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An explorative study into the introduction of sugar tax in the sugar industry: A case of Illovo

  • Authors: Jacobs, Nomfundo
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Sugar Trade , Maple sugar industry
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61350 , vital:70421
  • Description: An explorative study into the introduction of sugar tax in the sugar industry: A case of Illovo. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the sugar tax on the South African sugar industry, Illovo Sugar in particular. This tax was introduced in 2018 and it only affected the beverage industry, with its effects being concentrated on industrial sales. The government's intention was to reduce the rising levels of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases, in response to the increased sugar consumption in the country. In addition, the introduction of this tax was expected to reduce sugar consumption in the country, thereby improving public health. Ultimately, the government wanted to encourage citizens to adjust their lifestyles by reducing their sugar intake. To this end, the sugar tax was implemented with the expectation that it would lead to a decrease in sugar consumption in South Africa. The researcher made use of the qualitative research method to collect the data. This enabled a comprehensive understanding of the research topic, as the participants chosen had been working in the sugar industry for a number of years and could give detailed accounts of the implications of the tax on the industry and the communities. Furthermore, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with the participants to better understand their perceptions on how the tax had impacted their businesses. The data collected was then analysed according to thematic content analysis, and this produced factual, reliable, and valid results. The findings of this study revealed that the sugar tax had a negative impact on Illovo's business operations. Despite this, Illovo was able to leverage its resources and expertise to devise strategies for mitigating the impact of the sugar tax, allowing them to remain competitive in their industry. This included focusing on independent stores and restructuring staff and resources to manage the lower sugar demand. Additionally, Illovo also looked at selling sugar to more profitable customers, helping to reduce costs and associated risk. Despite the strategies adopted, further research is recommended in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding into the phenomenon using a large sample size. This v would allow for further insights into the impact of the sugar tax on the South African sugar industry and whether any changes need to be made in order to ensure that it continues to remain competitive in the industry. Furthermore, research should also be conducted into the implications of the sugar tax on other sectors of the economy, as policy makers may need to consider the possible effects on other industries and even on the government itself versus the possible benefits to the public. Additionally, this research could also be extended to include a longitudinal study in order to capture any changes that take place in the years to come. These changes may include further price adjustments, changes in consumer behaviour, and any possible implications on public health. This would allow for a greater understanding of the implications of this tax for both the industry and society. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

An investigation of alternative separation strategies for common chemical mixtures by means of host-guest chemistry protocols with host compounds N,N′- bis(5-phenyl-5-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenyl)ethylenediamine and N,N’-bis(5-phenyl-10,11- dihydro-5-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenyl)ethylenediamine

  • Authors: Barton, Danica Brione
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -- South Africa , Enzymes –Analysis
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61176 , vital:69791
  • Description: In this work, the selectivity behaviour of two host compounds, namely N,N’-bis(5-phenyl-5- ibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenyl)ethylenediamine (H1) and N,N’-bis(5-phenyl-10,11-dihydro-5- ibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenyl)ethylenediamine (H2), was assessed in mixtures of difficult-toseparate compounds, including the xylenes and ethylbenzene, pyridine and methylpyridines, and anisole and methylanisoles. These host compounds were synthesized using Grignard addition reactions with phenylmagnesium bromide on dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one and 10,11- dihydrodibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one, respectively. The resultant alcohols were treated with perchloric acid to form the corresponding perchlorate salts, which were then reacted with ethylenediamine to afford the required H1 and H2 host compounds. Yields were 95 ad 52% for this final step in each case. An investigation of the conformations, both from experiment (using single crystal X-ray diffractometry (SCXRD) on the apohost compound) and computational calculations was undertaken. Unfortunately, H1 always crystallized out as a powder unless this host compound formed a complex with a guest species, and so could not be subjected to SCXRD analysis as apohost alone. However, a single crystal structure for apohost H2 was successfully obtained and compared with computational data from a previous investigation. It was observed that the conformation of apohost H2 compared favourably with that of the lowest energy conformer from that work. In single solvent recrystallization experiments with o-, m-, p-xylene (o-Xy, m-Xy, p-Xy) and ethylbenzene (EB), both H1 and H2 formed complexes with only one of the four guest species, namely p-Xy and o-Xy, respectively. The host:guest (H:G) ratios were 1:1 for both of these complexes. In the equimolar guest/guest competition experiments, inclusion complexes only formed when p-Xy or o-Xy, respectively, were present in the mixtures; if p-Xy (for experiments with H1) or o-Xy (H2) was absent from these mixtures, only apohost was recovered from the glass vessels. Three selectivity profiles were constructed for each of these host compounds, in which each one was recrystallized from binary mixed guests in various proportions. These demonstrated an overwhelming preference of H1 for p-Xy and H2 for o-Xy, which concurred with the results from the equimolar experiments. Thermal analysis using H1∙p-Xy revealed that this complex was unstable at ambient conditions, while SCXRD explained this observation: this complex may be defined as a true clathrate since no host‧‧‧guest interactions were identified at all, and the guest was retained in the complex by means of steric factors alone. Furthermore, the guest molecules resided in wide open channels that may have facilitated the guest release process. H2∙o-Xy, on the other hand, was stable at room temperature, and the guest release event only commenced at 69.7 °C (Ton). This too was explained by SCXRD analyses in that interactions between host and guest species were observed in this case. Additionally, the guest molecules were housed in discrete cages, which made their escape more challenging compared with p-Xy in H1∙p-Xy. It was concluded that, in this guest series, both of the host compounds would be effective as separatory tools employing host-guest chemistry protocols due to their remarkable selectivities for p-Xy (H1) and o-Xy (H2). , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Assessing diatom community composition and structure in palaeosediments of a southern Cape coastal wetland

  • Authors: Sepato, Tshiamo Tsholofelo
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Diatoms --South Africa – Southern Cape , Paleoecology , Marine algae --South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61258 , vital:69847
  • Description: Palaeoenvironmental studies are important as they aid in reconstructing histories of past landscapes and provide key long-term information for the conservation and management of ecosystems. The southern Cape coast is a focus area for palaeoenvironmental research due to its high botanical and climatic importance. A three-metre sediment core was retrieved from Whale Rock wetland (Plettenberg Bay, southern Cape Coast) and spanned ~8000 years – a large proportion of the Holocene epoch. Diatom data preserved in palaeosediments of the Whale Rock wetland are presented within this study. A total of 48 diatom species was identified. Based on the multivariate statistical analysis, the diatom assemblages were divided into three zones: Zone WR-1-A (~7200 – 6450 cal yr BP); Zone WR-1- B (~6450 – 6250 cal yr BP) and Zone WR-1-C (~250 cal yr BP – to present). Two diatom preservation hiatus periods were observed at ~8000 – 7200 cal yr BP and ~6400 – 230 cal yr BP. The results indicated that benthic diatom species were significantly dominant throughout the Whale Rock record. The diatom evidence revealed that the Whale Rock wetland system freshened over time as diatom species identified in Zone WR-1-A and Zone WR-1- B indicated marine influences whereas Zone WR-1-C displayed a dominance of species that thrive in freshwater conditions. A transitional phase occurred at ~6400 cal yr BP where abrupt changes began prior to the significant ~6400 – 230 cal yr BP diatom preservation hiatus period. Principal Component Analysis showed that salinity was the main environmental driver of change impacting the species abundance and diversity of diatom communities within the wetland system throughout the Holocene. When compared with regional palaeoenvironmental and palaeolimnological data, it is evident that several other wetland systems moved from a marine/brackish favoured system to a freshwater system with the transitional phase occurring at different periods within the Holocene. This study indicated that diatoms are powerful biological proxies of environmental change. It is recommended that the site be revisited to investigate further the hiatus phases to further explore the lack of diatom preservation for these periods and to also contribute more palaeoenvironmental proxy evidence as well as modern hydrological information. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2022
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on South African organisation’s way of working: A Black Management Forum Perspective

  • Authors: Koti, Sonwabo Mawethu
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: COVID-19 (Disease)-- South Africa , Black Management Forum
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61454 , vital:70653
  • Description: The aim of this study was to examine impact of Covid-19 on organisation’s work environment in South Africa, based on Black Management Forum’s views. The outbreak of Covid-19 led to disruption on organisation’s ways of working, this was due to lockdown rules and regulations, restrictions imposed by Government to curb the spread of the virus. The study used quantitative method approach; online survey questionnaire was distributed to recruited Black Management Forum (BMF) members who were willing to voluntarily participate via an email and WhatsApp platform. These members were sampled using convenience and snowball non-probability sampling techniques. The concepts of the study were scientifically hypothesised to determine whether such associations exist within the context of the work environment and productivity within the different corporate sector of industries in South Africa. The study findings confirmed that most organisations were impacted, and they changed their ways of work by implementing mostly work partly from home (WPFH) hybrid work model. The study findings also revealed that, workload was more during the pandemic than before, as results of changed work environment. Other finding from the study indicated that most employees adapted well to changes, understood the need for change and they performed well. Most employees also felt more productive and well supported and respected by managers. Service sectors were more impacted than other sectors and they showed more productivity as well. Most respondents felt that the adopted ways of working would remain post-pandemic and that they prefer this hybrid model of working because it gave them an opportunity to manage their own time. vii The research is significant as it critically examined how a pandemic can create organisational changes and the extent to which organisations must adjust. The research also provides policy recommendations that could assist corporate organisations in adopting new ways of working. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Assessing the Role of Women on Small-Scale Agribusiness at Wincanton Estate in Kariega, South Africa

  • Authors: Zalwango, Joanita
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Leadership in women , Women in agriculture --Eastern Cape – Kariega , Climate change -- Kariega
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61054 , vital:69690
  • Description: Agricultural development is a prerequisite for most economies to grow. Agricultural activities are key to food security and sustaining livelihoods globally. Within the African continent, more women are employed in agriculture and agribusiness activities than other sectors. As main contributors to the labour force in the agricultural sector, women get involved in many agricultural and agribusiness activities to sustain their families. With over 60% of women in Sub–Saharan Africa involved in agriculture, there is need to explore and assess the role they play in promoting agribusiness with special focus on Kariega, in South Africa. The identified participants in the study, as self-employed farmers, participate in agribusiness, thereby creating employment opportunities whilst generating personal incomes. Several benefits to female involvement in agribusiness were identified, including the ability to sustain families, stable cash flow, and empowerment. Several challenges were identified, including adequate capital, inaccessibility to private land, droughts, water scarcity, climate change effects and stigmatisation. Through a feminist qualitative methodology, the study utilised semi- structured interviews to collect data from 10 women involved in agribusiness around Kariega, Nelson Mandela Bay. Themes from the findings are analysed to highlight the important role played by women toward agribusiness, their achievements, government and private sector role and the hinderances still faced by these women in agricultural cooperatives. Discussion from the analysis included a framework of recommendations, for policy makers, development practitioners and future researchers. The study found that all stakeholders involved in the agricultural sector should work together for sustainable agricultural development and sustainable development goals to be achieved. Sustainability among women farmers can be achieved by (a) Increasing government intervention and support (b) Climate smart agriculture practices (c) Overcoming stigmatisation (d) Encouraging and involving the youth (e) Diversification and integration of farm businesses and (f) Using contract farming. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Assessment of the implementation of risk management in Eastern Cape provincial departments

  • Authors: Sharma, Gobind Prakash
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Risk Management , provincial departments
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62403 , vital:72651
  • Description: In recent years, due to COVID-19, provincial departments have faced financial constraints and had to provide services with limited resources. To assist in ensuring that departmental resources are used prudently, risk management plays a vital role as it is the practice of detecting, assessing and controlling threats to an organisation's capital and earnings. The aim of this study was to identify gaps or shortfalls in the risk management processes of the Eastern Cape provincial departments and come up with recommendations on how these gaps can be addressed. The study followed a qualitative research approach with an interview schedule with predetermined questions that were carefully designed to prompt responses to ascertain the level of risk maturity of each department. The study focused on twelve provincial departments in the Eastern Cape Province, interviewing senior risk officials. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the heads of departments of Provincial Treasury as they are custodians of transversal risk management in the province. The key finding of the study is that in some departments, the Risk Management Unit is under-capacitated. Adhering to the various recommendations of the study will assist departments to achieve a higher risk maturity level. , Thesis (Ma) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Billing system, communication strategies, and organisation change in Zimbabwe: the case of telone customers’ postpaid to prepaid migration

  • Authors: Dube, Sizalobuhle
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Communication , Organizational change , Organizational change -- Management
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/27336 , vital:66942
  • Description: This study investigated the effectiveness of the communication strategies used to implement the migration of telephone services from post-paid to prepaid billing at TelOne Zimbabwe. This study adopted the Freeman‟s stakeholder theory and the Lewin‟s change model to analyse the factors that influenced the effectiveness of the communication strategies used by TelOne before, during and after the change implementation as a way to communicate the initiative with its stakeholders. A qualitative approach was utilised and the key research methods used included document analysis, participant observation, as well as 21 face-to-face and 79 telephonic semi-structured interviews conducted with respondents from among TelOne managers, employees and the customers. The documents and respondents were purposively sampled based on the researcher‟s knowledge of their relevance in the study. The findings revealed several factors that mired effective change communication strategies such as company image, stakeholder recognition and communication centralisation. To curb these communication challenges, the study proposes Thrive organisational communication change model TOCC that encourages organisations to communicate the initiative to its relevant internal and external stakeholders considering their views and addressing factors that might hinder effective communication as a strategy to enhance successful change management. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Challenges and opportunities of coastal and marine tourism in Swartkops river Estuary

  • Authors: Nokela,Thembela
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Marine -- South Africa -- Swartkops River Estuary , Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality—Tourism , Estuarine pollution
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61316 , vital:70083
  • Description: This study's goal was to pinpoint the challenges and untapped opportunities associated with Coastal and Marine Tourism (CMT) in the Swartkops River Estuary (SRE). CMT has become the biggest segment of the travel industry. Moreover, this form of alternative tourism is the most significant and fastest developing economic activity in the ocean. The objectives of this study were to identify the challenges that hinder the development of CMT in SRE, to determine opportunities for CMT in SRE, to evaluate NMBM’s efforts in creating and sustaining CMT in SRE and to evaluate the status of CMT in SRE in terms of CMT related development. This study fit within the interprevist paradigm and made use of a qualitative research approach and design as well as inductive reasoning. The qualitative research design consisted of data being collected through document and content analysis. Data was analysed using data analysis process of Miles and Herman (1994) as well as the coding and developing of specific themes that emerged from the data. The data in this phase was presented both in narrative format and tables. The document analysis used in this study was established based on the objectives of this study. The findings of this study revealed that key challenges that hinder the growth of CMT in Swartkops River Estuary are environmental impacts that include pollution, over enrichment, inappropriate development, overfishing, destruction of mudflats, limited freshwater inflow, destruction of vegetation and climate change. The findings also revealed that there are opportunities for CMT in SRE such as promoting SRE as a popular ecotourism destination by developing ecotourism nodes. These include environmental education at the Aloes Nature Reserve's and the Swartkops Estuary south-east section, sustainable ecolodges and conference centres. The study recommends that the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality should organize educational programmes to educate local people about the significance of conserving and safeguarding the environment for future generations. These findings also posed certain challenges linked to those identified in the analysis. , Thesis (MPhil) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, School of Economics, Development & Tourism, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Challenges and opportunities of coastal and marine tourism in Swartkops river estuary

  • Authors: Nokela, Thembela
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Marine Protected Area , Ocean economy
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/62286 , vital:72370
  • Description: This study's goal was to pinpoint the challenges and untapped opportunities associated with Coastal and Marine Tourism (CMT) in the Swartkops River Estuary (SRE). CMT has become the biggest segment of the travel industry. Moreover, this form of alternative tourism is the most significant and fastest developing economic activity in the ocean. The objectives of this study were to identify the challenges that hinder the development of CMT in SRE, to determine opportunities for CMT in SRE, to evaluate NMBM’s efforts in creating and sustaining CMT in SRE and to evaluate the status of CMT in SRE in terms of CMT related development. This study fit within the interprevist paradigm and made use of a qualitative research approach and design as well as inductive reasoning. The qualitative research design consisted of data being collected through document and content analysis. Data was analysed using data analysis process of Miles and Herman (1994) as well as the coding and developing of specific themes that emerged from the data. The data in this phase was presented both in narrative format and tables. The document analysis used in this study was established based on the objectives of this study. The findings of this study revealed that key challenges that hinder the growth of CMT in Swartkops River Estuary are environmental impacts that include pollution, over-enrichment, inappropriate development, overfishing, destruction of mudflats, limited freshwater inflow, destruction of vegetation and climate change. The findings also revealed that there are opportunities for CMT in SRE such as promoting SRE as a popular ecotourism destination by developing ecotourism nodes. These include environmental education at the Aloes Nature Reserve's and the Swartkops Estuary south-east section, sustainable ecolodges and conference centres. The study recommends that the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality should organize educational xv programmes to educate local people about the significance of conserving and safeguarding the environment for future generations. These findings also posed certain challenges linked to those identified in the analysis. It is recommended that local communities are urged to take an active role in CMT and should regard CMT as a vital development sector that produces jobs. The study also recommends that the community can also develop local campaigns such clean ups, challenging the efficiency of environmental policies and participating dialogues to help alleviate the environmental impacts faced by SRE , Thesis (Ma) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Collective entrepreneurship and economic development in MALAWI: A case study of Blantyre City

  • Authors: Kadewa, Mireille Joana
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Economic development -- Malawi , Small business -- Malawi , Malawi
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61420 , vital:70636
  • Description: Entrepreneurship is one of the corner stones of poverty alleviation as it is a tool for economic growth. As Malawi’s SME sector comprising entrepreneurs is facing challenges such as lack of access to finance, and high business operating costs, collective entrepreneurship has been found to be a possible solution. Collective entrepreneurship occurs when individual’s resources and skills are incorporated into a group so that the innovation process and accessing marketing resources is made easier compared to individual effort. The collective ability of individuals and organisations is important in developing countries as it enables the use of the community as a means of targeting business opportunities and hence promoting growth of the economy. This study’s purpose was to assess the potential of collective entrepreneurship in enhancing economic development in Malawi. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the youths’ attitudes towards collective entrepreneurship, examine the potential of collective entrepreneurship to empower the youth economically, explore ways of engaging the youth in collective entrepreneurship programmes and identify strategies that could be used to promote economic development by the youth through collective entrepreneurship. The study focused on the youth to increase their empowerment economically, as this element was previously not critically examined. Furthermore, this study was based on the fact that not much research has been conducted in Malawi to guide an entrepreneurship development strategy. The study’s participants were from Blantyre City townships. A survey method was adopted, targeting a population of 90 respondents. Data was collected using 40 questionnaires, 17 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions. Data was analysed using software packages such as Rev, Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The results of the study revealed that the majority of the youth are ready to participate in collective entrepreneurship ventures as they can potentially empower them economically. The study found ways of engaging the youth in collective entrepreneurship programmes, which included financial institutions such as banks providing timely tailored financing options and engaging responsively with youth. The study identified strategies that could be used to promote economic development by means of collective entrepreneurship including universities supporting young entrepreneurs through courses on collective vii entrepreneurship, and the hosting of incubator and accelerator programmes. The study made several recommendations which among them was targeting the youth in the formation of collective entrepreneurship programmes, developing policies that embrace key success factors for collective entrepreneurship and promoting entities that can foster collective entrepreneurship. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Community involvement in Coastal and marine tourism at Nelson Mandela bay, South Africa

  • Authors: Vena, Anelisa
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Oceans’ economy-- Nelson Mandela Bay , Coastal and marine tourism
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/63157 , vital:73191
  • Description: The purpose of this study is to understand the local communities’ involvement in CMT in Nelson Mandela Bay NMB, Gqeberha and to monitor government information sharing platforms for local communities about the ocean’s economy. A qualitative research approach and a purposive sampling strategy derived from a non-probability sampling approach were utilised in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants in Nelson Mandela Bay from the CMT business operations, marine NGOs and local community members and a document analysis was utilised to monitor government information sharing platforms for local communities about the oceans’ economy. The study adopted the exploratory approach in investigating CMT inclusivity of local communities at Nelson Mandela Bay. The exploratory approach enabled the research to meet its objectives as there are limited number of studies that address this issue at Nelson Mandela Bay, Gqeberha. The findings revealed that both CMT business operations and marine NGOs experience difficulty in obtaining funding, there is limited funding available, and no clarity is drawn if whether CMT operations can benefit or not. The findings further revealed that due to numerous entry barriers it makes it difficult for new entrants to get into the sector and lastly there is lack of community involvement for two stakeholders namely the CMT businesses and local community members. It was also revealed that this sector tends to be exclusive because it is costly to enter this industry. In terms of limitations the sample size of the study was small, namely 20 participants comprised of five CMT business operators, two NGOs representatives and thirteen local community members. Initially, the maximum number targeted was 27 and the minimum number was 17 in this study. Coastal and marine tourism at Nelson Mandela Bay is still at its infancy stages. Therefore, the significant role of this study is to enhance value to the existing body of knowledge in this area with specific reference to the local community involvement in CMT at Gqeberha, South Africa , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Consumer perceptions of human digital twins as a marketing tool

  • Authors: Botha, M
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Digital twins (Computer simulation) , Industry 4.0
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61004 , vital:69685
  • Description: A Digital Twin is a digital representation of a physical product or entity or a “set of virtual information constructs”. To effectively represent its physical counterpart, the digital representation needs to know about its properties, rules and behaviour. In order to enable this, there is a constant flow of data between physical objects and digital representations. The data contained in the digital representation allows simulations to be conducted and learnings from these simulations enable better decision making without affecting the physical realm. Human Digital Twins duplicate a person, rather than a physical product or artifact. As Human Digital Twins hold large amounts of data about a person and are able to utilise this data to predict a person’s possible behaviour and control a person’s choices Human Digital Twins hold economic value for organisations. Human Digital Twins can be effectively used in consumer choice modelling to determine a person’s preferences and assist organisations in marketing products and alternatives to customers. Location, purchasing behaviour and online activity can be used to predict potential future customer behaviour and choices. In previous studies proposing Human Digital Twins, limited emphasis has been placed on the opinion of the people who have been twinned. There are several ethical and moral implications in creating Human Digital Twins. The perceptions of the twinning process of people have not adequately been researched. Current technology allows Human Digital Twins to be created but challenges lie with the moral and ethical complications in a person’s Digital Twin acceptance. Various factors have been identified in previous research relating to Human Digital Twins. Knowledge, Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, Trust and Technological Proficiency are factors that have an influence on a person’s Human Digital Twin acceptance. These factors were considered as independent factors of the conceptual model while user acceptance was considered the dependent factor of the proposed model. The questionnaire for this study was completed by a sample of 121 respondents, who were reached through convenience and snowball sampling. The questionnaire was primarily distributed to students at the Nelson Mandela Business School in Gqeberha, South Africa. The demographic data indicates that a high number of respondents v reside in the Eastern Cape and the majority of respondents achieved a post graduate degree. This is not necessarily an accurate description of the South African population and the sample used in future studies should be more representative of the South African population. The results indicate that the independent factors Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and Technological Proficiency had significant positive effects on Human Digital Twin acceptance. Two of the original independent factors were split into two sub-factors as a result of the EFA. The independent factor Trust became Human Digital Twin Distrust and Trust in Companies using Human Digital Twins. The independent factor Knowledge became Knowledge about Human Digital Twins and Knowledge about the role of technology. This study based its conceptual model on the Technology Acceptance Model. The model relies on two major determinants, Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use, to determine a user’s intention to use and accept a technology. This study added new determinants of acceptance to the original TAM, two of which was found reliable. Knowledge of Human Digital Twins and Technological Proficiency were both found to have a significant positive influence on the acceptance of Human Digital Twins. This study was one of the first to suggest a relationship between Technological Proficiency and the acceptance of a new technology. The managerial recommendations set out to bridge the gap between this study and practice. It is not uncommon for researchers to suggest corrective actions and make strategic recommendations based on the results of a study. This study provided managerial recommendations to marketers who want to employ Human Digital Twins in their strategies. This will allow marketers to test campaigns and improve on existing campaigns much quicker than before and take new products to market with testing marketing strategies at a much quicker pace. Organisations need to be cognisant of the fact that legal issues such privacy, consent, discrimination and copyright will be very important when creating Human Digital Twins. Marketers will not only be able to use information gathered by Human Digital Twins in the real world but in virtual worlds as well. , Thesis (MA) -- FFaculty of business and economic sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Continuous flow synthesis of a key intermediate towards the antidiabetic drug repaglinide

  • Authors: Williams, Arushan
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Diabetes -- Miscellanea -- South Africa , Diabetes –Treatment
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61064 , vital:69715
  • Description: Across the world, diabetes is one of the leading causes of deaths attributed to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). In Africa, a huge proportion of African countries’ annual healthcare budgets are consumed by diabetes (7 %) with many already experiencing healthcare budget deficits. The prevalence of diabetes is rapidly growing and threatens the economic productivity and livelihood of many families within the region. The world leaders have invested heavily in reducing the pandemic by focusing on increasing the availability of affordable essential medicines in developing countries. The majority of diabetes cases are due to type 2 diabetes (90 %) and may be treated using oral hypoglycaemic drugs (OHDs). Repaglinide (REP) is a non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue (meglitinide) with greater HbA1c reduction than metformin in newly onset type 2 diabetic patients, however due to the high price of REP outside Asia, cheaper and less effective OHDs are prescribed to patients. Many of the reported synthetic routes towards REP utilize a key intermediate, 2-(3-ethoxy-4- iethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)acetic acid. The key intermediate contributes significantly to the price of REP as many of the intermediate’s synthetic routes suffer from long reaction times, low yields and industrial complex approaches. Therefore, this has prompted us to investigate an efficient process towards the synthesis of 2-(3-ethoxy-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)acetic acid using multiple continuous flow systems. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Costs and consequences at the population-environment-development interface in St Francis Bay: exploring the linkages of a complex system

  • Authors: Pringle, Geena
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Population -- Environmental aspects , Population --Statistics , Loliginidae -- South Africa -- st francis bay
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61294 , vital:70065
  • Description: Coastal zones the world over are particularly attractive for the development of human settlements. Naturally, this trend frequently results in human induced disturbances of sensitive ecosystems, often resulting in dramatic and unintended consequences. The South African coastline is no stranger to this phenomenon. Dynamics at the population-environment-development interface in the coastal zone often presents affected communities and institutions with complex challenges. An infamous case along the South African coastline is the settlement of St Francis Bay, the focus of this dissertation. St Francis Bay was established as a holiday village around sixty years ago and its economy is today firmly dependent on the fragile bond and reciprocal relationship between the tourist trade and the integrity of sandy beaches. The dissertation, against this background and drawing from complex systems theory, explores the links between human activity and the biophysical environment and the ominous costs and consequences that are produced at the local population-environment-development interface. Domains that are considered within the nexus of relevant aspects include the wind-driven sediment bypass system across the local headland; climate change; the local economy; social wellbeing, inequality and social justice; as well urban planning and political governance. The desktop study applied to St Francis Bay made use of Geographic Information Systems and statistical information to form the basis of the methodological approach in this dissertation. The Population-Environment-Development nexus was formed as a result. The results illustrate how critical levels of beach erosion are connected amidst an intricate reciprocal nexus to these and other aspects. It demonstrates that the sustainability of the settlement hinges on the understanding of such linkages and underscores the relevance of the methodological approach that is applied. The sustainability of the environment and the resulting impact on the quality of life of the human population remains a challenge for future generations as well as governance systems. By acknowledging and understanding the complexity that exists in coastal zones allows for future research on the topic to be explored and enable key role players to proactively intervene to benefit the population and the environment. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Desired sensory branding strategies in-store versus online: the skincare industry

  • Authors: Berman, Gabriella
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Sensory branding , Hides and skins industry , Teleshopping
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60970 , vital:69556
  • Description: Modern shoppers are inundated with purchasing options in every product category, with thousands of brands competing for their patronage. It has therefore become increasingly important for organisations to differentiate product offerings in the market if they want to be competitive. It has further been highlighted that an individual’s experience of a brand is of paramount importance, as it is directly linked to brand loyalty. A vehicle for creating memorable brand experiences is the utilisation of multi-sensory experiences or sensory branding. Within the context of traditional or in-store shopping, sensory branding encompasses the use of visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile and gustatory stimuli to adjust consumer purchasing behaviour. However, more and more consumers are opting for online shopping, spurred on by the effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic, and are no less demanding of brands online than they would be in-store. The cosmetics and personal care industry is one of the more predominant gainers from e-commerce. The skincare industry exhibited one of the largest growth rates from 2019 – 2025 and had an estimated market value of $155.8 billion in 2022. When considering the South African skincare industry in isolation, there is no exception, categorised by high average growth rates and many competitive players in the market. This is apparent when considering that the skincare industry within South Africa is expcted to grow annually by 5.48% from 2023 to 2027, translating to an industry value of $788.4 million by 2027 (Statista 2023). With reference to in-store shopping for skincare products, sensory marketing strategies have been known to be heavily relied on. Therefore, with consumers moving towards online shopping, it is essential for skincare businesses to consider how to deliver sensory experiences online as well as in-store. Whilst the importance of the use of sensory branding and marketing in the skincare industry is notable, both in-store and online, it was established that while there is research available on sensory branding, there is very limited academic research on digital sensory branding and the sensory branding of v skincare products. Moreover, to the researcher’s knowledge, no academic literature specifically investigates the digital sensory branding of skincare brands. Therefore, this study will contribute not only by adding academic research to the topic being investigated but also through rreccomendations made based on the outcomes of this study to skincare brands in South Africa. From the comprehensive literature review, a conceptual model was constructed to investigate the relationship between traditional and digital sensory branding strategies (independent variables) and brand loyalty (dependent variable). Two sets of hypotheses were formulated relating to the identified variables of this study and the empirical research conducted was utilised to deduce whether these hypotheses should be rejected or supported. To conduct the empirical research needed for this study, certain research methodology was employed. This study made use of a positivistic paradigm and a quantitative approach. The target population of this study constituted consumers who had purchased skincare products in-store as well as online and, as no true sample frame existed, respondents were selected through the use of non-probability sampling, more specifically, convenience sampling. To collect the data, an online survey was used, with the specific data collection instrument being a web-based self-administered questionnaire, which was distributed via social media platforms, such as Facebook and LinkedIn, as well as via email. Section A of the questionnaire focused on the demographic details of the respondents, while Section B – Section F related to the variables of the study. A total of 372 potential respondents started the questionnaire, however only 321 questionnaires were deemed usable after the data had been coded and cleaned, indicating a response rate of 86.3%. This study made use of both descriptive (measures of central tendency as well as standard deviation and skewness) and inferential (SEM Models, Primary Models, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, Chi-Square test of Association, ANOVAs and Welch Robust test, Tukey test and Games Howell Test as well as Cohen’s d) statistics to interpret the data, which was graphically illustrated. vi The empirical investigation conducted in this study between the variables and sub-variables revealed that significant relationships exist between traditional sensory branding strategies (traditional olfactory and tactile stimuli) and digital sensory branding strategies (digital visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli) and brand loyalty, with refence to the skincare industry. It was further notable that, with specific reference to the skincare industry, the sense of sight, smell and touch are key factors for sensory branding, whereas auditory stimuli were found to only be useful when used in unison with the other senses. Moreover, with reference to in-store shopping, it was deduced that consumers shop for skincare mostly via retail outlets, which could lead to sensory overload. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that younger consumers are price sensitive. Based on the pertinent empirical results, and corresponding literature findings, of this study, recommendations were provided to businesses operating in the skincare industry. With reference to in-store trading, it was recommended that because skincare is mostly sold via retail outlets, the brand itself does not have control over all sensory stimuli to which the consumer is exposed. As a result, consumers may be subject to sensory overload and skincare brands should keep their sensory branding in-store simple. Moreover, skincare brands could make use of an in-store aesthetician or beautician, which would facilitate consumer-product interaction. With regards to online trading, a recommendation for skincare brands would be to use moving images or GIFs, which will allow the consumer to more easily imagine the feel of the product. Moreover, skincare brands can make use of brand ambassadors to create “unboxing” videos, which will convey more clearly the sensory information of the product and instil confidence in consumers. Reccomendations were also made with reference to the financial state of consumers, as the financial position of the respondents could influence their decision making. The limitations of this study comprised the availability of reliable existing sources to support the study as the concept of digital sensory branding is still relatively new and, due to the study being focused on the skincare industry, taste stimuli were excluded as they were found to have no relevance. Finally, vii based on all the literature findings and empirical results, recommendations for future areas of study were made. This study provides evidence that both traditional and digital sensory branding strategies have an influence on, or relationship with, brand loyalty. Through this study, the importance of sensory branding, with specific reference to the skincare industry, is brought to light. Furthermore, skincare brands can utilise the information provided to improve the experience of their consumers when shopping in-store, as well as online, thereby increasing their base of brand loyal consumers. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Determinants of performance in non-profit organisations in KwaZulu Natal: the role of sustainability orientation and dynamic capabilities

  • Authors: Mbhele, Thandekile
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Hypothesis Model , non-profit organisations
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/61670 , vital:71824
  • Description: Determinants of performance in KZN Nonprofit organisations operating in the health sector is explored by this research paper. The focus is on the role played by sustainability orientation and dynamic capabilities on the organisational perfomance. Sustainability orientation and dynamic capabilities have received little empirical attention within the NPO sector. Most, of the research done has focused on for-profit organisations. Local NPOs in the health sector are facing many challenges. These are fueled by the high demand for services and scarcity of resources to deliver on their social mission. This study aims to examine the stated constructs. Furthermore, the study aims to help NPOs build sustainable organisations and adopt strategies that will increase the efficiency and effectiveness in their operations. The study employed a quantitative methodology. An online survey and experiental analysis were conducted on a sample of 156 respondents. All of the participants belong to local NPOs in the health sector in KZN. The hypotheses were tested by applying multiple linear regression. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability of the established variables and constructs. The results of the analysis show a significant and positive relationship between sustainability orientation and organisational performance. The study also found that the ability to sense, seize, and reconfigure mediate the relationship and positively influence the performance. These results provide important insight for local NPOs, policy makers, and current practices concerned about developing sustainable organisations. This implies that there is a chance for local NPOs to grow, attract funders and remain sustainable. In addition the results could help to build a reputable brand in their respective fields. , Thesis (MA) -- Faculty of Faculty of Business and Economic Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Diet and lifestyle changes during the Covid-19 pandemic among health care professionals in the Eastern Cape province

  • Authors: Baloyi, Thabile Valentia
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Diet , Lifestyle , Health care Professionals
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/66356 , vital:74718
  • Description: Background: The unprecedented COVID-19 era is one that posed drastic changes and challenges to healthcare professionals and healthcare system at large. During disastrous events such as the pandemic, psychosocial stress is expected among health care professionals with the development of different copying mechanisms. It is therefore important to ensure preparedness among these individuals in the event of future pandemics. It is essentials for healthcare professionals to practice healthy dietary habits and regular physical activity which has a positive impact on the immune system by improving its response to viral and bacterial infections and supports mental health. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine dietary and lifestyle changes among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive, and explorative research approach was followed. Data was collected through an online survey and analysed using MS Excel® version 2209, SPSS version 27, cross tabulation and Pearson’s chi-square test (p-value<0.05) The questionnaire consisted of four sections that had demographics, lifestyle, dietary and COVID-19 related questions. The study sample were Eastern Cape healthcare professionals. Results: The findings indicated that health care professionals’ dietary habits and lifestyle were negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 37.5% (n=131) had indicated that their weight had increased, while 20.4% (n=71) indicated a decrease in weight during the pandemic. It is understandable that there was weight gain during the pandemic as these professionals consumed more alcohol and fast foods with less exercise. There was a high caffeine consumption and decreased sleep time, which can affect productivity, resilience and mental health. The negative impacts posed by the pandemic need to be mitigated as it has the potential to lead to non-communicable diseases and cause even more of a burden to the health system. Authorities need to work with different healthcare professionals to develop programmes relating to coping mechanisms during any state of disaster and support wellness initiatives. Dietitians should be involved in order to coordinate and promote healthy eating through regular training and education of other HCP. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Behavioural & Lifestyle Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Distinguishing elephant induced thicket degradation and climate related factors in Addo Elephant National Park, Eastern Cape, South Africa

  • Authors: Mapheto, Tlhologelo James
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Elephant – Behaviour -- South Africa -- Addo Elephant National Park , Wildlife conservation -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60753 , vital:66741
  • Description: The Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) is an ecologically sensitive environment where the increase in elephant population, especially in a changing climate is a recipe for landscape degradation and biodiversity loss. The Park is situated in the drought prone Eastern Cape Province, however, the effects of drought on thicket vegetation is less understood. This study aimed to distinguish elephant-induced thicket degradation from the effects of climatic factors, using remote sensing, GIS, and statistical techniques. To characterise and map vegetation conditions of the reserve temporal series Landsat imagery (n = 22) from 1998 to 2018 were analysed. Vegetation states were determined using Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from the growing season of the study period. Using supervised per-pixel image classification technique, the NDVI values characterized into distinct land cover classes viz (1) Intact Thicket, (2) Transformed Thicket, (3) Degraded Thicket, (4) Bare Ground and (6) Water Bodies. Post-classification change detection and landscape fragmentation analysis was performed. Climatic data were obtained from existing weather stations and raster surface of accumulated rainfall and mean maximum temperature were developed using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). Time series analysis was implemented on the NDVI and climatic condition data by plotting annual measures to indicate variable trends. Temporal trend analysis was performed on the NDVI data using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend analysis test to indicate thicket vegetation condition improvement and general degradation. The Residual Trend (RESTREND) approach was employed to remove the effect of rainfall on vegetation productivity. This involved using the Ordinary Least Square regression functionality in ArcMap to compute the relationship between ∑NDVI and accumulated rainfall for every pixel for the study period. The products of the regression were assessed using Pearson’s Correlation (r) at a significance level of 90% (p-value ≤ 0.1) to distinguish strong relationships. Overlay analysis was performed, using the NDVI trend slope and the correlation coefficient (r) raster surfaces, to model vegetation dynamics influenced by elephant activities. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School of Environmental Sciences, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Effect of a school-based health intervention on the non-communicable disease risk status of schoolchildren from disadvantaged communities

  • Authors: Dolley, Danielle
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: school-based health intervention , Non-communicable diseases , Cardiovascular diseases
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/66388 , vital:75063
  • Description: Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and dyslipidaemia are a global public health concern, but more so in low- income countries where the underprivileged are exposed to unhealthy lifestyle practices with limited access to primary health care. Poor dietary habits and physical inactivity have also led to the unprecedented rise of NCD risk factors among school- aged children, which places them at greater risk of disease later in life. These NCDs are largely driven by obesity which has continued to rise in sub-Saharan Africa. However, high levels of undernutrition (such as stunting, underweight and wasting) among children are also present, thereby translating to a dual burden of malnutrition. Promoting regular physical activity (PA) among children is crucial for the health of future generations as it assists in weight reduction, improves insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure and is associated with good health and wellbeing. However, physical education (PE), the most obvious vehicle to develop the motor abilities of children, creating opportunities for their sports skills development and educating learners about the importance of PA as a lifestyle, has long been overlooked since the transformation of the South African school curriculum. Furthermore, many in-service PE teachers were not trained to teach the new multi-disciplinary Life Skills and Life Orientation subjects, of which PE forms a small part. Evidence shows that many PE teachers lack the content knowledge and practical skills to implement the subject, which raises the question of how many children, especially those in low-income communities, are participating in quality PE needed to foster healthy lifestyles and prevent the risk of NCDs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a 20- week school-based health intervention on NCD risk factors of primary schoolchildren from low-income schools in Gqeberha, South Africa. Methods: A cluster randomised control trial was used to test a 20-week intervention, which included three components, namely [1] the KaziKidz toolkit (comprised of pre- prepared PE, health, hygiene and nutrition lessons, equipment for PE, and painted games) [2] a PE coach (human movement science graduate to assist teachers) and [3]two 90-min training workshops. Eight schools were randomly selected to participatein the study: four intervention schools received the KaziKidz toolkit, while the externalsupport components were staggered across three intervention schools, and the Chapter 1: Introduction 2 remaining four schools served as the control group. Altogether 961 children (491 boys and 511 girls) from grades 4 to 6 (8 - 13 years old, M=10.88±1.19 yrs) participated In the study. Demographic information and socio-economic status were captured with a questionnaire. Further measures included height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, accelerometer-based PA and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Results: Cross-sectional baseline data showed that 43.1% of the sample presented with at least one NCD risk factor, and 17% presented with an elevated clustered risk score (CRS). In addition, higher CRF and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) were associated with a lowered CRS whereby an elevated CRS was halved for every 49 min increase in MVPA (95% CI 27 - 224) or every 2.17 ml/kg/min increase in CRF, as determined via estimated VO2max (95% CI 1.66 - 3.12). Overall, 13% of the cohort were underweight, 12% overweight, 7% obese, and 64% engaged in an average of 60 min MVPA per day. The results also identified an inverse association between body mass index categories and the total duration of MVPA achieved per day as children categorised as underweight to normal‐weight (boys: OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 2.18 - 6.93; girls: OR =1.78, 95% CI: 1.13 - 2.80) were more likely to engage in 60 min per day of MVPA than overweight to obese children. Finally, the school-based health intervention results revealed improvements in children's NCD risk factors and increased MVPA levels when the intervention conditions included the workshops and, in some cases, the PE coach. The KaziKidz toolkit (on its own) showed little to no improvements in NCD risk factors and MVPA levels. Conclusion: School-based health interventions have the potential to improve the NCD risk factors of children attending low-income schools in South Africa. These findings also add to our understanding of implementing interventions in settings where teachers are not sufficiently trained to teach PE. Therefore, school-based health interventions, including a toolkit, should be accompanied by workshops to equip educators with the necessary tools to confidently facilitate PE lessons and integrate a range of PE activities into their classrooms. Future research is recommended to determine the long-term sustainability of school-based health interventions and the long-term post-intervention impact on NCD risk factors. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Health Science, Department of Human Movement Science, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04

Effect of livestock management and services to ecosystems on rangeland health and resilience in the NamaKaroo

  • Authors: Boshoff, Mishak
  • Date: 2023-04
  • Subjects: Livestock – Management --South Africa—Karoo , Range ecology
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/60611 , vital:66017
  • Description: Rangelands offer great opportunities for mutualisms between nature conservation and economic productivity if positive feedback loops can be identified and described. The effects of different livestock management practices are controversial. This research examined the effect of different grazing intensities on soil health using springtails (Collembola) and ants (Formicidae) as bioindicators, combined with soil and vegetation variables. The relationship between rangeland managers and rangeland ecosystems, particularly with regard to feedback loops between land care and economic production, was also investigated. Bioindicator samples were collected at different treatments of livestock grazing intensity and a questionnaire was submitted to 65 rangeland managers in the semi-arid Nama-Karoo biome of South Africa. In most cases we found no significant relationship between grazing intensity and Collembola and ant community composition, vegetation variables, and soil variables. The few significant relationships we found were contradictory in their implications for the effect of high intensity grazing on soil health. The results suggested that differences in livestock management are relatively unimportant for soil health, at least in semi-arid systems under conditions immediately following a drought. The questionnaire yielded results on outline of management practices, basis of management decisions, consequences of monitoring veld to inform management decisions, and indicators of successful management. Respondents characterized by higher ecological fluency focused on livestock production when making management decisions, stocked at higher densities, and monitored the rangeland ecosystem to inform their decisions. For monitoring the ecosystem, they used bioindicators such as diversity of biota, successional stage, and ecologically important functional groups. We concluded that the development of ecological knowledge in rangeland managers enables the establishment of feedback loops between ecosystem services and services to ecosystems, which are desirable for economic productivity and nature conservation. Development of relevant ecological knowledge and management techniques should be based on forums and dialogue among rangeland managers, developing distributed cognition and resilience in the community of rangeland managers. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, School Natural Resource Science and Management, 2023
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  • Date Issued: 2023-04
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