakeholders. The study also found out that communication will be effective if messages are received as intended by the sender. Conclusively, the study notes that stakeholders should be included in decision making processes in the organisation and that if their needs are also catered for, this will make them to be fully involved in understanding organisational concerns positively.
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An examination of the challenges in intergrated development planning and budget alignment at Amathole District Municipality, (Eastern Cape)
- Authors: Links, Ralph Ronald
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Local budgets -- Political aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Political participation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3176 , vital:28329
- Description: The traditional mandate of local government is to deliver sustainable services to communities. The evolution of local government has since put more emphasis on evidence based planning in the form of IDP and sound financial management. The relationship between the IDP and Budget is that, a) the IDP contains community needs, objectives and strategies on how these will be responded or dealt with by the municipality, and b) the budget is the financial plan to execute strategies that need to be employed. The purpose of the study was to examine challenges in integrated development plan and the budget alignment of Amathole District Municipality. The study moved from the premise that municipalities are different and ADM has been in the fore front in terms of producing IDP and Budget. The study therefore is based on the assumption that the Amathole District Municipality has challenges in the IDP and Budget alignment. The study proposed to give a background of the scholarly literature of the IDP and Budget of local government. The empirical survey and research methodology used in the study is described and explained in-depths and followed by data collection in the form of the questionnaire. The research findings of the empirical survey are then analysed and reported in statistical form.
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- Authors: Links, Ralph Ronald
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Local budgets -- Political aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Political participation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3176 , vital:28329
- Description: The traditional mandate of local government is to deliver sustainable services to communities. The evolution of local government has since put more emphasis on evidence based planning in the form of IDP and sound financial management. The relationship between the IDP and Budget is that, a) the IDP contains community needs, objectives and strategies on how these will be responded or dealt with by the municipality, and b) the budget is the financial plan to execute strategies that need to be employed. The purpose of the study was to examine challenges in integrated development plan and the budget alignment of Amathole District Municipality. The study moved from the premise that municipalities are different and ADM has been in the fore front in terms of producing IDP and Budget. The study therefore is based on the assumption that the Amathole District Municipality has challenges in the IDP and Budget alignment. The study proposed to give a background of the scholarly literature of the IDP and Budget of local government. The empirical survey and research methodology used in the study is described and explained in-depths and followed by data collection in the form of the questionnaire. The research findings of the empirical survey are then analysed and reported in statistical form.
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An exploration of perceptions, adaptive capacity and food security in the Ngqushwa local municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Mazinyo, Sonwabo Perez
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Climatic changes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19043 , vital:40107
- Description: Approximately sixty percent of Africans depend on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. South Africa is evidenced to be susceptible to inclement climate which impacts on rural livelihoods as well as on farming systems. While South Africa is considered to be food sufficient, it is estimated that approximately 35percent of the population is vulnerable to food insecurity. Therefore with the application of surveys and interviews this study investigates the factors influencing household, subsistence and small-scale farmer perceptions of vulnerability to climate variability as well as the determinants of adaptive capacity. A sample of 308 households is surveyed and four focus group discussions are administered in Ngqushwa Local Municipality as a case study. Furthermore, the study also focuses on the biophysical changes or factors (scientific analysis of the prevailing climatic regimes–rainfall trends); the interrogation of the impact of food systems on both food prices as well as its implications on food sovereignty. The study also interrogates the relationship between crop yield and rainfall data over a 30-year period. Therefore the study adopts a mixed method approach to ensure triangulation. The study finds that rural communities are able to perceive climate variability and its related changes as well as its negative impact on crop production, food access and availability. The perceived rainfall trends also corroborate this Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient reveals that there is a strong correlation between crop yields and rainfall (r = 0.69). Meteorological analyses also show that the rainfall trend has been significantly variable over 112 years (1900 - 2011) with several dry spells threatening the subsistence and small-scale farmers’ sustainable livelihoods. The food systems pose threats to food safety, food security and historical food sovereignty for the rural community of Ngqushwa Local Municipality. Adaptive capacity is greatly impaired by the lack of co-ordination of adaptation strategies, which communally benefit the majority of the farming respondents in the study area. Therefore vulnerability to climate variability impacts on the ability of the respondents to achieve food security. The study also finds that there is perceived competition between the farmers and wild life for the natural resources. The respondents’ perception is that climate variability and change is responsible for such competition. The study recommends that the national, provincial and local governments must foster a new food production model that is not based on the agro-business model and its attendant technologies but on one that is based on robust agro-ecological farming techniques which enhance adaptive capacity; which foster food safety; which promote food sovereignty; and which reduce vulnerability in a sustainable manner. Given the extent of climate variability in the study area the restoration of the NLM weather station infrastructure can also aid the farmers in taking advantage of a robust early warning system for better estimation of climate trends which enhance crop production.
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- Authors: Mazinyo, Sonwabo Perez
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Climatic changes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19043 , vital:40107
- Description: Approximately sixty percent of Africans depend on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. South Africa is evidenced to be susceptible to inclement climate which impacts on rural livelihoods as well as on farming systems. While South Africa is considered to be food sufficient, it is estimated that approximately 35percent of the population is vulnerable to food insecurity. Therefore with the application of surveys and interviews this study investigates the factors influencing household, subsistence and small-scale farmer perceptions of vulnerability to climate variability as well as the determinants of adaptive capacity. A sample of 308 households is surveyed and four focus group discussions are administered in Ngqushwa Local Municipality as a case study. Furthermore, the study also focuses on the biophysical changes or factors (scientific analysis of the prevailing climatic regimes–rainfall trends); the interrogation of the impact of food systems on both food prices as well as its implications on food sovereignty. The study also interrogates the relationship between crop yield and rainfall data over a 30-year period. Therefore the study adopts a mixed method approach to ensure triangulation. The study finds that rural communities are able to perceive climate variability and its related changes as well as its negative impact on crop production, food access and availability. The perceived rainfall trends also corroborate this Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient reveals that there is a strong correlation between crop yields and rainfall (r = 0.69). Meteorological analyses also show that the rainfall trend has been significantly variable over 112 years (1900 - 2011) with several dry spells threatening the subsistence and small-scale farmers’ sustainable livelihoods. The food systems pose threats to food safety, food security and historical food sovereignty for the rural community of Ngqushwa Local Municipality. Adaptive capacity is greatly impaired by the lack of co-ordination of adaptation strategies, which communally benefit the majority of the farming respondents in the study area. Therefore vulnerability to climate variability impacts on the ability of the respondents to achieve food security. The study also finds that there is perceived competition between the farmers and wild life for the natural resources. The respondents’ perception is that climate variability and change is responsible for such competition. The study recommends that the national, provincial and local governments must foster a new food production model that is not based on the agro-business model and its attendant technologies but on one that is based on robust agro-ecological farming techniques which enhance adaptive capacity; which foster food safety; which promote food sovereignty; and which reduce vulnerability in a sustainable manner. Given the extent of climate variability in the study area the restoration of the NLM weather station infrastructure can also aid the farmers in taking advantage of a robust early warning system for better estimation of climate trends which enhance crop production.
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An exploration of perceptions, adaptive capacity and food security in the Ngqushwa local municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Mazinyo, Sonwabo Perez, Zhou, Leocadia
- Authors: Mazinyo, Sonwabo Perez , Zhou, Leocadia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Climatic changes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19032 , vital:40106
- Description: Approximately sixty percent of Africans depend on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. South Africa is evidenced to be susceptible to inclement climate which impacts on rural livelihoods as well as on farming systems. While South Africa is considered to be food sufficient, it is estimated that approximately 35% of the population is vulnerable to food insecurity. Therefore with the application of surveys and interviews this study investigates the factors influencing household, subsistence and small-scale farmer perceptions of vulnerability to climate variability as well as the determinants of adaptive capacity. A sample of 308 households is surveyed and four focus group discussions are administered in Ngqushwa Local Municipality as a case study. Furthermore, the study also focuses on the biophysical changes or factors (scientific analysis of the prevailing climatic regimes–rainfall trends); the interrogation of the impact of food systems on both food prices as well as its implications on food sovereignty. The study also interrogates the relationship between crop yield and rainfall data over a 30-year period. Therefore the study adopts a mixed method approach to ensure triangulation. The study finds that rural communities are able to perceive climate variability and its related changes as well as its negative impact on crop production, food access and availability. The perceived rainfall trends also corroborate this Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient reveals that there is a strong correlation between crop yields and rainfall (r = 0.69). Meteorological analyses also show that the rainfall trend has been significantly variable over 112 years (1900 - 2011) with several dry spells threatening the subsistence and small-scale farmers’ sustainable livelihoods. The food systems pose threats to food safety, food security and historical food sovereignty for the rural community of Ngqushwa Local Municipality. Adaptive capacity is greatly impaired by the lack of co-ordination of adaptation strategies, which communally benefit the majority of the farming respondents in the study area. Therefore vulnerability to climate variability impacts on the ability of the respondents to achieve food security. The study also finds that there is perceived competition between the farmers and wild life for the natural resources. The respondents’ perception is that climate variability and change is responsible for such competition. The study recommends that the national, provincial and local governments must foster a new food production model that is not based on the agro-business model and its attendant technologies but on one that is based on robust agro-ecological farming techniques which enhance adaptive capacity; which foster food safety; which promote food sovereignty; and which reduce vulnerability in a sustainable manner. Given the extent of climate variability in the study area the restoration of the NLM weather station infrastructure can also aid the farmers in taking advantage of a robust early warning system for better estimation of climate trends which enhance crop production.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Mazinyo, Sonwabo Perez , Zhou, Leocadia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Food security -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Climatic changes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , DPhil
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/19032 , vital:40106
- Description: Approximately sixty percent of Africans depend on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. South Africa is evidenced to be susceptible to inclement climate which impacts on rural livelihoods as well as on farming systems. While South Africa is considered to be food sufficient, it is estimated that approximately 35% of the population is vulnerable to food insecurity. Therefore with the application of surveys and interviews this study investigates the factors influencing household, subsistence and small-scale farmer perceptions of vulnerability to climate variability as well as the determinants of adaptive capacity. A sample of 308 households is surveyed and four focus group discussions are administered in Ngqushwa Local Municipality as a case study. Furthermore, the study also focuses on the biophysical changes or factors (scientific analysis of the prevailing climatic regimes–rainfall trends); the interrogation of the impact of food systems on both food prices as well as its implications on food sovereignty. The study also interrogates the relationship between crop yield and rainfall data over a 30-year period. Therefore the study adopts a mixed method approach to ensure triangulation. The study finds that rural communities are able to perceive climate variability and its related changes as well as its negative impact on crop production, food access and availability. The perceived rainfall trends also corroborate this Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient reveals that there is a strong correlation between crop yields and rainfall (r = 0.69). Meteorological analyses also show that the rainfall trend has been significantly variable over 112 years (1900 - 2011) with several dry spells threatening the subsistence and small-scale farmers’ sustainable livelihoods. The food systems pose threats to food safety, food security and historical food sovereignty for the rural community of Ngqushwa Local Municipality. Adaptive capacity is greatly impaired by the lack of co-ordination of adaptation strategies, which communally benefit the majority of the farming respondents in the study area. Therefore vulnerability to climate variability impacts on the ability of the respondents to achieve food security. The study also finds that there is perceived competition between the farmers and wild life for the natural resources. The respondents’ perception is that climate variability and change is responsible for such competition. The study recommends that the national, provincial and local governments must foster a new food production model that is not based on the agro-business model and its attendant technologies but on one that is based on robust agro-ecological farming techniques which enhance adaptive capacity; which foster food safety; which promote food sovereignty; and which reduce vulnerability in a sustainable manner. Given the extent of climate variability in the study area the restoration of the NLM weather station infrastructure can also aid the farmers in taking advantage of a robust early warning system for better estimation of climate trends which enhance crop production.
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An interevention strategy for improving reading comprehension in grade 9: a case study in one secondary school in East london education district
- Authors: Fesi, Liziwe
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Reading comprehension -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5905 , vital:29417
- Description: The study focused on strategies for improving reading comprehension skills at Grade 9 level through story writing in one secondary school in the East London Education District. Vygotskian theory formed the theoretical framework for this study, aligned with language theories as relevant literature for this particular research study. Data was generated from 15 Grade 9 learners who were selected from 3 Grade 9 classes using convenience sampling, comprising of five learners from Grade 9(a) intervention group, five learners from Grade 9(b) and five learners from Grade 9(c) non-intervention group who were selected for this study with the inclusion of two Grade 9 teachers and one Grade 8 teacher. Involvement of the grade 8 teacher is relevant to determine the voice from a Grade 8 teacher as an informed voice, which filtered into understanding how and why Grade 9 learners are unable to read and write with understanding in their present grade. The teachers were given three questions for semi-structured interviews. All the learners were given a specific activity as a pre-assessment without intervention strategy. The Grade 9(a), which is the intervention class, used story writing as an intervention strategy where they began a two week study using intensive intervention strategies, amounting to a total of 18 weeks study from pre-assessment to post-assessment. At the conclusion of the study the selected learners undertook a post-assessment using the same specific activity as in the pre-assessment. Subsequently, these selected Grade 9 learners’ reading comprehension pre-assessment and post-assessment was analysed. Five of the grade 9(a) learners demonstrated significant improvement in the intervention activities they were given. Grade 9(b) and Grade 9(c) showed difficulty in the post-assessment as they were the non-intervention group. It was concluded that Grade 9(a) learners performed better in the post-assessment. This could be attributed to the use of story writing as an intervention strategy to improve their English reading and reading comprehension skills. Keywords: intervention, reading, comprehension.
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- Authors: Fesi, Liziwe
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Reading comprehension -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5905 , vital:29417
- Description: The study focused on strategies for improving reading comprehension skills at Grade 9 level through story writing in one secondary school in the East London Education District. Vygotskian theory formed the theoretical framework for this study, aligned with language theories as relevant literature for this particular research study. Data was generated from 15 Grade 9 learners who were selected from 3 Grade 9 classes using convenience sampling, comprising of five learners from Grade 9(a) intervention group, five learners from Grade 9(b) and five learners from Grade 9(c) non-intervention group who were selected for this study with the inclusion of two Grade 9 teachers and one Grade 8 teacher. Involvement of the grade 8 teacher is relevant to determine the voice from a Grade 8 teacher as an informed voice, which filtered into understanding how and why Grade 9 learners are unable to read and write with understanding in their present grade. The teachers were given three questions for semi-structured interviews. All the learners were given a specific activity as a pre-assessment without intervention strategy. The Grade 9(a), which is the intervention class, used story writing as an intervention strategy where they began a two week study using intensive intervention strategies, amounting to a total of 18 weeks study from pre-assessment to post-assessment. At the conclusion of the study the selected learners undertook a post-assessment using the same specific activity as in the pre-assessment. Subsequently, these selected Grade 9 learners’ reading comprehension pre-assessment and post-assessment was analysed. Five of the grade 9(a) learners demonstrated significant improvement in the intervention activities they were given. Grade 9(b) and Grade 9(c) showed difficulty in the post-assessment as they were the non-intervention group. It was concluded that Grade 9(a) learners performed better in the post-assessment. This could be attributed to the use of story writing as an intervention strategy to improve their English reading and reading comprehension skills. Keywords: intervention, reading, comprehension.
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An investigation into English second language competence and performance of Shona and Ndebele first lanuage learners
- Authors: Nhongo, Raphael
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Applied linguistics -- South Africa , Language and languages -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Multilingual education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12216 , vital:39198
- Description: The thrust of the study was to investigate the common ESL practices towards proficiency amongst O‟ level learners who are L1 speakers of either Shona or Ndebele and who are from either a rural or an urban setting. The aim of the study was to scrutinize how a learner‟s first language and the rural and urban environment influence ESL proficiency. The aim was to establish how rural and urban settings condition ESL proficiency and how ESL proficiency differs between these two settings. The other aim of the study was to establish the strategies that are used by teachers and learners in ESL teaching and learning and also to evaluate the effectiveness of such strategies. The study was qualitative in nature although a limited quantitative design was employed in the presentation of frequency tables. The study used a case study design. The information that was used in this study was gathered through the use of proficiency tests that were administered to forty O‟ level learners and through content analysis of learners‟ essays which were extracted from their essay exercise books. Sixteen O‟ level English language teachers, six English language examiners, one subject manager of English language and two curriculum developers were interviewed. The secondary data also played an important role in the study. The results of the study showed that teachers and learners use a number of strategies in the teaching and learning of ESL of which some of the strategies that they use have previously not been documented by other L2 researchers. It was also realized that learners in rural areas are at a disadvantage as compared to those in rural schools and such challenges include lack of exposure, inadequate reading materials, faulty instruction, unavailability of libraries and some other social issues. The major conclusion that was made in this study was that ESL learning and teaching strategies are of crucial importance to competence and performance in ESL proficiency.
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- Authors: Nhongo, Raphael
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Applied linguistics -- South Africa , Language and languages -- Study and teaching -- South Africa , Multilingual education -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12216 , vital:39198
- Description: The thrust of the study was to investigate the common ESL practices towards proficiency amongst O‟ level learners who are L1 speakers of either Shona or Ndebele and who are from either a rural or an urban setting. The aim of the study was to scrutinize how a learner‟s first language and the rural and urban environment influence ESL proficiency. The aim was to establish how rural and urban settings condition ESL proficiency and how ESL proficiency differs between these two settings. The other aim of the study was to establish the strategies that are used by teachers and learners in ESL teaching and learning and also to evaluate the effectiveness of such strategies. The study was qualitative in nature although a limited quantitative design was employed in the presentation of frequency tables. The study used a case study design. The information that was used in this study was gathered through the use of proficiency tests that were administered to forty O‟ level learners and through content analysis of learners‟ essays which were extracted from their essay exercise books. Sixteen O‟ level English language teachers, six English language examiners, one subject manager of English language and two curriculum developers were interviewed. The secondary data also played an important role in the study. The results of the study showed that teachers and learners use a number of strategies in the teaching and learning of ESL of which some of the strategies that they use have previously not been documented by other L2 researchers. It was also realized that learners in rural areas are at a disadvantage as compared to those in rural schools and such challenges include lack of exposure, inadequate reading materials, faulty instruction, unavailability of libraries and some other social issues. The major conclusion that was made in this study was that ESL learning and teaching strategies are of crucial importance to competence and performance in ESL proficiency.
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An investigation into the perceptions of female academics on their career development: a comparative study of South African and Zimbabwean universities
- Chitsamatanga, Bellita Banda
- Authors: Chitsamatanga, Bellita Banda
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Career development -- Education (Higher) -- Africa , College teachers -- Africa , Universities and colleges -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16223 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019735 , Career development -- Education (Higher) -- Africa , College teachers -- Africa , Universities and colleges -- Africa
- Description: This study investigated the perceptions of female academics on their career development in South African and Zimbabwean universities. The study attempted to unravel the story of the female academics which must be heard but is seldom accorded the space within the academia. The interpretive paradigm was utilised in this study because it focuses on individual perceptions and experiences. In addition a qualititative approach was employed for the collection of data since it allowed for triangulation of data collection techniques so as to gain in-depth and rich information on the career trajectory of female academics in South African and Zimbabwean universities. Therefore, semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and document analysis were employed. The participants were purposively selected for the sample of this study and comprised of 5 senior female academics from each university and 5 junior female academics also representing each university respectively. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data and this was carried out in line with the research questions, aims and objectives of the study. Through the participants' answers from both universities under study, a transcript was formulated, coded and categorised in view of the career development of female academics in South African and Zimbabwean universities. It was discovered from the data that the female academics still encounter a number of challenges with regard to their career mobility both in and out of academia inter alia, (1) gender stereotyping and male domination (2) knowledge retention (3) lack of mentorship and organisational support especially through funding and professional staff development programmes (4) lack of female solidarity (5) under-representation of female academics (6) teaching workloads and research publications and (7) lack of family support, were illuminated by the participants as common fixtures that hinder their career development in academia. Moreover, there were variances in both universities under study especially with relations to funding, gender policies in place and male domination. Consequently, the above mentioned factors were more pronounced in Zimbabwean universities than in South African universities. As a result, emphasis was that both South African and Zimbabwean universities have to draw a line between theory and practice especially on the professional staff development programmes that are offered to the academics. A crucial observation was made by the researcher on how most of the participants from both universities under study had negotiated their roles as mothers, wifes, academic and sisters in a bid to realise career growth, such that striking a balance between work and family posed a continuous hindrance their career development. As a result, hard work, commitment, confidence, self-assertiveness and sacrifice cut across both universities as strategies used if the battle of career development of female academics had to be won. In sum, this study attempted to illuminate the perceptions and experiences of female academics and what it means to be a female academicin the 21st century universityn and why there is a need to create, cultivate and have a conducive and supportive working environment. Moreover, promotion of knowledge expansion and sharing, gender equity and equality needs to be employed by both universities under research. Additionally, the professtional staff development programmes offered need to be conducted by qualified and experienced personnel in a bid to avoid repetition of workshops and training programs. Furthermore, formalisation of mentoring and role modelling should also be employed by South African and Zimbabwean universities. Lastly, the study recommended that there is a need for universities source out resources for its academics if there are to produce well rounded scholars who will be able to experience career development.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Chitsamatanga, Bellita Banda
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Career development -- Education (Higher) -- Africa , College teachers -- Africa , Universities and colleges -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Ed
- Identifier: vital:16223 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019735 , Career development -- Education (Higher) -- Africa , College teachers -- Africa , Universities and colleges -- Africa
- Description: This study investigated the perceptions of female academics on their career development in South African and Zimbabwean universities. The study attempted to unravel the story of the female academics which must be heard but is seldom accorded the space within the academia. The interpretive paradigm was utilised in this study because it focuses on individual perceptions and experiences. In addition a qualititative approach was employed for the collection of data since it allowed for triangulation of data collection techniques so as to gain in-depth and rich information on the career trajectory of female academics in South African and Zimbabwean universities. Therefore, semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and document analysis were employed. The participants were purposively selected for the sample of this study and comprised of 5 senior female academics from each university and 5 junior female academics also representing each university respectively. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data and this was carried out in line with the research questions, aims and objectives of the study. Through the participants' answers from both universities under study, a transcript was formulated, coded and categorised in view of the career development of female academics in South African and Zimbabwean universities. It was discovered from the data that the female academics still encounter a number of challenges with regard to their career mobility both in and out of academia inter alia, (1) gender stereotyping and male domination (2) knowledge retention (3) lack of mentorship and organisational support especially through funding and professional staff development programmes (4) lack of female solidarity (5) under-representation of female academics (6) teaching workloads and research publications and (7) lack of family support, were illuminated by the participants as common fixtures that hinder their career development in academia. Moreover, there were variances in both universities under study especially with relations to funding, gender policies in place and male domination. Consequently, the above mentioned factors were more pronounced in Zimbabwean universities than in South African universities. As a result, emphasis was that both South African and Zimbabwean universities have to draw a line between theory and practice especially on the professional staff development programmes that are offered to the academics. A crucial observation was made by the researcher on how most of the participants from both universities under study had negotiated their roles as mothers, wifes, academic and sisters in a bid to realise career growth, such that striking a balance between work and family posed a continuous hindrance their career development. As a result, hard work, commitment, confidence, self-assertiveness and sacrifice cut across both universities as strategies used if the battle of career development of female academics had to be won. In sum, this study attempted to illuminate the perceptions and experiences of female academics and what it means to be a female academicin the 21st century universityn and why there is a need to create, cultivate and have a conducive and supportive working environment. Moreover, promotion of knowledge expansion and sharing, gender equity and equality needs to be employed by both universities under research. Additionally, the professtional staff development programmes offered need to be conducted by qualified and experienced personnel in a bid to avoid repetition of workshops and training programs. Furthermore, formalisation of mentoring and role modelling should also be employed by South African and Zimbabwean universities. Lastly, the study recommended that there is a need for universities source out resources for its academics if there are to produce well rounded scholars who will be able to experience career development.
- Full Text:
An investigation of record-keeping as a catalyst in ensuring accountability and transparency : a case study of the Provincial Department of Basic Education in the Eastern Cape
- Authors: Ntontela, Majama
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Public records -- Management Government information -- South Africa -- Management Transparency in government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4415 , vital:28336
- Description: Not all documents are records. One of the central concerns of contemporary governance is the reduced or complete lack of accountability among public officials when rendering public services. In the absence of accountability and records, corruption thrives. This research examines the relationship that exists between transparency, accountability and record keeping in order to find the effect that records has; in terms of producing positive audit outcomes and in eliminating corrupt activities by public official/s. Since the transition to democracy in South Africa, the new constitution demands transparency and accountability on matters of governance supported with available information (records). Various pieces of legislation in South Africa are available in support of timely, accessible and accurate information in pursuit of official duties. The difficulty in ensuring an effective record keeping creates an opportunity for governance, transparency and accountability to fail. The essence of this research undertaking was motivated by the fact that, absence of records (which has a negative effect in achieving clean audits) renders governance chaotic and infringes on the democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution such as accountability and transparency. The purpose of the study was to investigate the practice of record keeping in the Eastern Cape Provincial Department of Basic Education (ECDoE) in ensuring accountability and transparency. This research undertaking was guided by the following three research questions: (1) what is the legal/normative framework that governs record keeping in South African public service? (2) How does ECDoE practice record-keeping in ensuring accountability and transparency? And (3) how does the practice of ECDoE’s record-keeping compare with the requirements of the legal/normative framework? After all the gathering of information from different sources, it is therefore recommended that the ECDoE send its employees for records management courses and there must be strict adherence to legislation and recommendations made by the Auditor General in his last audit report for the department. During the conduct of this research undertaking, these are the findings that emerged from the study: at the ECDoE (1) There is no adequate training provided to employees in record keeping. (2) There are ineffective internal control systems. (3) There is no risk management contingency plan. (4) There is no proper record keeping. (5) There is non-compliance with legislation by officials. (6) There is no strong or effective leadership. (7) There is shortage of staff and qualified personnel. (8) Lack of commitment to excel. (9) No significant corrective action undertaken to eliminate past inaccuracies. (10) There is absence of following up on recommendations made by the external audit. Lastly, the researcher accepts the arguments raised by the different authors about record keeping, transparency and accountability in that: there can be no accountable and transparent government without an effective record-keeping in place. Records are vital sources of evidence admissible to any institution be it a court of law or standing committees should clarity be required.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ntontela, Majama
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Public records -- Management Government information -- South Africa -- Management Transparency in government -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4415 , vital:28336
- Description: Not all documents are records. One of the central concerns of contemporary governance is the reduced or complete lack of accountability among public officials when rendering public services. In the absence of accountability and records, corruption thrives. This research examines the relationship that exists between transparency, accountability and record keeping in order to find the effect that records has; in terms of producing positive audit outcomes and in eliminating corrupt activities by public official/s. Since the transition to democracy in South Africa, the new constitution demands transparency and accountability on matters of governance supported with available information (records). Various pieces of legislation in South Africa are available in support of timely, accessible and accurate information in pursuit of official duties. The difficulty in ensuring an effective record keeping creates an opportunity for governance, transparency and accountability to fail. The essence of this research undertaking was motivated by the fact that, absence of records (which has a negative effect in achieving clean audits) renders governance chaotic and infringes on the democratic principles enshrined in the Constitution such as accountability and transparency. The purpose of the study was to investigate the practice of record keeping in the Eastern Cape Provincial Department of Basic Education (ECDoE) in ensuring accountability and transparency. This research undertaking was guided by the following three research questions: (1) what is the legal/normative framework that governs record keeping in South African public service? (2) How does ECDoE practice record-keeping in ensuring accountability and transparency? And (3) how does the practice of ECDoE’s record-keeping compare with the requirements of the legal/normative framework? After all the gathering of information from different sources, it is therefore recommended that the ECDoE send its employees for records management courses and there must be strict adherence to legislation and recommendations made by the Auditor General in his last audit report for the department. During the conduct of this research undertaking, these are the findings that emerged from the study: at the ECDoE (1) There is no adequate training provided to employees in record keeping. (2) There are ineffective internal control systems. (3) There is no risk management contingency plan. (4) There is no proper record keeping. (5) There is non-compliance with legislation by officials. (6) There is no strong or effective leadership. (7) There is shortage of staff and qualified personnel. (8) Lack of commitment to excel. (9) No significant corrective action undertaken to eliminate past inaccuracies. (10) There is absence of following up on recommendations made by the external audit. Lastly, the researcher accepts the arguments raised by the different authors about record keeping, transparency and accountability in that: there can be no accountable and transparent government without an effective record-keeping in place. Records are vital sources of evidence admissible to any institution be it a court of law or standing committees should clarity be required.
- Full Text:
An investigation of skills and knowledge of women participating in water and food security projects in the Eastern Cape Province: a case of Mbekweni village, Sirhosheni and Lutengele villages
- Authors: Makeleni, Maliviwe
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11235 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021306 , Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The South African government initiated programmes to ensure that women in agriculture are empowered with sufficient agricultural skills and knowledge to engage in agriculture in order to alleviate poverty for their families and communities. Studies argue that within the agricultural sector, women are not capacitated adequately enough in terms of the skills and knowledge they need to acquire, and particularly as this relates to their ability to have knowledge about more advanced technologies in farming. This includes the most up to date knowledge related to sustainable-development. This study has attempted to investigate skills and knowledge possessed by women participating in water and food security projects in the Eastern Cape. Selected study areas were Mbekweni village located in Whittlesea, Sirhosheni village which is situated in Willowvale and Lutengele village in Port St Johns. The thesis was also aiming to find the skills/knowledge gap amongst the sample so as to come up with recommendations. The data was collected using two semi-structured questionnaires. The first questionnaire was for the main survey which mainly concentrated on the socio-economic information of the respondents. This data were collected from 163 households across three sites using systematic sampling. The second questionnaire was mainly used to gain more in-depth analysis. The data were collected from 30 households across three sites using purposive sampling. Both questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews. The majority of respondents have stated that they have basic knowledge and skills in farming, however they need further training on appropriate planting methods for various crops, irrigation scheduling and frequency, application of pesticides and marketing skills. Econometric analysis, through the use of the binomial regression model revealed that education affects the level of knowledge of farmers in selecting appropriate planting methods as well as farmers’ knowledge in determining seed depth of a crop. Gender influences the level of knowledge farmers have when selecting appropriate planting methods. Having extension assistance was recognised to affect farmers’ knowledge in determining irrigation scheduling and intensity. All variables were statistically significant showing a 5% level. The thesis ultimately argues that encouraging support to agricultural extension that respects local-level indigenous farming will increase the food-security potential of residents within the Eastern Cape.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Makeleni, Maliviwe
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc Agric (Agricultural Economics)
- Identifier: vital:11235 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021306 , Agricultural development projects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The South African government initiated programmes to ensure that women in agriculture are empowered with sufficient agricultural skills and knowledge to engage in agriculture in order to alleviate poverty for their families and communities. Studies argue that within the agricultural sector, women are not capacitated adequately enough in terms of the skills and knowledge they need to acquire, and particularly as this relates to their ability to have knowledge about more advanced technologies in farming. This includes the most up to date knowledge related to sustainable-development. This study has attempted to investigate skills and knowledge possessed by women participating in water and food security projects in the Eastern Cape. Selected study areas were Mbekweni village located in Whittlesea, Sirhosheni village which is situated in Willowvale and Lutengele village in Port St Johns. The thesis was also aiming to find the skills/knowledge gap amongst the sample so as to come up with recommendations. The data was collected using two semi-structured questionnaires. The first questionnaire was for the main survey which mainly concentrated on the socio-economic information of the respondents. This data were collected from 163 households across three sites using systematic sampling. The second questionnaire was mainly used to gain more in-depth analysis. The data were collected from 30 households across three sites using purposive sampling. Both questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews. The majority of respondents have stated that they have basic knowledge and skills in farming, however they need further training on appropriate planting methods for various crops, irrigation scheduling and frequency, application of pesticides and marketing skills. Econometric analysis, through the use of the binomial regression model revealed that education affects the level of knowledge of farmers in selecting appropriate planting methods as well as farmers’ knowledge in determining seed depth of a crop. Gender influences the level of knowledge farmers have when selecting appropriate planting methods. Having extension assistance was recognised to affect farmers’ knowledge in determining irrigation scheduling and intensity. All variables were statistically significant showing a 5% level. The thesis ultimately argues that encouraging support to agricultural extension that respects local-level indigenous farming will increase the food-security potential of residents within the Eastern Cape.
- Full Text:
Assessing the role of civil society in poverty alleviation : a case study of Amathole District, (Eastern Cape)
- Authors: Ngumbela, Xolisile Gideon
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Poor -- Services for -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Economic assistance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2161 , vital:27618
- Description: The purpose of this study is to conduct an assessment of the role of civil society organizations with regards to poverty alleviation. The study is conducted in Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province. The sample for the study is constituted by 3 civic society organizations (CSO), which are located in 3 local municipalities; namely, Amahlathi (Ikhwezi Women Support Center), Mbhashe (Nyhwara Home Base), and Mnquma (We Care Ministries) Local Municipalities. In terms of the data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 officers from these civic society organizations. Concerning the research design, a combination of a qualitative and quantitative research approach was used. Concerning the findings of the study, the following points were noted: the different forms of interventions by civic society organizations, poverty eradication strategies, challenges that were experienced by civic society organizations, and the logical framework versus unexpected changes. It is probably safe to make mention that CSOs in the Eastern Cape portray a positive attitude and willingness to learn to manage the organizations better. The continuing support from the Department of Social Development will go a long way to assist the CSOs to become sustainable, in the context of management and efficient running of these organizations. The study thus concluded that specific benefactor-beneficiary dynamics are crucial for the success of any anti-poverty intervention. A greater need for the robust pro-poor social policy, availability of resources with which to translate it into action, and local entrepreneurial potential do not in themselves bring about success; they must operate in a certain way and be supported by certain principles and commitment for them to become powerful proper vehicle for alleviating poverty.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ngumbela, Xolisile Gideon
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Social aspects -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Poor -- Services for -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Economic assistance -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2161 , vital:27618
- Description: The purpose of this study is to conduct an assessment of the role of civil society organizations with regards to poverty alleviation. The study is conducted in Amathole District, Eastern Cape Province. The sample for the study is constituted by 3 civic society organizations (CSO), which are located in 3 local municipalities; namely, Amahlathi (Ikhwezi Women Support Center), Mbhashe (Nyhwara Home Base), and Mnquma (We Care Ministries) Local Municipalities. In terms of the data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 officers from these civic society organizations. Concerning the research design, a combination of a qualitative and quantitative research approach was used. Concerning the findings of the study, the following points were noted: the different forms of interventions by civic society organizations, poverty eradication strategies, challenges that were experienced by civic society organizations, and the logical framework versus unexpected changes. It is probably safe to make mention that CSOs in the Eastern Cape portray a positive attitude and willingness to learn to manage the organizations better. The continuing support from the Department of Social Development will go a long way to assist the CSOs to become sustainable, in the context of management and efficient running of these organizations. The study thus concluded that specific benefactor-beneficiary dynamics are crucial for the success of any anti-poverty intervention. A greater need for the robust pro-poor social policy, availability of resources with which to translate it into action, and local entrepreneurial potential do not in themselves bring about success; they must operate in a certain way and be supported by certain principles and commitment for them to become powerful proper vehicle for alleviating poverty.
- Full Text:
Assessing the role of social transfers in curbing household food insecurity in Harare rural district, Zimbabwe
- Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Authors: Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Zimbabwe Food security -- Zimbabwe Households -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12205 , vital:39197
- Description: Purpose – Empirical work on the career development processes of vulnerable groups such as refugees is beginning to receive currency within the academic literature. However, little is known about the intersection of factors such as gender and structural constraints on such processes especially within developing countries such as South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore the career development processes of women refugees in South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach – A qualitative research approach through narrative inquiry was used. Snowball sampling was employed to select the 20 women refugees who took part in this research. The study location was the city of Port Elizabeth located in the Eastern Cape Province. The three levels of meaning-making incorporated in previous narrative research was utilised to analyse the data. Findings Results show that women refugees are more concerned with a short-term desire to survive and acquire basic commodities than a long-term focus to advance and develop their careers. This is mainly compounded by constraints personal to the individual and those in the environment. Finally, the results illustrate that career development processes of women refugees are affected by the inextricably intertwined factors associated with their gender, immigration status as well as person-environmental factors. Practical implications – The research suggests strategies that policy makers in South Africa and other developing nations that are hosting refugees can use to assist women not just their career development but also their lived experiences. Originality/value – This study extends and advances literature on the career development issues of vulnerable groups such as women refugees especially in developing nations such as South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Zimbabwe Food security -- Zimbabwe Households -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/12205 , vital:39197
- Description: Purpose – Empirical work on the career development processes of vulnerable groups such as refugees is beginning to receive currency within the academic literature. However, little is known about the intersection of factors such as gender and structural constraints on such processes especially within developing countries such as South Africa. The purpose of this study was to explore the career development processes of women refugees in South Africa. Design/methodology/ approach – A qualitative research approach through narrative inquiry was used. Snowball sampling was employed to select the 20 women refugees who took part in this research. The study location was the city of Port Elizabeth located in the Eastern Cape Province. The three levels of meaning-making incorporated in previous narrative research was utilised to analyse the data. Findings Results show that women refugees are more concerned with a short-term desire to survive and acquire basic commodities than a long-term focus to advance and develop their careers. This is mainly compounded by constraints personal to the individual and those in the environment. Finally, the results illustrate that career development processes of women refugees are affected by the inextricably intertwined factors associated with their gender, immigration status as well as person-environmental factors. Practical implications – The research suggests strategies that policy makers in South Africa and other developing nations that are hosting refugees can use to assist women not just their career development but also their lived experiences. Originality/value – This study extends and advances literature on the career development issues of vulnerable groups such as women refugees especially in developing nations such as South Africa.
- Full Text:
Assessing the role of social transfers in curbing household food insecurity in Harare rural district, Zimbabwe
- Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Authors: Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Zimbabwe Rural poor -- Zimbabwe Food security -- Zimbabwe Social security -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Admin
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1939 , vital:27586
- Description: One of the major problems obstructing international development is the issue of food security. Solutions for this global concern have not yet been found. This research sought to explore the role of social transfers in curbing household food insecurity. Social transfers are regular services or donations which are offered by the government or/and other institutions such as non-governmental organisations to vulnerable households. This exploratory study administered structured interviews, incorporating the Household Hunger Scale, Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning indicator and self designed questions soliciting general household information, to Harare rural residents. The population was divided into clusters and a simple random sampling was used to select three clusters, Mufakose, Glen Norah and Warren Park, thereafter, systematic random sampling was employed within selected clusters.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Nyabvudzi, Tatenda Gaudencia
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Poverty -- Zimbabwe Rural poor -- Zimbabwe Food security -- Zimbabwe Social security -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Admin
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/1939 , vital:27586
- Description: One of the major problems obstructing international development is the issue of food security. Solutions for this global concern have not yet been found. This research sought to explore the role of social transfers in curbing household food insecurity. Social transfers are regular services or donations which are offered by the government or/and other institutions such as non-governmental organisations to vulnerable households. This exploratory study administered structured interviews, incorporating the Household Hunger Scale, Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning indicator and self designed questions soliciting general household information, to Harare rural residents. The population was divided into clusters and a simple random sampling was used to select three clusters, Mufakose, Glen Norah and Warren Park, thereafter, systematic random sampling was employed within selected clusters.
- Full Text:
Assessment of bioflocculant production by two marine bacteria isolated from the bottom sediment of marine Algoa Bay
- Authors: Ntozonke, Ncedo
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11298 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021290
- Description: Bioflocculants are polymers, mostly, of microbial origin which floc out suspended particles from liquid medium. The ability of these biopolymers to remove suspended particles from solutions is termed bioflocculation, and the efficiency of flocculation activities depends on the characteristics of the flocculants. In comparison with conventionally used flocculants, bioflocculants have the advantage of being safe (no toxic effects known), biodegradable and harmlessness to the environment. The study assessed production of bioflocculant by two marine bacteria from the bottom sediment of marine environment. The 16S rDNA was used for identification, and the two bacteria species were identified as Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus thuringiensis. Factors affecting the production and activity of the bioflocculants produced by these two organisms were studied. The bacteria optimally produced bioflocculant with fructose (91.7%) and urea (91%) as sole carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Mg2+ (87%) and Ca2+ (86%), likewise, served as best cation sources on the production of the bioflocculant at pH 5(93%). Additionally, the flocculating activity of the bioflocculant increased with the addition of Mg2+ (81%) and Na+ (81%), and the highest flocculating activity was at pH 5 of the kaolin clay. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that the bioflocculant is a glycoprotein. The second bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) produced bioflocculant optimally when the media had mixed nitrogen sources (Urea, ammonium chloride and tryptone (67%)) and glucose (85.65%) as a sole carbon source, also Ca2+ (74.6%) was the best cation that induced the production of bioflocculant. After purification, the bioflocculant flocculated optimally in alkaline pH 12 (81%) in the presence of Mn2+ (73%) and Ca2+ (72.8%). Chemical analysis of the bioflocculant revealed it to be a polysaccharide. Both bioflocculants flocculate efficiently and can be used to replace synthetic flocculants in water treatment, wastewater, in downstream processing, and processing of food and chemicals and other industrial uses of flocculants. Challenges though (i) are to develop conditions for large scale production of the bioflocculant, (ii) to do further characterization of the both bioflocculants (iii) to assess the bioflocculants for treatments of water/wastewater, and to apply it in various industrial processes.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Ntozonke, Ncedo
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11298 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021290
- Description: Bioflocculants are polymers, mostly, of microbial origin which floc out suspended particles from liquid medium. The ability of these biopolymers to remove suspended particles from solutions is termed bioflocculation, and the efficiency of flocculation activities depends on the characteristics of the flocculants. In comparison with conventionally used flocculants, bioflocculants have the advantage of being safe (no toxic effects known), biodegradable and harmlessness to the environment. The study assessed production of bioflocculant by two marine bacteria from the bottom sediment of marine environment. The 16S rDNA was used for identification, and the two bacteria species were identified as Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus thuringiensis. Factors affecting the production and activity of the bioflocculants produced by these two organisms were studied. The bacteria optimally produced bioflocculant with fructose (91.7%) and urea (91%) as sole carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Mg2+ (87%) and Ca2+ (86%), likewise, served as best cation sources on the production of the bioflocculant at pH 5(93%). Additionally, the flocculating activity of the bioflocculant increased with the addition of Mg2+ (81%) and Na+ (81%), and the highest flocculating activity was at pH 5 of the kaolin clay. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that the bioflocculant is a glycoprotein. The second bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) produced bioflocculant optimally when the media had mixed nitrogen sources (Urea, ammonium chloride and tryptone (67%)) and glucose (85.65%) as a sole carbon source, also Ca2+ (74.6%) was the best cation that induced the production of bioflocculant. After purification, the bioflocculant flocculated optimally in alkaline pH 12 (81%) in the presence of Mn2+ (73%) and Ca2+ (72.8%). Chemical analysis of the bioflocculant revealed it to be a polysaccharide. Both bioflocculants flocculate efficiently and can be used to replace synthetic flocculants in water treatment, wastewater, in downstream processing, and processing of food and chemicals and other industrial uses of flocculants. Challenges though (i) are to develop conditions for large scale production of the bioflocculant, (ii) to do further characterization of the both bioflocculants (iii) to assess the bioflocculants for treatments of water/wastewater, and to apply it in various industrial processes.
- Full Text:
Assessment of the effects of stream channel incision on soil water levels, soil morphology and vegetation in a wetland in the Hogsback area, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Omar, Mohamed Yussuf
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Hydrology Wetland Soil Formation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3132 , vital:28264
- Description: Wetland degradation in the form of channel incisioning can significantly alter the hydrological functioning of a wetland. In this study in a small headwater wetland in the Hogsback area, Eastern Cape Province, the impact of channel incisioning on soil water levels and soil morphology was examined. A good correlation (R2 = 0.89) exists between the depth of channel incisioning and average water table depths in most of the 21 installed piezometers. In localised cases the upslope supply of water was in equilibrium with drainage from the piezometers. Although all the studied soils show hydromorphic characteristics, those continuously saturated close to the surface exhibit redox accumulations in oxygen supplying macropores, whereas gleyic colour patterns occur deeper in soils where the water table has been lowered by channel incision. The nature and occurrence of different hydromorphic soil indicators observed confirm the contribution of soil morphology as a valuable indicator of long-term average soil water conditions. The study evaluates the effects of hydrological processes on plant species composition and distribution in a Hogsback wetland. Twenty-four circular plots with a radius of 2 m were established between March and August 2013. Within each sample plot, the habitat information and species present were recorded including Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance value for each and every species present in the plot. Plant species were identified in the field and the unknown plant species were collected, pressed, oven-dried and identified at the National Herbarium, South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria and Schonland Herbarium, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. A total of 39 taxa belonging to 19 families and 34 genera were recorded from the Hogsback wetland. Of the documented taxa, three were exotic and three endemic to South Africa, indicating diversity and dynamic nature of Hogsback wetland flora. Plant families with the highest number of species were: Poaceae (11 species), Asteraceae (5 species), Onagraceae and Cyperaceae with 3 taxa each. The low number of exotic plant species in Hogsback wetland (three taxa in total) indicates limited anthropogenic influence. Unique species recorded in Hogsback wetlands are three species that are endemic to South Africa, namely, Alchemilla capensis, Helichrysum rosum and Lysimachia nutans. Five main floristic associations were identified from the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis whilst Detrenched .Correspondence Analysis (DCA) identified four groups. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicates that edaphic factors, particularly in an area covered with water, erosion category, organic matter content and water table depth were the most important environmental variables measured accounting for the vegetation pattern present in the Hogsback wetland.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Omar, Mohamed Yussuf
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Hydrology Wetland Soil Formation
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Degree
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3132 , vital:28264
- Description: Wetland degradation in the form of channel incisioning can significantly alter the hydrological functioning of a wetland. In this study in a small headwater wetland in the Hogsback area, Eastern Cape Province, the impact of channel incisioning on soil water levels and soil morphology was examined. A good correlation (R2 = 0.89) exists between the depth of channel incisioning and average water table depths in most of the 21 installed piezometers. In localised cases the upslope supply of water was in equilibrium with drainage from the piezometers. Although all the studied soils show hydromorphic characteristics, those continuously saturated close to the surface exhibit redox accumulations in oxygen supplying macropores, whereas gleyic colour patterns occur deeper in soils where the water table has been lowered by channel incision. The nature and occurrence of different hydromorphic soil indicators observed confirm the contribution of soil morphology as a valuable indicator of long-term average soil water conditions. The study evaluates the effects of hydrological processes on plant species composition and distribution in a Hogsback wetland. Twenty-four circular plots with a radius of 2 m were established between March and August 2013. Within each sample plot, the habitat information and species present were recorded including Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance value for each and every species present in the plot. Plant species were identified in the field and the unknown plant species were collected, pressed, oven-dried and identified at the National Herbarium, South African Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria and Schonland Herbarium, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. A total of 39 taxa belonging to 19 families and 34 genera were recorded from the Hogsback wetland. Of the documented taxa, three were exotic and three endemic to South Africa, indicating diversity and dynamic nature of Hogsback wetland flora. Plant families with the highest number of species were: Poaceae (11 species), Asteraceae (5 species), Onagraceae and Cyperaceae with 3 taxa each. The low number of exotic plant species in Hogsback wetland (three taxa in total) indicates limited anthropogenic influence. Unique species recorded in Hogsback wetlands are three species that are endemic to South Africa, namely, Alchemilla capensis, Helichrysum rosum and Lysimachia nutans. Five main floristic associations were identified from the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis whilst Detrenched .Correspondence Analysis (DCA) identified four groups. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicates that edaphic factors, particularly in an area covered with water, erosion category, organic matter content and water table depth were the most important environmental variables measured accounting for the vegetation pattern present in the Hogsback wetland.
- Full Text:
Assessment of the quality indices and prevalence of Escherichia coli pathotypes in selected rivers of Osun state, Southwestern Nigeria
- Authors: Titilawo, Osuolale Yinka
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11295 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021274
- Description: Surface waters are important freshwater sources used for domestic, industrial, agricultural and recreational activities, and the availability of good quality freshwater is indispensable for preventing water-borne diseases and improving quality of life especially in communities that lack pipe-borne water. Water samples were collected from ten rivers at different locations in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. A total of 12 physicochemical parameters, counts of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli isolates were determined using standard analytical procedures. Confirmed Escherichia coli isolates (n=300) were assessed for the presence of 10 virulence genes (VGs) associated with Escherichia coli strains causing intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The recovered Escherichia coli isolates were elucidated for their antibiogram profiling by disk diffusion method and the resistant isolates were further profiled for their genotypic antimicrobial resistance by polymerase chain reaction technique. The physicochemical qualities ranged as follows: pH (6.9 - 7.6), temperature (26 – 29 ºC), turbidity (2.28 – 9.46 NTU), electrical conductivity (229 – 581 μS/cm), nitrate (0.03 – 0.05 mg/L), nitrite (0.00 – 0.01 mg/L), sulphate (3.33 – 20.33 mg/L), chloride ions (7.83 – 27.33 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (4.23 – 5.57 mg/L), total dissolved solids (56 – 184 mg/L), total hardness (78 – 519 mg/L) and alkalinity (50.67 – 146.67 mg/L). Statistical analysis showed that pH, temperature, electrical conductivities, nitrates, nitrites, chloride, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, total hardness and alkalinity were significantly different (P < 0.05), whereas turbidity and sulphate were not significantly different (P ˃ 0.05) from each parameter with respect to sampling sites. While the VG lt for enterotoxigenic E. coli had the highest prevalence of 45%, the enteropathogenic E. coli genes eae and bfp were detected in 6% and 4% of the isolates respectively. The VGs stx1 and stx2 specific for the enterohemorrhagic E. coli pathotypes were equally detected in 7% and 1% of the isolates respectively. Also, the VG eagg harboured by enteroaggregative pathotype and diffusely-adherent E. coli VG daaE were detected in 2% and 4% of the isolates respectively and enteroinvasive E. coli VG ipaH was not detected. In addition, the VGs papC for uropathogenic and ibeA for neonatal meningitis were frequently detected in 19% and 3% of isolates respectively. While all the isolates tested were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and gatilofloxacin, others were variously susceptible, and resistant as follows; ciprofloxacin (96%), kanamycin (95%), neomycin (92%), streptomycin (84%), chloramphenicol (73%), nalidixic acid (66%), nitrofuratoin (64%), gentamycin (63%), doxycycline (58%), cefepime (57%), tetracycline (49%) and cephalothin (42%). Conversely, all the isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, and high levels of resistance were equally observed against amoxycillin (59%), ampicilin (57%) and cefuroxime (40%). Cefepime, cephalothin, cefuroxime, nalidixic acid, nitrofuratoin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were not significantly different in their effect against the isolates from all locations (P > 0.05), whereas the resistance profile of the isolates against gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin and amoxicillin were significantly different (P < 0.05). Amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, meropenem, imipenem and gatilofloxacin were statistically excluded from the analysis since all tested isolates showed total susceptibility to these antimicrobials. The multiple antibiotic resistance indexing ranged from 0.50 to 0.80 for all the sampling locations and exceeded the threshold value of 0.2. Prevalence and distributions of the 19 resistance determinants assessed were obtained as follows; [sulfonamides (sulI (8%), sulII (41%)], [beta-lactams; (ampC 22%; blaTEM, (21%), blaZ (18%),], [tetracyclines (tetA (24%), tetB (23%), tetC (18%), tetD (78%), tetK (15%), tetM, (10%)], [phenicols; (catI (37%), catII (28%), cmlA1 (19%)] and [aminoglycosides; (aacC2 (8%), aphA1 (80%), aphA2 (80%), aadA (79%) and strA (38%)]. The Pearson chi square exact test revealed many strong significant associations among ampC, blaTEM, blaZ and tetA genes with some determinants screened. In the same vein, a grand total of 366 resistance gene fingerprints were spotted across the sampling locations and among the resistant pathotypes, the modal prevalent gene prints were found among the ETEC strains in 148 (40%), being the predominant pathotype observed, followed by UPEC strains 80 (22%) while the lowest was the least occurring EAEC pathotype 14 (4%). While some physicochemical parameters exceeded prescribed standards for drinking water, some fell within. The total coliforms obtained in all the sampling sites were above the acceptable limits. Findings reveal the presence of diarrhoeagenic and non-diarrhoeagenic E. coli in the selected rivers and suggest a potential public health risk as the rivers are important resources for domestic, recreational and livelihood usage by their host communities. The multiple drug resistance indexing signifies isolates and pathotypes of high antimicrobial usage origin. An increase in the antimicrobial resistance signatures towards conventionally used antibiotics as observed in this study necessitates for safe water supply, adequate sanitation facilities and proper surveillance programs towards the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance determinants in water-bodies. Generally, results from this study indicate that the river waters are not suitable for consumption, domestic or recreational use and re-echo the importance of safeguarding the freshwater resources of Southwestern Nigeria.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Titilawo, Osuolale Yinka
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11295 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021274
- Description: Surface waters are important freshwater sources used for domestic, industrial, agricultural and recreational activities, and the availability of good quality freshwater is indispensable for preventing water-borne diseases and improving quality of life especially in communities that lack pipe-borne water. Water samples were collected from ten rivers at different locations in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. A total of 12 physicochemical parameters, counts of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli isolates were determined using standard analytical procedures. Confirmed Escherichia coli isolates (n=300) were assessed for the presence of 10 virulence genes (VGs) associated with Escherichia coli strains causing intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. The recovered Escherichia coli isolates were elucidated for their antibiogram profiling by disk diffusion method and the resistant isolates were further profiled for their genotypic antimicrobial resistance by polymerase chain reaction technique. The physicochemical qualities ranged as follows: pH (6.9 - 7.6), temperature (26 – 29 ºC), turbidity (2.28 – 9.46 NTU), electrical conductivity (229 – 581 μS/cm), nitrate (0.03 – 0.05 mg/L), nitrite (0.00 – 0.01 mg/L), sulphate (3.33 – 20.33 mg/L), chloride ions (7.83 – 27.33 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (4.23 – 5.57 mg/L), total dissolved solids (56 – 184 mg/L), total hardness (78 – 519 mg/L) and alkalinity (50.67 – 146.67 mg/L). Statistical analysis showed that pH, temperature, electrical conductivities, nitrates, nitrites, chloride, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid, total hardness and alkalinity were significantly different (P < 0.05), whereas turbidity and sulphate were not significantly different (P ˃ 0.05) from each parameter with respect to sampling sites. While the VG lt for enterotoxigenic E. coli had the highest prevalence of 45%, the enteropathogenic E. coli genes eae and bfp were detected in 6% and 4% of the isolates respectively. The VGs stx1 and stx2 specific for the enterohemorrhagic E. coli pathotypes were equally detected in 7% and 1% of the isolates respectively. Also, the VG eagg harboured by enteroaggregative pathotype and diffusely-adherent E. coli VG daaE were detected in 2% and 4% of the isolates respectively and enteroinvasive E. coli VG ipaH was not detected. In addition, the VGs papC for uropathogenic and ibeA for neonatal meningitis were frequently detected in 19% and 3% of isolates respectively. While all the isolates tested were susceptible to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and gatilofloxacin, others were variously susceptible, and resistant as follows; ciprofloxacin (96%), kanamycin (95%), neomycin (92%), streptomycin (84%), chloramphenicol (73%), nalidixic acid (66%), nitrofuratoin (64%), gentamycin (63%), doxycycline (58%), cefepime (57%), tetracycline (49%) and cephalothin (42%). Conversely, all the isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole, and high levels of resistance were equally observed against amoxycillin (59%), ampicilin (57%) and cefuroxime (40%). Cefepime, cephalothin, cefuroxime, nalidixic acid, nitrofuratoin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline were not significantly different in their effect against the isolates from all locations (P > 0.05), whereas the resistance profile of the isolates against gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin and amoxicillin were significantly different (P < 0.05). Amikacin, kanamycin, streptomycin, meropenem, imipenem and gatilofloxacin were statistically excluded from the analysis since all tested isolates showed total susceptibility to these antimicrobials. The multiple antibiotic resistance indexing ranged from 0.50 to 0.80 for all the sampling locations and exceeded the threshold value of 0.2. Prevalence and distributions of the 19 resistance determinants assessed were obtained as follows; [sulfonamides (sulI (8%), sulII (41%)], [beta-lactams; (ampC 22%; blaTEM, (21%), blaZ (18%),], [tetracyclines (tetA (24%), tetB (23%), tetC (18%), tetD (78%), tetK (15%), tetM, (10%)], [phenicols; (catI (37%), catII (28%), cmlA1 (19%)] and [aminoglycosides; (aacC2 (8%), aphA1 (80%), aphA2 (80%), aadA (79%) and strA (38%)]. The Pearson chi square exact test revealed many strong significant associations among ampC, blaTEM, blaZ and tetA genes with some determinants screened. In the same vein, a grand total of 366 resistance gene fingerprints were spotted across the sampling locations and among the resistant pathotypes, the modal prevalent gene prints were found among the ETEC strains in 148 (40%), being the predominant pathotype observed, followed by UPEC strains 80 (22%) while the lowest was the least occurring EAEC pathotype 14 (4%). While some physicochemical parameters exceeded prescribed standards for drinking water, some fell within. The total coliforms obtained in all the sampling sites were above the acceptable limits. Findings reveal the presence of diarrhoeagenic and non-diarrhoeagenic E. coli in the selected rivers and suggest a potential public health risk as the rivers are important resources for domestic, recreational and livelihood usage by their host communities. The multiple drug resistance indexing signifies isolates and pathotypes of high antimicrobial usage origin. An increase in the antimicrobial resistance signatures towards conventionally used antibiotics as observed in this study necessitates for safe water supply, adequate sanitation facilities and proper surveillance programs towards the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance determinants in water-bodies. Generally, results from this study indicate that the river waters are not suitable for consumption, domestic or recreational use and re-echo the importance of safeguarding the freshwater resources of Southwestern Nigeria.
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Bush encroachment in the semi-arid communal grazing lands of Eastern Cape and farmer's perception of causes and livelihood impacts
- Authors: Libala, Notiswa
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Communal rangelands--South Africa--Eastern Cape Grazing--South Africa--Eastern Cape egetation management--South Africa--Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Pasture Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11817 , vital:39109
- Description: The study was conducted in two communal rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province (Thorn and Mixed bush veld). The objective of the study was to investigate 1) the historical trends of bush encroachment, causes and impacts based on indigenous knowledge and perceptions of the communal people in two savannah vegetation types and 2) to determine the density and cover of woody species in the grazing areas. In each veld type, two villages were selected purposefully. A total of 120 households who own livestock were randomly selected from the four communal areas and a total of 48 elders were selected to provide information on bush encroachment and rangeland condition. For woody density and cover, grazing areas surrounding two homesteads (settlements) were selected from each communal rangeland, Two long transects radiating in the opposite direction from each homestead were established. The woody vegetation survey was conducted at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900m distance from each homestead. In each distance, 3 (10 m x 10 m) quadrates were laid to record individual woody plant species, the height, basal stem and canopy diameters. Woody species were classified into seedlings (>0 - 1 m), saplings (>1 - 1.5 m), young shrubs (>1.5 - 2.0 m), mature shrubs (>2 - 3.0 m) and mature trees (>3.0 m). The average household size in of goat was higher than that of other livestock species. A total of 40 woody plant species were identified in all study areas. Acacia karoo, Coddia rudis and Scutia myrtina were the most dominant woody species in all study areas. Most of the woody plant species had the highest abundance in the height class >0 - 1 m. The average total woody plant density in Thorn bush and Mixed bush were 3461 and 2416 number ha-1, respectively. In conclusion both study areas were highly encroached and it was also perceived by elder from both areas that bush encroachment is a problem in the rangelands.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Libala, Notiswa
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Communal rangelands--South Africa--Eastern Cape Grazing--South Africa--Eastern Cape egetation management--South Africa--Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Pasture Science
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/11817 , vital:39109
- Description: The study was conducted in two communal rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province (Thorn and Mixed bush veld). The objective of the study was to investigate 1) the historical trends of bush encroachment, causes and impacts based on indigenous knowledge and perceptions of the communal people in two savannah vegetation types and 2) to determine the density and cover of woody species in the grazing areas. In each veld type, two villages were selected purposefully. A total of 120 households who own livestock were randomly selected from the four communal areas and a total of 48 elders were selected to provide information on bush encroachment and rangeland condition. For woody density and cover, grazing areas surrounding two homesteads (settlements) were selected from each communal rangeland, Two long transects radiating in the opposite direction from each homestead were established. The woody vegetation survey was conducted at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900m distance from each homestead. In each distance, 3 (10 m x 10 m) quadrates were laid to record individual woody plant species, the height, basal stem and canopy diameters. Woody species were classified into seedlings (>0 - 1 m), saplings (>1 - 1.5 m), young shrubs (>1.5 - 2.0 m), mature shrubs (>2 - 3.0 m) and mature trees (>3.0 m). The average household size in of goat was higher than that of other livestock species. A total of 40 woody plant species were identified in all study areas. Acacia karoo, Coddia rudis and Scutia myrtina were the most dominant woody species in all study areas. Most of the woody plant species had the highest abundance in the height class >0 - 1 m. The average total woody plant density in Thorn bush and Mixed bush were 3461 and 2416 number ha-1, respectively. In conclusion both study areas were highly encroached and it was also perceived by elder from both areas that bush encroachment is a problem in the rangelands.
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Characterization of some virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cases of Bovine Mastitis in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape Province, RSA
- Authors: Pekana, Abongile
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11293 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021133
- Description: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the predominant causative agents of mastitis disease in dairy herds. Mastitis disease has a negative impact in the economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. The aim of this study is to detect some of the virulence genes in the S. aureus isolated from 400 milk samples of subclinical and clinical mastitis dairy cows in Fort Hare dairy farm and Middle Drift dairy farm in Alice in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. In addition antibiotic resistance pattern and antibiotic resistance genes were investigated. Gram-staining, oxidase test, catalase test and API Staph kit were preliminary biochemical tests used for the identification of S. aureus isolates. The MALDI-TOF-MS was also used for further identification. Polymerase chain reaction was performed of genes encoding antibiotic resistance as well as clumping (clfA), coagulase (coa) gene, toxic shock syndrome (tsst), exfoliative toxin A and B (eta and etb), and the gene segment encoding the immunoglobulin G binding region and X region of protein gene spa. A total of 20 (5%) S. aureus strains obtained from 400 milk samples from the two farms were subjected to 16 antibiotics for antibiotic susceptibility testing. In Middle Drift dairy farm 11 (5.5%) isolates were obtained from 200 samples and 9 (4.5%) isolates were obtained in Fort Hare dairy farm from 200 samples. A large percent of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G (60%), followed by trimethoprim (60%) and tetracycline (60%), trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole (55%), telithroprim (55%) and doxycycline (45%). Most of the isolates were sensitive to several (50-85%) antibiotics. Of the twenty isolates tested 12 samples contained the penicillin antibiotic resistance gene (blaZ gene), 8 samples contained at least one aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene (AME gene); the (aac(6’)/aph(2’’) gene and no amplification occurred for aph(3’)-IIIa and ant(4’)-Ia) genes. In the case of the tetracycline antibiotic resistance gene (tetK and tetM), 2 samples contained tetM and a single sample contained tetK gene. No amplification was observed for the erythromycin antibiotic resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, Mef and msrA). All the samples tested were negative for the expression of toxic syndrome gene (tsst), etb, and Immunoglobulin G binding region. However, amplification of the clumping factor was observed in 7 (35%) isolates of S. aureus, exfoliative toxin (eta) expressed 4(20%) isolates; coagulase gene (coa) yielded six DNA bands of six differences sizes from 16 (80%) isolates. A total of four different bands size were expressed for the spa X region from 12 (60%) isolates. The data obtained in this study suggests that poor hygienic practices and inadequate management practices are responsible for the increase in Staphylococcus aureus isolation. The high resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics and the distribution of virulence genes contribute in bovine mastitis in these farms may cause health problems in the community consuming raw milk purchased from these farms.
- Full Text:
- Authors: Pekana, Abongile
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11293 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021133
- Description: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the predominant causative agents of mastitis disease in dairy herds. Mastitis disease has a negative impact in the economic losses in the dairy sector across the globe. The aim of this study is to detect some of the virulence genes in the S. aureus isolated from 400 milk samples of subclinical and clinical mastitis dairy cows in Fort Hare dairy farm and Middle Drift dairy farm in Alice in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. In addition antibiotic resistance pattern and antibiotic resistance genes were investigated. Gram-staining, oxidase test, catalase test and API Staph kit were preliminary biochemical tests used for the identification of S. aureus isolates. The MALDI-TOF-MS was also used for further identification. Polymerase chain reaction was performed of genes encoding antibiotic resistance as well as clumping (clfA), coagulase (coa) gene, toxic shock syndrome (tsst), exfoliative toxin A and B (eta and etb), and the gene segment encoding the immunoglobulin G binding region and X region of protein gene spa. A total of 20 (5%) S. aureus strains obtained from 400 milk samples from the two farms were subjected to 16 antibiotics for antibiotic susceptibility testing. In Middle Drift dairy farm 11 (5.5%) isolates were obtained from 200 samples and 9 (4.5%) isolates were obtained in Fort Hare dairy farm from 200 samples. A large percent of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G (60%), followed by trimethoprim (60%) and tetracycline (60%), trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole (55%), telithroprim (55%) and doxycycline (45%). Most of the isolates were sensitive to several (50-85%) antibiotics. Of the twenty isolates tested 12 samples contained the penicillin antibiotic resistance gene (blaZ gene), 8 samples contained at least one aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme gene (AME gene); the (aac(6’)/aph(2’’) gene and no amplification occurred for aph(3’)-IIIa and ant(4’)-Ia) genes. In the case of the tetracycline antibiotic resistance gene (tetK and tetM), 2 samples contained tetM and a single sample contained tetK gene. No amplification was observed for the erythromycin antibiotic resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, Mef and msrA). All the samples tested were negative for the expression of toxic syndrome gene (tsst), etb, and Immunoglobulin G binding region. However, amplification of the clumping factor was observed in 7 (35%) isolates of S. aureus, exfoliative toxin (eta) expressed 4(20%) isolates; coagulase gene (coa) yielded six DNA bands of six differences sizes from 16 (80%) isolates. A total of four different bands size were expressed for the spa X region from 12 (60%) isolates. The data obtained in this study suggests that poor hygienic practices and inadequate management practices are responsible for the increase in Staphylococcus aureus isolation. The high resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics and the distribution of virulence genes contribute in bovine mastitis in these farms may cause health problems in the community consuming raw milk purchased from these farms.
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Chemical constituents and biological studies of Tagetes minuta L. and Rauvolfia caffra Sond
- Authors: Mlala, Sithenkosi
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Organic Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:11358 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021325
- Description: Consequently, specific parts or the whole plant can be used for various treatments. The aim of this study was to extract, isolate and characterize the biologically active volatile and non-volatile compounds from Tagetes minuta and Rauvolfia caffra respectively. Tagetes minuta plant was considered for extraction of essential oils using hydrodistillation method. Cis-β-ocimene (38.03%), caryophyllene oxide (18.04%), alloocimene (25.35 %), isopropyl tetradecanoate (17.02 %), cis-ocimene (38.14%) and trans-β-ocimene (37.03%) were the major components of essential oil analyzed from fresh stem, dried stem, fresh leaf, dried leaf, fresh flower and dried flower respectively. The volatile compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography (GC). Essential oil of dried stem leaf and flower parts of T. minuta exhibit antioxidant activity as demonstrated by the DPPH and FRAP bioassays. Crude extracts were extracted from R. caffra stem bark using sequence of solvents namely n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol. A white powder, a β-sitosterol (non-volatile compound) was isolated by column chromatography from ethyl acetate fractions of R. caffra stem bark and identified on various spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR and (1D and 2D) NMR. Melting point was also determined to be a sharp 129-130 ºC. DCM, EA, MetOH and EtOH fractions as well as β-Sitosterol (compound SM/01), showed antioxidant activity when tested on DPPH, FRAP, total phenolic and flavonoid bioassays. This antioxidant activity might be due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in the compound and crude fractions. On the other hand, T. minuta’s essential oil showed high antioxidant activity when evaluated on the DPPH and FRAP bioassays, which can be attributed to the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes known to act as free radical scavenging and reducing agents. The use of R. caffra stem bark extracts against hypertension and other diseases by traditional healers could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals (polyphenols and flavonoids) with known health benefits. Thus, it is recommended that the plant should be exploited further using modern techniques involving separation and purification of compounds that can be used for drug formulation. This study supports the use of T. minuta and R. caffra as the potential natural antioxidant source to manage various diseases including hypertension.
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- Authors: Mlala, Sithenkosi
- Date: 2015
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc (Organic Chemistry)
- Identifier: vital:11358 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021325
- Description: Consequently, specific parts or the whole plant can be used for various treatments. The aim of this study was to extract, isolate and characterize the biologically active volatile and non-volatile compounds from Tagetes minuta and Rauvolfia caffra respectively. Tagetes minuta plant was considered for extraction of essential oils using hydrodistillation method. Cis-β-ocimene (38.03%), caryophyllene oxide (18.04%), alloocimene (25.35 %), isopropyl tetradecanoate (17.02 %), cis-ocimene (38.14%) and trans-β-ocimene (37.03%) were the major components of essential oil analyzed from fresh stem, dried stem, fresh leaf, dried leaf, fresh flower and dried flower respectively. The volatile compounds were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography (GC). Essential oil of dried stem leaf and flower parts of T. minuta exhibit antioxidant activity as demonstrated by the DPPH and FRAP bioassays. Crude extracts were extracted from R. caffra stem bark using sequence of solvents namely n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol. A white powder, a β-sitosterol (non-volatile compound) was isolated by column chromatography from ethyl acetate fractions of R. caffra stem bark and identified on various spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR and (1D and 2D) NMR. Melting point was also determined to be a sharp 129-130 ºC. DCM, EA, MetOH and EtOH fractions as well as β-Sitosterol (compound SM/01), showed antioxidant activity when tested on DPPH, FRAP, total phenolic and flavonoid bioassays. This antioxidant activity might be due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in the compound and crude fractions. On the other hand, T. minuta’s essential oil showed high antioxidant activity when evaluated on the DPPH and FRAP bioassays, which can be attributed to the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes known to act as free radical scavenging and reducing agents. The use of R. caffra stem bark extracts against hypertension and other diseases by traditional healers could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals (polyphenols and flavonoids) with known health benefits. Thus, it is recommended that the plant should be exploited further using modern techniques involving separation and purification of compounds that can be used for drug formulation. This study supports the use of T. minuta and R. caffra as the potential natural antioxidant source to manage various diseases including hypertension.
- Full Text: