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A gender responsive entrepreneurship development (GRED) model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry: : A focus on women sculptors

  • Authors: Basiyawo, Patricia Heriette Mwedzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-177X
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Women-owned business enterprises , Women artists -- Zimbabwe
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21748 , vital:51748
  • Description: This study was based on the GRED model and it sought to proffer solution to the challenges being faced by women sculptor entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The solution is set to help the policy makers, women in the creative industry and non-governmental organizations that work with women in the sculpting industry. The study’s main thrust was to create a gender responsive entrepreneurship development model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The entire study was anchored on determining the conceptual and contextual basis for a gender responsive approach to entrepreneurial development interventions, interrogating current government entrepreneurship approaches in Zimbabwe, determining important antecedents for entrepreneurship development that respond to gender dynamics within the creative industry in Zimbabwe and designing a GRED model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry basing on the findings of the research. The research employed qualitative research, through which focus group discussions, individual interviews, observations and document analysis were exploited for data collection. Armed with permission from UREC and the Ministries responsible for the creative industry, this study established that women in the creative industry were marginalized, poorly resourced and that government approaches and strategies were not being well implemented to benefit them. The study also revealed that most of the entrepreneurial activities were marred by corruption. The following tenets were recommended to foster viable women sculptors’ entrepreneurship: 50:50 representation, robust use of opportunities, business registration, forming of associations, funding, support, training, exhibitions, records keeping, monitoring and evaluation. The above tenets formed the basis of the constructed GRED model. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
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Characterization of sandstone reservoirs and hydrocarbon generation potential of selected four wells in the Pletmos basin, offshore South Africa

  • Authors: Moloi, Busiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6815-4901
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Hydrocarbon reservoirs
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22512 , vital:52387
  • Description: This study focused on the use of data from four wells (Ga-M1, Ga-S1, Ga-Z1, and Gb-J1) comprises of the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous shallow marine clastic sandstones consisting of wildcat wells located in Block 11 of the Pletmos Basin, a sub-basin of the Southern Outeniqua Basin, south offshore South Africa. This research evaluates the hydrocarbon potential in the Pletmos Basin by integrating core and well log data to characterize the source and reservoir rock potential. The methods implemented consist of a mineralogical and petrological analysis of about 300 thin section slides from four wells were studied. Stratigraphic profile computation from core logging, geochemistry analysis focusing on total organic carbon (TOC), geophysical wireline logs, conventional core analysis, geological well reports, and petrophysical analysis (water saturation, porosity, permeability, and volume of clay) were done using Interactive Petrophysics software. The different datasets were used to delineate how the mineralogy, total organic carbon content, poro-perm properties, fluid saturation, and volume of clay impact the hydrocarbon production potential. The evaluated sandstones have depths ranging from 2523.9 m to 3397.2 m with varying thickness depending on the position of the well. The results indicate that the study area consists of shallow marine clastic sandstones with sparse siltstones and mudstone that are fine-grained to silty in texture. The sedimentary sequence is characterized by moderate to intense bioturbation. Depositional environment was in a reducing condition indicated by plenty of glauconites. The tight fine-grained sandstones have low porosity values ranging from 4.5% to 13.8% in the selected intervals. The low porosity values may have been caused by the quartz cement that is observed from the thin sections. Low permeability values ranging from 0 mD to 0.16 mD are present throughout the studied wells caused by calcite cement and clay matrix. Source rock in the studied wells have inferior TOC values ranging from 0.31 wt% to 0.51 wt%. The van Krevelen indicates that the analysed samples have very low hydrogen index (HI) values and are consistent with Type III Kerogen (gas prone). A total of six reservoirs were identified. For well Ga-M1, one reservoir interval (2988.2 m – 30281 m) was selected and is located at BCII formation and was classified as a nonproducing reservoir due to its high water saturation content of 94.2%, even though it has an average porosity of 10.6%. Two reservoirs were selected for well Ga-S1, reservoir one (3026.3 m – 3107.7 m) is located within the 13AT1 formation and was classified as a producing reservoir with an average porosity of 11.9%, water saturation of 38.3%, and volume of clay of 29.5%. Reservoir 2 (3380.7 m – 3397.2 m) and the reservoirs (2970.20 m – 2993.0 m and 3006.80 m – 3049.50 m) from well Ga-Z1 located between the 9AT1 – BCVI formations were classified as non-reservoirs. One selected reservoir from well Gb-J1 had promising gas shows with an average porosity of 19%, water saturation value of 34.8%, and volume of shale of 33.1%. However, well Ga-S1 has a large interval with hydrocarbon potential compared to the well Gb-J1. Results indicate that the absence of hydrocarbon accumulation may result from non-effective seals due to the silty texture of the reservoir sandstones. Also, the presence of calcareous cement, clay minerals, and the argillaceous matrix reduce the porosity and permeability characteristics. To better understand the hydrocarbon potential of the Pletmos Basin, 3D seismic data is recommended to perform seismic well tie analysis for correlation between well log and seismic data to understand the basin‟s potential better. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Dynamics of deviant behaviour among school learners: A case of selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province

  • Authors: Ngwane, Lwando https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-6404-899X
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Deviant behavior
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21015 , vital:46894
  • Description: Deviant behaviour within the school setting poses a threat to the physical and social survival of individuals. Therefore, this study explored the dynamics of deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study had the central aim of achieving the following specific objectives: (i) identify factors contributing to deviant behaviour among school learners, (ii) ascertain consequences of deviant behaviour among school learners, and (iii) establish preventative measures that should be employed to address deviant behaviour among school learners in a selected boy’s high school in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The study utilised a qualitative research approach and a qualitative research paradigm in the form of case study research design. In terms of data collection, the study applied an in-depth one-on-one interviews and focus group discussions. Furthermore, the study employed non-probability sampling, specifically snowball sampling, and sampled twenty (20) participants. These comprised ten (10) learners, three (3) Life Orientation (LO) teachers and seven (7) key informants (School Governing Body (SGB) members and the school principal). In addition, the study employed a qualitative data analysis approach, with data being analysed thematically. The study established that there is no single cause of deviant behaviour among school learners but a series of distinct factors contributing towards deviant behaviour in various ways, such as use of drugs, low self-esteem, poor upbringing, and poor academic performance. Other factors included negative peer group influence, social media, and lack of self-discipline as well as lack of moral values and negative self-concept. The study concludes that through implementation of awareness campaigns, deviance policy, educational programmes, sport and recreational activities, safety and security, and social and behavioural change programmes, deviant behaviour can be addressed at school. Furthermore, it can be concluded that good behaviour among learners are central to effective teaching and learning at school; therefore, this should be inculcated in the learners. In light of the above findings, the Department of Education (DoE), policy makers, and school administrators should ensure that schools are provided with adequate facilities for teaching and learning, sports and recreational activities as well as information communication technologies and internet connectivity. School principals, members of School Governing Bodies (SGBs), teachers and parents should reduce deviant behaviour though increased supervision. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, 2021
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Examining trainee teacher preparation for inclusive education in Zimbambwe

  • Authors: Chikwaka, Miriam
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Inclusive education , Teaching , Education--Zimbabwe--History
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20046 , vital:45091
  • Description: The research examined trainee teachers’ preparation for inclusive education in two teacher training colleges in Zimbabwe. Concerns are being raised that teacher preparation programmes are not adequately preparing trainee teachers for a holistic practice-based inclusive education. There is no agreement on the meaning of the concept of inclusive education. While some teacher educators resort to the traditional special needs education, others have adopted a paradigm shift to holistic inclusive education. The teacher education curriculum has not been aligned to teacher preparation for inclusive education. Trainee teachers go for teaching practice up to certification as qualified teachers without having acquired the skills and competencies for handling classrooms of learners with diverse educational needs. The study adopted pragmatism as the research paradigm, mixed-methods approach and QUAN-QUAL sequential explanatory triangulation of research designs; data collection instruments, data analysis and presentation of results were adopted. The researcher used stratified random sampling for quantitative data collection; and purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling for qualitative data collection. The total sample size was 210 trainee teachers and 20 teacher educators. Research instruments pilot-tested semi-structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and documentary analysis. The internal consistency and validity of the instruments was checked using Cronbach’s alpha test and coefficients above 0.8 were obtained showing that the instruments were reliable and trustworthy. The results were that trainee teachers were inadequately prepared for inclusive educational practice. Teacher educators do not have the adequate subject and pedagogical content knowledge to prepare trainee teachers for inclusive education. Both teacher educators and their trainee teachers do not understand holistic practice-based inclusive education. The challenges in preparing trainee teachers for inclusive education include ignorance of inclusive education legislation, non-inclusive teacher education curriculum, and teacher educators’ lack of inclusive teacher preparation competencies, and shortage of financial and inclusive education material resources. Strategies to improve the quality of teacher preparation for inclusive education practices include policy and teacher education curriculum reforms, teacher educator empowerment, funding, and infrastructure development. The success of inclusive education largely depends on the collaboration between intellectuals, academia industry, governments and the community at large. The keywords are teacher preparation, inclusive education, teacher educator, and trainee teacher. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
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Experiences of caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), South Africa

  • Authors: Stofile, Nolukholo Catherine , Vellem, N M
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Cerebral palsied children -- Home care , Children with disabilities -- Home care
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20131 , vital:45345
  • Description: Caregivers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) may experience some challenges and need support in caring for these children who present with a group of neurological disorders. Cerebral Palsy has been defined as a non-progressive condition of the brain, which results from interference during its development and affects body movement, muscle coordination, including motor and cognitive impairment. The objectives of the study were; to explore, describe, and interpret the experiences of caregivers of children with CP, to interpret the meaning attached to the experiences and interpret different support for caregivers of children with CP in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South. The University of Fort Hare Ethics Committee granted ethical approval. Informed consent was obtained from the participants before data collection. Ethical principles to be followed when conducting a research study has also been discussed with participants and ensured. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was chosen for the study. Four participants were chosen purposively in this study because IPA studies use a detailed account of individual experience. The data collection method used for this study is semi-structured interviews, which were done in the participant’s comfortable environment, and lasted between 40 to 60 minutes, using an interview guide. Data analysis has been done using the 7 steps noted in IPA. The main findings of the study are lived experiences of caregivers caring for children with CP. Participants experienced financial, physical, and psychological challenges in caring for children with CP. Caregivers also received communal support from different stakeholders. Support from family, their employers, other caregivers and the government through the multi-disciplinary team and the provision of social grants. Trustworthiness was ensured by observing the principles of transferability, credibility, confirmability and dependability. , Thesis (MNurs) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021
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Investigation of the levels of PBDEs and PCNs in the surface water and sediments from selected waterbodies in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

  • Authors: Agunbiade, Idowu Victoria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-0312
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Persistent pollutants , Water -- Purification -- Organic compounds removal , Organic water pollutants
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22699 , vital:52660
  • Description: Studies have revealed that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are omnipresent in our environment; almost all human beings have definite levels of POPs in their bodies. Even fetus and embryos are not spared; they have been found to bear certain levels of POPs. So far, there are about 28 chemicals listed as POPs among which are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). PCN and PBDE distributions have been reported from different sources around the world, but studies relating to PCNs occurrence and distribution in Africa, especially South Africa is still minimal. PBDEs have been reported to cause diabetes, cancer, damage to reproductive system, thyroid, liver and other vital organs in the body, while PCNs have been linked to chloracne (severe skin reactions/lesions) and liver disease (yellow atrophy) in humans, chicken oedema and X-disease in cattle. Hence, this study evaluates PCN levels in water and sediment samples from three waterbodies: North End Lake (NEL), Chatty River (CHA) and Makman Canal (MMC), while PBDE levels was reported in NEL and CHA samples. The three sites are located in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. The lake serves as a recreational resort while the latter two waterbodies are tributaries discharging into the Swartkop Estuary, an important estuary in ECP. Water samples were extracted with C18 cartridges (solid phase), while soxhlet was employed for the extraction of sediments. Water and sediment extricates were purified and quantified with gas chromatography-micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD). Forty-seven (47) water samples and 44 sediment samples were collected in August until December 2020 from six sampling points in NEL, five points in each of CHA and MMC. All the samples were evaluated for physicochemical properties, PBDEs and PCNs using validated standard methods. The sampling period covered three South Africa seasons: August (winter), October (spring) and December (summer). The physicochemical parameters (PP) of NEL water samples for the three seasons generally varied as follows: temperature (15.3–23°C), pH (7.9–10.3), oxidation-reduction potential, ORP (23.4-110 mV), atmospheric pressure, AP (14.52-15.56 PSI), turbidity (15.1–167 NTU), electrical conductivity, EC (114–1291 μS/cm), total dissolved solids, TDS (55-645 mg/L), total suspended solids, TSS (20–107 mg/L) and salinity (0.05–0.65 PSU). All the PPs except for turbidity and TSS are within acceptable limits. NEL sediments had moisture content (MC), organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC) in the range of 0.04–8.0percent, 0.08–2.2percent and 0.05–1.8percent, respectively. The sum of eight PCN congeners Σ8PCNs and six PBDE congeners Σ6PBDEs in NEL water samples ranged from 0.164–2.934 μg/L and 0.009-1.025 μg/L individually. The values for Σ8PCNs and Σ6PBDEs in NEL sediment samples varied from 0.991–237 μg/kg and 0.354-28.850 μg/kg, respectively. The calculated hazard quotient (HQ) corresponding to the non-carcinogenic health risk associated with PBDEs in NEL water samples was 2.0×10-3-1.4×10-1, while the TEQ values due to PCNs varied from 6.10×10-7- 3.12×10-3 μg/L in NEL water samples and 3.70×10-5-1.96×10-2 μg/kg dw in sediments. The PP values for CHA water samples include temperature (15.4–22.9°C), pH (7.7–10.5), TDS (991–1771 mg/L), TSS (6–41 mg/L), turbidity (1.0–198 NTU), EC (1981–3542 μS/cm), AP (14.60–14.80 PSI), ORP (-339.1-51.3 mV), and salinity (1.02–1.87 PSU). The EC, TDS and salinity exceeded acceptable values at certain points. The sediments of CHA have MC, OM and OC contents ranging from 0.01-10.2percent, 0.2-1.3percent and 0.1-0.8percent in that order. Sum of Σ8PCNs, Σ6PBDEs in CHA water and sediment samples ranged from 0.026–1.054 μg/L, 0.007-0.079 μg/L and 0.429–1888.468 μg/kg, 0.347-6.468 μg/kg individually. The HQ in CHA water samples was 1.6×10-3-7.7×10-3 and the estimated TEQ was 1.0×10-7-6.62×10-5 μg/L and 1.10×10−5-6.40×10−2 μg/kg in water and sediments, respectively. The temperatures for MMC water samples ranged from 15.6-24.5°C, while other PPs recorded were as follows: pH (8.4-10.2), TDS (943–4002 mg/L), TSS (7-491 mg/L), turbidity (2.9-154.2 NTU), EC (1885-8004 μS/cm), AP (14.53–14.82 PSI), ORP (7.8-130 mV) and salinity (0.96-4.47 PSU). MMC’s sediments recorded MC, OM and OC varying as 0.4- 18.9percent, 0.2-4.5percent and 0.1-2.6percent, respectively across the three seasons. The Σ8PCNs for MMC water and sediment samples were 0.035–0.699 μg/L and 0.260–6744 μg/kg. The TEQ values in MMC water and sediment samples were 1.19×10-7-1.47×10-4 μg/L and 4.43×10−5- 4.19×10−1 μg/kg, respectively. The results are all less than one, and this suggests that the selected water is safe. Results showed that NEL water had highest TEQ, PCN and PBDE concentrations, while MMC sediments recorded maximum TEQ and PCN levels in this study. PBDE concentrations in NEL sediments were above the other site. In conclusion, NEL water was most polluted with both pollutants (PCNs and PBDEs), but MMC sediments contained more PCNs. There is need for the immediate remediation of these selected waterbodies. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Leadership experiences of six female deans in South African universities

  • Authors: Mankayi, Mandisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6732-8559
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Women in higher education , Educational leadership
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26197 , vital:64957
  • Description: The leadership of universities should be aware of and acknowledge the needs of female academics in order to facilitate the creation of an atmosphere that is welcoming to women. Currently, the needs of female academics are not being met by universities. In this study, the experiences of women from the Eastern Cape Province who have held positions as faculty deans in South African universities are investigated from the perspective of leadership. The interpretive paradigm was utilised throughout this qualitative research project. As a means of gathering information for the study, an interview guide with a structured format was combined with personal diaries. The questioning during the interview itself was unstructured because it was determined by the responses received from the people being interviewed. Interviews were conducted with six female deans from three different universities, using a technique called convenience sampling. After finishing the interview using an audio recorder, the recording was transcribed, and a technique called thematic analysis was applied to it. Because the study used theoretical lenses, the standpoint theory and feminist empiricism were both used in its analysis. According to the findings, despite the fact that South Africa has taken steps to ensure that men and women have equal opportunities and that legislation such as the Employment Act has been passed, women continue to face obstacles when trying to occupy higher leadership positions. Even though the study was not explicit in terms of the support they get from their colleagues, they mentioned the lack of support from their male counterparts. They experienced some major challenges as a result of the interaction between their leadership roles and the roles they held in their organisations. The participants suggested the underlying masculine conceptualization of leadership in their day-to-day interactions, such as working after hours and extensive travel, both of which were in conflict with their roles as mothers. According to the suggestions that have been made, the execution of the leadership roles and responsibilities shouldn't just be seen from a man's point of view. The performance of these roles ought to take into account gender sensitivity at every stage. Since things have not really moved in the direction that was anticipated, the government of South Africa ought to move more quickly to implement the equality law. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Education, 2021
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Market participation and welfare of smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa

  • Authors: Lesala, Mahali Elizabeth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9921-2190
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Farms, Small , Economic development -- South Africa , Agriculture -- Economic aspects -- South Africa
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20916 , vital:46745
  • Description: The low market participation of smallholder farmers in markets has received enormous attention from scholars, both in the country and the Eastern Cape Province. However, it is not clear how low their market participation is including its implications on farmer’s welfare. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which smallholder farmers in the homelands of the Eastern Cape participate in output markets and assess how their participation in markets has affected wellbeing of their households. This information will have important practical implications for policy regarding appropriate pathways for poverty alleviation and livelihoods improvements in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province. Three irrigation schemes; Qamata, Zanyokwe and Tyefu irrigation schemes were selected for this study. A sample of 210 smallholder irrigators were interviewed by means of a close-ended questionnaire. The data were analysed by means of descriptive statistical tools, the multiple-level choice models and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique. SPSS and STATA computer programmes were used to carry out all the estimations. The analysis established that, although agriculture is the primary activity for rural livelihoods, it is not the main contributor to family income. Rather, remittances and social grants were the dominant sources of household income in the Qamata, Zanyokwe and Tyefu areas. From the standpoint of market, maize and potatoes are the most popular crops, but potatoes dominate the market. This result confirms that maize is the staple crop and therefore mostly grown for home consumption while production of potatoes is market-oriented. The Market Participation Index (MPI) revealed that farmers sell at least 55 percent of their farm produce, implying that farmers have made some transition from subsistence to semi-commercial farming. However, farmers’ priority still remains food self-sufficiency and market participation only takes place after satisfying their home food needs. The results revealed that the significant factors influencing the farmers’ decisions and their extent of participation in output markets were the age, gender, marital status of the household head, primary occupation of household head, size of farm cultivated, government financial support, access to extension services and farmer’s membership of cooperatives. Concerning the impact of output market participation on welfare of smallholders, the Average Treatment on the Treated (ATT) as the measure of change revealed that participation in output markets has a positive impact on welfare of the smallholder farmers through increased incomes. Farmers who participated in output market were at least R838.44 better off than those who did not participate in markets although social grants and remittances made significantly higher contribution to household welfare. The study suggests that despite some improvements in income of market participants, the standards of living of the rural households are still far from what would be considered optimal. Crop farming evidently contributes less than desired, hence the persistence of the widespread poverty. It is urgent to focus interventions on improving agricultural productivity while widening strategies for improving rural livelihoods beyond agriculture to diversify the choices open to rural dwellers. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Movement behaviour and reproductive biology of adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii) in the Breede Estuary

  • Authors: Ziko, Bantony Alford
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Fishery management , Freshwater fishes , Fishes--Nutrition
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20970 , vital:46870
  • Description: Movements of the adult spotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii), an overexploited estuary-dependant fishery species, were investigated in relation to its reproduction behaviour and selected environmental influences. The South African P. commersonnii population is known to spawn at sea along the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) coastline, whereas there no published records on spawning in the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces exist. However, due to the occurrence of ripe running fish that were reported in the Breede Estuary (Western Cape - WC), an investigation into its reproductive behaviour was necessary, as was gaining a greater understanding of its movements between the estuary, the sea, and other connected habitats. Seven adult P. commersonnii (610 – 690 mm fork length, FL) were captured and implanted with long-life acoustic transmitters and their movements were logged on a linear array of 16 acoustic receivers in the Breede Estuary (WC) and six acoustic receivers in the adjacent marine environment. Movements of the tagged fish to other marine and estuary habitats were also determined using data collected by the Acoustic Tracking Array Platform (ATAP) which is an extended network of acoustic receivers along the South African coastline with receivers at sea and in selected estuaries. Furthermore, adult P. commersonnii tagged in the Goukou (n = 6) (WC) and Sundays (n = 8) (Eastern Cape - EC) estuaries, approximately 50 km and 470 km away, respectively, were also monitored to facilitate an improved understanding of inter-habitat connectivity. Fish tagged in Sundays and Goukou estuaries were monitored by the Acoustic Telemetry Array Platform (ATAP). Each individual fish tagged in the Breede Estuary was monitored between 356 and 1166 days and selected environmental parameters, including water temperature, river flow rate and rainfall, were measured during the study period (November 2016 – March 2020) to assess their influence on the movements of the tagged fish. Furthermore, to determine time of spawning and duration, gonads of 112 adult fish (383 – 700 mm FL) were opportunistically collected from recreational anglers in the Breede Estuary to determine the gonadal maturation cycles by using a combination of Gonado-somatic index (GSI) and histology. The tagged adult P. commersonnii spent significantly more time in the estuary (83.5 percent) than the marine (16.5 percent) environment, with all of the tagged P. commersonnii making sea trips of varying frequency and duration. While in the estuary, fish showed a strong preference for the lower reaches of the estuary compared to the middle and upper reaches. Area use varied seasonally, with the mouth area being heavily utilized during winter, then followed by summer. Sea trips in all three tagging estuaries also fluctuated seasonally, with more frequent movements during summer which lasted for longer periods. This coincided with the peak of the spawning period inferred from the gonad developmental cycle of fish captured in the Breede Estuary. Results from a generalized linear mixed model showed that the presence of Breede tagged P. commersonnii in the sea, where the species is known to spawn, was significantly influenced by water temperatures in the estuary and river flow rate with fish more likely to occur at sea during warmer months (summer) and periods of high river flow (winter). Furthermore, circular analysis showed that season (month) had a significant influence on the departure from and arrival in the Breede Estuary, with most departures and arrivals occurring during January. Moreover, P. commersonnii tagged in the Sundays Estuary also showed similar results where both departures and arrivals were influenced by season, mostly taking place in December and January, respectively. The increased frequency of sea trips by adult P. commersonnii in summer suggests regional spawning occurring in the WC. Based on the similar movement behaviour displayed by tagged fish in the Sundays Estuary, it is possible that spawning also occurs in the EC. Most of the P. commersonnii tagged in all the three estuaries never left their tagging estuaries (57 percent Breede, 66 percent Goukou, 38 percent Sundays), only making short sea trips, while others displayed use of multiple habitats. On average, the tagged P. commersonnii that left their tagging estuaries travelled a maximum distance of 377 km (Breede), 63 km (Goukou) and 300 km (Sundays). Tagged fish were more likely to visit nearby estuaries and offshore marine habitats (< 130 km) compared to distant ones (> 130 km). These results suggest that there are high levels of localised connectivity between P. commersonnii populations in different habitats although connectivity between distant habitats appears to be rare. Connectivity will likely occur on habitats located close to the boundaries of the WC, EC and KZN. The findings from this long-term monitoring study have shown that adult P. commersonnii rely heavily on the estuarine environment, undertaking short sea trips, thus demonstrating the importance of estuaries to the adult population. Due to various threats faced by estuaries such as habitat degradation and overexploitation, management of these systems is paramount to conserve such fishery resources. Due to the resident behaviour of the P. commersonnii within estuaries, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and area closures, in conjunction with Estuarine Protected Areas (EPAs) will be significant in the recovery and management of P. commersonnii populations. Since P. commersonnii appears to reach peak spawning activity during summer when fishing pressure is usually highest, improved enforcement during this period is necessary to conserve the spawning stock. As connectivity is an important aspect in the life of the P. commersonnii, ensuring such connectivity is maintained by protecting all these habitats is important. , Thesis (MSc) (Zoology) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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Portrayals of masculinity in selected Nigerian plays

  • Authors: Onuoha, Beatrice Nwawuloke
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Masculinity in literature , Nigeria -- In literature
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22131 , vital:51985
  • Description: This work critically interrogates the portrayal of masculinity in plays written by both male and female Nigerian playwrights. Selected plays (three from each author) of Wole Soyinka, Femi Osofisan, Tess Onwueme and Tracie Utoh-Ezeajugh were studied in order to proffer answers to certain critical questions, some of which include determining whether the way male playwrights construct the psychosocial temperament of lead male characters differs from how such is depicted in the works of female authors. The study also sought to ascertain how the concept of masculinity has evolved through the careers of three generations of playwriting in Nigeria. While evaluating the differences that exist in the portrayal of masculinity in the male lead characters in the works of selected male playwrights when compared to those of their female counterparts, the study equally examines the portrayals of male identities in the selected texts. It also evaluates the notion of masculinity shift among the three generations of Nigerian playwrights with a view to ascertaining how textual portrayals of characters and events reflect the changing values that are held about male identities in different Nigerian societies. In executing these objectives, the study adopts a qualitative method, and then eclectically employs Raewyn Connell’s (1995) Theory of Masculinity, Judith Butler’s (1990) Theory of Performativity, and Louis Athan Althusser’s (1970) Idea of Interpellation as the Theoretical Framework to guide the analysis and interpretation of the selected texts. Furthermore, the study follows a constructivist model that involves several stages including the identification of the selected plays as the main texts, a perusal of the plays, review of the literature on gender portrayals in the plays, and a critiquing of the portrayal of masculinity in them. The findings of the analysis reveal that masculinity is a conditional, provisional and elusive subject. It is created in a certain socio-cultural and historical context and evolves according to situations. The studied texts demonstrate the artistic agency of women in constructing men’s masculinity. They imply that masculinity and femininity are like Siamese twins in the building of a peaceful, strong, and new nation. Moreover, the playwrights under study divulge that power is the key factor in (de)constructing and (re)defining of masculinity of men. Through their plays, the dramatists challenge and attempt to change the stereotypical constructs of men, dismantle the traditional gender roles and propose a new way of envisioning gender, where hegemonic principles can be nullified. It is therefore the submission of this work that Soyinka, Osofisan, Onwueme and Utoh-Ezeajugh do not affirm the social construct of masculinity but rather interrogate them. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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The implementation of National Core Standards with specific reference to clinical leadership: A case of Frere Hospital

  • Authors: Rasi, Wandisa
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Health facilities -- Standards , Health services administration -- Standards
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21914 , vital:51842
  • Description: BACKGROUND: Generally, many people in South Africa have difficulty accessing quality health services due to poor public service. Over 42 million citizens do not have health insurance and are growing sicker as they age. Health facilities, such as public health centers, are their only recourse. Health authorities in South Africa fail to monitor patient care effectively, as evidenced by their uninspiring record on patient experience. Anecdotes of poor patient experiences are extensive with the health ombudsman. The Office of Health Standards Compliance (OHSC) reports horrifying stories of patients sleeping on hospital floors due to the shortage of beds, patients unable to receive critical surgical treatment due to shortage of doctors, medical supplies and equipment failure or lack thereof. A few union protests have highlighted the poor quality of public healthcare. But it is not uncommon for South Africans to voice their displeasure over poor public healthcare. Health services are individualised and there is no specific interest group or community that is affected by this overall unpleasant experience. Indications of the growing public campaign against the deteriorating healthcare system may be as simple as the increasing number of medical legal claims. This study focuses on the implementation of national core standards with specific reference to clinical leadership. This study focuses on the implementation of national core standards with specific reference to clinical leadership. RESEARCH AIM: This research seeks to explore the effectiveness of the implementation of NCSs with specific reference to Clinical Leadership in Frere Hospital. It also wants to assess if the Frere hospital upholds the national core standards METHOD: qualitative research design was used in this study. Semi-structured, individual interviews were conducted. CONCLUSION: The researcher concluded that it is quite evident that the public health sector is complex and that environmental influence affect the ECDOH Functions within the health system. There is a relationship between clinical leadership and service delivery; now, to improve service delivery within the Frere hospital, strong leadership is needed to drive the change towards implementing the NCS. Ultimately, Frere hospital does not uphold the NCSs, and the staff needs to be educated on what is and how it can improve the hospital’s service delivery. RECOMMENDATIONS: Effective public leadership development, high performing and accountable leadership behavioural measurement at the most senior level at the Frere hospital is very empirical in driving effective delivery of services to patients. Effective Performance management, visible leadership role at all management levels. Performance appraisal system needs to be engineered to focus on performance and results. Recognition and Implementation of clinical leadership. Establish a culture and implementation of good governance principles in health institutions. Establish an institution based OHSC office that is visible and implement NCS through Batho Pele Principles. , Thesis (MPH) -- Faculty of Health Sciences, Public Health, 2021
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The influence of socially constructed masculinities on gender-based violence: A content analysis of published academic literature

  • Authors: Cajee, Mumtaaz
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Family violence , Sex (Psychology)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23688 , vital:58304
  • Description: Gender-based violence is a global epidemic. Masculinities-focused interventions have a positive influence on behaviour and contribute toward positive attitudes and gender equality (Das et al., 2012). These interventions have a positive influence on factors associated with gender-based violence. However, some studies found that this influence is behavioural and does not influence patriarchal beliefs (Jewkes et al., 2010; Roy & Das, 2014). Highlighting that intervention on gender-based violence requires redress. This research sought to establish what has been published in academic literature on the influence of masculinities on gender-based violence. The research was addressed through the social constructionist paradigm; it used a mixed methods approach to research. A content-analysis was applied to 100 published academic articles that were sampled from the University of Fort Hare’s online library database using purposive sampling. The research method and design is appropriately suited to the theoretical framework – social constructionism. Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) software was used to code the quantitative and qualitative data through deductive and inductive means. The quantitative results were interpreted using descriptive statistics. The qualitative findings were analysed using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The research in this sample is mostly qualitative, majority of the research within the sample was published between 2007 and 2018, and male participants are primarily focused on within research on this topic. Majority of the research within the sample was conducted using North American Participants. The findings support previous literature. They indicated that masculine norms, compensatory masculinity, and victimization of gender non-conforming individuals are the most prominent themes within the sample. The results indicated various gaps within the research. There is an indication that different dimensions of masculinity are associated with different forms of gender-based violence. It is recommended that future research focus on the different dimensions of masculinity and their association with various forms of genderbased violence in order to appropriately inform preventative strategies and intervention. , Thesis (MSoc) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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The role of cooperatives in local economic development in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality: A participatory monitoring and evaluation approach

  • Authors: Gxabuza, Fundiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-7365
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Cooperative societies , Economic development , Participatory monitoring and evaluation (Project management)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20273 , vital:45645
  • Description: The goal to halve unemployment in South Africa by 2014 has remained, to date, elusive. In the particular case of the Eastern Cape Province, the challenge of combating unemployment is even more daunting, as it currently faces high unemployment rates. However, while there is evidence that initiatives to promote employment generation could be reinforced through Local Economic Development (LED) and, in particular, cooperatives, not much has been reported on how cooperatives contribute in minimising unemployment in the Province. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) points to the inadequacy of the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of cooperatives as a critical challenge that has largely remained unaddressed. The inadequacy of M&E in respect to the role of cooperatives in employment and LED has affected cooperatives, generally, and those operating in the Eastern Cape, particularly. This study argues for a participatory approach to relevant M&E frameworks and, thus, presents a participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) framework for evaluating cooperatives’ impact on LED. The testable framework for PM&E is partially derived from participatory action research (PAR) methodologies, where the researcher and cooperatives identify and define the problem to be solved. The thesis then develops the framework by integrating PM&E and PAR approaches in the evaluation of cooperatives’ role in employment creation and LED. By reviewing relevant literature, this study identified, assessed, and synthesized important elements for its suggested framework. Research on cooperatives has tended to focus on their role as agents of development, and much has already focussed on sharing relevant lessons learnt. Fewer studies have, by contrast, focussed on an engaged methodology for the evaluation of cooperatives’ efforts in development. The findings of this current study show that a PM&E/PAR framework must be a joint effort of all affected parties; where the researcher and/or facilitator assumes the role of a change agent, and where participants are leaders of the movement in the course for action. This study was based in East London, and the target population consisted of primary cooperatives. Primary cooperatives are defined by the Buffalo City Integrated Cooperative Development Strategy (BCMM ICDS, 2016) are cooperative that have at least five members, and whose aim is providing employment to said members. The research design for this study was exploratory and inductive. As noted previously, this study adopted a qualitative research approach that combined PAR and PM&E. Two sets of data collection were utilised, namely focus group interviews (FGIs) and an emailed questionnaire (EQ). The FGIs were conducted with the overall study population, namely 14 cooperatives. The EQ was given to specific individual participants, namely senior government and municipal officials who are responsible for the noted cooperatives. The underlying theoretical framework for this research was empowerment, agency, and the theory of community development. A qualitative data analysis was utilised based on the translation of meaning not frequency. The search for meaning elicited rich insights pertaining to participants’ views and interpretations. In all, this study established that the participating Eastern Cape cooperatives have not yet achieved their desired contributory role of promoting LED; specifically, in terms of job creation. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
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Theme and protest in the South African post-apartheid novel: a case study of the writings of three black South African novelists

  • Authors: Moyo, Mbongeni https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-9671
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Postcolonialism in literature , Apartheid in literature , Protest literature, South African (English)
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22023 , vital:51937
  • Description: This study analyses a selected cohort of black South African novelists‟ depiction of the real burning issues of the post-Apartheid South Africa. The ideas that the study is concerned with in the novel under study, are based on the aspect of theme and how it is utilised by the respective authors to address the social, economic and political issues in the post-Apartheid South Africa. The study is an investigation of the extent to which black South African novelists have depicted the aforementioned issues. The research highlights those issues that the novels under study addressed and continues by revealing how the authors depict these issues in their texts. Moreover, the study concludes that literature has a role to play in the society and recommends that it should be reliable and useful to the society. It further recommends that literature should not ignore societal issues and should be corrective in its approach. The study is comprised of six chapters: Chapter One functions as an introduction to the study. It provides information on the aims and objectives of the study, the background information on the novels under study and South African literature itself. The chapter also outlines the method and the theories, which will be used in the study. It concludes by addressing the significance of the study. Chapter Two provides a detailed analysis of the theories, which will be used in the study. This includes the Marxism and Realism theory, Afrocentric theory and the Feminist Literary theory. It also defines the concept of theme and outlines its characteristics. It discusses post-colonial literature and its development in Africa. The chapter will conclude with a disclosure of the role of theme and of the author in the African novel. Chapter Three addresses the depiction of burning issues in Mpe‟s novel “Welcome to Our Hillbrow”. It discusses the real post-colonial challenges confronting the society during the post-Apartheid South Africa. It determines whether the novel under study adequately addresses these issues. Chapter Four identifies and addresses the depiction of burning post-colonial issues in Magona‟s novel “Beauty‟s Gift”. It unveils the themes that are dealt with in the novel under study thereby linking them effectively to the current situation in the new South Africa. Chapter Five unveils the central themes in Mahala‟s Novel “When a Man Cries” and it illustrates how the author protests against the ills of post-Apartheid South Africa. Chapter Six serves as the conclusion of the study and brings out the findings and recommendations of the study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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Use of Information Communication Technology for personal information management by University of Fort Hare students in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities

  • Authors: Mafu, Phumelela https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-3150-0828
  • Date: 2021-06
  • Subjects: Information technology , Personal information management
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20992 , vital:46884
  • Description: This study investigated information communication technology for personal information management by the University of Fort Hare (UFH) students in the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities (FSSH). The objectives were to: find out which information communication technology applications and tools the students often use to acquire personal information; determine at what stage the students often experience a high influx of personal information and how to cope with the technology, and establish the challenges the students encounter when using information communication technology to manage personal information. The aim was to assess information communication technology for personal information management by UFH students in the FSSH. A sample of sixty respondents was randomly selected to represent a large population hoping that the results could be generalized to all FSSH students and make predictions. A quantitative research approach was chosen, utilizing the survey design and the Theory of Planned Behavior because of attitudes, behavioral control, and subjective norm. The findings reveal that 55percent of the students prefer to use portable devices, laptops to be specific to access and store information. Even though there are many search engines, 93percent of the students often use Google to search and access academic purposes on the internet. Their primary reason is that it is easy to access, download, and store information from Google. It was also established that 26percent of the students face challenges such as slow internet or damaged computers, unavailability of Wi-Fi, and crowded computer labs. This hindered their learning process. As a result, out of desperation, racing against time to submit assignments, students end up committing plagiarism. Moreover, the study's findings showed that 50percent of the students encounter information overload before they write their exams because, at this point, they are working towards collecting as much information as possible to be prepared for the exams. Furthermore, the study affirmed that 57percent of the students agree that possessing computer skills helps students in their academic journey and confirmed that students from previously disadvantaged backgrounds lack of computer skills negatively affect their academic performance. They need a quantum leap to acquire computer skills imperative for their information access, engagement, consumption, and knowledge production. , Thesis (MLIS) -- Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Humanities, 2021
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A content analysis of fan perceptions of the South African soap opera 7de Laan

  • Authors: Tsewu, Xola
  • Date: 2021-05
  • Subjects: Television soap operas , Television program genres
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23226 , vital:56477
  • Description: Soap operas are no longer only televised but the producers or content creators are branching out to other media, to make their content available to all kinds of audience. Increasingly, soap opera episodes can be shared not only on TV but also on the internet and this means its audience reach is extended. The focus of the study was on online audience of the South African soap opera 7de Laan, this exploratory study was conducted to assess the participation and activities of an online fan community. The study focused on a convenience sample of 10 asynchronous commentary forums attached to the 7de Laan YouTube channel. The sample included 1011 participants collectively providing 2312 comments. User names are not used in this study. The study intended to achieve the following objectives: 1. To conduct a qualitative content analysis of references to characters during the course of the ten episodes; 2. To find out what the users say about those characters and the plots in which they occur; and 3. To measure the coding in order to gain an impression of the interests and concerns of participants making up the online audience with respect to the soap opera narrative. The data set was coded and explored by means of the Qualitative data analysis programme NVivo 10. The raw material was collated into individual files for each participant, and imported into analysis programme. The analysis proceeded as three stages. The first stage revealed those characters that interested participants, ranging from those who attracted the most interest, to those who attracted the least. The second stage aimed to find out what themes coincided with these characters. The third stage aimed to find out what participants through about the soap opera 7de Laan itself. These stages correspond to three sets of appendices. The findings show a close correspondence between the relative airing of the five sub-plots that constitute the soap opera narrative, and the interest that online audience participants show through their comments. , Thesis (MSoc Sci) (Communication) --Faculty of Social Science and Humanities , 2021
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An analysis of orthographic errors in isiXhosa texts: a case of grade 11 isiXhosa home language (l1) in the Western Cape

  • Authors: Titi, Nonzolo
  • Date: 2021-05
  • Subjects: Language and languages -- Orthography and spelling
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22210 , vital:51998
  • Description: This case study reveals that the written language of a group of Grade 11 isiXhosa first language (L1) learners presents errors which seem to have serious implications for their linguistic competence, performance in their learning, language development and language conservation. These errors include different regular language components, such as grammar, spelling, word division, punctuation, vocabulary, capitalization, syntax and semantics. Additional to these errors are the newly discovered categories of anomalies, such as new lexical items, incomplete words, incorrect word construction, inter-categorical range, multiple deviations and writing inconsistencies. The writing of these learners not only reflects various orthographic errors and inconsistency in their usage of isiXhosa, which translates into language deficiency, but also implies gaps within the education system and its policies, as well as inefficient isiXhosa curriculum design as some of the factors contributing to the existence of these errors. Possible causes of these errors include educational causes; lack of orthographic knowledge and limited reading, socio-cultural causes; interference of other languages and the influence of the media, and attitudinal causes; lack of respect and contempt for the language and lack of learner interest in the language. Adopting a combined mixed method with a predominantly qualitative approach, this study examines errors presented in the writings of Grade 11 isiXhosa L1 learners with a view to establishing the nature and scope of these errors. The key objectives of this study were investigated by means of scientific papers both published and publishable as book chapters, books, dissertations, education policies, online publications and journal articles - both international and accredited journals. Drawing on various conceptual and analytical frameworks (Hymes 1972; Corder 1981), the study scrutinizes the contents and presents observations of the elements and themes that emanate from the eighteen (18) learners’ isiXhosa essays and seven (7) voice-recorded isiXhosa teachers and subject advisers’ interviews which were used as data. Findings reveal that learners struggle to master some language aspects, with their usage reflecting serious deviations from the standard orthography. These findings have serious implications for language teaching and learning as these errors tend to affect the learners’ linguistic competence and performance, language development, as well as language conservation. Also, serious violations of the standard orthographic rules are noticeable; and this observation raises concerns about the fate and sustainability of the language. It is recommended that interventions and strategies be applied in respect of the teaching and learning of isiXhosa in order to maintain its standard orthography, to preserve the language, improve the learning and teaching of the language, maintain communicative competence and facilitate appropriate application of the language in a learning context, especially in speaking and writing. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2021
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An evaluation of agricultural extension as a measure to improve broad-based Black economic empowerment in -the Eastern Cape Province: the case of orTambo District Municipality.

  • Authors: Mambila, Lawrence Nzimeni
  • Date: 2021-05
  • Subjects: Food security , Agricultural extension work , Land tenure
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21333 , vital:48486
  • Description: This research evaluates the extent to which broad-based black economic empowerment has been achieved as a result of the implementation of different agricultural · extension programmes in Mthatha. The overall analysis and interpretation of the findings imply that to a significant extent, broad-based black economic empowerment has been_ achieved as a result of the implementation of different agricultural extension programmes in Mthatha. This is attributable to the fact that as much as some of the respondents disagreed, most of the - 97 sampled farmers were also ·found to agree that the implementation of different agricultural extension programmes in Mthatha has influenced increased farm ownership by black farmers increase in land ownership by black farmers, the development of farming skills of black farmers and increased embracement of agriculture, as a business. Some of the sampled 97 farmers also acknowledged that such agricultural extension programmes have influenced improvement in productivity and production to boost the socio-economic development of the communities in Mthatha, expansion of numerous employment opportunities .to catalyse increase in sources of income for communities in Mthatha and improvement in food security to leverage the economic independence of communities in Mthatha. However, despite some significant progress, findings imply that there are challenges that are marring the achievement of broad-based black economic empowerment. It emerged from the findings that challenges of implementation of agricultural extension programmes, as mechanisms for achieving broad-based black economic empowerment in Mthatha, arise from lack of financial capital, poor support from government, low motivation among the population and emergence of natural calamities such as stronger sunshine that causes draught. To address the above challenges, the survey explored the opinions of the participants on intervention measures that can be undertaken. The survey results indicated that measures used for ensuring that the implementation of agricultural extension programmes impact on the improvement of broad-based black economic empowerment encompass constant training and visit by agricultural specialists from Mthatha Department of Agriculture, the use of ordinary farmers as trainers, encouragement of farmers to form groups, as a basis for training community members and frequent intervention from the district, if needed. , Thesis (MCom) (Development Studies) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
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Application of geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface geology of Kuruman and Kono areas in Griqualand West Basin, South Africa

  • Authors: Mthintweni, Sylvia Lwandisa
  • Date: 2021-05
  • Subjects: Geology , Soil surveys--Geophysical methods
  • Language: English
  • Type: Master's theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22555 , vital:52456
  • Description: Kono and Kuruman areas belong to the geology of the Campbell Rand and Asbestos Hills Subgroups, Ghaap Group in the Griqualand West Basin. Campbell Rand Subgroup comprises interbedded chert, limestone and dolomite rocks of dominantly the Kogelbeen Formation covered with a thick regolith of red sand and weathered material. The Asbestos Hills Subgroup consists of a banded iron formation (BIF) of the Kuruman Formation overlain by the Kalahari sands. Petrographic and mineralogical analyses and various geophysical methods were utilised to investigate the surface and subsurface conditions of the study areas. This study was done to characterize and understand the geology of Kuruman and Kono and identify the structural lineaments. Rock samples of varying lithology were collected in the field for laboratory analyses that include preparation of thin sections and petrographic analyses and density and porosity determinations. Both the petrographic results and XRF analyses revealed that iron oxide (Fe2O3) and silica (SiO2) are the most abundant minerals in BIF. Iron oxide and silica percentages range between 21.17-39.97 wt % and 59.03-78.01 wt %, respectively. BIF has an average density of 3.0 g/cm3 and porosity of 2.51% and dolomite has an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and porosity of 0.17%. The Bouguer anomaly values range between - 119.00 mGal and -1 17.29 mGals. High gravity anomalies are attributed to shallow fresh bedrock and this was confirmed by the seismic line that cuts across the map. The gravity high observed in the Kuruman profile coincides with the thick BIF body observed in the field. The gravity analytic signal indicates a width of about 1125 m for the BIF and inferred two normal faults at about 675 m and 1500 m. The high magnetic anomalies in the ground magnetic map correspond to chert rich dolomite ridges in the field and the intermediate to lows correspond to dolomitic terrains. A geological map was superimposed on an aeromagnetic map to correlate the two. The linear magnetic high trending from NW – SE coincide with BIF. Older dykes trending east-west were intruded by younger dykes trending north-south. The total counts channel map for Kono area shows the measured total gamma radiation count in the study area and the concentrations of radioelements range between 51.84 and 94.64 counts/sec. The concentrations of potassium, thorium and uranium range from 0.12 – 0.51%, 0.83 – 5.23 ppm and 0.06 – 2.27 ppm, respectively. A high concentration of radiometric elements cutting through the central part of the map stretching from northwest to southeast was observed in a ternary map and this could be associated with chert rich dolomite outcrops. Seismic refraction tomography (SRT) cross-section for study area 1 in Kono revealed 3 different layers. The topmost layer comprises sand and loose material and has a velocity ranging from 614 – 1194 m/s. It is underlain by highly to slightly weathered dolomite with a velocity that ranges from 1774 – 2354 m/s. Layer 3 is the fresh bedrock dolomite and has a velocity of 2934 m/s. Three layers were observed in study area 2 for Kuruman. Layer 1 had a velocity of 300 – 750 m/s, the second layer had a velocity of 1200 – 2100 m/s and the bottom layer’s velocity was 2500 – 2999 m/s. An inferred fault is indicated on the western side of the seismic section at about 650 m. The dipole-dipole resistivity model for the main survey line in Kono revealed that the area is underlain by fractured bedrock with high resistivity in places. A thick conductive stratum was observed at the beginning of the line. The resistivity models for the sinkhole in Kono were characterized into three resistivity zones. High resistivity values (1000 – 134202 Ωm) are due to slightly weathered to fresh bedrock, intermediate values (24 – 5770 Ωm) are interpreted to be due to highly weathered dolomite and compacted dolomitic soils and very low resistivity zones (4 – 397 Ωm) are inferred to be karstic cavities. , Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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Aspects of the ecology of the estuarine round-herring Gilchristella aestuaria (Pisces: Clupeidae) and its small-scale fishery potential

  • Authors: Zvavahera, Munetsi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-1943
  • Date: 2021-05
  • Subjects: Small-scale fisheries , Silversides
  • Language: English
  • Type: Doctoral theses , text
  • Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/22765 , vital:52752
  • Description: In the past two decades, there has been increasing pressure for small-scale inland fisheries to play a central role in food and nutrient security for poor communities in South Africa. For decades, South African inland fisheries have focussed on the exploitation of large fish species and generally ignored the exploitation of inland small fish species (SFS). This research aimed to assess the ecology and small-scale fishery potential of the estuarine round-herring, Gilchristella aestuaria. To understand the ecology of G. aestuaria better, morphometric trait analysis and fish condition of populations in relation to environmental variables (salinity, pH, temperature, turbidity and chlorophyll-a) were done. Fish were supplemented with samples acquired from the SAIAB collection facility for 14 sites to cover all the three South African biogeographic regions, stretching from Lake Sibaya (KZN) to the Orange River estuary in the western parts of the country. The morphometric trait analysis showed that G. aestuaria populations can be distinguished based on the trait variation, however there were many overlaps for populations that are interconnected, with distant/ geographically separated populations showing clear differences. Morphometric traits of the G. aestuaria population were significantly different, however there was no strong directional relationship with environmental variables and variation in morphometric traits. However, fish condition as measured by Fulton’s condition (K) and relative weight (Wr) showed variation between populations found in different environments. These differences suggest that these populations must be managed differently if G. aestuaria is to be exploited in managed fisheries. To determine the potential nutrient value of G. aestuaria to the human diet, samples from two freshwater sites and five estuarine sites were analysed for essential macro and micronutrients. The nutrient content of G. aestuaria revealed there is potential for exploitation, as the species has a high macro (protein and fat) and micronutrient composition (calcium, iron and zinc). Mean ± SD of selected nutrients were protein (61.7±5.0 g/100g), fat (20.4±3.7g/ 100g), calcium (3507.5±314.0mg), iron (40.37±14.0mg/ 100g), zinc (22.47±5.6mg/ 100) and vitamin A (37.3±44.4 RAE/ 100g). The nutrient composition of fish collected from freshwater sites was comparable to those collected from estuarine environments. Using the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) from literature, the mass of fish and the number of fish that would provide a minimum amount for each nutrient were calculated. A child would require only 13.4g of dry G. aestuaria or approximately 74 dried fish to meet the daily requirements of zinc. Other minerals such as iron and calcium also showed a similar low weight or number of fish required to meet daily requirements for the different categories. A small number of G. aestuaria are needed to meet RDA for groups (children, adult men, adult women, pregnant women and lactating mothers). A comparison was done for the nutrient composition of G. aestuaria with reference species that are already harvested for human consumption in some African and Asian countries. The protein content of G. aestuaria was comparable to Chisense (Microthrissa moeruensis) and Kapenta Limnothrissa miodon), while the fat composition was more than twice Chisense and Kapenta. Comparing the mineral composition, G. aestuaria had more than three times higher calcium than Mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) and Puti (Puntius sophore). Zinc composition was four times higher than M. moeruensis and L. miodon. Further exploration of the ecology of G. aestuaria was studied using the Sundays River irrigations ponds as a case study that would represent small impoundments across South Africa. Species rank abundance curve and catch per unit effort (CPUE) on the Sundays Irrigation ponds revealed that G. aestuaria dominated numerically and biomass in the Sundays River irrigation ponds. To assess the potential of harvesting G. aestuaria harvesting experiments were conducted using depletion (removal) sampling. Catchweight (kg) ranged from 2.16 (1.03; 3.28) to 61.25 (44.40; 78.09) kg and the estimated biomass from the depletion model ranged from 1.05 to 40.19 kg/ha for September 2019. The depletion model revealed that small impoundments have high biomass per hectare of G. aestuaria ranging from which indicates that the species may not support a commercial fishery but small-scale fisheries. In conclusion, G. aestuaria could become a meaningful contribution to the food and nutrient security of poor communities where available as a food source through small-scale fishery exploitation. The extent of this contribution may depend on its production potential in various regions and environments. More research is however needed to determine the long-term sustainability of harvesting of G aestuaria by looking at how populations respond to harvesting. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, 2021
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