Interaction of CdTe quantum dots with 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical
- Authors: Adegoke, Oluwasesan , Chidawanyika, Wadzanai , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/245751 , vital:51402 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-011-1012-2"
- Description: The interaction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) free radical with thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots (QDs) has been studied by UV–vis spectroscopy, steady state and time resolved fluorescence measurements. Addition of DPPH● radical to CdTe QDs resulted in fluorescence quenching. The interaction occurs through static quenching as this was confirmed by fluorescence lifetime measurements. Time course absorption studies indicates that DPPH● may be reduced by interaction with QDs to the substituted hydrazine form (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine) DPPH-H. The mechanism of fluorescence quenching of CdTe QDs by DPPH● is proposed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Unquenched fluorescence lifetime for β-phenylthio substituted zinc phthalocyanine upon conjugation to gold nanoparticles
- Authors: Forteath, Shaun , Antunes, Edith M , Chidawanyika, Wadzanai , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/245774 , vital:51404 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2011.12.015"
- Description: Photoinduced processes in phthalocyanine-functionalized gold nanoparticles have been investigated by spectroscopic measurements. The zinc phthalocyanine used contained four phenylthio peripheral substituents (ZnPc(SPh)4). The conjugates formed are represented as ZnPc(SPh)4–AuNP. The absorption spectrum of the ZnPc(SPh)4–AuNP shows a broadening of the phthalocyanine Q-band absorption, probably due to a tight packing of the phthalocyanines on the gold nanoparticle surface. For the attached phthalocyanines, the two fluorescence lifetimes obtained by time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) were determined to be both longer and shorter than that of the free Pc. The fluorescence lifetimes were resolved using time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRES).
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- Date Issued: 2012
A comparative study on the sensitive detection of hydroxyl radical using thiol-capped CdTe and CdTe/ZnS quantum dots
- Authors: Adegoke, Oluwasesan , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/242778 , vital:51077 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-012-1089-2"
- Description: Four types of water-soluble luminescent quantum dots (QDs) whose surface was functionlaized with thioglycolic acid (TGA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), or glutathione (GSH), were investigated for the sensitive and selective detection of hydroxyl radical (●OH) in aqueous media. It was found that the type of capping agent and QD influenced the sensitivity of the probe. The order of sensitivity of the probe was: GSH-CdTe@ZnS > MPA-CdTe@ZnS > TGA-CdTe > MPA-CdTe QDs. Under the optimum conditions, a limit of detection as low as 8.5 × 10-8 M was obtained using GSH-CdTe@ZnS. The effects of foreign reactive oxygen species and the Fenton reactants and products as possible interferences on the proposed probe were negligible for CdTe@ZnS QDs. Besides, experimental results indicated that CdTe@ZnS QDs were more attractive for the selective recognition of ●OH than CdTe QDs. The mechanistic reaction pathway between the QDs and ●OH is proposed.
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- Date Issued: 2012
The direct use value of municipal commonage goods and services to urban households in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Davenport, Nicholas A , Shackleton, Charlie M , Gambiza, James
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181071 , vital:43696 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.09.008"
- Description: To redress past racial discrepancies in ownership and tenure, the ANC government of South Africa initiated programmes to make land accessible to the previously disadvantaged. A key component of the national land reform programme was the provision of commonage lands to urban municipalities for use by the urban poor. However, there has been no assessment of the contribution that urban commonage makes to previously disadvantaged households. This study assessed the economic benefits of the commonage programme to local households, through an in-depth survey of 90 households across three small towns in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. We examined the marketed and non-marketed consumptive direct-use values of land-based livelihoods on commonage, calculated via the ‘own reported values’ approach. The results indicate that a proportion of South Africa's urban population rely to some degree on municipal commonage for part of their livelihoods. Commonage contributions to total livelihood incomes ranged between 14 and 20%. If the contributions from commonage were excluded, the incomes of over 10% of households in each study town would drop below the poverty line. Overall, the value of harvests from commonage was worth over R1 000 (US$ 142) per hectare per year and over R4.7 million (US$ 0.68 million) per commonage per year. However, the extent and nature of use and reliance was not uniform among households, so that we developed a typology of commonage users, with four types being identified. However, rapidly growing urban populations and high levels of poverty potentially threaten the sustainability of commonage resource use. Yet the national land reform programme focuses largely on the transfer of land to municipalities and not on sustainable management. Municipalities, in turn, invest relatively little in commonage management, and the little they do is focussed on livestock production. Non-timber forest products are not considered at all, even though this study shows that they are a vital resource for the urban poor, notably for energy and construction materials.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Photophysical and photochemical studies of sulfur containing phthalocyanine derivatives in the presence of folic acid
- Authors: Nombona, Nolwazi , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/243180 , vital:51124 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2012.03.051"
- Description: The syntheses of zinc and magnesium 9,16,23-tris-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-mercaptopyridine)-2-(carboxy)phthalocyaninato complexes are described for the first time. The photophysical and photochemical parameters of these molecules in the absence or presence of folic acid are compared to the corresponding oxygen bridged complexes and to 2,9,17,23-tetrakis-[(1,6-hexanedithiol)phthalocyaninato]zinc(II), [8,15,22-tris-(naptho)-2-(amidoethanethiol)phthalocyaninato]zinc(II) and zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. In the absence of folic acid, the complexes show relatively good triplet quantum yields (ranging from 0.52 to 0.88) in DMSO with reasonable triplet lifetime between 140 and 470 μs. The complexes showed high singlet oxygen quantum yield values ranging from 0.27 to 0.66 in the absence of folic acid. In the presence of folic acid, the triplet quantum yield values were between 0.37 and 0.75 and the lifetimes were significantly reduced (70–320 μs).
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- Date Issued: 2012
Synthesis and physicochemical behaviour of aluminium trikis and tetrakis (diaquaplatinum) octacarboxyphthalocynine
- Authors: Malinga, Nduduzo , Dolotova, Olga , Bulgakov, Roman , Antunes, Edith M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/242687 , vital:51068 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2012.05.011"
- Description: The combination of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy was investigated by the synthesis and characterisation of phthalocyanine conjugates with Pt complexes. The complexes synthesized are: hydroxoaluminum trikis(diaquaplatinum) octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OHAlOCPc(Pt)3) and hydroxoaluminum tetrakis(diaquaplatinum) octacarboxyphthalocyanine (OHAlOCPc(Pt)4). The platinated phthalocyanine complexes gave long triplet lifetimes of 577 and 526 μs for OHAlOCPc(Pt)3 and OHAlOCPc(Pt)4, respectively. The triplet quantum yields were found to be 0.45 for OHAlOCPc(Pt)3 and 0.57 OHAlOCPc(Pt)4 while the singlet oxygen quantum yields were found to be 0.38 and 0.48, respectively.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Photophysics and photochemistry of octaglucosylated zinc phthalocyanine derivatives
- Authors: Iqbal, Zafar , Ogunsipe, Abimbola , Nyokong, Tebello , Lyubimtsev, Alexey , Hanack, Michael , Ziegler, Thomas
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/244416 , vital:51255 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424612500630"
- Description: The ground state electronic absorption spectra, photophysics and photochemistry of amphiphilic octaglucosylated zinc phthalocyanines containing oxygen or sulfur bridges are presented. Triplet quantum yield values for the two dyes (in DMF and DMSO) vary between 0.71 and 0.84, while singlet quantum yield values lie between 0.63 and 0.75. Fluorescence lifetimes were determined experimentally by time correlated single photon counting and semi-empirically by fluorescence quenching techniques; and values from both methods were within the same range. Kinetic data were obtained for the quenching of the triplet state of the phthalocyanines by ground state molecular oxygen; the bimolecular collisional quenching rate constant range between 2.35 × 108 and 1.13 × 109 M-1.s-1. These values suggest that triplet states of the dyes are effectively quenched by ground molecular oxygen.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Facile deposition of gold nanoparticle thin films on semi-permeable cellulose substrate
- Authors: Sosibo, Ndabenhle , Mdluli, Phumlani , Mashazi, Philani N , Tshikhudo, Robert , Skepu, Amanda , Vilakazi, Sibulelo , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/242638 , vital:51063 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.08.043"
- Description: This study reports the facile method for the deposition of gold nanoparticle thin film onto a monoporous semi-permeable cellulose membrane through the diffusion of borohydride ions leading to the reduction of AuCl4− ions. The synthesis of gold nanoparticle thin film was deposited on one side of the membrane that was exposed to AuCl4− ions while the other side containing a reducing agent remained clear. The gold nanoparticle thin film exhibited a broad surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 529 nm. Various characterization techniques were employed and all demonstrated the presence of gold thin film. The reported method represents a simplistic method for the deposition of gold nanoparticle thin films and various other metal nanoparticles may be deposited following this method.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Electrospun polyacrylic acid polymer fibers functionalized with metallophthalocyanines for photosensitizing and gas sensing applications
- Authors: Zugle, Ruphino , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/243543 , vital:51162 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2012.662006"
- Description: The photophysical and photochemical properties of tetraaminophthalocyanine complexes of lutetium and zinc covalently linked to polyacrylic acid were studied alongside those of unsubstituted zinc phthalocyanine within the same polymeric fiber matrix. All three phthalocyanines within the solid fiber matrices showed photoactivity by the generation of singlet oxygen as was observed in solution. The fluorescence behaviors of the composite fibers equally parallel those in solution. For the unsubstituted zinc phthalocyanine composite, the fiber showed fluorescence quenching on interaction with gaseous nitrogen dioxide similar to that in DMF and, thus could be a promising nanofabric material in developing optoelectronic devices that are responsive to the gas.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Lost in translation: Transformation in the first round of institutional audits
- Authors: McKenna, Sioux , Quinn, Lynn
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187384 , vital:44627 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC132752"
- Description: The South African higher education institutional audit process was introduced alongside similar endeavors internationally. However, despite many similarities, each country foregrounds different concerns within their higher education quality processes. In their seminal article, Harvey and Green suggest five possible notions of quality, one of which is quality as transformation, and in South Africa the message has been clearly stated: notions of quality are intricately related to transformation. Local research has however suggested that the notion of 'transformation' as quality takes on particular nuances within the country’s context. In the two institutional case studies presented here, the 'quality as transformation' discourse appears to have been largely lost in translation. In one university transformation was not called upon to construct notions of quality; quality was primarily constructed by a discourse of excellence. In the other institution, the transformation aspects of quality seem to have been interpreted in a particularly reductionist way as relating solely to racial demographics. In both cases, this article argues that the 'quality as transformation' discourse prevalent in the audit documentation in the South African context was lost somewhere between the intentions embodied in national documents and the processes embarked upon by institutions.
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- Date Issued: 2012
A production function for cricket: the South African perspective
- Authors: Brock, Kelsey , Fraser, Gavin , Botha, Ferdi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/396007 , vital:69143 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC124240"
- Description: Production functions are common to any productive activity. Although it may not appear obvious, cricket is no different. Production functions in cricket provide a wide range of information, utilised to enhance efficiency and maximize match success. Given these benefits, this study involved the derivation of a production function for the South African SuperSport Series and an analysis of technical efficiency. An econometric analysis was conducted on data from the 2004-2011 cricket seasons and it was concluded that the most optimal strategy for South African teams involved a combination of attacking batting and defensive bowling. Furthermore, South African teams had a relatively low variable substitutability and a high degree of technical efficiency.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Trends in the optical and redox properties of tetraphenyltetraphenanthroporphyrins
- Authors: Mack, John , Lobb, Kevin , Nyokong, Tebello , Shen, Zhen , Kobayashi, Nagao
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/245809 , vital:51407 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424612500885"
- Description: The results of TD-DFT calculations for a series of tetraaryltetraphenanthroporphyrins containing para-substituents with differing electron donating and accepting properties are compared to the observed optical and redox properties and Michl's perimeter model is used as a conceptual framework for analyzing the results.
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- Date Issued: 2012
A study on the morphology of thin copper films on para-aramid yarns and their influence on the yarn’s electro-conductive and mechanical properties
- Authors: Schwarz, Anne , Hakuzimana, Jean , Westbroek, Philippe , Mey, Gilbert De , Priniotakis, Georgios , Nyokong, Tebello , Langenhove, Lieva Van
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/243487 , vital:51157 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517511431291"
- Description: The latest technological advances in new materials and devices enabled wearable systems to be created by utilizing textile solutions. These solutions require electro-conductive yarns as a basic component. Although the production of electroconductive yarn is widely reported, research is still necessary to characterize them to advance their electro-conductive and mechanical properties. Hence, we served this need and characterized copper-coated para-aramid yarns produced by an in-house developed electroless deposition method. In this paper we present our investigation on the yarn’s copper layer characteristics after deposition. Furthermore, we looked, in depth, at the yarn’s electro-conductive properties before and after washing as well as their mechanical properties before and after copper deposition. We found a dependency of the copper layer morphology on its deposition time. This is directly correlated to the resulting layer thickness and hence to the yarn’s electro-conductive properties, demonstrating the autocatalytic nature of the coating process. Above that, the electro-conductive properties of the coated yarn linearly decrease with washing cycles. Furthermore, the copper coating impairs the yarn’s mechanical properties decreasing its specific stress at break by 30%.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Reverse saturation absorption spectra and optical limiting properties of chlorinated tetrasubstituted phthalocyanines containing different metals
- Authors: Tuhl, Ahmad , Manaa, Hacene , Makhseed, Saad , Al-Awadi, Nouria , Matthew, Jacob , Ibrahim, Hamada Mohamed , Nyokong, Tebello , Behbehani, Haider
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/243498 , vital:51158 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2012.05.018"
- Description: A highly non-aggregated series of peripherally tetra(2,6-diisopropylphenoxy) substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs) containing different metals (Al, Ga, In and Zn) were prepared and their nonlinear optical properties (NLO), including the optical limiting behavior were investigated. This study explores the effect of the implanted metals along with the peripheral chlorine atoms on the NLO of the prepared complexes, thereby improving their optical limiting performance. The best wavelength at which the Pc complex exhibits the strongest nonlinear effect was determined over the low absorption window region (420–590 nm) comprised between the Q and B bands using a nanosecond pulsed laser with the aid of a Z-scan technique. The excited state absorption cross sections (σeff) have been found to be wavelength dependent with common double peaks at 505 nm and around 485 nm and the highest value was calculated for Pc1–In (1.1 × 10−16 cm2). The figure of merit spectra show different spectral structure when compared to the excited state absorption spectra and the largest figure of merit value was found to be around 107 for Pc1–In derivative. In full agreement with reverse saturation results, the optical limiting measurements, carried out at 485 nm and 532 nm for each derivative, show very low optical limiting thresholds at the former wavelength. In the continuous wave excitation regime, the Z-scan measurements, which were carried out at 632.8 and 532 nm, showed strong refractive and absorptive nonlinear effects.
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- Date Issued: 2012
The pump room
- Authors: Krueger, Anton
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/225764 , vital:49256 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10137548.2012.754084"
- Description: I like Allan Kolski Horwitz. He’s done great things for independent publishing in South Africa. Through his company, Botsotso, he’s probably responsible for publishing more poetry, prose and drama than any single person in the country today. The industriousness of his one-man operation has generously sponsored and nurtured thousands of pages of local literature over the course of many years. This is why it makes me so uncomfortable to say that I really don’t like this play. It gives me no pleasure to write a negative review, and especially not about books written by people I like. If I hadn’t already committed myself to writing this review, I would have avoided it. Nevertheless, I had, so I won’t.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Higher education, academic communities, and the intellectual virtues
- Authors: Jones, Ward E
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/275647 , vital:55066 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12005"
- Description: Because higher education brings members of academic communities in direct contact with students, the reflective higher education student is in an excellent position for developing two important intellectual virtues: confidence and humility. However, academic communities differ as to whether their members reach consensus, and their teaching practices reflect this difference. In this essay, Ward Jones argues that both consensus-reaching and non-consensus-reaching communities can encourage the development of intellectual confidence and humility in their students, although each will do so in very different ways.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Firm age, collateral value, and access to debt financing in an emerging economy: evidence from South Africa
- Authors: Ezeoha,Abel , Botha, Ferdi
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/396060 , vital:69147 , xlink:href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC31367"
- Description: This paper applies the Blundell and Bond system generalised method of moments (GMM) two-step estimator to examine the impact of age and collateral value on debt financing, using a panel of 177 non-financial companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange over the period 1999 to 2009. The results show that South African firms have target leverage ratios and adjust their capital structures from time to time to achieve their respective targets, that the relationship between firm age and debt financing is non-monotonic, and that firms with higher collateral value are likely to face fewer constraints on borrowing and therefore have greater access to medium-term and long-term debts. Robustness tests also reveal that during start-up and maturity stages, a firm's access to debt markets is significantly influenced by investments in assets that are acceptable to external creditors as collateral. These findings suggest that debt financing policies could be more critical for firms in the start-up and maturity stages.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Is there no urban forestry in the developing world?
- Authors: Shackleton, Charlie M
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/181060 , vital:43695 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1117"
- Description: Urban forestry and greening offer a multitude of benefits to the inhabitants of towns and cities. However, the nature and magnitude of these frequently depend upon the context. Yet, at first glance, the developing world context around urban forestry debates seems to be poorly represented in the international peer-reviewed literature. This is examined in this paper, followed by a brief outline of ten key research areas for urban forestry in the developing world. A survey of the peer-reviewed literature confirms that almost 80% of articles come from the developed world context. This correlates with the greater availability of research finance and personnel from developed regions. However, there are urban forestry questions and issues that require examination in the developing world because they cannot simply be transferred from knowledge gleaned from and tested in a developed world context. Ten of these are briefly outlined as a catalyst towards greater attention to urban forestry in the developing world and their contributions to global debates and models.
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- Date Issued: 2012
Students’ navigation of the uncharted territories of academic writing
- Authors: Bharuthram, Sharita , McKenna, Sioux
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/187373 , vital:44626 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2012.742651"
- Description: Many students enter tertiary education unfamiliar with the ‘norms and conventions’ of their disciplines. Research into academic literacies has shown that in order to succeed in their studies, students are expected to conform to these norms and conventions, which are often unrecognized or seen as ‘common sense’ by lecturers. Students have to develop their own ‘map’ of their programme’s expectations in order to make sense of the seemingly mysterious practices they are expected to take on. This study, undertaken at a University of Technology in South Africa, details students’ perceptions of their writing difficulties and their attempts to navigate their way through various writing tasks. The findings reveal that students experience a range of difficulties and that the students often feel unsupported in their travails with academic writing.
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- Date Issued: 2012
The use of hot and cold high pressure homogenization to enhance the loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of nanostructured lipid carriers for the hydrophilic antiretroviral drug, didanosine for potential administration to paediatric patients
- Authors: Kasongo, Kasongo W , Müller, Rainer H , Walker, Roderick B
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/184087 , vital:44170 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2010.542163"
- Description: A major obstacle to the application of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as carriers for hydrophilic drugs is the limited loading capacity (LC) and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of NLCs for these molecules. The purpose of this research was to design and implement a strategy to enhance the LC and EE of NLCs for the hydrophilic drug, didanosine (DDI). DDI was dispersed in Transcutol® HP and the particle size of DDI in the liquid lipid was reduced gradually using hot high pressure homogenization (HPH). The product obtained thereafter was added to Precirol® ATO 5 and the hot mixture was immediately dried using liquid nitrogen. The dried materials were then ground and passed through a 200 μm sieve and the solid lipid particles were dispersed in a surfactant solution and subsequently used to manufacture DDI-loaded NLCs using cold HPH. The LC and EE of NLCs for DDI manufactured using the new strategy were 3.39 ± 0.63% and 51.58 ± 1.31%, respectively, compared to 0.079 ± 0.001% and 32.45 ± 0.08%, respectively, obtained when DDI-loaded NLCs were produced using conventional hot HPH. The enhanced LC and EE for DDI make NLCs a potential technology for the oral administration of DDI to paediatric patients.
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- Date Issued: 2012