Morphometrics and reproduction of Terebrasabella heterouncinata (Polychaeta:Sabellidae), infesting abalone (Haliotis midae) from different culture environments
- Authors: Gray, Michael
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Polychaeta , Sabellidae , Abalones -- Physiology , Abalones -- Nutrition , Abalone culture
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5384 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018231
- Description: In the late 1980's abalone culturalists noticed reduced growth rate and shell deformities in some abalone stocks. These problems were the result of infestations by a shell boring polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata. Under intensive abalone culture conditions the level of infestation can reach epidemic proportions and there are often severe consequences for the host abalone. Heavy sabellid infestation levels have placed the economic viability of several South African farms under threat. This study formed part of an ongoing project that is aimed at investigating the basic biology of Terebrasabella heterouncinata. The majority of abalone farmers in South Africa feed their abalone either naturally occurring kelp (Ecklonia maxima) or the formulated abalone feed, Abfeed. Farmers have suggested that the use of Abfeed is associated with higher sabellid infestation levels and changing the abalone diet from Abfeed to kelp helps reduce sabellid infestation. Speculation has arisen indicating that older, slower growing abalone are more susceptible to sabellid infestation. The effect of host abalone diet history and their growth on sabellid settlement success, morphometries and reproduction was quantified. To better understand the plasticity of the expression of life history traits the variability of morphometric and reproductive characteristics was compared between different farm environments. And more...
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
- Authors: Gray, Michael
- Date: 2003
- Subjects: Polychaeta , Sabellidae , Abalones -- Physiology , Abalones -- Nutrition , Abalone culture
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5384 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018231
- Description: In the late 1980's abalone culturalists noticed reduced growth rate and shell deformities in some abalone stocks. These problems were the result of infestations by a shell boring polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata. Under intensive abalone culture conditions the level of infestation can reach epidemic proportions and there are often severe consequences for the host abalone. Heavy sabellid infestation levels have placed the economic viability of several South African farms under threat. This study formed part of an ongoing project that is aimed at investigating the basic biology of Terebrasabella heterouncinata. The majority of abalone farmers in South Africa feed their abalone either naturally occurring kelp (Ecklonia maxima) or the formulated abalone feed, Abfeed. Farmers have suggested that the use of Abfeed is associated with higher sabellid infestation levels and changing the abalone diet from Abfeed to kelp helps reduce sabellid infestation. Speculation has arisen indicating that older, slower growing abalone are more susceptible to sabellid infestation. The effect of host abalone diet history and their growth on sabellid settlement success, morphometries and reproduction was quantified. To better understand the plasticity of the expression of life history traits the variability of morphometric and reproductive characteristics was compared between different farm environments. And more...
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2003
Aspects of the biology and ecology of the South African abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758 (Mollusca Gastropoda) along the eastern Cape and Ciskei coast
- Authors: Wood, A D (Aidan David)
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Abalones -- South Africa , Abalones -- Ecology , Abalones -- Physiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5220 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005063
- Description: The South African abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758, is an important commercial, recreational and aquaculture mollusc species. It is the largest of the six haliotid species found in South African waters and has the second largest distributional range aside from Haliotis spadicea which is widely exploited by rock and surf anglers as bait. Analysis of population structure at Great Fish Point revealed that H. midae exhibited a high degree of microhabitat specificity, and that while dietary habits played a role in habitat selection, it was ultimately the activities of predators which confined size classes to particular niches and restricted all animals to nocturnal activities. Large (> 100 mm SL) exposed animals relied on shell thickness and adhesion to combat predators, while small (> 45 mm SL) sub-boulder animals and medium sized (50 - 95 mm SL) animals relied on their cryptic microhabitats and the protective spine canopies of co-resident urchins (Parechinus angulosus) for daytime protection. Populations of H. midae were discontinuously distributed along the coast, occupying small isolated reefs which offered a suitable array of microhabitats and a good food supply. They mostly inhabited shallow intertidal and subtidal reefs, but were occasionally encountered on deeper subtidal reefs at 4 - 5 meters. Mean length- and width-at-age were determined from growth rings composed of alternate conchiolin (dark) and aragonite (white) bands in the internal nacreous shell layer. Growth was described by the Special Von Bertalanffy growth equation: Lt(mm) = 176.998918 (1 - e⁻°·²⁴²⁴¹⁹⁽t ⁺ °·⁴⁹⁵⁴⁹⁴⁾) Wt(mm) = 159.705689 (1 - e⁻°·¹⁹⁵⁴³⁹⁽t ⁺ °·²¹¹⁶⁾) The ageing technique used was validated for animals from Great Fish Point and Mgwalana using independent tag-return data. The same data provided evidence that growth rates varied between animals from Great Fish Point and Bird Island. The growth data also showed that H. midae exhibited a high degree of individual variation in growth rate. Males and females exhibited similar growth rates. Exposed large animals showed a preference for red seaweeds, in particular Plocamium corallorhiza and Hypnea spicifera, while small sub-boulder cryptic animals included larger proportions of brown (Ralfsia expansa) and green (VIva spp.) algae in their diets. Exposed individuals also exhibited a higher degree of selectivity towards prey items, but in general, stomach contents reflected the most abundant seaweed types. Both drift and attached algal species were utilized by H. midae which was a nocturnal feeder. Pigments from red algae were incorporated into the shell layers giving the shells a pink or brick red colour. Haliotis midae is a dioecious broadcast spawner. Gonad Bulk Indices in combination with detailed histological examination of gonads showed that individuals were iteroparous, asynchronous spawners and that the breeding season extended from March through to October, although the peak spawning activity was between April and June. Males and females can spawn partially, totally or not at all, with atresia of residual gametes occurring after spawning. There is no resting stage, and gametogenesis is initiated directly after spawning. The structure of the ovary and testis and the process of gametogenesis is typical of haliotid species. AI: 1 sex ratio was observed from all populations studied. Sexual maturity was first attained in the 40 - 59 mm SL size class, although evidence for the smallest size at first spawning was recorded at 54.6 mm SL for females and 69 mm SL for males. Sizes at 50% sexual maturity were 72.5 mm SL (52.8 mm SW) at Great Fish Point, 72.5 mm SL (57.4 mm SW) at Mgwalana, 73.7 mm SL (51.2 mm SW) at Cape Recife, and 73.5 mm SL (53.8 mm SW) at Kelly's Beach. Haliotis midae was typically highly fecund, although a high degree of variation resulting in poor relationships between fecundity/shell length and gonad weight/shell length. The relationship between fecundity and gonad weight was linear. In the Eastern Cape, H. midae possessed a faster growth rate, smaller size at sexual maturity, smaller maximum size and lower longevity when compared to con specifics in Western Cape waters. A smaller minimum legal size of 93 mm SW is proposed for Eastern Cape animals and it is suggested that the closed season be moved to the peak spawning period between April and June. The benefit of a closed season during the spawning period is questioned, and the feasibility of closed areas as a management option for H. midae in the Eastern Cape is discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
- Authors: Wood, A D (Aidan David)
- Date: 1993
- Subjects: Abalones -- South Africa , Abalones -- Ecology , Abalones -- Physiology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5220 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005063
- Description: The South African abalone Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758, is an important commercial, recreational and aquaculture mollusc species. It is the largest of the six haliotid species found in South African waters and has the second largest distributional range aside from Haliotis spadicea which is widely exploited by rock and surf anglers as bait. Analysis of population structure at Great Fish Point revealed that H. midae exhibited a high degree of microhabitat specificity, and that while dietary habits played a role in habitat selection, it was ultimately the activities of predators which confined size classes to particular niches and restricted all animals to nocturnal activities. Large (> 100 mm SL) exposed animals relied on shell thickness and adhesion to combat predators, while small (> 45 mm SL) sub-boulder animals and medium sized (50 - 95 mm SL) animals relied on their cryptic microhabitats and the protective spine canopies of co-resident urchins (Parechinus angulosus) for daytime protection. Populations of H. midae were discontinuously distributed along the coast, occupying small isolated reefs which offered a suitable array of microhabitats and a good food supply. They mostly inhabited shallow intertidal and subtidal reefs, but were occasionally encountered on deeper subtidal reefs at 4 - 5 meters. Mean length- and width-at-age were determined from growth rings composed of alternate conchiolin (dark) and aragonite (white) bands in the internal nacreous shell layer. Growth was described by the Special Von Bertalanffy growth equation: Lt(mm) = 176.998918 (1 - e⁻°·²⁴²⁴¹⁹⁽t ⁺ °·⁴⁹⁵⁴⁹⁴⁾) Wt(mm) = 159.705689 (1 - e⁻°·¹⁹⁵⁴³⁹⁽t ⁺ °·²¹¹⁶⁾) The ageing technique used was validated for animals from Great Fish Point and Mgwalana using independent tag-return data. The same data provided evidence that growth rates varied between animals from Great Fish Point and Bird Island. The growth data also showed that H. midae exhibited a high degree of individual variation in growth rate. Males and females exhibited similar growth rates. Exposed large animals showed a preference for red seaweeds, in particular Plocamium corallorhiza and Hypnea spicifera, while small sub-boulder cryptic animals included larger proportions of brown (Ralfsia expansa) and green (VIva spp.) algae in their diets. Exposed individuals also exhibited a higher degree of selectivity towards prey items, but in general, stomach contents reflected the most abundant seaweed types. Both drift and attached algal species were utilized by H. midae which was a nocturnal feeder. Pigments from red algae were incorporated into the shell layers giving the shells a pink or brick red colour. Haliotis midae is a dioecious broadcast spawner. Gonad Bulk Indices in combination with detailed histological examination of gonads showed that individuals were iteroparous, asynchronous spawners and that the breeding season extended from March through to October, although the peak spawning activity was between April and June. Males and females can spawn partially, totally or not at all, with atresia of residual gametes occurring after spawning. There is no resting stage, and gametogenesis is initiated directly after spawning. The structure of the ovary and testis and the process of gametogenesis is typical of haliotid species. AI: 1 sex ratio was observed from all populations studied. Sexual maturity was first attained in the 40 - 59 mm SL size class, although evidence for the smallest size at first spawning was recorded at 54.6 mm SL for females and 69 mm SL for males. Sizes at 50% sexual maturity were 72.5 mm SL (52.8 mm SW) at Great Fish Point, 72.5 mm SL (57.4 mm SW) at Mgwalana, 73.7 mm SL (51.2 mm SW) at Cape Recife, and 73.5 mm SL (53.8 mm SW) at Kelly's Beach. Haliotis midae was typically highly fecund, although a high degree of variation resulting in poor relationships between fecundity/shell length and gonad weight/shell length. The relationship between fecundity and gonad weight was linear. In the Eastern Cape, H. midae possessed a faster growth rate, smaller size at sexual maturity, smaller maximum size and lower longevity when compared to con specifics in Western Cape waters. A smaller minimum legal size of 93 mm SW is proposed for Eastern Cape animals and it is suggested that the closed season be moved to the peak spawning period between April and June. The benefit of a closed season during the spawning period is questioned, and the feasibility of closed areas as a management option for H. midae in the Eastern Cape is discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1993
Aspects of the physiology of the South African abalone, Haliotis Midae L., and implications for intensive abalone culture
- Authors: Lyon, Robert Gary
- Date: 1996
- Subjects: Abalones -- Physiology , Abalone culture
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5226 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005069 , Abalones -- Physiology , Abalone culture
- Description: A physiological study was carried out to determine the effects of temperature, quantity of food fed, feeding activity and size class on the oxygen consumption and ammonia production of the South African abalone Haliotis midae L.. A set of intermittent flow respirometer chambers were used in a recirculating system to measure the oxygen consumption rates of fed (postprandial) and unfed (postabsorptive) abalone for three different size classes (15, 30, and 50mm) at three different temperatures (16°, 20° and 23°C) over a 24 hour period. Ammonia production rates and food consumption rates were simultaneously determined. Oxygen consumption and Ammonia production rates per gram abalone were linear functions of abalone size, temperature, and mass of food consumed. Oxygen consumption and ammonia production rates were found to increase proportionally to temperature and in inverse proportion to abalone size. These rates were significantly higher for fed as opposed to unfed abalone. Equations were derived to predict oxygen consumption and ammonia production for fed and unfed animals for a range of temperatures and size classes of abalone. A 96h LC50 lethal toxicity test for exposure to ammonia established 1.08mg.1⁻¹ of unionised ammonia as the lethal limit. A test on the long term effects on growth of acute exposure (12h) to various sublethal concentrations of ammonia showed no significant effects on growth for concentrations below 0.88 mg.1⁻¹. A safe chronic exposure level of 0.02 mg.1¹ NH₃-N was used to predict optimal flow rates required per kilogram of abalone in a rearing tank over a range of size classes and temperatures. The physiological and biological requirements of H. midae and the implications of this knowledge for rearing tank management and optimal design are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1996
- Authors: Lyon, Robert Gary
- Date: 1996
- Subjects: Abalones -- Physiology , Abalone culture
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5226 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005069 , Abalones -- Physiology , Abalone culture
- Description: A physiological study was carried out to determine the effects of temperature, quantity of food fed, feeding activity and size class on the oxygen consumption and ammonia production of the South African abalone Haliotis midae L.. A set of intermittent flow respirometer chambers were used in a recirculating system to measure the oxygen consumption rates of fed (postprandial) and unfed (postabsorptive) abalone for three different size classes (15, 30, and 50mm) at three different temperatures (16°, 20° and 23°C) over a 24 hour period. Ammonia production rates and food consumption rates were simultaneously determined. Oxygen consumption and Ammonia production rates per gram abalone were linear functions of abalone size, temperature, and mass of food consumed. Oxygen consumption and ammonia production rates were found to increase proportionally to temperature and in inverse proportion to abalone size. These rates were significantly higher for fed as opposed to unfed abalone. Equations were derived to predict oxygen consumption and ammonia production for fed and unfed animals for a range of temperatures and size classes of abalone. A 96h LC50 lethal toxicity test for exposure to ammonia established 1.08mg.1⁻¹ of unionised ammonia as the lethal limit. A test on the long term effects on growth of acute exposure (12h) to various sublethal concentrations of ammonia showed no significant effects on growth for concentrations below 0.88 mg.1⁻¹. A safe chronic exposure level of 0.02 mg.1¹ NH₃-N was used to predict optimal flow rates required per kilogram of abalone in a rearing tank over a range of size classes and temperatures. The physiological and biological requirements of H. midae and the implications of this knowledge for rearing tank management and optimal design are discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 1996
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