A critical assessment of economic policies and their impact on entrepreneurship development in South Africa: a case of Khayelitsha Township in Cape Town
- Oduwole, Olusola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-7392
- Authors: Oduwole, Olusola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-7392
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Economic policy , Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26302 , vital:65236
- Description: The complexity of the South African society due to past systematic exclusion of some communities from economic activities resulted in the triple challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment. Although various economic policies had been developed since the advent of the democratic dispensation in 1994, these policies focused on levelling the economic environment, poverty alleviation and massive social security system. However, despite all the interventions, South Africa remains one of the most unequal societies in the world. This is profiled by the mushrooming of informal settlements around cities with job seekers and frequent protests by people who are impatient to experience improvement in their quality of life and who feel cheated out of their social contract. Advocacy from the governing party’s tripartite alliance towards a developmental state had placed more obligations on the government. This requires deliberate interventions through policies implementation to improve or at best alleviate the well-being of the citizenry. A survey conducted in the township of Khayelitsha to assess the impact of such economic policies on the development of entrepreneurship. Khayelitsha is one of South Africa’s largest townships, an informal settlement profiled by unemployment, poor infrastructure and unavailability of basic services. The study explored the entrepreneurial perception, start-up barriers, entrepreneurship climate, and general cultural factors relating to the environment of entrepreneurship development. The results reveal that despite the various economic policies, high level of unwillingness of citizens towards entrepreneurial activity and business venture is rife notwithstanding the high level of unemployment and poverty. The antidote to these challenges would be a rapid entrepreneurship drive among people most affected that would cause them to mind their own business” and become “masters of their own destinies. Given the complexity and massiveness of the challenges, the conclusion shows that a pragmatic solution is required. Therefore, the emancipation of entrepreneurship development in South Africa townships needs attention. The recommended solution is a pragmatic and innovative strategy based on the acronyms NEEDS HELP which stand for Neighbourhood Enhancement and Environmental Development Strategy and Holistic Entrepreneurial Lifestyle Programme. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Oduwole, Olusola https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-7392
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Economic policy , Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26302 , vital:65236
- Description: The complexity of the South African society due to past systematic exclusion of some communities from economic activities resulted in the triple challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment. Although various economic policies had been developed since the advent of the democratic dispensation in 1994, these policies focused on levelling the economic environment, poverty alleviation and massive social security system. However, despite all the interventions, South Africa remains one of the most unequal societies in the world. This is profiled by the mushrooming of informal settlements around cities with job seekers and frequent protests by people who are impatient to experience improvement in their quality of life and who feel cheated out of their social contract. Advocacy from the governing party’s tripartite alliance towards a developmental state had placed more obligations on the government. This requires deliberate interventions through policies implementation to improve or at best alleviate the well-being of the citizenry. A survey conducted in the township of Khayelitsha to assess the impact of such economic policies on the development of entrepreneurship. Khayelitsha is one of South Africa’s largest townships, an informal settlement profiled by unemployment, poor infrastructure and unavailability of basic services. The study explored the entrepreneurial perception, start-up barriers, entrepreneurship climate, and general cultural factors relating to the environment of entrepreneurship development. The results reveal that despite the various economic policies, high level of unwillingness of citizens towards entrepreneurial activity and business venture is rife notwithstanding the high level of unemployment and poverty. The antidote to these challenges would be a rapid entrepreneurship drive among people most affected that would cause them to mind their own business” and become “masters of their own destinies. Given the complexity and massiveness of the challenges, the conclusion shows that a pragmatic solution is required. Therefore, the emancipation of entrepreneurship development in South Africa townships needs attention. The recommended solution is a pragmatic and innovative strategy based on the acronyms NEEDS HELP which stand for Neighbourhood Enhancement and Environmental Development Strategy and Holistic Entrepreneurial Lifestyle Programme. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
A gender responsive entrepreneurship development (GRED) model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry: : A focus on women sculptors
- Basiyawo, Patricia Heriette Mwedzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-177X
- Authors: Basiyawo, Patricia Heriette Mwedzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-177X
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Women-owned business enterprises , Women artists -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21748 , vital:51748
- Description: This study was based on the GRED model and it sought to proffer solution to the challenges being faced by women sculptor entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The solution is set to help the policy makers, women in the creative industry and non-governmental organizations that work with women in the sculpting industry. The study’s main thrust was to create a gender responsive entrepreneurship development model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The entire study was anchored on determining the conceptual and contextual basis for a gender responsive approach to entrepreneurial development interventions, interrogating current government entrepreneurship approaches in Zimbabwe, determining important antecedents for entrepreneurship development that respond to gender dynamics within the creative industry in Zimbabwe and designing a GRED model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry basing on the findings of the research. The research employed qualitative research, through which focus group discussions, individual interviews, observations and document analysis were exploited for data collection. Armed with permission from UREC and the Ministries responsible for the creative industry, this study established that women in the creative industry were marginalized, poorly resourced and that government approaches and strategies were not being well implemented to benefit them. The study also revealed that most of the entrepreneurial activities were marred by corruption. The following tenets were recommended to foster viable women sculptors’ entrepreneurship: 50:50 representation, robust use of opportunities, business registration, forming of associations, funding, support, training, exhibitions, records keeping, monitoring and evaluation. The above tenets formed the basis of the constructed GRED model. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
- Authors: Basiyawo, Patricia Heriette Mwedzi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-177X
- Date: 2021-06
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship , Women-owned business enterprises , Women artists -- Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21748 , vital:51748
- Description: This study was based on the GRED model and it sought to proffer solution to the challenges being faced by women sculptor entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The solution is set to help the policy makers, women in the creative industry and non-governmental organizations that work with women in the sculpting industry. The study’s main thrust was to create a gender responsive entrepreneurship development model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry. The entire study was anchored on determining the conceptual and contextual basis for a gender responsive approach to entrepreneurial development interventions, interrogating current government entrepreneurship approaches in Zimbabwe, determining important antecedents for entrepreneurship development that respond to gender dynamics within the creative industry in Zimbabwe and designing a GRED model for Zimbabwe’s creative industry basing on the findings of the research. The research employed qualitative research, through which focus group discussions, individual interviews, observations and document analysis were exploited for data collection. Armed with permission from UREC and the Ministries responsible for the creative industry, this study established that women in the creative industry were marginalized, poorly resourced and that government approaches and strategies were not being well implemented to benefit them. The study also revealed that most of the entrepreneurial activities were marred by corruption. The following tenets were recommended to foster viable women sculptors’ entrepreneurship: 50:50 representation, robust use of opportunities, business registration, forming of associations, funding, support, training, exhibitions, records keeping, monitoring and evaluation. The above tenets formed the basis of the constructed GRED model. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-06
A process maturity framework of information security policy development life cycle
- Authors: Tuyikeze, Tite
- Date: 2014-12
- Subjects: Computer security , Information technology , Computer crimes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26797 , vital:66010
- Description: Information security policy development involves more than policy formulation and implementation. Unless organisations explicitly recognise the various steps required in the development of a security policy, they run the risk of developing policies that are poorly thought out, incomplete, redundant and, irrelevant and which will not be fully supported by the users. This study argues that an information security policy has an entire life cycle through which it must pass through during its useful lifetime. A content analysis on information security policy development methods was conducted using secondary sources in the relevant literature. The outcome of the content analysis resulted in the proposal of a framework of information security policy development and implementation. The proposed framework outlines the various steps required in the development, implementation and enforcement of an effective information security policy. A survey of 400 security professionals was conducted in order to evaluate the concepts contained in the framework.This study also emphasises the importance of integrating a security maturity assessment process into the information security policy development life cycle. A key finding of this study is the proposed maturity assessment framework which offers a structured methodology for evaluating the maturity level of an information security policy. The framework presents an integrated and holistic approach to ensure the incremental process maturity of the organisation’s information security policy development process. In addition, organisations using the proposed framework will be able both to determine the current maturity levels of their information security policy development process and also to plan enhancements in the correct sequence. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2014
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014-12
- Authors: Tuyikeze, Tite
- Date: 2014-12
- Subjects: Computer security , Information technology , Computer crimes
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26797 , vital:66010
- Description: Information security policy development involves more than policy formulation and implementation. Unless organisations explicitly recognise the various steps required in the development of a security policy, they run the risk of developing policies that are poorly thought out, incomplete, redundant and, irrelevant and which will not be fully supported by the users. This study argues that an information security policy has an entire life cycle through which it must pass through during its useful lifetime. A content analysis on information security policy development methods was conducted using secondary sources in the relevant literature. The outcome of the content analysis resulted in the proposal of a framework of information security policy development and implementation. The proposed framework outlines the various steps required in the development, implementation and enforcement of an effective information security policy. A survey of 400 security professionals was conducted in order to evaluate the concepts contained in the framework.This study also emphasises the importance of integrating a security maturity assessment process into the information security policy development life cycle. A key finding of this study is the proposed maturity assessment framework which offers a structured methodology for evaluating the maturity level of an information security policy. The framework presents an integrated and holistic approach to ensure the incremental process maturity of the organisation’s information security policy development process. In addition, organisations using the proposed framework will be able both to determine the current maturity levels of their information security policy development process and also to plan enhancements in the correct sequence. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2014
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2014-12
A study of the implementation of public policy to increase participation in recreation sports in Lagos state: Nigeria
- Setonji, Noel Adeoye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-8037
- Authors: Setonji, Noel Adeoye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-8037
- Date: 2013-04
- Subjects: Public administration
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24035 , vital:62301
- Description: The study investigated the extent to which implementation of the current public policy had improved recreation sport services and participation in Lagos metropolis of Lagos State-Nigeria. The study was delimited to 14 out of 16 Local Governments in Lagos metropolis. The study participants were 650 (334 males and 316 females) selected from 14 Local Governments in Lagos metropolis. Stratified random sampling technique was applied to get the volunteered metropolitan Lagos Local Government staff participants used for the study. Mixed research approaches involving quantitative and qualitative data collection were employed to carry out the study. Pilot study was carried out and reliability of each instrument was established with Cronbach’s alpha and test-re-test after an interval of two weeks. The reliability coefficients based on Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were PRSPIQ (0.89), PRSPIBQ (0.87), RSFQ (0.79), and EPIMCEQ (0.85). The quantitative data collected were entered into Microsoft Excel 2007 Software and later exported to SPSS 18.0 statistical package for data analysis. Simple frequencies of responses in % and factor analysis were used in analysing the data collected, while Chi-square test of goodness-of-fit was used to test all the four hypotheses. The interview data collected were analysed using inductive method. All the hypotheses were pitched at 0.05 confidence level. Results of the study revealed that: implementation of the current public policy had not significantly improved recreation sport services and participation in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 395000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05); Barriers had affected effective implementation of the current public recreation sports policy in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 38.6000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05); implementation of the current public policy had not improved recreation sport facilities and safe recreation environments in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 33.3000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05; implementation of the current public policy had not effectively enhanced management competencies of recreation sport officers in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 64.3000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05. The conclusions drawn from the findings of the study include: the current public policy had not significantly improved recreation sport services in Lagos metropolis. Specifically, the study found that: the current policy had not done enough to enhance increased participation in recreation sport activities in Lagos metropolis; barriers had affected effective implementation of the current public recreation sports policy in Lagos metropolis; the public policy had not done enough to improve recreation sport facilities and safe recreation environments in most parts of Lagos metropolis; and the current public policy had not effectively enhanced management competencies of public recreation sport officers in Lagos metropolis. The study findings had it too that to effectively implement public recreation sports policy in Lagos metropolis, stakeholders should be adequately involved in the implementation activities. Based on the study findings, the study among others recommends that the State Government should be: proactive to update the content of the current public policy on recreation sports as the needs of the users are increasingly changing over time; Government agents, private organizations, recreation sport professionals and community stakeholders should be actively involved in the implementation processes to forestall any barriers; more recreation facility pools in safe and conducive environments should be provided and assessable to increase participation in recreation sports by the people of Lagos metropolis; and the public policy should be effectively implemented to enhance management competencies of public recreation sport managers in Lagos metropolis. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2013
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013-04
- Authors: Setonji, Noel Adeoye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-8037
- Date: 2013-04
- Subjects: Public administration
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24035 , vital:62301
- Description: The study investigated the extent to which implementation of the current public policy had improved recreation sport services and participation in Lagos metropolis of Lagos State-Nigeria. The study was delimited to 14 out of 16 Local Governments in Lagos metropolis. The study participants were 650 (334 males and 316 females) selected from 14 Local Governments in Lagos metropolis. Stratified random sampling technique was applied to get the volunteered metropolitan Lagos Local Government staff participants used for the study. Mixed research approaches involving quantitative and qualitative data collection were employed to carry out the study. Pilot study was carried out and reliability of each instrument was established with Cronbach’s alpha and test-re-test after an interval of two weeks. The reliability coefficients based on Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were PRSPIQ (0.89), PRSPIBQ (0.87), RSFQ (0.79), and EPIMCEQ (0.85). The quantitative data collected were entered into Microsoft Excel 2007 Software and later exported to SPSS 18.0 statistical package for data analysis. Simple frequencies of responses in % and factor analysis were used in analysing the data collected, while Chi-square test of goodness-of-fit was used to test all the four hypotheses. The interview data collected were analysed using inductive method. All the hypotheses were pitched at 0.05 confidence level. Results of the study revealed that: implementation of the current public policy had not significantly improved recreation sport services and participation in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 395000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05); Barriers had affected effective implementation of the current public recreation sports policy in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 38.6000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05); implementation of the current public policy had not improved recreation sport facilities and safe recreation environments in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 33.3000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05; implementation of the current public policy had not effectively enhanced management competencies of recreation sport officers in Lagos metropolis: x2 (4, N = 650) = 64.3000, p<.0001, was significant at p<0.05. The conclusions drawn from the findings of the study include: the current public policy had not significantly improved recreation sport services in Lagos metropolis. Specifically, the study found that: the current policy had not done enough to enhance increased participation in recreation sport activities in Lagos metropolis; barriers had affected effective implementation of the current public recreation sports policy in Lagos metropolis; the public policy had not done enough to improve recreation sport facilities and safe recreation environments in most parts of Lagos metropolis; and the current public policy had not effectively enhanced management competencies of public recreation sport officers in Lagos metropolis. The study findings had it too that to effectively implement public recreation sports policy in Lagos metropolis, stakeholders should be adequately involved in the implementation activities. Based on the study findings, the study among others recommends that the State Government should be: proactive to update the content of the current public policy on recreation sports as the needs of the users are increasingly changing over time; Government agents, private organizations, recreation sport professionals and community stakeholders should be actively involved in the implementation processes to forestall any barriers; more recreation facility pools in safe and conducive environments should be provided and assessable to increase participation in recreation sports by the people of Lagos metropolis; and the public policy should be effectively implemented to enhance management competencies of public recreation sport managers in Lagos metropolis. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2013
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013-04
Agricultural entrepreneurship development as strategy for economic empowerment: The case of small-scale farmers in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa
- Authors: Akinwale, Olusola Mokayode
- Date: 2020-11
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20241 , vital:45637
- Description: This study emanated from the struggle for economic empowerment among small-scale farmers in South African. The study advocates for the establishment of a viable environment where agricultural entrepreneurship can thrive. While the South African Nation Development Plan (NDP) proposed to create one million jobs through agricultural sector by 2030, the majority of small-scale farmers in South Africa are struggling to grow beyond the level of subsistence farming, and the youths appear not to be interested in the farming. It is therefore become necessary to conduct this current study that is exploratory in nature; it explored several factors and barriers to agricultural entrepreneurship development, as well as factors that can contribute to the development of prosperous and sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship among small-scale farmers in South African. The study was conducted in two district municipalities of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa – OR Tambo and Chris Hani. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to make findings. Findings from the study shows that economic empowerment can be achieved through agricultural entrepreneurship development by giving adequate attention to specific factors like individuals’ attitude, production skills, access to market and marketing skills, management skills. Empirically, basic components like personal interests, adequate training and background, efficient extension service, famers’ network and communication, specific goal-oriented, understanding market, farmers’ collaboration, and access to sufficient funding are few of the factors that will make the small-scale farmers grow to the level of commercial farming. The study concluded that prerequisite to developing a sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship climate among small-scale farmers in South African is the combination of basic components aforementioned. Suggestions were made for strong collaboration between government and private sectors to provide development assistance for small-scale farmers as they struggles to develop their small-scale farming to sustainable entrepreneurship level. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-11
- Authors: Akinwale, Olusola Mokayode
- Date: 2020-11
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , South Africa -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20241 , vital:45637
- Description: This study emanated from the struggle for economic empowerment among small-scale farmers in South African. The study advocates for the establishment of a viable environment where agricultural entrepreneurship can thrive. While the South African Nation Development Plan (NDP) proposed to create one million jobs through agricultural sector by 2030, the majority of small-scale farmers in South Africa are struggling to grow beyond the level of subsistence farming, and the youths appear not to be interested in the farming. It is therefore become necessary to conduct this current study that is exploratory in nature; it explored several factors and barriers to agricultural entrepreneurship development, as well as factors that can contribute to the development of prosperous and sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship among small-scale farmers in South African. The study was conducted in two district municipalities of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa – OR Tambo and Chris Hani. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used to make findings. Findings from the study shows that economic empowerment can be achieved through agricultural entrepreneurship development by giving adequate attention to specific factors like individuals’ attitude, production skills, access to market and marketing skills, management skills. Empirically, basic components like personal interests, adequate training and background, efficient extension service, famers’ network and communication, specific goal-oriented, understanding market, farmers’ collaboration, and access to sufficient funding are few of the factors that will make the small-scale farmers grow to the level of commercial farming. The study concluded that prerequisite to developing a sustainable agricultural entrepreneurship climate among small-scale farmers in South African is the combination of basic components aforementioned. Suggestions were made for strong collaboration between government and private sectors to provide development assistance for small-scale farmers as they struggles to develop their small-scale farming to sustainable entrepreneurship level. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-11
An analysis of ethics and governance practices in the public sector: United Nations and African Union perspectives
- Authors: Shindika, Emmanuel Selemani
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: United Nations , African Union , Public administration -- Moral and ethical aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26164 , vital:64946
- Description: Recent studies highlight the importance of improving governance and ethics in public entities, especially in Africa. However, doing so requires an understanding on what forms governance and ethics in public institutions, particularly at a national level. Such considerations necessitates that some focus on continental and world institutions, such as, the African Union and the United Nations. These institutions have been in existence for a number of years with mandates of improving member states governance and ethics, as well as, service delivery to the public. As such, this research primarily focuses on understanding the roles played by the AU and the UN in shaping governance and ethics to member states, as well as, of its employees. The focus of this inquiry was to understand individual narratives about how working for public institutions on a daily to day basis influences governance and ethics understanding and application. Therefore, in order to properly analyse the narratives from respondents, the study applied an inductive and qualitative approach in order to explore how the AU and UN systems influence governance and ethics for member s states and employees. Data was collected through semi structured interviews with UN and AU officials, as well as public servants of member states for those organisations. The study made use of a thematic analyses method of interpreting data. A total of six major themes emerged, they are as follows: ethics a part in governance; effectiveness of AU and UN systems; disciplinary role; ethical guidelines and standards influence on public sector; member states adherence to the UN/AU ethical conduct; and implementation gaps in ethical guidelines within member states. Interviews were conducted in four countries namely; South Africa, Tanzania, Mauritius and Botswana. Findings from the study pointed that the AU and UN systems have loopholes in dealing with issues of governance and ethics. Moreover, member states respondents also pointed to the loopholes in those two organisations. The research suggests that member states should tighten their public entities ethical compliance assessments and follow suggestions from the UN and AU. Final recommendations and suggestions for further research are provided. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Shindika, Emmanuel Selemani
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: United Nations , African Union , Public administration -- Moral and ethical aspects
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26164 , vital:64946
- Description: Recent studies highlight the importance of improving governance and ethics in public entities, especially in Africa. However, doing so requires an understanding on what forms governance and ethics in public institutions, particularly at a national level. Such considerations necessitates that some focus on continental and world institutions, such as, the African Union and the United Nations. These institutions have been in existence for a number of years with mandates of improving member states governance and ethics, as well as, service delivery to the public. As such, this research primarily focuses on understanding the roles played by the AU and the UN in shaping governance and ethics to member states, as well as, of its employees. The focus of this inquiry was to understand individual narratives about how working for public institutions on a daily to day basis influences governance and ethics understanding and application. Therefore, in order to properly analyse the narratives from respondents, the study applied an inductive and qualitative approach in order to explore how the AU and UN systems influence governance and ethics for member s states and employees. Data was collected through semi structured interviews with UN and AU officials, as well as public servants of member states for those organisations. The study made use of a thematic analyses method of interpreting data. A total of six major themes emerged, they are as follows: ethics a part in governance; effectiveness of AU and UN systems; disciplinary role; ethical guidelines and standards influence on public sector; member states adherence to the UN/AU ethical conduct; and implementation gaps in ethical guidelines within member states. Interviews were conducted in four countries namely; South Africa, Tanzania, Mauritius and Botswana. Findings from the study pointed that the AU and UN systems have loopholes in dealing with issues of governance and ethics. Moreover, member states respondents also pointed to the loopholes in those two organisations. The research suggests that member states should tighten their public entities ethical compliance assessments and follow suggestions from the UN and AU. Final recommendations and suggestions for further research are provided. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
An analysis of schooling outcomes in the Eastern Cape, using production function approach
- Authors: Ncanywa, Thobeka
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Education -- Economic aspects , Production functions (Economic theory) , School management and organization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26570 , vital:65656
- Description: This study analysed the schooling outcomes of the Eastern Cape Department of Basic Education in the period heading into the second decade of democracy. The main objective of the thesis is to discover what constitutes the education production function of the Eastern Cape schooling system. In an attempt to reach this objective, the study adopted an education production function approach to answer the questions of what constitute the Eastern Cape education production function, what the effects are of the Dinaledi policy interventions on learner performance and the effects of district size on schooling outcomes. The main focus of the constituents of the production function is on the level of the former Bantustan penalty and Department of Education and Training (DET) penalty in relation to former White schools; as well as the quality of educators in the province. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and quantile regressions were used to analyse the data and the Annual National Assessment (ANA) represented schooling outcomes and was estimated against school, educator and community characteristics. The results indicated a strong relationship between schooling outcomes and the school inputs that were used in the study. The effects of the Dinaledi intervention programme were analysed using the grade 12 panel data for the period from 2008 to 2013, where event dropout rates represented schooling outcomes. The findings that emerged from this study indicated that this programme provides a model that can improve the Eastern Cape schooling outcomes. The effects of district size on schooling outcomes were analysed with the regression discontinuity design technique and this revealed that district sizes have an impact on schooling outcomes. Overall, the results suggested that White schools perform better than their counterparts; that placing schools in quintiles is a good policy intervention; and that educator quality is associated with schooling outcomes. The key findings from this research were the continuing existence of the apartheid legacy in Black schools; poor educator quality; an inappropriate language of instruction; gender inequalities in performance and an uneven distribution of schools in districts. The recommendations for this research are to pay more attention to the improvement of educator quality in terms of educator qualifications, training and remuneration; implement a programme like the Dinaledi programme to all schools, as it provides resources to schools; and enforce the district size as informed by the district act so as to improve the support that district officials give to schools. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Ncanywa, Thobeka
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Education -- Economic aspects , Production functions (Economic theory) , School management and organization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26570 , vital:65656
- Description: This study analysed the schooling outcomes of the Eastern Cape Department of Basic Education in the period heading into the second decade of democracy. The main objective of the thesis is to discover what constitutes the education production function of the Eastern Cape schooling system. In an attempt to reach this objective, the study adopted an education production function approach to answer the questions of what constitute the Eastern Cape education production function, what the effects are of the Dinaledi policy interventions on learner performance and the effects of district size on schooling outcomes. The main focus of the constituents of the production function is on the level of the former Bantustan penalty and Department of Education and Training (DET) penalty in relation to former White schools; as well as the quality of educators in the province. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and quantile regressions were used to analyse the data and the Annual National Assessment (ANA) represented schooling outcomes and was estimated against school, educator and community characteristics. The results indicated a strong relationship between schooling outcomes and the school inputs that were used in the study. The effects of the Dinaledi intervention programme were analysed using the grade 12 panel data for the period from 2008 to 2013, where event dropout rates represented schooling outcomes. The findings that emerged from this study indicated that this programme provides a model that can improve the Eastern Cape schooling outcomes. The effects of district size on schooling outcomes were analysed with the regression discontinuity design technique and this revealed that district sizes have an impact on schooling outcomes. Overall, the results suggested that White schools perform better than their counterparts; that placing schools in quintiles is a good policy intervention; and that educator quality is associated with schooling outcomes. The key findings from this research were the continuing existence of the apartheid legacy in Black schools; poor educator quality; an inappropriate language of instruction; gender inequalities in performance and an uneven distribution of schools in districts. The recommendations for this research are to pay more attention to the improvement of educator quality in terms of educator qualifications, training and remuneration; implement a programme like the Dinaledi programme to all schools, as it provides resources to schools; and enforce the district size as informed by the district act so as to improve the support that district officials give to schools. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
An analysis of the internship programme in the Sarah Baartman Health District of the Eastern Cape: a model for effective implementation
- Authors: Feni, Monde Ludick
- Date: 2022-03
- Subjects: Internship programs , Public service employment , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23359 , vital:57617
- Description: The study’s main purpose was to evaluate the processes for Internship Programme Implementation in the Sarah Baartman Health District of the Eastern Cape Department of Health, to determine a Model that can be postulated for improving the Internship Programme Implementation in the Sarah Baartman Health District, wide Public Service and Private Sector. An empirical Study reveals the process for the Internship Programme Implementation has been marred with a significant number of challenges. As part of the recommendations, it was highly stressed that the Sarah Baartman Health District must adopt and embrace the Internship Programme Implementation Model in Figure 6.1 to effectively implement the Internship Programme as a means to deal with the challenges. Data was collected by the investigator from four main groups within the Sarah Baartman Health District. These were Senior Managers, Corporate Services Managers, Mentors, current and past interns. All these groups were directly involved in the internships in the Sarah Baartman Health District Health Department. The investigator got accurate and verified reflections, experiences and understandings of four constructs surrounding the internship programme and they include recruitment and employment of Interns using Best Practices, Training and Development Programmes for Interns Training, Performance Management and Development System for Interns and Mentoring as a Tool to Transfer Knowledge, Skills, Competencies and Attitudes required to Perform Optimally. During interviews, the researcher requested permission from the participants to record their responses digitally. This was done to make sure that no data was lost during the writing of responses from the participants. The questionnaires that were distributed to the interns and mentors had closed-ended questions, but the validity of the questionnaire was ensured by having a space for comments under each question to allow participants to support their answers. An analysis of the questionnaire was done by employing Microsoft Excel and statistics that are descriptive and inferential. The study findings revealed that the recruitment and employment of interns using best practices had a mean score above the required mean of 3, meaning that it is applied acceptably. As much as the construct is acceptable and meets the standard, the item in the construct that pertained to security checks for interns was not done and this is a worrying factor, meaning that the recruitment and employment of interns might be at risk of bringing in interns into the programme who are risky for the organisation. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-03
- Authors: Feni, Monde Ludick
- Date: 2022-03
- Subjects: Internship programs , Public service employment , South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23359 , vital:57617
- Description: The study’s main purpose was to evaluate the processes for Internship Programme Implementation in the Sarah Baartman Health District of the Eastern Cape Department of Health, to determine a Model that can be postulated for improving the Internship Programme Implementation in the Sarah Baartman Health District, wide Public Service and Private Sector. An empirical Study reveals the process for the Internship Programme Implementation has been marred with a significant number of challenges. As part of the recommendations, it was highly stressed that the Sarah Baartman Health District must adopt and embrace the Internship Programme Implementation Model in Figure 6.1 to effectively implement the Internship Programme as a means to deal with the challenges. Data was collected by the investigator from four main groups within the Sarah Baartman Health District. These were Senior Managers, Corporate Services Managers, Mentors, current and past interns. All these groups were directly involved in the internships in the Sarah Baartman Health District Health Department. The investigator got accurate and verified reflections, experiences and understandings of four constructs surrounding the internship programme and they include recruitment and employment of Interns using Best Practices, Training and Development Programmes for Interns Training, Performance Management and Development System for Interns and Mentoring as a Tool to Transfer Knowledge, Skills, Competencies and Attitudes required to Perform Optimally. During interviews, the researcher requested permission from the participants to record their responses digitally. This was done to make sure that no data was lost during the writing of responses from the participants. The questionnaires that were distributed to the interns and mentors had closed-ended questions, but the validity of the questionnaire was ensured by having a space for comments under each question to allow participants to support their answers. An analysis of the questionnaire was done by employing Microsoft Excel and statistics that are descriptive and inferential. The study findings revealed that the recruitment and employment of interns using best practices had a mean score above the required mean of 3, meaning that it is applied acceptably. As much as the construct is acceptable and meets the standard, the item in the construct that pertained to security checks for interns was not done and this is a worrying factor, meaning that the recruitment and employment of interns might be at risk of bringing in interns into the programme who are risky for the organisation. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-03
An evaluation of performance management development system alignment with organizational objectives: case study of the Department of Tourism.
- Authors: Mkhavele, Enes Katekani
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Performance--Management , Organizational effectiveness , Employees--Rating of
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21455 , vital:48645
- Description: The aim and objectives of this study are to assess the public sectors’ performance management development framework’s role in fulfilling organizational and employees’ performance objectives within Department of Tourism, to identify areas of disconnect between the Department of Tourism’s strategic objectives and employee performance, to determine whether the current employee rewards system enhances organizational commitment and promotes organizational effectiveness. Lastly, the study seeks to make a recommendation on how the Department of Tourism can align its employee’s performance management systems with the organizational performance planning process. , Thesis (PhD) (Public Administration) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
- Authors: Mkhavele, Enes Katekani
- Date: 2021-07
- Subjects: Performance--Management , Organizational effectiveness , Employees--Rating of
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21455 , vital:48645
- Description: The aim and objectives of this study are to assess the public sectors’ performance management development framework’s role in fulfilling organizational and employees’ performance objectives within Department of Tourism, to identify areas of disconnect between the Department of Tourism’s strategic objectives and employee performance, to determine whether the current employee rewards system enhances organizational commitment and promotes organizational effectiveness. Lastly, the study seeks to make a recommendation on how the Department of Tourism can align its employee’s performance management systems with the organizational performance planning process. , Thesis (PhD) (Public Administration) -- University of Fort Hare, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-07
An examination of human resource management strategies and their contribution to effective local government systems in Zimbabwe
- Mutongoreni, Noah Ariel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6039-6241
- Authors: Mutongoreni, Noah Ariel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6039-6241
- Date: 2015-01
- Subjects: Personnel management , Local government--Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24024 , vital:62299
- Description: The study sought to examine human resource management strategies and their contributions to effective local government systems in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Local government in Zimbabwe, though being nearest to the people, is showing evidence of failure to discharge its mandate. Various factors have been used to explain the reasons behind local government‘s failures to provide services. None of these have touched on the role played by people management in ensuring local government performance. This was notwithstanding the fact that towards the last two decades of the twentieth century research emerged glorifying human resources as the source of organizational excellence. Consequently, being motivated by the fact that good people management strategies lead to excellent organizational performance, attention in this study focused on people management strategies in local government in Zimbabwe. The study adopted a mixed approach with a strong inclination towards qualitative methodology. The data was gleaned from documents from local authorities, interviews, focus group interviews and questionnaire surveys. The study focused on local authorities in Manicaland Province. The results of the study confirmed the existence of human resource management strategies in local authorities in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. The human resource management strategies have however not resulted in excellent performance of local authorities. The reason behind this is attributable to severe resource constraints. Excellent people management strategies were found to be on paper as there were no resources to support them. The dearth of resources in local authorities was found to be attributed to the economic, political, legal and social factors engulfing the local government system in Zimbabwe. Consequently, local government in Zimbabwe remain stressed and in dire need of a ―Lazarus moment‖. There is an engineer with skills to construct dams to quench the thirst souls in the city but there are no resources to construct the dams. The fireman‘s truck rushes to quench a fire outbreak only to arrive at the scene with no water. In view of this, the study recommends that the review of the local government legal framework be speeded up and more autonomy be granted to local authorities. Such a review would have a bearing on the notion of decentralization, democratization and consequently economic development. In addition, government must seriously consider setting aside a portion of its budget towards support of local authorities. v Where democratic ethos exists, there is transparency, accountability, the rule of law and responsiveness. The human resource in local government would in turn promote democracy and excellence. Other strategies such as granting of garnishing powers to local authorities as well as giving their police arresting would further nourish their resource base. When this happen people management strategies would contribute to effective local government systems in Zimbabwe. Further studies on the contribution of human resource management strategies in effective local government systems after the complete overhaul of the current legislative regime would nonetheless be of interest to researchers. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015-01
- Authors: Mutongoreni, Noah Ariel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6039-6241
- Date: 2015-01
- Subjects: Personnel management , Local government--Zimbabwe
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24024 , vital:62299
- Description: The study sought to examine human resource management strategies and their contributions to effective local government systems in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Local government in Zimbabwe, though being nearest to the people, is showing evidence of failure to discharge its mandate. Various factors have been used to explain the reasons behind local government‘s failures to provide services. None of these have touched on the role played by people management in ensuring local government performance. This was notwithstanding the fact that towards the last two decades of the twentieth century research emerged glorifying human resources as the source of organizational excellence. Consequently, being motivated by the fact that good people management strategies lead to excellent organizational performance, attention in this study focused on people management strategies in local government in Zimbabwe. The study adopted a mixed approach with a strong inclination towards qualitative methodology. The data was gleaned from documents from local authorities, interviews, focus group interviews and questionnaire surveys. The study focused on local authorities in Manicaland Province. The results of the study confirmed the existence of human resource management strategies in local authorities in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. The human resource management strategies have however not resulted in excellent performance of local authorities. The reason behind this is attributable to severe resource constraints. Excellent people management strategies were found to be on paper as there were no resources to support them. The dearth of resources in local authorities was found to be attributed to the economic, political, legal and social factors engulfing the local government system in Zimbabwe. Consequently, local government in Zimbabwe remain stressed and in dire need of a ―Lazarus moment‖. There is an engineer with skills to construct dams to quench the thirst souls in the city but there are no resources to construct the dams. The fireman‘s truck rushes to quench a fire outbreak only to arrive at the scene with no water. In view of this, the study recommends that the review of the local government legal framework be speeded up and more autonomy be granted to local authorities. Such a review would have a bearing on the notion of decentralization, democratization and consequently economic development. In addition, government must seriously consider setting aside a portion of its budget towards support of local authorities. v Where democratic ethos exists, there is transparency, accountability, the rule of law and responsiveness. The human resource in local government would in turn promote democracy and excellence. Other strategies such as granting of garnishing powers to local authorities as well as giving their police arresting would further nourish their resource base. When this happen people management strategies would contribute to effective local government systems in Zimbabwe. Further studies on the contribution of human resource management strategies in effective local government systems after the complete overhaul of the current legislative regime would nonetheless be of interest to researchers. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015-01
Assessing public administration implications of the use and disposal of agro-chemicals in A2 farms in Zimbabwe : a case study of Chirumhanzu District
- Authors: Matunhu, Viola
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Agricultural chemicals , Hazardous waste treatment facilities , Pesticide waste
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26481 , vital:65471
- Description: This study is concerned with use and disposal of agro-chemical in A2 farms in Zimbabwe with specific reference to Chirumhanzu District. The study is located in the field of public administration. A transformational mixed research design was employed in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the field data. The study involved farm employees in 21 A2 farms that use agro-chemicals to enhance farm productivity. Non probability sampling techniques were employed to select the participating farms. Interviews, questionnaires, literature search, and observation where the main data collection instruments. A total of 150 purposively selected employees drawn from 21 participating farms participated in the study. The findings of this empirical study, which uses the terms I, the researcher, and the study interchangeably, were that there is poor use and management of agro-chemicals in the area. Most farm employees do not adhere to instructions on use and disposal of the chemicals and there is a weak monitoring and evaluation of the use and disposal of agro-chemicals on the farms. Yet, most of these chemicals are carcinogens. Farm employees need to be trained on personal and public health implications of poor management of agro-chemicals. Labels on containers that store chemicals need to be written in both English and vernacular, which is not the case in the district. Labels on most of the chemicals on the farms studied are written in English and technical terms are used. Although, most of the employees on the farms are literate, they find it difficult to understand the jargon on labels. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Matunhu, Viola
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Agricultural chemicals , Hazardous waste treatment facilities , Pesticide waste
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26481 , vital:65471
- Description: This study is concerned with use and disposal of agro-chemical in A2 farms in Zimbabwe with specific reference to Chirumhanzu District. The study is located in the field of public administration. A transformational mixed research design was employed in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the field data. The study involved farm employees in 21 A2 farms that use agro-chemicals to enhance farm productivity. Non probability sampling techniques were employed to select the participating farms. Interviews, questionnaires, literature search, and observation where the main data collection instruments. A total of 150 purposively selected employees drawn from 21 participating farms participated in the study. The findings of this empirical study, which uses the terms I, the researcher, and the study interchangeably, were that there is poor use and management of agro-chemicals in the area. Most farm employees do not adhere to instructions on use and disposal of the chemicals and there is a weak monitoring and evaluation of the use and disposal of agro-chemicals on the farms. Yet, most of these chemicals are carcinogens. Farm employees need to be trained on personal and public health implications of poor management of agro-chemicals. Labels on containers that store chemicals need to be written in both English and vernacular, which is not the case in the district. Labels on most of the chemicals on the farms studied are written in English and technical terms are used. Although, most of the employees on the farms are literate, they find it difficult to understand the jargon on labels. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2015
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Digital finance and poverty in selected Sub-Saharan Countries
- Dube, Ziphozethu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-5346
- Authors: Dube, Ziphozethu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-5346
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: Electronic funds transfers , Transmission mechanism (Monetary policy)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23347 , vital:57616
- Description: Since the 21st century, digital finance has emerged as a critical enabler and an excellent tool for meeting the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through increasing financial inclusion and poverty reduction. The objective of achieving universal financial access by 2030 has led to recognising that financial inclusion has a significant role in economic growth and poverty eradication. The literature demonstrates that access to finance can affect poverty through access to credit, enabling savings, thereby facilitating intertemporal consumption smoothing. Digital finance is key to unlocking financial inclusion, particularly in developing countries. Building capacity in digital payments is one of the best ways to ensure a faster, better, and more cost-effective way to access financial services. The gender gap in developing countries states that (59% of men were reported to have a bank account in 2014, while 50% of women only had a bank account). Some groups, including women and the rural poor, are financially excluded compared to others. This study applied panel data regression analysis and structural equation modelling to investigate the nature of digital finance, its relationship with poverty and the transmission mechanism from digital finance to poverty in selected Sub-Saharan Countries. The results indicate that remittance is one of the most significant determinants of the use of digital finance in the Sub-Saharan region compared to other determinants of use for digital finance. Regarding the transmission mechanism between digital finance and poverty, the path analysis results suggest that the channel for remittance in the transmission mechanism has a more substantial impact on reducing poverty than savings in the Sub-Saharan region. The study recommends that remittance is essential, but savings are not critical in this digital age. This study contributed to literature by identifying the transmission mechanism between digital finance and poverty. This is beneficial to researchers and policymakers . It provides policy practitioners with a reference point on a model to build upon towards providing solutions to the problem, Sub-Saharan Countries encounter on delivering sustainable and broad-based economic growth. The study concludes by proposing that digital finance, particularly mobile money presents an excellent opportunity to increase access to finance and reduce poverty. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
- Authors: Dube, Ziphozethu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-5346
- Date: 2022-10
- Subjects: Electronic funds transfers , Transmission mechanism (Monetary policy)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/23347 , vital:57616
- Description: Since the 21st century, digital finance has emerged as a critical enabler and an excellent tool for meeting the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through increasing financial inclusion and poverty reduction. The objective of achieving universal financial access by 2030 has led to recognising that financial inclusion has a significant role in economic growth and poverty eradication. The literature demonstrates that access to finance can affect poverty through access to credit, enabling savings, thereby facilitating intertemporal consumption smoothing. Digital finance is key to unlocking financial inclusion, particularly in developing countries. Building capacity in digital payments is one of the best ways to ensure a faster, better, and more cost-effective way to access financial services. The gender gap in developing countries states that (59% of men were reported to have a bank account in 2014, while 50% of women only had a bank account). Some groups, including women and the rural poor, are financially excluded compared to others. This study applied panel data regression analysis and structural equation modelling to investigate the nature of digital finance, its relationship with poverty and the transmission mechanism from digital finance to poverty in selected Sub-Saharan Countries. The results indicate that remittance is one of the most significant determinants of the use of digital finance in the Sub-Saharan region compared to other determinants of use for digital finance. Regarding the transmission mechanism between digital finance and poverty, the path analysis results suggest that the channel for remittance in the transmission mechanism has a more substantial impact on reducing poverty than savings in the Sub-Saharan region. The study recommends that remittance is essential, but savings are not critical in this digital age. This study contributed to literature by identifying the transmission mechanism between digital finance and poverty. This is beneficial to researchers and policymakers . It provides policy practitioners with a reference point on a model to build upon towards providing solutions to the problem, Sub-Saharan Countries encounter on delivering sustainable and broad-based economic growth. The study concludes by proposing that digital finance, particularly mobile money presents an excellent opportunity to increase access to finance and reduce poverty. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-10
Dynamics of agricultural micro, small and medium enterprise life-cycle financing and implications for sector development in Zimbabwe
- Kichini, Gilbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-1023
- Authors: Kichini, Gilbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-1023
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Agriculture--Economic aspects--Zimbabwe , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20296 , vital:45648
- Description: Small, micro and medium-scale enterprises (SMMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth, employment and boosting the livelihoods of the poor in Zimbabwe. In the context of the Fast-track Land Reform and Re-distribution programme, agricultural SMMEs are viewed as the main pillar that anchors the recovery of the agricultural sector. Despite the key role they play, these SMMEs operate in a financially constrained environment in which access to funding is limited. In such a context, the ability of the SMMEs to perform their role depends on the strategic use of limited funding. One way to achieve this is to ensure that the funding used at each of the life-cycle stages of the business is the most suitable in addressing the main threats to business success. Much has been studied about how the supply-side factors have constrained growth and development. However, very limited focus has been placed on how SMME owners use the limited funding secured to address the main operational problems faced. The funding behaviour of the owners has to support the supply-side initiatives if the SMMEs are to survive and fulfil their envisaged role in the economy. This study thus analyses the use of funding by the owners along the business life-cycle based on a six-stage life-cycle model. It further analyses the suitability of such funding given the unique operational needs and challenges per stage as well as best practices. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the level of knowledge that SMME owners have about the financing options available and which ones are mostly used, determine the use and suitability of life-cycle financing focusing on agricultural SMMEs and also determine the most suitable life-cycle funding in terms of best practices for sector development. A cross-sectional survey research design was used given the lack of accurate time-series data and it followed a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. The owners or managers of agricultural SMMEs and the institutions providing funding constituted the two populations studied. A multiple-stage sampling strategy was used to determine a final sample of 320 owners of agricultural SMMEs while purposive sampling was used to draw a sample of 12 main SMME financing institutions. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the owners while an administered semi- structured questionnaire was used for financing institutions. The unit of analysis was the funding used along the business life-cycle. Frequency, binary logistic regression, Chi-Square tests of association and Odds-ratio analysis were used for quantitative data analysis while Qualitative-failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (Q-FMECA) and thematic analysis were used to analyse qualitative data. Results show a persistent rather than transitory reliance on internal funding contrary to theoretical propositions on life-cycle financing. Overall, life-cycle funding used was not in line with best practices for funding SMMEs especially in financially constrained environments where funding should be effectively and efficiently used. The study adds to literature on agricultural SMMEs funding in financially constrained environments and makes offers some policy recommendations to improve financing for development of the key subsector. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
- Authors: Kichini, Gilbert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-1023
- Date: 2021-03
- Subjects: Agriculture--Economic aspects--Zimbabwe , Sustainable development
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20296 , vital:45648
- Description: Small, micro and medium-scale enterprises (SMMEs) contribute significantly to economic growth, employment and boosting the livelihoods of the poor in Zimbabwe. In the context of the Fast-track Land Reform and Re-distribution programme, agricultural SMMEs are viewed as the main pillar that anchors the recovery of the agricultural sector. Despite the key role they play, these SMMEs operate in a financially constrained environment in which access to funding is limited. In such a context, the ability of the SMMEs to perform their role depends on the strategic use of limited funding. One way to achieve this is to ensure that the funding used at each of the life-cycle stages of the business is the most suitable in addressing the main threats to business success. Much has been studied about how the supply-side factors have constrained growth and development. However, very limited focus has been placed on how SMME owners use the limited funding secured to address the main operational problems faced. The funding behaviour of the owners has to support the supply-side initiatives if the SMMEs are to survive and fulfil their envisaged role in the economy. This study thus analyses the use of funding by the owners along the business life-cycle based on a six-stage life-cycle model. It further analyses the suitability of such funding given the unique operational needs and challenges per stage as well as best practices. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the level of knowledge that SMME owners have about the financing options available and which ones are mostly used, determine the use and suitability of life-cycle financing focusing on agricultural SMMEs and also determine the most suitable life-cycle funding in terms of best practices for sector development. A cross-sectional survey research design was used given the lack of accurate time-series data and it followed a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. The owners or managers of agricultural SMMEs and the institutions providing funding constituted the two populations studied. A multiple-stage sampling strategy was used to determine a final sample of 320 owners of agricultural SMMEs while purposive sampling was used to draw a sample of 12 main SMME financing institutions. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the owners while an administered semi- structured questionnaire was used for financing institutions. The unit of analysis was the funding used along the business life-cycle. Frequency, binary logistic regression, Chi-Square tests of association and Odds-ratio analysis were used for quantitative data analysis while Qualitative-failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (Q-FMECA) and thematic analysis were used to analyse qualitative data. Results show a persistent rather than transitory reliance on internal funding contrary to theoretical propositions on life-cycle financing. Overall, life-cycle funding used was not in line with best practices for funding SMMEs especially in financially constrained environments where funding should be effectively and efficiently used. The study adds to literature on agricultural SMMEs funding in financially constrained environments and makes offers some policy recommendations to improve financing for development of the key subsector. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2021
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2021-03
Effects of non-communicable diseases on labour market outcomes in South Africa
- Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Authors: Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Labor economics , Environmental health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20340 , vital:45656
- Description: South Africa has experienced a high and rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle risk factors over the past decade. Health as a category of human capital is generally ex-pected to influence an individual’s labour supply and productivity. Despite the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, the high rate of economically inactive population and persistent wage inequalities in South Africa, there is limited empirical research on the effect of NCDs on labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials. Given this, the main object-ive of this study was to determine the effects of NCDs on three labour market outcomes: labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials in South Africa. This was divided into three major analytical objectives. Data used was extracted from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey collected by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Several econometric tests, including cross-sectional data analysis, panel data analysis and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods, were used in the study. The first analytical objective focused on estimating the effect of lifestyle risk factors on labour force participation through NCDs by gender. Endogenous multivariate probit models with a recur-sive simultaneous structure were employed as a method of analysis. The empirical findings suggested that NCDs and associated risk factors have detrimental effect on labour force participation. The analysis was further expanded to analyse the effect of gender differences, considering that the effect of NCDs may be gender-specific. The results revealed that the effect of stroke and heart diseases were significant only for men, while diabetes and high blood pressure were only significant for women. The results also emphasised the significant indirect influence of obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption on labour force participation through NCDs, especially for men. The second analytical chapter focused on investigating the effect of NCDs on employment status – that is, those employed, unemployed and economically inactive in the population of South Africa by gender. The estimation technique known as generalised linear latent and mixed methods (GLLAMM) was employed to fit the multinomial logit model with correlated random intercept. The findings suggest that NCDs affect the economically inactive population significantly relative to those employed, and the magnitude is larger for women than for men. There was no significant difference found in the effect of NCDs on the unemployed relative to the employed segment of the population. In addition, the results revealed gender differences on the effect of NCDs on employment status and that stroke had a significant influence on the employment status of both sexes, while heart diseases had significant influence only in men, whereas diabetes had significant effects only in women. The last analytical chapter focuses on estimating the effect of NCDs on wage differentials in South Africa by gender. The recentred influence function regression model and Blinder-Oaxaca de-composition with RIF were used in the chapter. The empirical results revealed that the effect of NCDs on earnings differ by gender. It was found that women with NCDs earn less than those without NCDs, while men with NCDs were found to earn more than their counterparts without NCDs. The results further revealed that women with NCDs suffer from wage discrimination in South Africa. The policy implications of this study are gender-specific. The results highlight the necessity for undertaking a massive awareness campaign regarding the prevention and control of NCDs, espe-cially among women. This can be achieved through specific female health programmes, including maternal healthcare. The findings of the study imply largely that calls for gender-responsive health approaches which take into account gender-specific needs and priorities should be promoted, compared to a blanket approach. In addition, there is a need for the government to complement education policies to promote labour market outcomes. Policies aimed at increasing access to education should continue to improve access to higher education and so to enhance participation in the labour force and reduce wage gaps. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-12
- Authors: Lawana, Nozuko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-4725
- Date: 2020-12
- Subjects: Labor economics , Environmental health
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20340 , vital:45656
- Description: South Africa has experienced a high and rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and lifestyle risk factors over the past decade. Health as a category of human capital is generally ex-pected to influence an individual’s labour supply and productivity. Despite the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases, the high rate of economically inactive population and persistent wage inequalities in South Africa, there is limited empirical research on the effect of NCDs on labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials. Given this, the main object-ive of this study was to determine the effects of NCDs on three labour market outcomes: labour force participation, employment status and wage differentials in South Africa. This was divided into three major analytical objectives. Data used was extracted from the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study, a nationally representative survey collected by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). Several econometric tests, including cross-sectional data analysis, panel data analysis and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition methods, were used in the study. The first analytical objective focused on estimating the effect of lifestyle risk factors on labour force participation through NCDs by gender. Endogenous multivariate probit models with a recur-sive simultaneous structure were employed as a method of analysis. The empirical findings suggested that NCDs and associated risk factors have detrimental effect on labour force participation. The analysis was further expanded to analyse the effect of gender differences, considering that the effect of NCDs may be gender-specific. The results revealed that the effect of stroke and heart diseases were significant only for men, while diabetes and high blood pressure were only significant for women. The results also emphasised the significant indirect influence of obesity, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption on labour force participation through NCDs, especially for men. The second analytical chapter focused on investigating the effect of NCDs on employment status – that is, those employed, unemployed and economically inactive in the population of South Africa by gender. The estimation technique known as generalised linear latent and mixed methods (GLLAMM) was employed to fit the multinomial logit model with correlated random intercept. The findings suggest that NCDs affect the economically inactive population significantly relative to those employed, and the magnitude is larger for women than for men. There was no significant difference found in the effect of NCDs on the unemployed relative to the employed segment of the population. In addition, the results revealed gender differences on the effect of NCDs on employment status and that stroke had a significant influence on the employment status of both sexes, while heart diseases had significant influence only in men, whereas diabetes had significant effects only in women. The last analytical chapter focuses on estimating the effect of NCDs on wage differentials in South Africa by gender. The recentred influence function regression model and Blinder-Oaxaca de-composition with RIF were used in the chapter. The empirical results revealed that the effect of NCDs on earnings differ by gender. It was found that women with NCDs earn less than those without NCDs, while men with NCDs were found to earn more than their counterparts without NCDs. The results further revealed that women with NCDs suffer from wage discrimination in South Africa. The policy implications of this study are gender-specific. The results highlight the necessity for undertaking a massive awareness campaign regarding the prevention and control of NCDs, espe-cially among women. This can be achieved through specific female health programmes, including maternal healthcare. The findings of the study imply largely that calls for gender-responsive health approaches which take into account gender-specific needs and priorities should be promoted, compared to a blanket approach. In addition, there is a need for the government to complement education policies to promote labour market outcomes. Policies aimed at increasing access to education should continue to improve access to higher education and so to enhance participation in the labour force and reduce wage gaps. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020-12
Evaluation of the impact of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of selected municipalities in South Africa
- Okubena, Olumuyiwa Olamilekan
- Authors: Okubena, Olumuyiwa Olamilekan
- Date: 2010-12
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Fraud -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25569 , vital:64335
- Description: This thesis explored the pernicious effects of financial fraud and corruption and the importance of the rule of law, transparency and accountability of public sector. These critical conditions serve as the foundation for the effective and efficient governance and the economic growth of a nation, especially through utilizing the opportunities provided by globalization through increased investment and trade. The thesis looks at the importance of upholding the rule of law and fostering transparency and accountability in the public sector in combating financial fraud and corruption, particularly as components of effective national strategies. The rule of law, transparency and accountability in the public sector serve not only as means to counter financial fraud and corruption but also as fundamental conditions of effective governance. It was discovered that financial fraud and corruption is a complex phenomenon, present in all countries. Its causes are engendered by conditions of underdevelopment. Hence, its effects hinder and impede the development process itself. It was also confirmed that financial fraud and corruption are co-determined by many other factors, including cultural and moral values. The motivation to remain honest may be weakened by low public official’s salaries, promotion of personnel unconnected to performance, dysfunctional government budgets, loss of organizational purpose, bad example by chief official’s and political leaders, or long established patron-client relationships, in which the sharing of bribes or the exchange of favors has become entrenched. Financial fraud and corruption can be highly concentrated at the top of a political system and associated with political power, or broadly based at lower levels in the system, associated with administrative processes and discretionary powers. Hence, bribes can be blatant or subtle and take many different forms, including cash payments, job offers, scholarships, foreign trips or political and other favors. Furthermore, the development of sustainable local authorities however is an ambitious issue that requires local authorities to focus on the improvement of the quality of life of present and future communities without depleting the natural resources at their disposal. For sustainable and equitable development, this study espouses on the far-reaching implications for local authorities through multiple regression analysis due to various economic, social and institutional challenges that have to be taken into consideration when a process to promote sustainable development is considered. To comprehensively actualize the implications of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of local authorities, a multistage cluster sampling, a form of probability sampling technique was adopted. Semantically, to identify the research paradigms suitable for this study, a hybrid approach to research design was used (quantitative and qualitative). This however enables the impact of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of selected local authorities in South Africa to be ascertained. Moreover, the study explores the circumstances and implications surrounding financial fraud and corruption in the local authorities in South-Africa. Financial fraud and corruption tends to emerge when an organization or a public official has monopoly power over a good or service that generates rent, has the discretionary power to decide who will receive it, and is not accountable. Financial fraud and corruption’s roots are grounded in a country’s social and cultural history, political and economic development, bureaucratic traditions and policies. This study also identifies that, direct and indirect factors promote financial fraud and corruption. Direct factors include regulations and authorizations, taxation, spending decisions, provision of goods and services at below market prices, and financing political parties. On the other hand, quality of bureaucracy, level of public sector wages, penalty systems, institutional controls, and transparency of rules, laws, and processes are the indirect factors that promote financial fraud and corruption. Financial fraud and corruption is a symptom of deep institutional weaknesses that leads to inefficient economic, social, and political outcomes. It reduces economic growth, retards long-term foreign and domestic investments, enhances inflation, depreciates national currency, reduces expenditures for education and health, increases military expenditures, misallocates talent to rent-seeking activities, pushes firms underground, distorts markets and the allocation of resources, increases income inequality and poverty, reduces tax revenue, increases child and infant mortality rates, distorts the fundamental role of the government (on enforcement of contracts and protection of property. Nonetheless, this study concludes that financial fraud and corruption impedes economic efficiency which could slow or shrink economic growth. This will adversely affect all income classes, especially the most vulnerable, the poor. The effect of financial fraud and corruption through investment expenditure on health and education critical to sustainable development was noted in this study. In practice, the distinction between governance and government and the resultant mechanisms directed at local sustainable development do not seem to be clear. Hence, lack of understanding of the meaning of sustainability and governance for local development is still lacking. Recommendations on the serious consequences of financial fraud and corruption on economic growth, capital formation, poverty and inequality to foster and address sustainable development are also provided in this study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010-12
- Authors: Okubena, Olumuyiwa Olamilekan
- Date: 2010-12
- Subjects: Sustainable development -- South Africa , Fraud -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Municipal services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/25569 , vital:64335
- Description: This thesis explored the pernicious effects of financial fraud and corruption and the importance of the rule of law, transparency and accountability of public sector. These critical conditions serve as the foundation for the effective and efficient governance and the economic growth of a nation, especially through utilizing the opportunities provided by globalization through increased investment and trade. The thesis looks at the importance of upholding the rule of law and fostering transparency and accountability in the public sector in combating financial fraud and corruption, particularly as components of effective national strategies. The rule of law, transparency and accountability in the public sector serve not only as means to counter financial fraud and corruption but also as fundamental conditions of effective governance. It was discovered that financial fraud and corruption is a complex phenomenon, present in all countries. Its causes are engendered by conditions of underdevelopment. Hence, its effects hinder and impede the development process itself. It was also confirmed that financial fraud and corruption are co-determined by many other factors, including cultural and moral values. The motivation to remain honest may be weakened by low public official’s salaries, promotion of personnel unconnected to performance, dysfunctional government budgets, loss of organizational purpose, bad example by chief official’s and political leaders, or long established patron-client relationships, in which the sharing of bribes or the exchange of favors has become entrenched. Financial fraud and corruption can be highly concentrated at the top of a political system and associated with political power, or broadly based at lower levels in the system, associated with administrative processes and discretionary powers. Hence, bribes can be blatant or subtle and take many different forms, including cash payments, job offers, scholarships, foreign trips or political and other favors. Furthermore, the development of sustainable local authorities however is an ambitious issue that requires local authorities to focus on the improvement of the quality of life of present and future communities without depleting the natural resources at their disposal. For sustainable and equitable development, this study espouses on the far-reaching implications for local authorities through multiple regression analysis due to various economic, social and institutional challenges that have to be taken into consideration when a process to promote sustainable development is considered. To comprehensively actualize the implications of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of local authorities, a multistage cluster sampling, a form of probability sampling technique was adopted. Semantically, to identify the research paradigms suitable for this study, a hybrid approach to research design was used (quantitative and qualitative). This however enables the impact of financial fraud and corruption on the sustainable development of selected local authorities in South Africa to be ascertained. Moreover, the study explores the circumstances and implications surrounding financial fraud and corruption in the local authorities in South-Africa. Financial fraud and corruption tends to emerge when an organization or a public official has monopoly power over a good or service that generates rent, has the discretionary power to decide who will receive it, and is not accountable. Financial fraud and corruption’s roots are grounded in a country’s social and cultural history, political and economic development, bureaucratic traditions and policies. This study also identifies that, direct and indirect factors promote financial fraud and corruption. Direct factors include regulations and authorizations, taxation, spending decisions, provision of goods and services at below market prices, and financing political parties. On the other hand, quality of bureaucracy, level of public sector wages, penalty systems, institutional controls, and transparency of rules, laws, and processes are the indirect factors that promote financial fraud and corruption. Financial fraud and corruption is a symptom of deep institutional weaknesses that leads to inefficient economic, social, and political outcomes. It reduces economic growth, retards long-term foreign and domestic investments, enhances inflation, depreciates national currency, reduces expenditures for education and health, increases military expenditures, misallocates talent to rent-seeking activities, pushes firms underground, distorts markets and the allocation of resources, increases income inequality and poverty, reduces tax revenue, increases child and infant mortality rates, distorts the fundamental role of the government (on enforcement of contracts and protection of property. Nonetheless, this study concludes that financial fraud and corruption impedes economic efficiency which could slow or shrink economic growth. This will adversely affect all income classes, especially the most vulnerable, the poor. The effect of financial fraud and corruption through investment expenditure on health and education critical to sustainable development was noted in this study. In practice, the distinction between governance and government and the resultant mechanisms directed at local sustainable development do not seem to be clear. Hence, lack of understanding of the meaning of sustainability and governance for local development is still lacking. Recommendations on the serious consequences of financial fraud and corruption on economic growth, capital formation, poverty and inequality to foster and address sustainable development are also provided in this study. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2010
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2010-12
Financing tools, firm life cycle and growth of small, medium and micro enterprises in selected sub-Sahara African economies
- Ngonisa, Phillip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-9062
- Authors: Ngonisa, Phillip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-9062
- Date: 2022-03
- Subjects: Small business -- Finance , Small business -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21794 , vital:51754
- Description: Finance is of paramount importance for small, medium and micro enterprises’ (SMMEs) growth, without which many firms fail to move along their growth continuum. Against this background, the study sought to examine the growth effects of financing tools across the different phases of SMMEs' life cycle in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA) economies for the period spanning from 2003 to 2019. Firstly, due to the inherent heterogeneity nature of the SMMEs' financing landscapes across the world, the study starts by identifying the commonly used financing tools in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. These were found to be internal finance, bank debt, trade credit, non-bank finance and informal finance, with internal finance being the most prevalent financing tool. The second aspect of the study was to examine the growth effects of the identified financing tools on SMMEs' performance in Sub Sahara Africa. In achieving this objective, several panel estimation techniques were employed, which are the feasible generalised least squares (FGLS), cross-sectional dependence (SCC), random effects model (REM) and pooled ordinary least squares (POLS). The empirical results show that internal finance or savings, bank financing, trade credit, non-bank financing and informal financing are positive and statistically significant in explaining SMMEs growth in the region, with stronger evidence for a positive relationship between external finance (trade credit and bank finance) on SMMEs growth in Sub-Saharan African region. The third objective of the study was to investigate the growth effects of SMMEs’ financing tools across different phases of the firm life cycle. The same panel techniques as used in achieving the previous objective were utilized again. The empirical findings show that the growth effects of SMME financing tools evolve as SMMEs move along their growth continuum, and only bank finance proved to be a fundamental variable for SMMEs growth throughout the different phases of firm growth. Finally, motivated by SMMEs’ high dependence on internal finance or savings, the study explored the saving practices of SMMEs in Sub Saharan Africa using thematic analysis. The study findings show that SMMEs in Sub Sahara African economies systematically save through formal and informal financial systems. These findings are contrary to conventional wisdom, which suggests that SMMEs are a financial basket case. Basing on the study findings, policies aimed at reducing or lessening the burden of accessing finance are important to stimulate the growth of SMMEs. Most importantly, there is a need for lenders and sponsors to understand the firm life cycle-financing tool nexus to ensure SMMEs growth. Moreover, SMMEs in Sub Sahara African economies need to cultivate a spirit of thrift to minimize firm attrition rate, thereby promoting SMMEs' growth in the region. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-03
- Authors: Ngonisa, Phillip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-9062
- Date: 2022-03
- Subjects: Small business -- Finance , Small business -- Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/21794 , vital:51754
- Description: Finance is of paramount importance for small, medium and micro enterprises’ (SMMEs) growth, without which many firms fail to move along their growth continuum. Against this background, the study sought to examine the growth effects of financing tools across the different phases of SMMEs' life cycle in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA) economies for the period spanning from 2003 to 2019. Firstly, due to the inherent heterogeneity nature of the SMMEs' financing landscapes across the world, the study starts by identifying the commonly used financing tools in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. These were found to be internal finance, bank debt, trade credit, non-bank finance and informal finance, with internal finance being the most prevalent financing tool. The second aspect of the study was to examine the growth effects of the identified financing tools on SMMEs' performance in Sub Sahara Africa. In achieving this objective, several panel estimation techniques were employed, which are the feasible generalised least squares (FGLS), cross-sectional dependence (SCC), random effects model (REM) and pooled ordinary least squares (POLS). The empirical results show that internal finance or savings, bank financing, trade credit, non-bank financing and informal financing are positive and statistically significant in explaining SMMEs growth in the region, with stronger evidence for a positive relationship between external finance (trade credit and bank finance) on SMMEs growth in Sub-Saharan African region. The third objective of the study was to investigate the growth effects of SMMEs’ financing tools across different phases of the firm life cycle. The same panel techniques as used in achieving the previous objective were utilized again. The empirical findings show that the growth effects of SMME financing tools evolve as SMMEs move along their growth continuum, and only bank finance proved to be a fundamental variable for SMMEs growth throughout the different phases of firm growth. Finally, motivated by SMMEs’ high dependence on internal finance or savings, the study explored the saving practices of SMMEs in Sub Saharan Africa using thematic analysis. The study findings show that SMMEs in Sub Sahara African economies systematically save through formal and informal financial systems. These findings are contrary to conventional wisdom, which suggests that SMMEs are a financial basket case. Basing on the study findings, policies aimed at reducing or lessening the burden of accessing finance are important to stimulate the growth of SMMEs. Most importantly, there is a need for lenders and sponsors to understand the firm life cycle-financing tool nexus to ensure SMMEs growth. Moreover, SMMEs in Sub Sahara African economies need to cultivate a spirit of thrift to minimize firm attrition rate, thereby promoting SMMEs' growth in the region. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2022
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2022-03
Global leadership competencies in the industrial development zones in South Africa
- Dweba, Zandisile Moses https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0001-1095
- Authors: Dweba, Zandisile Moses https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0001-1095
- Date: 2009-06
- Subjects: Leadership -- South Africa , Industrialization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24046 , vital:62312
- Description: In the literature reviewed a lack in leadership competencies to deal with globalisation and global trends within the South African organisation context (Fontyn, 2001; Tizard, 2001; Kriek, 2002) was identified which led to questions being raised on the prevalence of these essential global leadership competencies within South African transnational and global organisations. Realising the need for the development of an outwardly focused and globally competitive leadership model this study sought to investigate: The key generic leadership competencies relevant to globalisation The specific relevant leadership competencies and their prevalence within the industrial development zones Whether or not the surveyed individual competencies were significant and had an impact on global leadership competencies that rendered leaders capable of operating in a global environment. A multi-method research plan was followed in order to consolidate existing knowledge on global leadership competencies and then to expand upon that knowledge. The approach was preferred due to the lack of leadership competency research within Industrial Development Zones. The study consisted of a qualitative study leading to the assessment of the current state of knowledge and understanding of the global leadership competencies. This phase was aimed at stimulating a debate on the topic in preparation for the quantitative phase which investigated the prevalence of these global leadership competencies within the Industrial Development Zones. Through the literature review, fifteen global leadership competencies were identified and these formed the basis for the questionnaire used for data collection. This list of global leadership competencies should, however, not be seen as an exhaustive list as opinions varied on leadership competencies relevant to globalisation (Msomi, 2001; Rossouw & Bews, 2002). iv In the findings of this study: The respondents largely confirmed the prevalence of the global leadership competencies in the Industrial Development Zones. While there existed high internal consistency of the variables measured, the demonstration of the competencies by leaders in the Industrial Development Zones, as perceived by the respondents, was found to be largely insignificant and as such had no impact on global leadership competencies and the ability of the zones‟ leaders to operate in a global environment. The recommendations that ensue should, in view of the limitations cited, be implemented with caution as their generalisability might be limited. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-06
- Authors: Dweba, Zandisile Moses https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0001-1095
- Date: 2009-06
- Subjects: Leadership -- South Africa , Industrialization
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/24046 , vital:62312
- Description: In the literature reviewed a lack in leadership competencies to deal with globalisation and global trends within the South African organisation context (Fontyn, 2001; Tizard, 2001; Kriek, 2002) was identified which led to questions being raised on the prevalence of these essential global leadership competencies within South African transnational and global organisations. Realising the need for the development of an outwardly focused and globally competitive leadership model this study sought to investigate: The key generic leadership competencies relevant to globalisation The specific relevant leadership competencies and their prevalence within the industrial development zones Whether or not the surveyed individual competencies were significant and had an impact on global leadership competencies that rendered leaders capable of operating in a global environment. A multi-method research plan was followed in order to consolidate existing knowledge on global leadership competencies and then to expand upon that knowledge. The approach was preferred due to the lack of leadership competency research within Industrial Development Zones. The study consisted of a qualitative study leading to the assessment of the current state of knowledge and understanding of the global leadership competencies. This phase was aimed at stimulating a debate on the topic in preparation for the quantitative phase which investigated the prevalence of these global leadership competencies within the Industrial Development Zones. Through the literature review, fifteen global leadership competencies were identified and these formed the basis for the questionnaire used for data collection. This list of global leadership competencies should, however, not be seen as an exhaustive list as opinions varied on leadership competencies relevant to globalisation (Msomi, 2001; Rossouw & Bews, 2002). iv In the findings of this study: The respondents largely confirmed the prevalence of the global leadership competencies in the Industrial Development Zones. While there existed high internal consistency of the variables measured, the demonstration of the competencies by leaders in the Industrial Development Zones, as perceived by the respondents, was found to be largely insignificant and as such had no impact on global leadership competencies and the ability of the zones‟ leaders to operate in a global environment. The recommendations that ensue should, in view of the limitations cited, be implemented with caution as their generalisability might be limited. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2009
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2009-06
Human agency and development: re-politicizing human development
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Communities , Agent (Philosophy)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26291 , vital:65235
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency (the ability to act and be an agent of one‘s life). Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness (civic culture) in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Communities , Agent (Philosophy)
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26291 , vital:65235
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency (the ability to act and be an agent of one‘s life). Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness (civic culture) in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Human agency and development: re-politicizing human development
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Agent (Philosophy) , Citizenship
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26625 , vital:65680
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency the ability to act and be an agent of ones life. Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness civic culture in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Ncube, Moreblessings
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: Political participation , Agent (Philosophy) , Citizenship
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/26625 , vital:65680
- Description: This thesis presents a value-laden understanding of development that acknowledges that development is human centered. The study re-emphasizes that human development which has become a powerful element of current development discourse is not just a social, economic and technological challenge; it is also an institutional and political challenge. The study therefore analyzes the notion of human development with the intention of improving it by placing more emphasis on the aspect of politics and human agency the ability to act and be an agent of ones life. Politics here is understood beyond its usual institutional focus or identification with government, politicians and parliaments to include a much wider and much more important and dynamic range of activities found in all human groups such as institutions and societies. The study then demonstrates that since development is a process, individuals need to work collectively towards a common good so as to realize their development potential. This means creating a confederation of development where governments, citizens and non-governmental organizations work in partnership guided by a culture of collectiveness civic culture in order to produce more empowered citizens. The major argument in this study is the concern for citizens to effectively participate in areas that affect and impact on their lives and consequently be in a position to hold accountable institutions that affect their decision making capabilities. Hence human agency in this study signifies and can be justified as an important aspect of the process of participation leading to empowerment. , Thesis (PhD) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2008
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Indigenisation and participatory development in Zimbabwe: the case of the indigenisation and empowerment policy
- Musasa, Gabriel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1906-5624
- Authors: Musasa, Gabriel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1906-5624
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Community development -- Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20359 , vital:45657
- Description: The study analysed the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Programme (IEEP) with regard to majority participation and its implementation, given the unfriendly macroeconomic and international environment the country is currently facing. The IEEP is claimed to be addressing poverty and seeking to promote economic participation of indigenous Zimbabweans, particularly targeting women, youth and disabled sections of society. The main aim of the study was to analyse the outcomes of the IEEP with regard to creating space for participation and to promote social justice of Zimbabwean nationals in the main economic sectors of the country, which are agriculture, manufacturing, mining and tourism. Using a qualitative approach, this study analysed the perspectives of government, non-governmental organisations, academics and the marginalised groups of women, disabled and youth in Zimbabwe through interviews and focus group discussions. The data from the fieldwork was analysed using the thematic approach. The findings revealed that a new elite of black entrepreneurs has emerged and foreign capital is diminishing, with limited success being attributed to policy outputs, particularly the community share ownership schemes and employee share ownership scheme. However, the policy did not produce positive outcomes as expected, owing to lack of policy clarity, heavy politicisation and political manoeuvring, as well as lack of information, education and training. Further problems were corruption, lack of support for beneficiaries, lack of funding, the unfavourable macro-economic environment, the liquidity crisis, limited access to credit facilities, broken internal politics and exclusion, lack of monitoring and evaluation, economic sanctions and international isolation. The programme fell victim to improper association and some institutional inertia. Participation in the IEEP, as implied in the social justice approach, does not fully embrace attainment of basic liberties and equality of opportunity, mainly because of the patterns of accumulation, dispossession, economic structures and social relations that are politicised. Elite capture, ethnic and regional segregation, the macro-economic environment and the narrow focus on the formal sector that led to the collapse of industry are the major hurdles to participation. Efforts to facilitate equality of opportunity for women and people with disabilities are heavily subdued by the lack of good institutional support that may enable meaningful participation and possibly yield better outcomes for the worst off in society. The IEEP has failed to redress the inequalities inherent in Zimbabwean economy, with evidence from the findings that the majority cannot take the opportunities that are offered by the programme. The study identified a way forward on how participation can be incorporated in the comprehensive framework for socio-economic development in Zimbabwe through a menu of intervention, giving direction to what needs to be done for individuals and communities to participate in the IEEP in a meaningful way. In particular, this will involve land entitlement, promoting innovation in global value chains, a hybridised two-pathway model of indigenisation, a disability intervention model, and a sustainable model of community share ownership schemes. These interventions are ideal for bringing about the desired aspiration of transformation in a sustainable way in Zimbabwe, as well as fostering social justice for people with disabilities. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Musasa, Gabriel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1906-5624
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Community development -- Zimbabwe , Zimbabwe -- Economic conditions
- Language: English
- Type: Doctoral theses , text
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/20359 , vital:45657
- Description: The study analysed the Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Programme (IEEP) with regard to majority participation and its implementation, given the unfriendly macroeconomic and international environment the country is currently facing. The IEEP is claimed to be addressing poverty and seeking to promote economic participation of indigenous Zimbabweans, particularly targeting women, youth and disabled sections of society. The main aim of the study was to analyse the outcomes of the IEEP with regard to creating space for participation and to promote social justice of Zimbabwean nationals in the main economic sectors of the country, which are agriculture, manufacturing, mining and tourism. Using a qualitative approach, this study analysed the perspectives of government, non-governmental organisations, academics and the marginalised groups of women, disabled and youth in Zimbabwe through interviews and focus group discussions. The data from the fieldwork was analysed using the thematic approach. The findings revealed that a new elite of black entrepreneurs has emerged and foreign capital is diminishing, with limited success being attributed to policy outputs, particularly the community share ownership schemes and employee share ownership scheme. However, the policy did not produce positive outcomes as expected, owing to lack of policy clarity, heavy politicisation and political manoeuvring, as well as lack of information, education and training. Further problems were corruption, lack of support for beneficiaries, lack of funding, the unfavourable macro-economic environment, the liquidity crisis, limited access to credit facilities, broken internal politics and exclusion, lack of monitoring and evaluation, economic sanctions and international isolation. The programme fell victim to improper association and some institutional inertia. Participation in the IEEP, as implied in the social justice approach, does not fully embrace attainment of basic liberties and equality of opportunity, mainly because of the patterns of accumulation, dispossession, economic structures and social relations that are politicised. Elite capture, ethnic and regional segregation, the macro-economic environment and the narrow focus on the formal sector that led to the collapse of industry are the major hurdles to participation. Efforts to facilitate equality of opportunity for women and people with disabilities are heavily subdued by the lack of good institutional support that may enable meaningful participation and possibly yield better outcomes for the worst off in society. The IEEP has failed to redress the inequalities inherent in Zimbabwean economy, with evidence from the findings that the majority cannot take the opportunities that are offered by the programme. The study identified a way forward on how participation can be incorporated in the comprehensive framework for socio-economic development in Zimbabwe through a menu of intervention, giving direction to what needs to be done for individuals and communities to participate in the IEEP in a meaningful way. In particular, this will involve land entitlement, promoting innovation in global value chains, a hybridised two-pathway model of indigenisation, a disability intervention model, and a sustainable model of community share ownership schemes. These interventions are ideal for bringing about the desired aspiration of transformation in a sustainable way in Zimbabwe, as well as fostering social justice for people with disabilities. , Thesis (DPhil) -- Faculty of Management and Commerce, 2020
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- Date Issued: 2019