The influence of structure, density and direct use benefits on the harvesting of trees in the rural village of Pikoi, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Motinyane, Teboho R
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Deforestation -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Deforestation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fuelwood consumption -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4771 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007705 , Deforestation -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Deforestation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fuelwood consumption -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The people of Pikoli in the Peddie district of the Eastern Cape are mostly unemployed and earn most of their income from old-age allowances. The place is remote and 'modern' amenities such as paraffin and petroleum gas are expensive. Electricity and transport are unavailable. There is heavy reliance on woody plants for fuel and for materials for construction and fencing and to some extent medicinal and ritual uses. Indigenous trees in this rural area are threatened by over-utilisation and the absence of clear government management policies. The over-utilisation of these resources is leading to deforestation. It was proposed at the beginning of this study that people who harvest trees cause similar results to the piosphere effect caused by the herbivores on the rangeland. Ecological-economic analysis was performed to find a common ground between the people's income and needs so that effective sustainable management strategies can be developed. A combination of semi-structured interviews, direct observations and ecological surveys were used to gather information about: Tree species used, and for what purpose in Pikoli; Individual tree species preference by inhabitants; Change in tree density in response to changes in utilisation intensity at varying distances away from the village; The local direct use benefits inhabitants derive from utilising indigenous tree resources. The study showed that the people of Pikoli use a variety of 23 indigenous trees and that they have marked preferences regarding the tree species they use for fuelwood and construction purposes. Although Ptaeroxylon obliquum is a highly preferred species for fuelwood and construction, its popularity can also be linked to its high relative abundance in this area. Other species such Maytenus undata and Pappea capensis are also highly preferred although they are harvested at much greater distances from thecentre of the village. Change in individual tree density in response to changes in utilisation intensity at varying distances away from the village showed clearly that a piosphere effect also applies to human harvesting. The average number of individual trees closer (1 200 m) to the village centre was 2 trees per 100 m², and their numbers increase to approximately 35 trees per 100 m² at a distance of about 3 000 m from the village centre. The study reports on the direct use benefits derived by the people of Pikoli from harvesting tree resources. The average total net value of trees harvested for fuelwood was R4089.09 (US$ 359.01) per household per annum. The value of tree resources harvested represents a large percentage of average households' annual income. Therefore, the economic benefits households derive from utilising tree resources are high. Indigenous tree resource use in this rural village seems to be unsustainable and the inhabitants seem to be aware of it. However, they have few alternatives. Their economic conditions do not allow them to afford alternative resources available in the formal market.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Motinyane, Teboho R
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Deforestation -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Deforestation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fuelwood consumption -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4771 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007705 , Deforestation -- Control -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Deforestation -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Fuelwood consumption -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The people of Pikoli in the Peddie district of the Eastern Cape are mostly unemployed and earn most of their income from old-age allowances. The place is remote and 'modern' amenities such as paraffin and petroleum gas are expensive. Electricity and transport are unavailable. There is heavy reliance on woody plants for fuel and for materials for construction and fencing and to some extent medicinal and ritual uses. Indigenous trees in this rural area are threatened by over-utilisation and the absence of clear government management policies. The over-utilisation of these resources is leading to deforestation. It was proposed at the beginning of this study that people who harvest trees cause similar results to the piosphere effect caused by the herbivores on the rangeland. Ecological-economic analysis was performed to find a common ground between the people's income and needs so that effective sustainable management strategies can be developed. A combination of semi-structured interviews, direct observations and ecological surveys were used to gather information about: Tree species used, and for what purpose in Pikoli; Individual tree species preference by inhabitants; Change in tree density in response to changes in utilisation intensity at varying distances away from the village; The local direct use benefits inhabitants derive from utilising indigenous tree resources. The study showed that the people of Pikoli use a variety of 23 indigenous trees and that they have marked preferences regarding the tree species they use for fuelwood and construction purposes. Although Ptaeroxylon obliquum is a highly preferred species for fuelwood and construction, its popularity can also be linked to its high relative abundance in this area. Other species such Maytenus undata and Pappea capensis are also highly preferred although they are harvested at much greater distances from thecentre of the village. Change in individual tree density in response to changes in utilisation intensity at varying distances away from the village showed clearly that a piosphere effect also applies to human harvesting. The average number of individual trees closer (1 200 m) to the village centre was 2 trees per 100 m², and their numbers increase to approximately 35 trees per 100 m² at a distance of about 3 000 m from the village centre. The study reports on the direct use benefits derived by the people of Pikoli from harvesting tree resources. The average total net value of trees harvested for fuelwood was R4089.09 (US$ 359.01) per household per annum. The value of tree resources harvested represents a large percentage of average households' annual income. Therefore, the economic benefits households derive from utilising tree resources are high. Indigenous tree resource use in this rural village seems to be unsustainable and the inhabitants seem to be aware of it. However, they have few alternatives. Their economic conditions do not allow them to afford alternative resources available in the formal market.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Lovemore Park (formerly Buffelsfontein), 8 km west of Port Elizabeth central
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12410 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013817
- Description: Another group of seven white milkwoods.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12410 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013817
- Description: Another group of seven white milkwoods.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
On Seaview farm, Alexandria coast
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-05-16
- Subjects: Calpurnea aurea -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12273 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013664
- Description: William Massyn photographing close-ups of Calpurnea aurea.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-05-16
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-05-16
- Subjects: Calpurnea aurea -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12273 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013664
- Description: William Massyn photographing close-ups of Calpurnea aurea.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-05-16
View of Long Hill on Echodale farm, lower Elands River valley, Uitenhage
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2002-12-13
- Subjects: Elands River (South Africa) , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13308 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016986
- Description: Looking westwards from the homestead. The row of tall Eucalyptus trees (centre right) grow in the bed of the Elands River, choking the water-flow there.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2002-12-13
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2002-12-13
- Subjects: Elands River (South Africa) , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13308 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016986
- Description: Looking westwards from the homestead. The row of tall Eucalyptus trees (centre right) grow in the bed of the Elands River, choking the water-flow there.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2002-12-13
Opposite 23 Admirals Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2000-08-24
- Subjects: Acacia longifolia -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016694
- Description: North view of flower of Acacia longifolia tree, 09h15.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000-08-24
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2000-08-24
- Subjects: Acacia longifolia -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13056 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016694
- Description: North view of flower of Acacia longifolia tree, 09h15.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2000-08-24
Picnic-site in Ouboskloof, 2 km north Hankey, Gamtoos Valley
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2003-09-23
- Subjects: Gamtoos River Valley (South Africa) , Klein River (South Africa) , Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12516 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013923
- Description: Grove of about 20 Falcate Yellowwoods Afrocarpus falcatus of which at least 50 such trees grew at the picnic place.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2003-09-23
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2003-09-23
- Subjects: Gamtoos River Valley (South Africa) , Klein River (South Africa) , Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12516 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013923
- Description: Grove of about 20 Falcate Yellowwoods Afrocarpus falcatus of which at least 50 such trees grew at the picnic place.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2003-09-23
Hougham Park, Coega, Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 1996-11-07
- Subjects: Acacia cyclops -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12321 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013719
- Description: Open veld showing gross encroachment of tall Rooikrans - Acacia cyclops, from the dune area beyond. The whole grassveld area behind is threatened but the other does nothing.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1996-11-07
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 1996-11-07
- Subjects: Acacia cyclops -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12321 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013719
- Description: Open veld showing gross encroachment of tall Rooikrans - Acacia cyclops, from the dune area beyond. The whole grassveld area behind is threatened but the other does nothing.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1996-11-07
Lovemore Park (formerly Buffelsfontein), 8 km west of Port Elizabeth central
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12406 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013813
- Description: A trio of white milkwoods, Sideroxylon inerme on a small-holding.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12406 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013813
- Description: A trio of white milkwoods, Sideroxylon inerme on a small-holding.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
Lovemore Park (formerly Buffelsfontein), 8 km west of Port Elizabeth central
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013815
- Description: A row of five large white milkwood trees Sideroxylon inerme on a small-holding close to the sea.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12408 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013815
- Description: A row of five large white milkwood trees Sideroxylon inerme on a small-holding close to the sea.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
Elands R. Furthest west up Elands River valley, Uitenhage. Farmland of Melkhout Kraal
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2005-04-30
- Subjects: Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13312 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016990
- Description: Looking east down riverbed heavily stacked with Falcate Yellowwood. Afrocarpus falcatus. Wattle trees at front left.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005-04-30
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2005-04-30
- Subjects: Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13312 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016990
- Description: Looking east down riverbed heavily stacked with Falcate Yellowwood. Afrocarpus falcatus. Wattle trees at front left.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005-04-30
Thamarha, 12 km SW of King William's Town
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 1958-11-01
- Subjects: Erythrina caffra -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12666 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014073
- Description: Old Coral tree, Erythrina caffra atop a ricky hill. Soon after the photo was taken the old tree collapsed from old age.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1958-11-01
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 1958-11-01
- Subjects: Erythrina caffra -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12666 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014073
- Description: Old Coral tree, Erythrina caffra atop a ricky hill. Soon after the photo was taken the old tree collapsed from old age.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1958-11-01
Langebosch, Alexandria
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-28
- Subjects: Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Podocarpus henkelii -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12279 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013670
- Description: Falcate yellowwood and surrounding forest.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-28
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-28
- Subjects: Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Podocarpus henkelii -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12279 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013670
- Description: Falcate yellowwood and surrounding forest.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-28
47 Havelock Str
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12738 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014436
- Description: 47 Havelock Str.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 199u
- Subjects: Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12738 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1014436
- Description: 47 Havelock Str.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 199u
Near Seaview farm, Alexandria coast
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-05-16
- Subjects: Calpurnea aurea -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12271 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013662
- Description: Three fine specimens of Calpurnea aurea in full flower. Others out of picture.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-05-16
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-05-16
- Subjects: Calpurnea aurea -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12271 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013662
- Description: Three fine specimens of Calpurnea aurea in full flower. Others out of picture.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-05-16
Look-out picnis site of Van Staden's Wild Flower Reserve, Port Elizabeth
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 1996-05-15
- Subjects: Loxostylis alata -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13351 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016959
- Description: On eastern lip of the deep valley down to the river. Fine specimen of Teerhout tree, Loxostylis alata centrally, one of several others there.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1996-05-15
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 1996-05-15
- Subjects: Loxostylis alata -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:13351 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016959
- Description: On eastern lip of the deep valley down to the river. Fine specimen of Teerhout tree, Loxostylis alata centrally, one of several others there.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 1996-05-15
Klein River Picnic-site, 2 km north of Hankey
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2005-04-30
- Subjects: Gamtoos River Valley (South Africa) , Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Coetzee, P W -- Photographs
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12522 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013929
- Description: Pieter Coetzee holding up 2 large-boled Afrocarpus falcatus yellowwoods, of about 50.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005-04-30
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2005-04-30
- Subjects: Gamtoos River Valley (South Africa) , Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Coetzee, P W -- Photographs
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12522 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013929
- Description: Pieter Coetzee holding up 2 large-boled Afrocarpus falcatus yellowwoods, of about 50.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2005-04-30
Lovemore Park (formerly Buffelsfontein), 8 km west of Port Elizabeth central
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12405 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013812
- Description: At least 12 white milkwood Sideroxylon inerme trees on a small-holding. Cleared of its dense surrounding natural bush.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-08-15
- Subjects: Sideroxylon inerme -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12405 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013812
- Description: At least 12 white milkwood Sideroxylon inerme trees on a small-holding. Cleared of its dense surrounding natural bush.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-08-15
uMthaleni Valley, Kei Road, King William's Town
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 19uu
- Subjects: Acacia karroo -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Honeyguides -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12355 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013762
- Description: The open thorn-tree scattered hillside across the bushy valley contain the favourate Acacia karroo tree used successively for many years by Lesser Honeyguides as their call-site.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 19uu
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 19uu
- Subjects: Acacia karroo -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Honeyguides -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12355 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013762
- Description: The open thorn-tree scattered hillside across the bushy valley contain the favourate Acacia karroo tree used successively for many years by Lesser Honeyguides as their call-site.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 19uu
Near Seaview farm, Alexandria coast
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-05-16
- Subjects: Calpurnea aurea -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12272 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013663
- Description: Calpurnea aurea in full flower and seed. William Massyn collecting seed.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-05-16
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2001-05-16
- Subjects: Calpurnea aurea -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12272 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013663
- Description: Calpurnea aurea in full flower and seed. William Massyn collecting seed.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2001-05-16
Klein River, 2 km north of Hankey
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2003-09-23
- Subjects: Gamtoos River Valley (South Africa) , Klein River (South Africa) , Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12521 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013928
- Description: At picnic place, looking through two large-boled yellowwoods to a group of 8 in the background, members of a tally of about 50 yellowwoods there.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2003-09-23
- Authors: Skead, C J (Cuthbert John)
- Date: 2003-09-23
- Subjects: Gamtoos River Valley (South Africa) , Klein River (South Africa) , Afrocarpus falcatus -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Trees -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Type: still image
- Identifier: vital:12521 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013928
- Description: At picnic place, looking through two large-boled yellowwoods to a group of 8 in the background, members of a tally of about 50 yellowwoods there.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2003-09-23