The development of a larval feeding regimen for dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, with a specific focus on the effect of weaning period on larval development and survival
- Authors: Keet, Thomas
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146577 , vital:38538
- Description: One of the biggest limiting factors in marine finfish aquaculture is the low survival rate of early-stage larvae. Most mortalities can be ascribed to the poor nutritional value of live feeds, sibling cannibalism, and various stressors that result in swim bladder hyperinflation and/or starvation during the larval stage. Research results vary on the best timing for the introduction of artificial feed for good survival and growth rate in dusky kob larvae. The main objective of this experiment was to improve survival and growth rate. The experiment focused on a new feeding regime that sought to wean larvae onto an artificial diet earlier than the current Argyrosomus japonicus standard (weaning commenced at 16 days after hatch (DAH) versus 20 days after hatch), based on findings and recommendations made by Musson & Kaiser (2014). Three trials were conducted, each with five replicates of the two treatments, namely the new feeding regime and the standard feeding regime in a fully randomised design. Samples from each tank were collected every two days for the duration of the trial. Morphometric measurements (standard length; body depth; eye diameter) obtained from these sample larvae were used to compare growth rates between treatments. The ratio of BD:SL was used to assess larval condition throughout each trial. Tank survival rates were calculated on the last day of each trial.The study indicated that in mean water temperatures ranging from 24.3 – 25.2 °C, dusky kob larvae can be weaned onto an artificial pellet diet from 16 - 21 DAH without any negative effects on growth, condition and survival. Results from the highest mean temperatures of Trial 2 show a better mean condition in the treatment group during the weaning period (p < 0.05). In Trial 3, with its lower mean water temperatures of 23.2 °C, larvae in both treatments showed stunted absolute growth rates of all biometrics when compared to results from the higher mean temperatures of Trials 1 and 2. During the first 6 days of Trial 3 larvae were in relatively poor condition, BD:SL ≤ 0.30. During this same period in Trials 1 and 2, mean BD:SL ≥ 0.31, suggesting that a BD:SL ratio of ≤ 0.30 in non-weaned dusky kob larvae is an indicator of a degree of starvation. A future study on the morphology and histology of the larval gastrointestinal tract, specifically the liver and intestines, and how this early weaning regime affects their ontogeny under differing temperature conditions this needed to investigate the validity of these initial data on dusky kob larvae condition.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Keet, Thomas
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Nutrition
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146577 , vital:38538
- Description: One of the biggest limiting factors in marine finfish aquaculture is the low survival rate of early-stage larvae. Most mortalities can be ascribed to the poor nutritional value of live feeds, sibling cannibalism, and various stressors that result in swim bladder hyperinflation and/or starvation during the larval stage. Research results vary on the best timing for the introduction of artificial feed for good survival and growth rate in dusky kob larvae. The main objective of this experiment was to improve survival and growth rate. The experiment focused on a new feeding regime that sought to wean larvae onto an artificial diet earlier than the current Argyrosomus japonicus standard (weaning commenced at 16 days after hatch (DAH) versus 20 days after hatch), based on findings and recommendations made by Musson & Kaiser (2014). Three trials were conducted, each with five replicates of the two treatments, namely the new feeding regime and the standard feeding regime in a fully randomised design. Samples from each tank were collected every two days for the duration of the trial. Morphometric measurements (standard length; body depth; eye diameter) obtained from these sample larvae were used to compare growth rates between treatments. The ratio of BD:SL was used to assess larval condition throughout each trial. Tank survival rates were calculated on the last day of each trial.The study indicated that in mean water temperatures ranging from 24.3 – 25.2 °C, dusky kob larvae can be weaned onto an artificial pellet diet from 16 - 21 DAH without any negative effects on growth, condition and survival. Results from the highest mean temperatures of Trial 2 show a better mean condition in the treatment group during the weaning period (p < 0.05). In Trial 3, with its lower mean water temperatures of 23.2 °C, larvae in both treatments showed stunted absolute growth rates of all biometrics when compared to results from the higher mean temperatures of Trials 1 and 2. During the first 6 days of Trial 3 larvae were in relatively poor condition, BD:SL ≤ 0.30. During this same period in Trials 1 and 2, mean BD:SL ≥ 0.31, suggesting that a BD:SL ratio of ≤ 0.30 in non-weaned dusky kob larvae is an indicator of a degree of starvation. A future study on the morphology and histology of the larval gastrointestinal tract, specifically the liver and intestines, and how this early weaning regime affects their ontogeny under differing temperature conditions this needed to investigate the validity of these initial data on dusky kob larvae condition.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Towards defining the tipping point of tolerance to CO2-induced ocean acidification for the growth, development and metabolism of larval dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)
- Authors: Mpopetsi, Pule Peter
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Effect of water acidification on , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Ocean acidification
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71602 , vital:29924
- Description: Increased CO2 production and the consequent ocean acidification (OA) have been identified as one of the greatest threats to both calcifying and non-calcifying marine organisms. Traditionally, marine fishes, as non-calcifying organisms, were considered to have a higher tolerance to near-future OA conditions owing to their well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms. However, recent studies provide evidence to suggest that they may not be as resilient to near-future OA conditions as previously thought. In addition, earlier life stages of marine fishes are thought to be less tolerant than juveniles and adults of the same species as they lack well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. This study follows up on previous studies examining the effects of near-future OA on larval Argyrosomus japonicus, an estuarine-dependent marine fish species, in order to identify the tipping point of tolerance for the larvae of this species. These previous studies showed that elevated pCO2, predicted for the year 2100, had negative effects on growth, development and metabolism and ultimately, survival of larval A. japonicus from post-flexion stage. Larval A. japonicus in the present study were reared from egg up to 22 DAH (days after hatching) under three treatments. The three treatments, (pCO2 353 μatm; pH 8.03), (pCO2 451 μatm; pH 7.93) and (pCO2 602 μatm; pH 7.83) corresponded to levels predicted to occur in year 2050, 2068 and 2090 respectively under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (IPCC RCP) 8.5 model. Size-at-hatch, growth, development and metabolic responses (standard and active metabolic rates and metabolic scope) were assessed and compared between the three treatments throughout the rearing period. Five earlier larval life stages (hatchling – flexion/post-flexion) were identified by the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences in size-at-hatch (P > 0.05), development or the active metabolic (P > 0.05) or metabolic scope (P > 0.05) of fish in the three treatments throughout the study. However, the standard metabolic rate was significantly higher in the year 2068 treatment but only at the flexion/post-flexion stage which could be attributed to differences in developmental rates (including the development of the gills) between the 2068 and the other two treatments. Overall, the metabolic scope was narrowest in the 2090 treatment, but varied according to life stage. Although not significantly different, metabolic scope in the 2090 treatment was noticeably lower at the flexion stage compared to the other two treatments, and the development appeared slower, suggesting that this could be the stage most prone to OA. The study concluded that, in isolation, OA levels predicted to occur between 2050 and 2090 will not negatively affect size-at-hatch, growth, development, and metabolic responses of larval A. japonicus up to 22 DAH (flexion/post-flexion stage). Taken together with the previous studies of the same species, the tipping point of tolerance (where negative impacts will begin) in larvae of the species appears to be between the years 2090 and 2100.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Mpopetsi, Pule Peter
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Effect of water acidification on , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Larvae -- Nutrition , Ocean acidification
- Language: English
- Type: text , Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71602 , vital:29924
- Description: Increased CO2 production and the consequent ocean acidification (OA) have been identified as one of the greatest threats to both calcifying and non-calcifying marine organisms. Traditionally, marine fishes, as non-calcifying organisms, were considered to have a higher tolerance to near-future OA conditions owing to their well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms. However, recent studies provide evidence to suggest that they may not be as resilient to near-future OA conditions as previously thought. In addition, earlier life stages of marine fishes are thought to be less tolerant than juveniles and adults of the same species as they lack well-developed ion regulatory mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. This study follows up on previous studies examining the effects of near-future OA on larval Argyrosomus japonicus, an estuarine-dependent marine fish species, in order to identify the tipping point of tolerance for the larvae of this species. These previous studies showed that elevated pCO2, predicted for the year 2100, had negative effects on growth, development and metabolism and ultimately, survival of larval A. japonicus from post-flexion stage. Larval A. japonicus in the present study were reared from egg up to 22 DAH (days after hatching) under three treatments. The three treatments, (pCO2 353 μatm; pH 8.03), (pCO2 451 μatm; pH 7.93) and (pCO2 602 μatm; pH 7.83) corresponded to levels predicted to occur in year 2050, 2068 and 2090 respectively under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (IPCC RCP) 8.5 model. Size-at-hatch, growth, development and metabolic responses (standard and active metabolic rates and metabolic scope) were assessed and compared between the three treatments throughout the rearing period. Five earlier larval life stages (hatchling – flexion/post-flexion) were identified by the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences in size-at-hatch (P > 0.05), development or the active metabolic (P > 0.05) or metabolic scope (P > 0.05) of fish in the three treatments throughout the study. However, the standard metabolic rate was significantly higher in the year 2068 treatment but only at the flexion/post-flexion stage which could be attributed to differences in developmental rates (including the development of the gills) between the 2068 and the other two treatments. Overall, the metabolic scope was narrowest in the 2090 treatment, but varied according to life stage. Although not significantly different, metabolic scope in the 2090 treatment was noticeably lower at the flexion stage compared to the other two treatments, and the development appeared slower, suggesting that this could be the stage most prone to OA. The study concluded that, in isolation, OA levels predicted to occur between 2050 and 2090 will not negatively affect size-at-hatch, growth, development, and metabolic responses of larval A. japonicus up to 22 DAH (flexion/post-flexion stage). Taken together with the previous studies of the same species, the tipping point of tolerance (where negative impacts will begin) in larvae of the species appears to be between the years 2090 and 2100.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
Apparent digestibility coefficients of feed ingredients and essential amino acid requirements of dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus)
- Authors: Adesola, Abidemi Adejoke
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Amino acids in animal nutrition , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/32140 , vital:24014
- Description: Important to the evaluation of potential feed ingredients for inclusion in fish diets should be their digestibility and amino acid requirement so that feeds can be formulated on a digestible basis rather than a gross nutrient basis. This thesis established techniques for faecal collection, the validity of digestibility markers, it determined apparent digestibility coefficients for various novel feed ingredients, and it established the optimal lysine requirement for Argyrosomus japonicus, which was used to estimate each of the essential amino acid requirements by using the ideal protein concept. There were no significant differences in dry matter apparent digestibility coefficients when faeces were collected by stripping (77.0 %), dissection (80.1 %) or settlement (83.5 %). Faecal collection by the settlement method produced the most reliable digestibility data. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy calculated using acid-insoluble ash were higher (84.0 %, 93.2 % and 93.0 %, respectively) than those using chromic oxide (55.7 %, 79.1 % and 78.2 %) and titanium dioxide (58.6 %, 79.7 % and 80.5 %). The magnitude of variation in digestibility coefficients obtained using acid-insoluble ash was always lower than that obtained with the other markers. Therefore, acid-insoluble ash was preferred as a dietary marker. Using the above protocol, protein and amino acid digestibility of some animal and plant protein ingredients were evaluated in a series of experiments. The first trial compared the apparent digestibility coefficients of some animal products included as single protein source in the test diets. Apparent protein digestibility values were 84.5 %, 83.8 %, 85.8 % and 83.1 % for fishmeal-prime, fishmeal-standard, poultry meal and pork meal, respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients for poultry meal were comparable to those of fishmeal, which indicate its potential as a substitute for fishmeal in the diets of A. japonicus. The second trial determined the apparent coefficients of plant and animal protein sources included at 30 % into a practical reference diet (70 %). Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 92.4 % in sunflower meal to 85.5 % in corn gluten meal. Soybean meal is a promising feed ingredient in A. japonicus due to the high apparent digestibility of its protein (92.0 %) and essential amino acid digestibility (mean average 91.4 %). A fundamental assumption in fish feed formulation is that the digestibility of nutrients is additive, i.e., digestibility of a nutrient in one ingredient does not interact with the digestibility of the same nutrient in another ingredient. In the third trial, additivity of feed ingredients was tested using pork meal and poultry meal. The results indicate that the apparent digestibility coefficient of animal protein ingredients could be calculated from compound diets to accurately determine protein and amino acid digestibility in A. japonicus, and possibly other carnivorous fish species. Dietary essential amino acid requirements were determined for juvenile A. japonicus in two trials. A dose-response study was conducted using crystalline lysine to determine the optimal requirement of dietary lysine for A. japonicus. Optimal dietary lysine was estimated at 31.7 g kg-¹ dry diet, corresponding to 73.5 g kg-¹ of dietary protein, based on specific growth rate and broken-line segmented regression analyses. Dietary requirements for other essential amino acids ranged from 22 g kg-¹ (histidine) to 71 g kg-¹ (leucine) crude protein. The results of the present study provided a research tool that could be used to assess and verify the conclusions of earlier dietary work on A. japonicus and in further studies to develop least cost diet formulations for this species. The study also adds to the knowledge of the nutritional requirements of A. japonicus by providing information on the digestibility of plants and animal protein ingredients. It also contributes to future dietary research for this species because this study determines, for the first time, the most suitable methods for investigating the digestibility of raw materials for A. japonicus.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Adesola, Abidemi Adejoke
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Amino acids in animal nutrition , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/32140 , vital:24014
- Description: Important to the evaluation of potential feed ingredients for inclusion in fish diets should be their digestibility and amino acid requirement so that feeds can be formulated on a digestible basis rather than a gross nutrient basis. This thesis established techniques for faecal collection, the validity of digestibility markers, it determined apparent digestibility coefficients for various novel feed ingredients, and it established the optimal lysine requirement for Argyrosomus japonicus, which was used to estimate each of the essential amino acid requirements by using the ideal protein concept. There were no significant differences in dry matter apparent digestibility coefficients when faeces were collected by stripping (77.0 %), dissection (80.1 %) or settlement (83.5 %). Faecal collection by the settlement method produced the most reliable digestibility data. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and energy calculated using acid-insoluble ash were higher (84.0 %, 93.2 % and 93.0 %, respectively) than those using chromic oxide (55.7 %, 79.1 % and 78.2 %) and titanium dioxide (58.6 %, 79.7 % and 80.5 %). The magnitude of variation in digestibility coefficients obtained using acid-insoluble ash was always lower than that obtained with the other markers. Therefore, acid-insoluble ash was preferred as a dietary marker. Using the above protocol, protein and amino acid digestibility of some animal and plant protein ingredients were evaluated in a series of experiments. The first trial compared the apparent digestibility coefficients of some animal products included as single protein source in the test diets. Apparent protein digestibility values were 84.5 %, 83.8 %, 85.8 % and 83.1 % for fishmeal-prime, fishmeal-standard, poultry meal and pork meal, respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients for poultry meal were comparable to those of fishmeal, which indicate its potential as a substitute for fishmeal in the diets of A. japonicus. The second trial determined the apparent coefficients of plant and animal protein sources included at 30 % into a practical reference diet (70 %). Apparent protein digestibility ranged from 92.4 % in sunflower meal to 85.5 % in corn gluten meal. Soybean meal is a promising feed ingredient in A. japonicus due to the high apparent digestibility of its protein (92.0 %) and essential amino acid digestibility (mean average 91.4 %). A fundamental assumption in fish feed formulation is that the digestibility of nutrients is additive, i.e., digestibility of a nutrient in one ingredient does not interact with the digestibility of the same nutrient in another ingredient. In the third trial, additivity of feed ingredients was tested using pork meal and poultry meal. The results indicate that the apparent digestibility coefficient of animal protein ingredients could be calculated from compound diets to accurately determine protein and amino acid digestibility in A. japonicus, and possibly other carnivorous fish species. Dietary essential amino acid requirements were determined for juvenile A. japonicus in two trials. A dose-response study was conducted using crystalline lysine to determine the optimal requirement of dietary lysine for A. japonicus. Optimal dietary lysine was estimated at 31.7 g kg-¹ dry diet, corresponding to 73.5 g kg-¹ of dietary protein, based on specific growth rate and broken-line segmented regression analyses. Dietary requirements for other essential amino acids ranged from 22 g kg-¹ (histidine) to 71 g kg-¹ (leucine) crude protein. The results of the present study provided a research tool that could be used to assess and verify the conclusions of earlier dietary work on A. japonicus and in further studies to develop least cost diet formulations for this species. The study also adds to the knowledge of the nutritional requirements of A. japonicus by providing information on the digestibility of plants and animal protein ingredients. It also contributes to future dietary research for this species because this study determines, for the first time, the most suitable methods for investigating the digestibility of raw materials for A. japonicus.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
The effect of carbohydrate on dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, fed pelleted diets
- Authors: Mabasa, Nyiko Charity
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Carbohydrates in animal nutrition , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/44895 , vital:25450
- Description: The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, is an emerging commercial marine aquaculture species in South Africa. Attributes such as market acceptance, fast growth rates, tolerance to sibling density, acceptance of pelleted feed and adaptability to intensive aquaculture conditions make it a good candidate. Feed, the largest running cost in most aquaculture operations, is a limiting factor in dusky kob production as its nutritional requirements are not well understood. The present project formed part of a research program to develop a locally produced, least cost and sustainable feed that will support the growth and health of dusky kob. The approximate protein and energy requirements for kob fed formulated feeds have been established in earlier research, but the ability of kob to utilize carbohydrates as an energy source has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of dusky kob to utilize graded levels of carbohydrate (pregelatinized maize starch - PGMS) in pelleted diets. The research objectives were to determine the effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on:i) growth and feed utilization; ii) post prandial blood glucose levels; and iii) general fish health, gut bacterial composition and liver glycogen content of juvenile dusky kob. Hatchery reared juvenile dusky kob (5 g) were acclimatized in a recirculating experimental aquaculture system at the Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science at Rhodes University. They were fed trout crumble starter feed for three weeks before the start of the feeding experiment. Five diets containing 4.1, 8.2, 16.4 and 24.6% carbohydrate, hereafter referred to as 4.1C, 8.2C, 16.4C and 24.6C respectively, were formulated with pregelatinized maize starch as a carbohydrate source and fishmeal as the main protein source. Fish were fed these diets twice daily at 3.85% body weight per day for three months. Specific growth rates and feed conversion rations differed significantly between the four dietary treatments. Growth rate increased with increasing carbohydrate up to 16.4%, after which a significant decline was observed. Diet 16.4C produced the highest specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.84 ± 0.05% body weight/day, and the lowest feed conversion ratio of 1.28 ± 0.08. While the lowest specific growth rate and highest feed conversion ratio of 0.79 ± 0.05 and 2.14 ± 0.13 respectively, were found for diet 24.6C. A third order polynomial regression, using SGR, determined the optimum carbohydrate inclusion for dusky kob to be 16.72%. The general structure of the liver was similar between all fish fed the dietary treatments and all fish liver samples displayed a certain degree of lipid vacuolization of the hepatocytes. Evidence of starvation was observed in the livers of fish fed diet 24.6C. However, no differences in the amount of liver glycogen were observed. Gut bacterial composition did not differ among the different diets or between the different sections of the gut. Differences were however observed in the diversity of the bacterial community structure at the start (when they were fed commercial trout feed) and end of the experimental period (after being fed a fishmeal-maize diet). The rate at which glucose was cleared from the blood differed significantly between diets. The low carbohydrate diets (i.e. diet 4.1C and 8.2C) showed a steady rate of glucose removal from the blood over a 48 h experimental period. Sharp increases in blood glucose concentration were observed in diet 16.4C and diet 24.6C, with highest glucose concentrations of 7.18 ± 1.81 and 8.05 ± 2.35 mmol/l respectively, observed 24 h after feeding. The blood glucose concentration of the fish fed diet 16.4C however returned to resting glucose concentration after 48 h, while that of the fish fed diet 24.6C did not. The results demonstrated that the level of dietary carbohydrate inclusion has a significant effect on the growth and health of the fish. The optimum carbohydrate inclusion in dusky kob diets is indicated to be 16.7%, which gave the best growth rate and maximum protein sparing effect without adverse effects on fish health. These findings are important for diet formulation and producing ‘least-cost’ diets for dusky kob farming.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Mabasa, Nyiko Charity
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Carbohydrates in animal nutrition , Fishes -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus japonicus , Argyrosomus , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus -- Nutrition , Argyrosomus japonicus -- Feeding and feeds , Argyrosomus -- Feeding and feeds
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/44895 , vital:25450
- Description: The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, is an emerging commercial marine aquaculture species in South Africa. Attributes such as market acceptance, fast growth rates, tolerance to sibling density, acceptance of pelleted feed and adaptability to intensive aquaculture conditions make it a good candidate. Feed, the largest running cost in most aquaculture operations, is a limiting factor in dusky kob production as its nutritional requirements are not well understood. The present project formed part of a research program to develop a locally produced, least cost and sustainable feed that will support the growth and health of dusky kob. The approximate protein and energy requirements for kob fed formulated feeds have been established in earlier research, but the ability of kob to utilize carbohydrates as an energy source has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of dusky kob to utilize graded levels of carbohydrate (pregelatinized maize starch - PGMS) in pelleted diets. The research objectives were to determine the effect of dietary carbohydrate levels on:i) growth and feed utilization; ii) post prandial blood glucose levels; and iii) general fish health, gut bacterial composition and liver glycogen content of juvenile dusky kob. Hatchery reared juvenile dusky kob (5 g) were acclimatized in a recirculating experimental aquaculture system at the Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science at Rhodes University. They were fed trout crumble starter feed for three weeks before the start of the feeding experiment. Five diets containing 4.1, 8.2, 16.4 and 24.6% carbohydrate, hereafter referred to as 4.1C, 8.2C, 16.4C and 24.6C respectively, were formulated with pregelatinized maize starch as a carbohydrate source and fishmeal as the main protein source. Fish were fed these diets twice daily at 3.85% body weight per day for three months. Specific growth rates and feed conversion rations differed significantly between the four dietary treatments. Growth rate increased with increasing carbohydrate up to 16.4%, after which a significant decline was observed. Diet 16.4C produced the highest specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.84 ± 0.05% body weight/day, and the lowest feed conversion ratio of 1.28 ± 0.08. While the lowest specific growth rate and highest feed conversion ratio of 0.79 ± 0.05 and 2.14 ± 0.13 respectively, were found for diet 24.6C. A third order polynomial regression, using SGR, determined the optimum carbohydrate inclusion for dusky kob to be 16.72%. The general structure of the liver was similar between all fish fed the dietary treatments and all fish liver samples displayed a certain degree of lipid vacuolization of the hepatocytes. Evidence of starvation was observed in the livers of fish fed diet 24.6C. However, no differences in the amount of liver glycogen were observed. Gut bacterial composition did not differ among the different diets or between the different sections of the gut. Differences were however observed in the diversity of the bacterial community structure at the start (when they were fed commercial trout feed) and end of the experimental period (after being fed a fishmeal-maize diet). The rate at which glucose was cleared from the blood differed significantly between diets. The low carbohydrate diets (i.e. diet 4.1C and 8.2C) showed a steady rate of glucose removal from the blood over a 48 h experimental period. Sharp increases in blood glucose concentration were observed in diet 16.4C and diet 24.6C, with highest glucose concentrations of 7.18 ± 1.81 and 8.05 ± 2.35 mmol/l respectively, observed 24 h after feeding. The blood glucose concentration of the fish fed diet 16.4C however returned to resting glucose concentration after 48 h, while that of the fish fed diet 24.6C did not. The results demonstrated that the level of dietary carbohydrate inclusion has a significant effect on the growth and health of the fish. The optimum carbohydrate inclusion in dusky kob diets is indicated to be 16.7%, which gave the best growth rate and maximum protein sparing effect without adverse effects on fish health. These findings are important for diet formulation and producing ‘least-cost’ diets for dusky kob farming.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
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