Enhanced Solar Efficiency via Incorporation of Plasmonic Gold Nanostructures in a Titanium Oxide/Eosin Y Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
- Nyembe, Sanele, Chindeka, Francis, Ndlovu, Gebhu, Mkhohlakali, Andile, Nyokong, Tebello, Sikhwiyhilu, Lucy
- Authors: Nyembe, Sanele , Chindeka, Francis , Ndlovu, Gebhu , Mkhohlakali, Andile , Nyokong, Tebello , Sikhwiyhilu, Lucy
- Date: 2022
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/295783 , vital:57377 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101715"
- Description: Plasmonic gold nanoparticles significantly improved the efficiency of a TiO2 and Eosin Y based dye-sensitized solar cell from 2.4 to 6.43%. The gold nanoparticles’ sizes that were tested were 14 nm, 30 nm and 40 nm synthesized via the systematic reduction of citrate concentration using the Turkevich method. Prestine TiO2 without plasmonic gold nanoparticles yielded an efficiency of 2.4%. However, the loading of 40 nm gold nanoparticles into the TiO2 matrix yielded the highest DSSC efficiency of 6.43% compared to 30 nm (5.91%) and 14 nm (2.6%). The relatively high efficiency demonstrated by plasmonic gold nanoparticles is ascribed to light absorption/scattering, hot electron injection and plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET), influenced by the size of the gold nanoparticles.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022
- Authors: Nyembe, Sanele , Chindeka, Francis , Ndlovu, Gebhu , Mkhohlakali, Andile , Nyokong, Tebello , Sikhwiyhilu, Lucy
- Date: 2022
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/295783 , vital:57377 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101715"
- Description: Plasmonic gold nanoparticles significantly improved the efficiency of a TiO2 and Eosin Y based dye-sensitized solar cell from 2.4 to 6.43%. The gold nanoparticles’ sizes that were tested were 14 nm, 30 nm and 40 nm synthesized via the systematic reduction of citrate concentration using the Turkevich method. Prestine TiO2 without plasmonic gold nanoparticles yielded an efficiency of 2.4%. However, the loading of 40 nm gold nanoparticles into the TiO2 matrix yielded the highest DSSC efficiency of 6.43% compared to 30 nm (5.91%) and 14 nm (2.6%). The relatively high efficiency demonstrated by plasmonic gold nanoparticles is ascribed to light absorption/scattering, hot electron injection and plasmon-induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET), influenced by the size of the gold nanoparticles.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022
Development of graphene materials and phthalocyanines for application in dye-sensitized solar cells
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Dye-sensitized solar cells , Graphene , Phthalocyanines , Molecular orbitals , Impedance spectroscopy
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/166092 , vital:41328
- Description: Two sets of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated. In the first set, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated by incorporating graphene materials as catalysts at the counter electrode. Platinum was also used as a catalyst for comparative purposes. Different phthalocyanines: hydroxyl indium tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), chloro indium octacarboxy phthalocyanine (2) and dibenzoic acid silicon phthalocyanine (3) were used as dyes. Complex 3 gave the highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.19% when using nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (NrGONS) as a catalyst at the counter electrode, and TiO2 containing rGONS at the anode. The value obtained is close to 3.8% obtained when using Pt catalyst instead of NrGONS at the cathode, thus confirming that NrGONS is a promising candidate to replace the more expensive Pt. The study also shows that placing rGONS on both the anode and cathode improves efficiency. In the second set, DSSCs were fabricated by using 2(3,5-biscarboxyphenoxy), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tri(tertbutyl) phthalocyaninato Cu (4) and Zn (5) complexes as dyes on the ITO-TiO2 photoanodes containing reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGONS) or nitrogen-doped rGONS (NrGONS). The evaluation of the assembled DSSCs revealed that using ITO-TiO2-NrGONS-CuPc (4) photoanode had the highest fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (ɳ) of 69 % and 4.36 % respectively. These results show that the asymmetrical phthalocyanine complexes (4) and (5) showed significant improvement on the performance of the DSSC compared to previous work on symmetrical carboxylated phthalocyanines with ɳ = 3.19%.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Dye-sensitized solar cells , Graphene , Phthalocyanines , Molecular orbitals , Impedance spectroscopy
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/166092 , vital:41328
- Description: Two sets of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated. In the first set, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated by incorporating graphene materials as catalysts at the counter electrode. Platinum was also used as a catalyst for comparative purposes. Different phthalocyanines: hydroxyl indium tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), chloro indium octacarboxy phthalocyanine (2) and dibenzoic acid silicon phthalocyanine (3) were used as dyes. Complex 3 gave the highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.19% when using nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (NrGONS) as a catalyst at the counter electrode, and TiO2 containing rGONS at the anode. The value obtained is close to 3.8% obtained when using Pt catalyst instead of NrGONS at the cathode, thus confirming that NrGONS is a promising candidate to replace the more expensive Pt. The study also shows that placing rGONS on both the anode and cathode improves efficiency. In the second set, DSSCs were fabricated by using 2(3,5-biscarboxyphenoxy), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tri(tertbutyl) phthalocyaninato Cu (4) and Zn (5) complexes as dyes on the ITO-TiO2 photoanodes containing reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGONS) or nitrogen-doped rGONS (NrGONS). The evaluation of the assembled DSSCs revealed that using ITO-TiO2-NrGONS-CuPc (4) photoanode had the highest fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (ɳ) of 69 % and 4.36 % respectively. These results show that the asymmetrical phthalocyanine complexes (4) and (5) showed significant improvement on the performance of the DSSC compared to previous work on symmetrical carboxylated phthalocyanines with ɳ = 3.19%.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells based on push-pull asymmetrical substituted zinc and copper phthalocyanines and reduced graphene oxide nanosheet:
- Chindeka, Francis, Mashazi, Philani N, Britton, Jonathan, Oluwole, David O, Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis , Mashazi, Philani N , Britton, Jonathan , Oluwole, David O , Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149076 , vital:38802 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112612
- Description: Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated by using 2(3,5-biscarboxyphenoxy), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tri(tertbutyl) phthalocyaninato Cu (4) and Zn (5) complexes as dyes on the ITO-TiO2 photoanodes containing reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGONS) or nitrogen-doped rGONS (NrGONS). The evaluation of the assembled DSSCs revealed that using ITO-TiO2-NrGONS-CuPc photoanode had the highest fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (ɳ) of 69% and 4.36% respectively. These results show that the asymmetrical phthalocyanine complexes (4) and (5) exhibit significant improvement on the performance of the DSSC compared to our previous work on symmetrical carboxylated phthalocyanines with ɳ = 3.19%.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis , Mashazi, Philani N , Britton, Jonathan , Oluwole, David O , Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2020
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/149076 , vital:38802 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112612
- Description: Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated by using 2(3,5-biscarboxyphenoxy), 9(10), 16(17), 23(24)-tri(tertbutyl) phthalocyaninato Cu (4) and Zn (5) complexes as dyes on the ITO-TiO2 photoanodes containing reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGONS) or nitrogen-doped rGONS (NrGONS). The evaluation of the assembled DSSCs revealed that using ITO-TiO2-NrGONS-CuPc photoanode had the highest fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (ɳ) of 69% and 4.36% respectively. These results show that the asymmetrical phthalocyanine complexes (4) and (5) exhibit significant improvement on the performance of the DSSC compared to our previous work on symmetrical carboxylated phthalocyanines with ɳ = 3.19%.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Optimizing phthalocyanine based dye-sensitized solar cells: The role of reduced graphene oxide
- Chindeka, Francis, Mashazi, Philani N, Britton, Jonathan, Fomo, Gertrude, Oluwole, David O, Sindelo, Azole, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis , Mashazi, Philani N , Britton, Jonathan , Fomo, Gertrude , Oluwole, David O , Sindelo, Azole , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187770 , vital:44695 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.10.021"
- Description: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated by incorporating graphene materials as catalysts at the counter electrode. Platinum was also used as a catalyst for comparison purposes. Different phthalocyanines: hydroxyl indium tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), chloro indium octacarboxy phthalocyanine (2) and dibenzoic acid silicon phthalocyanine (3) were used as dyes. Complex 3 gave the highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.19% when using nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (NrGONS) as a catalyst at the counter electrode, and TiO2 containing rGONS at the anode. The value is close to 3.8% obtained when using Pt catalyst instead of NrGONS at the cathode, thus confirming that NrGONS is a promising candidate to replace the more expensive Pt. The study also shows that placing rGONS on both the anode and cathode improves efficiency.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
- Authors: Chindeka, Francis , Mashazi, Philani N , Britton, Jonathan , Fomo, Gertrude , Oluwole, David O , Sindelo, Azole , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2018
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187770 , vital:44695 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.10.021"
- Description: Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) were fabricated by incorporating graphene materials as catalysts at the counter electrode. Platinum was also used as a catalyst for comparison purposes. Different phthalocyanines: hydroxyl indium tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (1), chloro indium octacarboxy phthalocyanine (2) and dibenzoic acid silicon phthalocyanine (3) were used as dyes. Complex 3 gave the highest power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.19% when using nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (NrGONS) as a catalyst at the counter electrode, and TiO2 containing rGONS at the anode. The value is close to 3.8% obtained when using Pt catalyst instead of NrGONS at the cathode, thus confirming that NrGONS is a promising candidate to replace the more expensive Pt. The study also shows that placing rGONS on both the anode and cathode improves efficiency.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2018
Laser induced photodegradation of Orange G using phthalocyanine–cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticle conjugates electrospun in polystyrene nanofibers
- Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe, Chindeka, Francis, Sekhosana, Kutloano E, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe , Chindeka, Francis , Sekhosana, Kutloano E , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/188617 , vital:44769 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2017.06.028"
- Description: Conjugates of zinc tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (ZnTCPPc) and zinc tetraaminophenoxy phthalocyanine (ZnTAPPc) with amine and carboxyl functionalised cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 MNPs), respectively were electrospun into polystyrene (PS) fibers. The resulting composites; ZnTCPPc-CoFe2O4/PS and ZnTAPPc-CoFe2O4/PS were compared based on their photophysical properties and photocatalytic efficiencies in degrading Orange G (OG) using laser as the photoexcitation source. The photocatalytic efficiencies of ZnTCPPc-CoFe2O4/PS and ZnTAPPc-CoFe2O4/PS were compared based on them having different lengths in the linkage chains between the Pcs and CoFe2O4 MNPs and different sizes. Covalent linkage of the Pcs to the CoFe2O4 MNPs enhanced the singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of the Pcs and CoFe2O4, respectively hence ZnTCPPc-CoFe2O4/PS and ZnTAPPc-CoFe2O4/PS were found to be more effective photocatalysts than their respective Pcs and CoFe2O4 MNPs. Moreover, the kinetic analyses of the photodecomposition of OG showed that the degradation was in agreement with both pseudo-first order kinetics and followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mapukata, Sivuyisiwe , Chindeka, Francis , Sekhosana, Kutloano E , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/188617 , vital:44769 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2017.06.028"
- Description: Conjugates of zinc tetracarboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (ZnTCPPc) and zinc tetraaminophenoxy phthalocyanine (ZnTAPPc) with amine and carboxyl functionalised cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 MNPs), respectively were electrospun into polystyrene (PS) fibers. The resulting composites; ZnTCPPc-CoFe2O4/PS and ZnTAPPc-CoFe2O4/PS were compared based on their photophysical properties and photocatalytic efficiencies in degrading Orange G (OG) using laser as the photoexcitation source. The photocatalytic efficiencies of ZnTCPPc-CoFe2O4/PS and ZnTAPPc-CoFe2O4/PS were compared based on them having different lengths in the linkage chains between the Pcs and CoFe2O4 MNPs and different sizes. Covalent linkage of the Pcs to the CoFe2O4 MNPs enhanced the singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of the Pcs and CoFe2O4, respectively hence ZnTCPPc-CoFe2O4/PS and ZnTAPPc-CoFe2O4/PS were found to be more effective photocatalysts than their respective Pcs and CoFe2O4 MNPs. Moreover, the kinetic analyses of the photodecomposition of OG showed that the degradation was in agreement with both pseudo-first order kinetics and followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Nanocomposites of sulphur-nitrogen co-doped graphene oxide nanosheets and cobalt mono carboxyphenoxy phthalocyanines for facile electrocatalysis
- Shumba, Munyaradzi, Centane, Sixolile, Chindeka, Francis, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Shumba, Munyaradzi , Centane, Sixolile , Chindeka, Francis , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/239665 , vital:50753 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.03.006"
- Description: Nanocomposites consisting of cobalt mono carboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (CoMCPhPc) either covalently linked to graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS), sulphur doped graphene oxide nanosheets (SDGONS), nitrogen doped graphene oxide nanosheets (NDGONS) or sulphur/nitrogen co-doped graphene oxide nanosheets (SNDGONS) or sequentially added were used to modify glassy carbon electrode. The modified electrodes were characterised using several techniques: voltammetry, X-ray photon spectroscopy and scanning electron spectroscopy before testing their activity on the detection of hydrogen peroxide at pH 7. The presence of SNDGONS had a significant improvement on the currents as compared to CoMCPhPc modification alone in both sequentially added or covalently linked to MPcs. CoMCPhPc-SNDGONS(seq)-GCE and CoMCPhPc-SDGONS(linked)-GCE resulted in impressive limits of detection and catalytic rate constant values of 1.58 nM and 5.44 nM, 3.07 × 105 M−1 s−1 and 3.01 × 103 M−1 s−1 respectively. Gibbs energy value was determined to be −21.22 kJ mol−1 for CoMCPhPc-SNDGONS(linked)-GCE indicative of a facile spontaneous electroreduction reaction on the surface of this electrode.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Shumba, Munyaradzi , Centane, Sixolile , Chindeka, Francis , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/239665 , vital:50753 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.03.006"
- Description: Nanocomposites consisting of cobalt mono carboxyphenoxy phthalocyanine (CoMCPhPc) either covalently linked to graphene oxide nanosheets (GONS), sulphur doped graphene oxide nanosheets (SDGONS), nitrogen doped graphene oxide nanosheets (NDGONS) or sulphur/nitrogen co-doped graphene oxide nanosheets (SNDGONS) or sequentially added were used to modify glassy carbon electrode. The modified electrodes were characterised using several techniques: voltammetry, X-ray photon spectroscopy and scanning electron spectroscopy before testing their activity on the detection of hydrogen peroxide at pH 7. The presence of SNDGONS had a significant improvement on the currents as compared to CoMCPhPc modification alone in both sequentially added or covalently linked to MPcs. CoMCPhPc-SNDGONS(seq)-GCE and CoMCPhPc-SDGONS(linked)-GCE resulted in impressive limits of detection and catalytic rate constant values of 1.58 nM and 5.44 nM, 3.07 × 105 M−1 s−1 and 3.01 × 103 M−1 s−1 respectively. Gibbs energy value was determined to be −21.22 kJ mol−1 for CoMCPhPc-SNDGONS(linked)-GCE indicative of a facile spontaneous electroreduction reaction on the surface of this electrode.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
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