An assessment of hawking activities in Fingo Village, Grahamstown
- Authors: Davidson, Jean Hazell
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Peddlers -- South Africa , Informal sector (Economics) -- Grahamstown (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:4819 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005493 , Peddlers -- South Africa , Informal sector (Economics) -- Grahamstown (South Africa)
- Description: A number of issues in the thesis need to be clarified and will be discussed individually below. The term Third World, which is used in the thesis to describe developing countries in a disadvantageous economic position in relation to developed countries, is unsatisfactory. It is a collective term which combines countries with dissimilar cultures, ideologies and future prospects into one category (De Souza & Porter, 1974). Debate continues whether South Africa can be classified as a First or Third World country (Fair, 1982). Rogerson & Beavon (1980) indicate that South Africa can be described as dichotomous because it reflects characteristics of both First and Third World countries. In comparison De Souza & Porter (1974,1) include South Africa among the Third World countries, because four-fifths of the people have an income that is six times less than the income of the other fifth, and they live in a condition of underdevelopment. Conditions in Fingo Village resemble those described by De Souza & Porter (1974) and hence the results of the Fingo Village survey are compared with similar studies, elsewhere in the Third World. However, it would be naive to assume that Fingo Village is unaffected by development within the core regions of South Africa, which in many instances epitomize the First World. The term informal sector, used throughout the thesis, is also unsatisfactory, and debate continues as theorists attempt to find a more appropriate term. Santos (1979) indicates that the term informal sector is contentious, by placing it in single quotation marks. From the literature survey it emerged that the majority of authors did not follow Santos' convention (1979) and thus it seemed acceptable to use the term, informal sector, without placing it in single quotation marks. Chapter Two deals in-depth with the problem of defining the informal sector, and a working definition for the Fingo Village survey is presented in section 2.4.1. The informal sector embraces a wide diversity of economic activities. Due to the limited time and funds available, it was decided to isolate one aspect of this sector, namely, hawking. Sections 2.3 and 2.7 of Chapter Two indicate that hawking is an exemplary informal sector activity. All the different hawking types could not be given close attention and therefore, for practical purposes, it was decided to select one facet of hawking, namely, fruit and vegetable hawkers. Mobile fruit and vegetable hawkers were excluded from the study as it was impossible, during the mapping survey, to isolate a specific hawking site for each mobile hawker. Furthermore, a mobile hawker could easily be enumerated on more than one occasion, and hence a margin of error would automatically occur in the study. This was another reason for excluding mobile hawkers from the study and merely focusing upon static and semi-static fruit and vegetable hawkers. It is difficult to collect comprehensive quantitative data on informal sector activities (Preston-Whyte et al, 1984). The interviewer has to gain the confidence and trust of the subjects. The interviewer for the Fingo Village survey was a well known local personality and a man of some standing in the Black community. Daniel Sandi was the Secretary, of the Grahamstown Association (GRACA), which was reputed to have the support of the majority of the Black residents in Grahamstown until it was banned under the State of Emergency in July 1985. Daniel Sandi was also known for his contribution in literary circles as an epic poet. His previous experience conducting socio-economic surveys, as a researcher for the Border Council of Churches and as the Teba Research Assistant for the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, was also helpful. Sporadic unrest in the study area, from September 1984 and throughout 1985, prevented further fieldwork from being conducted in Fingo Village.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Davidson, Jean Hazell
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Peddlers -- South Africa , Informal sector (Economics) -- Grahamstown (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:4819 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005493 , Peddlers -- South Africa , Informal sector (Economics) -- Grahamstown (South Africa)
- Description: A number of issues in the thesis need to be clarified and will be discussed individually below. The term Third World, which is used in the thesis to describe developing countries in a disadvantageous economic position in relation to developed countries, is unsatisfactory. It is a collective term which combines countries with dissimilar cultures, ideologies and future prospects into one category (De Souza & Porter, 1974). Debate continues whether South Africa can be classified as a First or Third World country (Fair, 1982). Rogerson & Beavon (1980) indicate that South Africa can be described as dichotomous because it reflects characteristics of both First and Third World countries. In comparison De Souza & Porter (1974,1) include South Africa among the Third World countries, because four-fifths of the people have an income that is six times less than the income of the other fifth, and they live in a condition of underdevelopment. Conditions in Fingo Village resemble those described by De Souza & Porter (1974) and hence the results of the Fingo Village survey are compared with similar studies, elsewhere in the Third World. However, it would be naive to assume that Fingo Village is unaffected by development within the core regions of South Africa, which in many instances epitomize the First World. The term informal sector, used throughout the thesis, is also unsatisfactory, and debate continues as theorists attempt to find a more appropriate term. Santos (1979) indicates that the term informal sector is contentious, by placing it in single quotation marks. From the literature survey it emerged that the majority of authors did not follow Santos' convention (1979) and thus it seemed acceptable to use the term, informal sector, without placing it in single quotation marks. Chapter Two deals in-depth with the problem of defining the informal sector, and a working definition for the Fingo Village survey is presented in section 2.4.1. The informal sector embraces a wide diversity of economic activities. Due to the limited time and funds available, it was decided to isolate one aspect of this sector, namely, hawking. Sections 2.3 and 2.7 of Chapter Two indicate that hawking is an exemplary informal sector activity. All the different hawking types could not be given close attention and therefore, for practical purposes, it was decided to select one facet of hawking, namely, fruit and vegetable hawkers. Mobile fruit and vegetable hawkers were excluded from the study as it was impossible, during the mapping survey, to isolate a specific hawking site for each mobile hawker. Furthermore, a mobile hawker could easily be enumerated on more than one occasion, and hence a margin of error would automatically occur in the study. This was another reason for excluding mobile hawkers from the study and merely focusing upon static and semi-static fruit and vegetable hawkers. It is difficult to collect comprehensive quantitative data on informal sector activities (Preston-Whyte et al, 1984). The interviewer has to gain the confidence and trust of the subjects. The interviewer for the Fingo Village survey was a well known local personality and a man of some standing in the Black community. Daniel Sandi was the Secretary, of the Grahamstown Association (GRACA), which was reputed to have the support of the majority of the Black residents in Grahamstown until it was banned under the State of Emergency in July 1985. Daniel Sandi was also known for his contribution in literary circles as an epic poet. His previous experience conducting socio-economic surveys, as a researcher for the Border Council of Churches and as the Teba Research Assistant for the Institute of Social and Economic Research, Rhodes University, was also helpful. Sporadic unrest in the study area, from September 1984 and throughout 1985, prevented further fieldwork from being conducted in Fingo Village.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
An economic framework for deciding whether to discontinue the East London municipal bus service
- Authors: Wallis, Joe
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Buses -- South Africa -- East London Urban transportation -- South Africa -- East London East London municipal bus service
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1959 , vital:20242 , ISBN 0868101427
- Description: In a time of general economic stringency, it may seem opportune for local authorities to reassess their functions and to curtail those services which are failing to generate a satisfactory social return. In particular, the East London municipality should carefully consider whether it should continue a trading activity such as its bus service which has persistently failed to make a profit. The first part of this report will attempt to assess the losses incurred by the East London Municipal Bus Service (ELMBS) within the context of a general failure of municipal bus companies throughout the country to cover their costs due to various social obligations and the long term trends in White patronage. A theoretical framework for analysing the costs and benefits of continuing a loss-making service will also be discussed. The second part of the report will analyse the determinants of the cost and demand for bus services to provide a basis for recommending measures which may improve the financial performance of ELMBS. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Wallis, Joe
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Buses -- South Africa -- East London Urban transportation -- South Africa -- East London East London municipal bus service
- Language: English
- Type: Book , Text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/1959 , vital:20242 , ISBN 0868101427
- Description: In a time of general economic stringency, it may seem opportune for local authorities to reassess their functions and to curtail those services which are failing to generate a satisfactory social return. In particular, the East London municipality should carefully consider whether it should continue a trading activity such as its bus service which has persistently failed to make a profit. The first part of this report will attempt to assess the losses incurred by the East London Municipal Bus Service (ELMBS) within the context of a general failure of municipal bus companies throughout the country to cover their costs due to various social obligations and the long term trends in White patronage. A theoretical framework for analysing the costs and benefits of continuing a loss-making service will also be discussed. The second part of the report will analyse the determinants of the cost and demand for bus services to provide a basis for recommending measures which may improve the financial performance of ELMBS. , Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
An examination of Aristotelian modality
- Authors: Munshi, Salma
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Aristotle , Modality (Theory of knowledge)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2703 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001978
- Description: From introduction: A popular misconception regarding Aristotle's views on modality is that Aristotle adhered to the doctrine of no unrealized possibilities. According to this doctrine, all possibilities are realized in time; in other words, if it is possible that something could happen, then at some time it is the case that that happens. For example, if it is possible for Socrates to escape from prison, then there will be a time at which Socrates will actually escape from prison. On this view, the possible and the actual co-incide; whereas there is abundant evidence that Aristotle was careful to maintain a distinction between the possible and the actual.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Munshi, Salma
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Aristotle , Modality (Theory of knowledge)
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:2703 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001978
- Description: From introduction: A popular misconception regarding Aristotle's views on modality is that Aristotle adhered to the doctrine of no unrealized possibilities. According to this doctrine, all possibilities are realized in time; in other words, if it is possible that something could happen, then at some time it is the case that that happens. For example, if it is possible for Socrates to escape from prison, then there will be a time at which Socrates will actually escape from prison. On this view, the possible and the actual co-incide; whereas there is abundant evidence that Aristotle was careful to maintain a distinction between the possible and the actual.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
An historical perspective of income tax legislation in South Africa, 1910 to 1925
- Authors: Surtees, Peter Geoffrey
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Income tax -- South Africa , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Income tax -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:898 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004578 , Income tax -- South Africa , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Income tax -- South Africa -- History
- Description: From Introduction: This work considers the period from Union, 31 May 1910 until promulgation of the Income Tax Act No. 40 of 1925.(1) It will describe the means, both financial and otherwise, by which the fledgling Government of the Union of South Africa contrived to balance its budget, and will consider the various sources of revenue available up to 1914, when the Government of Gen. Louis Botha first decided that a tax on income was necessary in order to maintain the solvency of the new State. Similarly the political pressures which shaped the nature of the Income Tax Acts up to 1925 will be discussed, and the political principles (or expediencies, depending on the degree of cynicism of the reader) which led the parties in power from time to time to make the decisions they did regarding the provisions of the various Acts. The effect of external political situations such as the Great War of 1914 - 1918 will be examined, as will the consequences of the rebellion of 1914 and the strikes of 1913 and 1922. The legislation predictably spawned a considerable body of litigation as taxpayers hastened to find and exploit loopholes in it; the resultant Income Tax Cases, in the Income Tax Special Court, Supreme Court and Appeal Court, formed the embryo of a body of judicial precedent which today encompasses some two thousand case reports. A few of the cases decided in the period up to 1925 are still quoted today; for example, CIR v Lunnon 1924 AD 1 SATC 7. The relevant cases from the period will enjoy consideration, with descriptions of how their verdicts affected either subsequent income tax principles or later legislation. Also considered will be the inception during this period of the way in which income tax legislation largely develops: the legislature promulgates an Act, the taxpayers discover legitimate ways to reduce their tax burden and the Minister of Finance consequently causes the Act to be changed in order to protect the tax base. Thereupon the resolute taxpayers seek loopholes anew. The effect of economic conditions on income tax legislation will engage attention; several such conditions cast their shadows into the House of Assembly during that 15 year period, notably the post-war recession and the drought of 1919. The selection of this period is apposite for several reasons: it covers the period during which income tax legislation came into being; - it includes several notable political occurrences. thus making possible a consideration of their effect on income tax legislation; it includes a natural cataclysm. namely a major drought. which also had an effect on subsequent Income Tax Acts; - a sufficient number of income tax cases was heard during the period to afford a fair indication both of how the body of case law would develop and how it would perpetually interplay with the legislation; it clearly illustrates the differences between the two great political parties of the time, differences largely caused by the vested interests of each; the dominant South African Party, with its need to retain the support of the commercial and particularly the mining sectors, and the smaller but even then growing National Party with its face set firmly towards the rural constituencies and the embattled farmers; - the period culminates in the Income Tax Act of 1925, a significant change from its predecessors, and the second Income Tax Act of the Pact Government. The imposition of taxes by the respective provinces does not form part of this work, as the scope of the discussion is limited to the various Income Tax Acts, and their development has been overseen by the central government.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Surtees, Peter Geoffrey
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Income tax -- South Africa , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Income tax -- South Africa -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:898 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004578 , Income tax -- South Africa , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa , Income tax -- South Africa -- History
- Description: From Introduction: This work considers the period from Union, 31 May 1910 until promulgation of the Income Tax Act No. 40 of 1925.(1) It will describe the means, both financial and otherwise, by which the fledgling Government of the Union of South Africa contrived to balance its budget, and will consider the various sources of revenue available up to 1914, when the Government of Gen. Louis Botha first decided that a tax on income was necessary in order to maintain the solvency of the new State. Similarly the political pressures which shaped the nature of the Income Tax Acts up to 1925 will be discussed, and the political principles (or expediencies, depending on the degree of cynicism of the reader) which led the parties in power from time to time to make the decisions they did regarding the provisions of the various Acts. The effect of external political situations such as the Great War of 1914 - 1918 will be examined, as will the consequences of the rebellion of 1914 and the strikes of 1913 and 1922. The legislation predictably spawned a considerable body of litigation as taxpayers hastened to find and exploit loopholes in it; the resultant Income Tax Cases, in the Income Tax Special Court, Supreme Court and Appeal Court, formed the embryo of a body of judicial precedent which today encompasses some two thousand case reports. A few of the cases decided in the period up to 1925 are still quoted today; for example, CIR v Lunnon 1924 AD 1 SATC 7. The relevant cases from the period will enjoy consideration, with descriptions of how their verdicts affected either subsequent income tax principles or later legislation. Also considered will be the inception during this period of the way in which income tax legislation largely develops: the legislature promulgates an Act, the taxpayers discover legitimate ways to reduce their tax burden and the Minister of Finance consequently causes the Act to be changed in order to protect the tax base. Thereupon the resolute taxpayers seek loopholes anew. The effect of economic conditions on income tax legislation will engage attention; several such conditions cast their shadows into the House of Assembly during that 15 year period, notably the post-war recession and the drought of 1919. The selection of this period is apposite for several reasons: it covers the period during which income tax legislation came into being; - it includes several notable political occurrences. thus making possible a consideration of their effect on income tax legislation; it includes a natural cataclysm. namely a major drought. which also had an effect on subsequent Income Tax Acts; - a sufficient number of income tax cases was heard during the period to afford a fair indication both of how the body of case law would develop and how it would perpetually interplay with the legislation; it clearly illustrates the differences between the two great political parties of the time, differences largely caused by the vested interests of each; the dominant South African Party, with its need to retain the support of the commercial and particularly the mining sectors, and the smaller but even then growing National Party with its face set firmly towards the rural constituencies and the embattled farmers; - the period culminates in the Income Tax Act of 1925, a significant change from its predecessors, and the second Income Tax Act of the Pact Government. The imposition of taxes by the respective provinces does not form part of this work, as the scope of the discussion is limited to the various Income Tax Acts, and their development has been overseen by the central government.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
An investigation into the possible causes of the difference between the boys' and girls' drop-out rate in mathematics at the end of the junior secondary phase of education
- Authors: Oberholster, E J
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Mathematical ability , Gender , Mathematics teaching , Drop-out rate , Junior secondary
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1351 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001417
- Description: In the past two decades much research in the field of Mathematics in Education has dealt with boy- girl differences. In the 1960's sex differences in mathematical achievement played an important role in research. The results of more recent and better controlled studies seem to indicate that overall boy-girl differences in mathematical achievement are probably negligible at the Primary stage and exist at the Secondary stage principally in areas involving spatial visualization and problem solving.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Oberholster, E J
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Mathematical ability , Gender , Mathematics teaching , Drop-out rate , Junior secondary
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1351 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001417
- Description: In the past two decades much research in the field of Mathematics in Education has dealt with boy- girl differences. In the 1960's sex differences in mathematical achievement played an important role in research. The results of more recent and better controlled studies seem to indicate that overall boy-girl differences in mathematical achievement are probably negligible at the Primary stage and exist at the Secondary stage principally in areas involving spatial visualization and problem solving.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
An investigation into the present system of orientation for pupils entering high school under the jurisdiction of the Cape Education Department, leading to an orientation programme
- Heath, John Lionel Potgieter
- Authors: Heath, John Lionel Potgieter
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Education, Secondary -- South Africa Educational change -- South Africa Education and state -- South Africa Educational law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1870 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004769
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Heath, John Lionel Potgieter
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Education, Secondary -- South Africa Educational change -- South Africa Education and state -- South Africa Educational law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1870 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004769
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
An investigation into the role of attitudes towards mathematics as a motivation for choosing vocational-technical secondary education
- Authors: Venter, Petrus Albertus
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: School children -- South Africa -- East London -- Attitudes Technical education -- South Africa -- East London Mathematical ability
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1831 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003813
- Description: From Introduction: As headmaster of a technical high school it is my responsibility to admit standard six pupils to this school. Often the refrain from parents is heard: "My son is weak in mathematics but good with his hands." These parents desperately seek a secondary education for their non-academic children. To what extent has the vicious circle of low achievement - negative attitude - lower achievement - despair already been established in these pupils as far as mathematics is concerned? How does this low self-concept in mathematics ability serve as a factor in deciding upon which career to follow, which type of high school to attend? Parents and the public at large seem to be ill-informed about the subjects offered at technical high schools. The mathematical character of these schools is especially undervalued. People often seem to think that the mathematics at a technical high school is easier than at other high schools. Furthermore, people do not realize that mathematics forms the cornerstone of any technical field of study. Failure in mathematics will inevitably lead to low marks or failure in technical subjects. It seems that many pupils who have already developed a defeatist attitude towards mathematics, seek entry into this type of high school. If so, then why? This study aims to elucidate the mathematical cognitive demands made by mathematically related subjects in a technical high school. At the same time possible relationships will be investigated between choice of type of high school (technical vs non-technical) and : i) attitudes to mathematics; ii) achievement in mathematics; iii) general academic achievement; iv) attitude to school. Pupils at standard five level have already established their attitudes towards subjects. For this study standard five boys from East London English and Afrikaans-speaking primary schools were involved. The reason why girls were not considered was to eliminate the variables of sex-related behaviours. Also, girls do not report in any large numbers for technical education as yet. The results of this study should be of use to those advising standard five pupils on their choice of type of high school. If satisfactory relationships are found between affective-cognitive variables and choice of high school, future researchers may use this towards the construction of a required profile for prospective pupils of technical high schools. There are of course, many other factors in the issue. Variables like social status, parents' own experiences, vested interests of academic high schools and many more are not considered in this study. It is conceded that any in-depth study into attitudes towards mathematics or into choice of type of high school is a many-faceted problem, the scope of which lies beyond this thesis. Suffice to admit that attitudes are complex dispositions resulting from the interactions between a number of affective, cognitive and psychomotor variables.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Venter, Petrus Albertus
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: School children -- South Africa -- East London -- Attitudes Technical education -- South Africa -- East London Mathematical ability
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1831 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003813
- Description: From Introduction: As headmaster of a technical high school it is my responsibility to admit standard six pupils to this school. Often the refrain from parents is heard: "My son is weak in mathematics but good with his hands." These parents desperately seek a secondary education for their non-academic children. To what extent has the vicious circle of low achievement - negative attitude - lower achievement - despair already been established in these pupils as far as mathematics is concerned? How does this low self-concept in mathematics ability serve as a factor in deciding upon which career to follow, which type of high school to attend? Parents and the public at large seem to be ill-informed about the subjects offered at technical high schools. The mathematical character of these schools is especially undervalued. People often seem to think that the mathematics at a technical high school is easier than at other high schools. Furthermore, people do not realize that mathematics forms the cornerstone of any technical field of study. Failure in mathematics will inevitably lead to low marks or failure in technical subjects. It seems that many pupils who have already developed a defeatist attitude towards mathematics, seek entry into this type of high school. If so, then why? This study aims to elucidate the mathematical cognitive demands made by mathematically related subjects in a technical high school. At the same time possible relationships will be investigated between choice of type of high school (technical vs non-technical) and : i) attitudes to mathematics; ii) achievement in mathematics; iii) general academic achievement; iv) attitude to school. Pupils at standard five level have already established their attitudes towards subjects. For this study standard five boys from East London English and Afrikaans-speaking primary schools were involved. The reason why girls were not considered was to eliminate the variables of sex-related behaviours. Also, girls do not report in any large numbers for technical education as yet. The results of this study should be of use to those advising standard five pupils on their choice of type of high school. If satisfactory relationships are found between affective-cognitive variables and choice of high school, future researchers may use this towards the construction of a required profile for prospective pupils of technical high schools. There are of course, many other factors in the issue. Variables like social status, parents' own experiences, vested interests of academic high schools and many more are not considered in this study. It is conceded that any in-depth study into attitudes towards mathematics or into choice of type of high school is a many-faceted problem, the scope of which lies beyond this thesis. Suffice to admit that attitudes are complex dispositions resulting from the interactions between a number of affective, cognitive and psychomotor variables.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
Aspects of musical education in Grahamstown, 1832-1950
- Authors: Sparrow, Marion Janet
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: School music -- South Africa -- Grahamstown School music -- Instruction and study -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Music -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004616
- Description: From Introduction: An investigation into aspects of musical education in Grahamstown cannot be isolated from the prevailing economic and social influences and must be seen within that setting. By the 1830's Grahamstown had developed from the frontier military post of 1812, to a settlement with an increasing population, aware of the importance of general education in raising standards and whose attention was concentrated in commerce, allied with agriculture, being a wool centre and a halting-place for traders conveying merchandise northwards, by ox-wagon and later also the chief centre of the ostrich industry. This development had gone on despite a succession of Frontier Wars, the last in 1878. A military presence was felt throughout the years of the nineteenth century and into the early years of the next, although from the late 1850's the chief military posts were in King William's Town and not in Grahamstown. The 1860's witnessed the important discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the first of which was identified by the famous Grahamstonian, Dr William G. Atherstone. This discovery, together with the discovery of gold to the north in the 1880's and the new railway line in that direction side-tracking Grahamstown, plus a slump in the ostrich industry, resulted in the economic decline of the town, but it then directed its energy and enterprise in another direction, education. The many small schools, which had sprung up during earlier decades, were superseded by newly established larger ones, initially for boys, but the 1870's in South Africa saw a revolution in the education of girls (similar to that of the 1850's in England), an occurrence which had an important bearing upon the founding of high schools for girls and Grahamstown was no exception in this respect. In South Africa, tertiary education for women was introduced soon after 1900 (as had occurred in England in the 1870's) and Grahamstown again kept apace. The years of the twentieth century brought about numerous advances in communication (motor cars, roads, aeroplanes, the radio and telephone), the invention of the gramophone, the appearance of "talkies" to replace silent films, the development of electricity as a source of power, great changes from peace to war, worldwide and financial stringency. In addition droughts plagued the farming community. All these influenced life in Grahamstown and education in general. The age of many scholastic institutions in Grahamstown became such, that they were receiving the sons and daughters and also grandsons and granddaughters of former pupils. This continuity played an important part in establishing traditions. Aspects of musical education during more than a century will be examined, firstly, in connection with each individual school and tertiary institution and secondly, by means of a survey. The newspapers, "Graham's Town Journal" and "Grocott's Penny Mail" - later "Grocott's Daily Mail", will be referred to as "IJournal" and "Grocott's", respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Sparrow, Marion Janet
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: School music -- South Africa -- Grahamstown School music -- Instruction and study -- South Africa -- Grahamstown Music -- South Africa -- Grahamstown -- History
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2664 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004616
- Description: From Introduction: An investigation into aspects of musical education in Grahamstown cannot be isolated from the prevailing economic and social influences and must be seen within that setting. By the 1830's Grahamstown had developed from the frontier military post of 1812, to a settlement with an increasing population, aware of the importance of general education in raising standards and whose attention was concentrated in commerce, allied with agriculture, being a wool centre and a halting-place for traders conveying merchandise northwards, by ox-wagon and later also the chief centre of the ostrich industry. This development had gone on despite a succession of Frontier Wars, the last in 1878. A military presence was felt throughout the years of the nineteenth century and into the early years of the next, although from the late 1850's the chief military posts were in King William's Town and not in Grahamstown. The 1860's witnessed the important discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the first of which was identified by the famous Grahamstonian, Dr William G. Atherstone. This discovery, together with the discovery of gold to the north in the 1880's and the new railway line in that direction side-tracking Grahamstown, plus a slump in the ostrich industry, resulted in the economic decline of the town, but it then directed its energy and enterprise in another direction, education. The many small schools, which had sprung up during earlier decades, were superseded by newly established larger ones, initially for boys, but the 1870's in South Africa saw a revolution in the education of girls (similar to that of the 1850's in England), an occurrence which had an important bearing upon the founding of high schools for girls and Grahamstown was no exception in this respect. In South Africa, tertiary education for women was introduced soon after 1900 (as had occurred in England in the 1870's) and Grahamstown again kept apace. The years of the twentieth century brought about numerous advances in communication (motor cars, roads, aeroplanes, the radio and telephone), the invention of the gramophone, the appearance of "talkies" to replace silent films, the development of electricity as a source of power, great changes from peace to war, worldwide and financial stringency. In addition droughts plagued the farming community. All these influenced life in Grahamstown and education in general. The age of many scholastic institutions in Grahamstown became such, that they were receiving the sons and daughters and also grandsons and granddaughters of former pupils. This continuity played an important part in establishing traditions. Aspects of musical education during more than a century will be examined, firstly, in connection with each individual school and tertiary institution and secondly, by means of a survey. The newspapers, "Graham's Town Journal" and "Grocott's Penny Mail" - later "Grocott's Daily Mail", will be referred to as "IJournal" and "Grocott's", respectively.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
Attempts to improve the teaching of English by Black teachers in selected areas of the Eastern Cape and the Transkei, through educational workshops and resource materials
- Authors: Ziskovsky, Lorraine
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers Education -- South Africa Teaching -- Aids and devices
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1410 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003060
- Description: This action research study covers the period November 1983 to August 1985, and is an ethnographic account of what started as a small-scale attempt to assist black teachers of English at the Standard 6, 7 and 8 level, in Grahamstown. During this period, the writer was employed by the South African Council for Higher Education's Grahamstown branch as a part- time English tutor of black and coloured teachers engaged in private study for the Joint Matriculation Board and UNISA. It was under Sached's aegis that the project started, with the writer holding the belief that poor matriculation examination results obtained by blacks were at least partially caused by poor English language communication skills. It was hoped that assistance to black teachers of English as a second language (ESL) at the chosen level (Standards 6, 7 and 8) would be of some help in freeing black students from the necessity of having to achieve academically and linguistically at the same time, in Standards 9 and 10.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Ziskovsky, Lorraine
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: English language -- Study and teaching -- South Africa -- Foreign speakers Education -- South Africa Teaching -- Aids and devices
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEd
- Identifier: vital:1410 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003060
- Description: This action research study covers the period November 1983 to August 1985, and is an ethnographic account of what started as a small-scale attempt to assist black teachers of English at the Standard 6, 7 and 8 level, in Grahamstown. During this period, the writer was employed by the South African Council for Higher Education's Grahamstown branch as a part- time English tutor of black and coloured teachers engaged in private study for the Joint Matriculation Board and UNISA. It was under Sached's aegis that the project started, with the writer holding the belief that poor matriculation examination results obtained by blacks were at least partially caused by poor English language communication skills. It was hoped that assistance to black teachers of English as a second language (ESL) at the chosen level (Standards 6, 7 and 8) would be of some help in freeing black students from the necessity of having to achieve academically and linguistically at the same time, in Standards 9 and 10.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
Bafana ba ka Bede
- Mncube, T, St. Bedes Theological Students, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Mncube, T , St. Bedes Theological Students , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/455782 , vital:75455 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC206a-01
- Description: Anglican hymn with clapping accompaniment sung during St. Bedes Day Celebrations
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Mncube, T , St. Bedes Theological Students , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/455782 , vital:75455 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC206a-01
- Description: Anglican hymn with clapping accompaniment sung during St. Bedes Day Celebrations
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Bafana ba ka Bede
- St. Bedes Theological Students, Mncube, T, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: St. Bedes Theological Students , Mncube, T , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/456026 , vital:75476 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC206b-06
- Description: Anglican hymn with clapping accompaniment sung during St. Bedes Day Celebrations
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: St. Bedes Theological Students , Mncube, T , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata sa
- Language: English
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/456026 , vital:75476 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC206b-06
- Description: Anglican hymn with clapping accompaniment sung during St. Bedes Day Celebrations
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Balapho abangcwele
- Zionists, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Zionists , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa City not specified f-sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/298022 , vital:57656 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD097-10
- Description: Religious Music.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Zionists , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa City not specified f-sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/298022 , vital:57656 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD097-10
- Description: Religious Music.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Banang ho hlahile Maru
- South Sotho Urban Zionist Church, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: South Sotho Urban Zionist Church , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa Lesotho Maseru lo
- Language: Southern Sotho
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/446157 , vital:74470 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC193a-13
- Description: Church song with drum, clapping and bell accompaniment
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: South Sotho Urban Zionist Church , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa Lesotho Maseru lo
- Language: Southern Sotho
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/446157 , vital:74470 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC193a-13
- Description: Church song with drum, clapping and bell accompaniment
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Bangan Nkosi
- Church Choir, Composer Not Specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Church Choir , Composer Not Specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Mackay's Nek sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/323350 , vital:60661 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD165A-11
- Description: Unaccompanied Church Hymn
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Church Choir , Composer Not Specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Mackay's Nek sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/323350 , vital:60661 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD165A-11
- Description: Unaccompanied Church Hymn
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Bangan Nkosi
- Church Choir, Composer Not Specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Church Choir , Composer Not Specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Mackay's Nek sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/323363 , vital:60662 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD165A-12
- Description: Church Hymn with drum accompaniment
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Church Choir , Composer Not Specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Mackay's Nek sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/323363 , vital:60662 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD165A-12
- Description: Church Hymn with drum accompaniment
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Bawo Thuma mina
- Zion Apostolic Holy Church Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Zion Apostolic Holy Church Congregation , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/299097 , vital:57777 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD099-16
- Description: Religious music.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Zion Apostolic Holy Church Congregation , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/299097 , vital:57777 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD099-16
- Description: Religious music.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Bawo wethu
- Zion Apostolic Holy Church Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: Zion Apostolic Holy Church Congregation , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/299028 , vital:57770 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD099-10
- Description: Zionist Church Music.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Zion Apostolic Holy Church Congregation , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Grahamstown f-sa
- Language: Xhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/299028 , vital:57770 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DD099-10
- Description: Zionist Church Music.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Bawo wethu
- St. Bedes Theological Students, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: St. Bedes Theological Students , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/456119 , vital:75485 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC207a-08
- Description: Anglican hymn with drum and Marimba accompaniment sung during St. Bedes Day Celebrations and mass
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: St. Bedes Theological Students , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/456119 , vital:75485 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC207a-08
- Description: Anglican hymn with drum and Marimba accompaniment sung during St. Bedes Day Celebrations and mass
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Bawo wethu
- St. Bedes Theological Seminary Congregation, Composer not specified, Dargie, Dave
- Authors: St. Bedes Theological Seminary Congregation , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata, Eastern Cape sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/456269 , vital:75498 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC202a-02
- Description: Church hymn with Marimba accompaniment sung during consecration of David Patrick Hamilton Russell
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: St. Bedes Theological Seminary Congregation , Composer not specified , Dargie, Dave
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: Folk music , Sacred music , Field recordings , Africa, Sub-Saharan , Africa South Africa Umtata, Eastern Cape sa
- Language: isiXhosa
- Type: sound recordings , field recordings , sound recording-musical
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/456269 , vital:75498 , International Library of African Music, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , Dave Dargie Field Tapes, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa , DDC202a-02
- Description: Church hymn with Marimba accompaniment sung during consecration of David Patrick Hamilton Russell
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1986
Beauty with Cruelty
- Authors: Cornwell, Gareth D N
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/460124 , vital:75894 , https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00284459_426
- Description: New Coin is one of South Africa's most established and influential poetry journals. It publishes poetry, and poetry-related reviews, commentary and interviews. New Coin places a particular emphasis on evolving forms and experimental use of the English language in poetry in the South African context. In this sense it has traced the most exciting trends and currents in contemporary poetry in South Africa for a decade of more. The journal is published twice a year in June and December by the Institute for the Study of English in Africa (ISEA), Rhodes University.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986
- Authors: Cornwell, Gareth D N
- Date: 1986
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/460124 , vital:75894 , https://journals.co.za/doi/epdf/10.10520/AJA00284459_426
- Description: New Coin is one of South Africa's most established and influential poetry journals. It publishes poetry, and poetry-related reviews, commentary and interviews. New Coin places a particular emphasis on evolving forms and experimental use of the English language in poetry in the South African context. In this sense it has traced the most exciting trends and currents in contemporary poetry in South Africa for a decade of more. The journal is published twice a year in June and December by the Institute for the Study of English in Africa (ISEA), Rhodes University.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1986