Assessing the income derived from agricultural hawking in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Seteni, Vuyo
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Street vendors -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10167 , vital:35364
- Description: The hawking business has grown profusely in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, to such an extent that street hawkers are found on every street corner of the Metro. The literature suggests that street hawking holds great potential for employment creation for the unskilled population who cannot find employment opportunities in the formal sector. In light of the proliferation of street hawking in BCMM, the study aimed at assessing the performance of agricultural hawkers in the municipality by means of looking at hawkers’ strategies, determining their sales and net income, and ascertaining their level of ‘job satisfaction’. The sample was selected from the population of hawkers in three major towns of BCMM, namely Mdantsane, East London and King William’s Town. A sum of 200 respondents were selected in the study through interval based probability sampling. The study made use of a cross tabulation of the hawkers’ income according to the three main towns. The results revealed that that agricultural hawking contributes to poverty alleviation in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, as the majority of hawkers earn enough to live above the poverty line. A correlation matrix was used to ascertain the strength and direction of association between hawkers’ monthly income and selected independent variables. The study also used an ordered probit model to determine which specific variables affect hawkers’ monthly income generated from fruit and vegetable sales. The results from the model suggest that business training is significantly and positively related to increasing monthly income, as are age, years of experience, and membership of a hawkers’ association. The study recommends that Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality build new markets and improve the infrastructure of existing markets, and also provide proper sanitation and clean water to avoid unhygienic situations in street hawkers’ markets.
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Economic change in town and countryside in the former Transkei : land use, livelihoods and market linkages in Ngcobo, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Nikelo, Nqaba Benedictor
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Homelands (South Africa) Homelands (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10768 , vital:35757
- Description: In 1913 in South Africa the natives of land act during apartheid resulted to the separation of South Africa. South Africa was divided into two areas where they were black and white areas. This act had a rule that said the black people can only move out of their lands only if employed as labourers by the whites. The white population was one-fifth of the population and was given 92.5 percent of the land while the rest of the population were blacks and they were restricted to stay on the 7.5 percent of land. In the Eastern Cape, two homelands were created: the Transkei (in 1951) and the Ciskei (in 1961). In 1963 the Transkei became the first homeland to be granted the status of 'self-governing territory within the Republic of South Africa’, with the Ciskei following suit in 1972. The apartheid policies caused economic failure and corruption because very little economic and infrastructural development took place in the homelands. According to the ‘legacy perspective’: the former homelands are historically-determined structural poverty traps. The objective of the study is to describe the extent and change of economic function/role of Ngcobo town and linkages with its surrounding villages. Availability or convenient sampling and random sampling techniques were used to collect primary data from farmers and surrounding villages. Descriptive statistics was used to profile farmers as well as the participants in the surrounding villages. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the change in the economy of Ngcobo town and the change in the economy of the surrounding rural areas. Households in the former homelands devote a large share of their total expenditure to food and beverages, and yet it would appear that a relatively small share of this food originates from these same rural areas. The point of departure of this report is the observation that rural areas are diverse, whereby some areas within the former homeland areas in particular exhibit signs of dynamism which are not understandable in terms of the ‘legacy perspective’.
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The economic impact of homeland consolidation on households in the fromer Ciskei : the case of Victoria East
- Authors: Coka, Zimbini
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: Consolidation of land holdings Ciskei (South Africa) -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , Agricultural Economics
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/10156 , vital:35363
- Description: This study attempts to ascertain the economic impact of the process of homeland consolidation in four communities that became part of the Ciskei. It describes the process of homeland consolidation at Lloyd, Bergplaas, Balfour and Qanda, and seeks to understand the effects of homeland consolidation on the level of economic activity in these areas. ‘Homeland consolidation’ was the official term used to describe the policy developed by the central government of South Africa in the 1970s to reduce the number of separate, isolated pieces of land making up each of the Bantustans. It was part of the ultimately unsuccessful and suspect process of turning these areas into independent ‘national states’. The Apartheid government bought out selected white farms/properties/land like in Lloyd, Bergplaas, Balfour and Qanda, and consolidated them with the adjacent homeland territory. The result of this process made commercial farmland available to black people. In a very narrow sense, this particular aspect of homeland consolidation was an antecedent of land reform. Because homeland consolidation took place some time ago, discerning the economic effects relied above all on people’s recollections of their past experiences, which could only be quantified in a very limited manner. In other words, the data and analysis were largely although not exclusively qualitative. Household and life history interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires, and then the data was analyzed using content analysis, descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test and the two-proportion z test. Through the process of homeland consolidation and forced removals, people ended up losing productive land and livestock because they were forced to sell their livestock at a loss and they had no land where they were moved to. People were stripped of their livelihoods, in addition to losing a place that they called home and the loss of employment. This study also looked at the changes in farming before and during the apartheid era, during the time when the Ciskeian government was in power and after 1994 till now. And also looked at the broader perspective of what actually happened in the four sites from the life history interviews.
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