The influence of organisational culture on the happiness of employees in the ICT industry
- Authors: Lama Ndai, Arnaud
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Corporate culture -- South Africa , Job satisfaction , Organisational behaviour
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9318 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020609
- Description: Based on the increasing importance that information and communication technologies (ICT) plays in most global economies, the high demand for ICT employees and the influence of organisational culture on the success of ICT businesses, the purpose of this study was to provide ICT managers with ways to retain and keep their employees satisfied and happy in their jobs. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to identify and empirically test the influence of various factors of organisational culture on Happiness and Job satisfaction of employees in the ICT industry in South Africa. After completing a comprehensive literature review, it appeared that limited research had been conducted on the happiness of employees in the ICT industry. Numerous factors were identified as influencing happiness; however, due to the difficulty to assess some of these factors, this study only focused on the influence of organisational culture on the happiness and in return the job satisfaction of employees. All the factors influencing organisational culture were reviewed in the literature and 13 independent variables were identified and hypothesised to influence the mediating variable Happiness and the dependent variable Job satisfaction. All the variables in this study were clearly conceptualised and operationalised. Valid and reliable items sourced from various measuring instruments used in previous studies, were used to operationalise theses variables. Furthermore, numerous items were self-generated from secondary sources. A convenience sampling method was used to identify the respondents and a structured questionnaire was completed online by respondents. The data collected from 187 usable questionnaires was subjected to various statistical analyses using the software program Statistica. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to assess the validity of the dependent variable Job satisfaction and the mediating variable Happiness of this study, whereas an Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to assess the validity of the independent variables. To confirm the reliability of all the variables investigated, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated. Due to the large number of variables and the small number of respondents, conducting a factor analysis on the independent variables was not possible. This problem was solved by the use of the item parcelling method. After the item parcelling was conducted and the factor analysis conducted, only seven out of the 13 factors loaded together as expected. All the parcels measuring these factors did not load together as expected and where necessary these factors were renamed and operationalised again. The sample data was summarised using descriptive statistics. The majority of respondents reported that they were satisfied with their jobs and almost half of the respondents reported being happy with their lives. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to establish the degree of relationship between the factors investigated in this study. After the Multiple Regression Analysis was conducted, it was found that three independent variables influence the Happiness of employees in the ICT industry, namely, Customer focus, Strategic direction and intent and Family orientation and atmosphere. Happiness was also found to have a positive influence on the Job satisfaction of ICT employees. The influence of various selected demographic variables on the dependent, mediating and independent variables was investigated by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The statistical significance between the differences in means scores was measured using the Bonferroni Post-hoc test. The Population group of the respondents, the Years of service and their Age group were found to significantly influence some of the independent variables and mediating variables investigated in this study. No relationship was found between any demographic variables and the dependent variable Job satisfaction. Limited studies on the influence of organisational culture on the happiness of nemployees and more particularly those in the ICT industry were found in the literature. This study has made a contribution to the field of happiness research by understanding the factors influencing the happiness and job satisfaction of employees in the ICT industry. As a result, the study presents recommendations and suggestions to assist ICT businesses to improve their organisational culture and at the same time enhance the happiness and job satisfaction of their employees.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Lama Ndai, Arnaud
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Corporate culture -- South Africa , Job satisfaction , Organisational behaviour
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9318 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020609
- Description: Based on the increasing importance that information and communication technologies (ICT) plays in most global economies, the high demand for ICT employees and the influence of organisational culture on the success of ICT businesses, the purpose of this study was to provide ICT managers with ways to retain and keep their employees satisfied and happy in their jobs. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to identify and empirically test the influence of various factors of organisational culture on Happiness and Job satisfaction of employees in the ICT industry in South Africa. After completing a comprehensive literature review, it appeared that limited research had been conducted on the happiness of employees in the ICT industry. Numerous factors were identified as influencing happiness; however, due to the difficulty to assess some of these factors, this study only focused on the influence of organisational culture on the happiness and in return the job satisfaction of employees. All the factors influencing organisational culture were reviewed in the literature and 13 independent variables were identified and hypothesised to influence the mediating variable Happiness and the dependent variable Job satisfaction. All the variables in this study were clearly conceptualised and operationalised. Valid and reliable items sourced from various measuring instruments used in previous studies, were used to operationalise theses variables. Furthermore, numerous items were self-generated from secondary sources. A convenience sampling method was used to identify the respondents and a structured questionnaire was completed online by respondents. The data collected from 187 usable questionnaires was subjected to various statistical analyses using the software program Statistica. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to assess the validity of the dependent variable Job satisfaction and the mediating variable Happiness of this study, whereas an Exploratory Factor Analysis was used to assess the validity of the independent variables. To confirm the reliability of all the variables investigated, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated. Due to the large number of variables and the small number of respondents, conducting a factor analysis on the independent variables was not possible. This problem was solved by the use of the item parcelling method. After the item parcelling was conducted and the factor analysis conducted, only seven out of the 13 factors loaded together as expected. All the parcels measuring these factors did not load together as expected and where necessary these factors were renamed and operationalised again. The sample data was summarised using descriptive statistics. The majority of respondents reported that they were satisfied with their jobs and almost half of the respondents reported being happy with their lives. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to establish the degree of relationship between the factors investigated in this study. After the Multiple Regression Analysis was conducted, it was found that three independent variables influence the Happiness of employees in the ICT industry, namely, Customer focus, Strategic direction and intent and Family orientation and atmosphere. Happiness was also found to have a positive influence on the Job satisfaction of ICT employees. The influence of various selected demographic variables on the dependent, mediating and independent variables was investigated by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The statistical significance between the differences in means scores was measured using the Bonferroni Post-hoc test. The Population group of the respondents, the Years of service and their Age group were found to significantly influence some of the independent variables and mediating variables investigated in this study. No relationship was found between any demographic variables and the dependent variable Job satisfaction. Limited studies on the influence of organisational culture on the happiness of nemployees and more particularly those in the ICT industry were found in the literature. This study has made a contribution to the field of happiness research by understanding the factors influencing the happiness and job satisfaction of employees in the ICT industry. As a result, the study presents recommendations and suggestions to assist ICT businesses to improve their organisational culture and at the same time enhance the happiness and job satisfaction of their employees.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The effect of interest rates on investment spending: an empirical analysis of South Africa
- Authors: Dakin, Nicholas John
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1131 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021174
- Description: This thesis investigates the nature and strength of the relationship between short-, medium-, and long-term real interest rates and capital investment spending at both the aggregate and disaggregate levels in South Africa in order to determine whether changes in the real interest rate affect the level of capital investment in the economy. This thesis used quarterly data for the period 1987 to 2013. VAR modelling, variance decompositions, impulse response functions and Granger causality tests are used to explore the nature and strength of the relationship between interest rates and investment spending. It is found that interest rates explain very little of the variation in investment spending and seem to have little impact on investment (of any type). Furthermore, short-, medium- and long-term interest rates have different effects on the level of investment spending. A rise in short-term interest rates appears to decrease the level of investment spending in the long-run, whereas a rise in long-term interest rates results in an increase in investment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Dakin, Nicholas John
- Date: 2016
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1131 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021174
- Description: This thesis investigates the nature and strength of the relationship between short-, medium-, and long-term real interest rates and capital investment spending at both the aggregate and disaggregate levels in South Africa in order to determine whether changes in the real interest rate affect the level of capital investment in the economy. This thesis used quarterly data for the period 1987 to 2013. VAR modelling, variance decompositions, impulse response functions and Granger causality tests are used to explore the nature and strength of the relationship between interest rates and investment spending. It is found that interest rates explain very little of the variation in investment spending and seem to have little impact on investment (of any type). Furthermore, short-, medium- and long-term interest rates have different effects on the level of investment spending. A rise in short-term interest rates appears to decrease the level of investment spending in the long-run, whereas a rise in long-term interest rates results in an increase in investment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
The value of freshwater inflows into the Kowie, Kromme and Nahoon Estuaries
- Authors: Sale, Michael Charles
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Freshwater ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9003 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/599 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011689 , Estuaries -- South Africa , Freshwater ecology -- South Africa
- Description: An estuary can be defined as a partially enclosed, coastal body of water which is either permanently or periodically open to the sea and within which there is a measurable variation of salinity due to the mixture of sea water with fresh water derived from land drainage. Estuaries are extremely important environmental assets and the management of them is dependent on the active involvement of the people whose livelihoods depend on them. There have been steady decreases in freshwater inflows into them during the past century due to abstraction of river water for human consumption and alien tree and plant infestations. Due to these decreases in freshwater inflows, many estuaries have become smaller and are providing reduced recreational services to users, such as boaters, fishermen and birders. This reduction in recreational service provision has adverse economic consequences. The scale of these consequences have become of great interest to river catchment planners. Of particular interest is the value of the freshwater inflows into estuaries relative to other abstractions of this water. The value referred to here is in terms of the environmental services yielded to recreational users. From a management perspective, it is desirable that these marginal values be compared with marginal cost values of this water in its best alternative use in order to guide the allocation of inflows into the respective estuaries. The aim of this study is to place a monetary value on this freshwater inflow at the Kowie, Kromme and Nahoon estuaries. Due to the fact that the freshwater flowing into estuaries is not a traded good, an alternative method to market price must be used to value it. The method of valuation used in this study is the contingent valuation method. The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a survey technique which asks individuals to place values upon changes to environmental assets. The questionnaires used in the surveys differed slightly. The one administered at the Nahoon Estuary was revised in the light of experience gained at the administration of the ones at the Kowie and the Kromme estuaries. Some questions in the latter two surveys were found to be confusing to the respondents and were made clearer and some of the questions were found to yield little extra information and were scrapped from the Nahoon Estuary survey.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
- Authors: Sale, Michael Charles
- Date: 2007
- Subjects: Estuaries -- South Africa , Freshwater ecology -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9003 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/599 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011689 , Estuaries -- South Africa , Freshwater ecology -- South Africa
- Description: An estuary can be defined as a partially enclosed, coastal body of water which is either permanently or periodically open to the sea and within which there is a measurable variation of salinity due to the mixture of sea water with fresh water derived from land drainage. Estuaries are extremely important environmental assets and the management of them is dependent on the active involvement of the people whose livelihoods depend on them. There have been steady decreases in freshwater inflows into them during the past century due to abstraction of river water for human consumption and alien tree and plant infestations. Due to these decreases in freshwater inflows, many estuaries have become smaller and are providing reduced recreational services to users, such as boaters, fishermen and birders. This reduction in recreational service provision has adverse economic consequences. The scale of these consequences have become of great interest to river catchment planners. Of particular interest is the value of the freshwater inflows into estuaries relative to other abstractions of this water. The value referred to here is in terms of the environmental services yielded to recreational users. From a management perspective, it is desirable that these marginal values be compared with marginal cost values of this water in its best alternative use in order to guide the allocation of inflows into the respective estuaries. The aim of this study is to place a monetary value on this freshwater inflow at the Kowie, Kromme and Nahoon estuaries. Due to the fact that the freshwater flowing into estuaries is not a traded good, an alternative method to market price must be used to value it. The method of valuation used in this study is the contingent valuation method. The contingent valuation method (CVM) is a survey technique which asks individuals to place values upon changes to environmental assets. The questionnaires used in the surveys differed slightly. The one administered at the Nahoon Estuary was revised in the light of experience gained at the administration of the ones at the Kowie and the Kromme estuaries. Some questions in the latter two surveys were found to be confusing to the respondents and were made clearer and some of the questions were found to yield little extra information and were scrapped from the Nahoon Estuary survey.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2007
Interest rate pass-through in Cameroon and Nigeria: a comparative analysis
- Authors: Tita, Anthanasius Fomum
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Interest rates -- Cameroon Interest rates -- Nigeria Interest rates -- Effect of inflation on -- Cameroon Interest rates -- Effect of inflation on -- Nigeria Interest rates -- Econometric models Cointegration Monetary policy -- Cameroon Monetary policy -- Nigeria Banque des états de l'Afrique centrale Banks and banking -- Cameroon Banks and banking -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1005 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002740
- Description: One of the most important aspects of monetary policy is an understanding of the transmission process: the mechanism through which the monetary policy actions of the Central Bank impact on aggregate demand and prices by influencing the investment and consumption decisions of households and firms. Thus, commercial banks are regarded as conveyers of monetary policy shocks and are expected to adjust retail interest rates in response to policy shocks one-to-one. In practice, commercial banks adjust their retail rates in response to changes in monetary policy with a lag of several months and this delay is often viewed as an impediment on the ability of the Central Bank to steer the economy. Several reasons, such as credit rationing and adverse selection, switching costs, risk sharing, consumer irrationality, structure of the financial system, menu costs and asymmetric information are some of the causes advanced for commercial banks retail rates being sticky. In spite of the important role of pass-through analysis in the monetary policy transmission process, it has received very little attention in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Cameroon and Nigeria, which have implemented a series of reforms. To this end, this study gives a comparative analysis of interest rate pass-through in Nigeria and Cameroon using retail rates (lending and deposit) and a discount rate (policy rate) from January 1990 to December 2010 for Nigeria and from January 1990 to June 2008 for Cameroon. The study examines the magnitude and speed of retail rate adjustments to changes in the Central Bank policy rate as well as examining the possibility of symmetric and asymmetric pass-through in both countries. In addition, the study also investigates whether there is pass-through of monetary policy from one country to the other. The empirical analysis employs four different types of co-integration techniques to test the presence of a long run co-integrating relationship between retail and the policy rates in order to ensure that the relationship detected is robust. Three sets of analyses are carried out in the study. Following Cottarelli and Kourelis (1994), the study employed a co-integration technique, firstly, to analyse pass-through for the entire sample, secondly, to analyse symmetric and asymmetric pass-through using a ten year rolling window analysis in an error correction framework. Finally, the policy rates were swapped around to investigate if there are transmissions of impulses from one country to the other. Overall, evidence from the entire sample and rolling window analysis suggests that monetary policy in Cameroon is less effective. This is perhaps one of the reasons why the Banque Des Etats De L’Afrique Centrale (BEAC) is unable to sterilise the excess liquidity of the banking sector in Cameroon. The long run pass-through of 0.72 and 0.71 for the entire sample, and the average long run pass-through for the rolling window of 0.78 and 0.76 for the lending and deposit rates, suggest that monetary policy is highly effective in Nigeria compared to Cameroon. The empirical evidence confirmed asymmetric adjustment in six rolling windows in the lending rate in Nigeria. Three rolling windows indicated that the direction of rigidity is downward, supporting Scholnick’s (1996) collusive pricing arrangement between banks, and the other three suggested that the lending rate is rigid in the upward direction, corroborating Scholnick’s (1996) customer reaction hypothesis. The deposit rate in Cameroon was also found to adjust asymmetrically and the direction of rigidity is downward, supporting Hannan and Berger’s (1991) customer reaction hypothesis. The investigation of impulse transmission between the two countries revealed that only the policy rate in Nigeria exerts some influence on the deposit rate in Cameroon. Policy recommendations are also discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Tita, Anthanasius Fomum
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Interest rates -- Cameroon Interest rates -- Nigeria Interest rates -- Effect of inflation on -- Cameroon Interest rates -- Effect of inflation on -- Nigeria Interest rates -- Econometric models Cointegration Monetary policy -- Cameroon Monetary policy -- Nigeria Banque des états de l'Afrique centrale Banks and banking -- Cameroon Banks and banking -- Nigeria
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1005 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002740
- Description: One of the most important aspects of monetary policy is an understanding of the transmission process: the mechanism through which the monetary policy actions of the Central Bank impact on aggregate demand and prices by influencing the investment and consumption decisions of households and firms. Thus, commercial banks are regarded as conveyers of monetary policy shocks and are expected to adjust retail interest rates in response to policy shocks one-to-one. In practice, commercial banks adjust their retail rates in response to changes in monetary policy with a lag of several months and this delay is often viewed as an impediment on the ability of the Central Bank to steer the economy. Several reasons, such as credit rationing and adverse selection, switching costs, risk sharing, consumer irrationality, structure of the financial system, menu costs and asymmetric information are some of the causes advanced for commercial banks retail rates being sticky. In spite of the important role of pass-through analysis in the monetary policy transmission process, it has received very little attention in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Cameroon and Nigeria, which have implemented a series of reforms. To this end, this study gives a comparative analysis of interest rate pass-through in Nigeria and Cameroon using retail rates (lending and deposit) and a discount rate (policy rate) from January 1990 to December 2010 for Nigeria and from January 1990 to June 2008 for Cameroon. The study examines the magnitude and speed of retail rate adjustments to changes in the Central Bank policy rate as well as examining the possibility of symmetric and asymmetric pass-through in both countries. In addition, the study also investigates whether there is pass-through of monetary policy from one country to the other. The empirical analysis employs four different types of co-integration techniques to test the presence of a long run co-integrating relationship between retail and the policy rates in order to ensure that the relationship detected is robust. Three sets of analyses are carried out in the study. Following Cottarelli and Kourelis (1994), the study employed a co-integration technique, firstly, to analyse pass-through for the entire sample, secondly, to analyse symmetric and asymmetric pass-through using a ten year rolling window analysis in an error correction framework. Finally, the policy rates were swapped around to investigate if there are transmissions of impulses from one country to the other. Overall, evidence from the entire sample and rolling window analysis suggests that monetary policy in Cameroon is less effective. This is perhaps one of the reasons why the Banque Des Etats De L’Afrique Centrale (BEAC) is unable to sterilise the excess liquidity of the banking sector in Cameroon. The long run pass-through of 0.72 and 0.71 for the entire sample, and the average long run pass-through for the rolling window of 0.78 and 0.76 for the lending and deposit rates, suggest that monetary policy is highly effective in Nigeria compared to Cameroon. The empirical evidence confirmed asymmetric adjustment in six rolling windows in the lending rate in Nigeria. Three rolling windows indicated that the direction of rigidity is downward, supporting Scholnick’s (1996) collusive pricing arrangement between banks, and the other three suggested that the lending rate is rigid in the upward direction, corroborating Scholnick’s (1996) customer reaction hypothesis. The deposit rate in Cameroon was also found to adjust asymmetrically and the direction of rigidity is downward, supporting Hannan and Berger’s (1991) customer reaction hypothesis. The investigation of impulse transmission between the two countries revealed that only the policy rate in Nigeria exerts some influence on the deposit rate in Cameroon. Policy recommendations are also discussed.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Trends and determinants of inward foreign direct investment to South Africa
- Authors: Rusike, Tatonga Gardner
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:995 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002730 , International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Description: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is seen as a way to provide the needed capital inflow to stimulate growth in a domestic economy. FDI can also result in increased employment levels, managerial skills and increase in technology. In efforts to attract FDI, host countries have undertaken various policy incentives to attract foreign investors. This study analyses the trends and determinants of inward FDI to South Africa for the period 1975-2005. The study starts by reviewing FDI literature on its determinants and provides the macroeconomic background and FDI related policies undertaken in South Africa. The trend and sectoral analysis provides the actual nature of FDI flows to South Africa. An empirical model linking theoretical and empirical determinants of FDI is estimated using the Johansen cointegration and VECM framework. The study also augments the cointegration framework with impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to complement the long and short run determinants of FDI. Dummy variables are used in each of the estimated FDI models to take into account the possibility of structural breaks. Results show that relative to the size of the economy and to other developing countries, South Africa still receives low levels of inward FDI. Only are few years are exceptional i.e. 1997, 2001 and 2005. From the sectoral distribution, the financial sector is now the major recipient of FDI followed by the mining and manufacturing sectors. The emergence of the financial sector could suggest that FDI motives could have shifted from the natural resource seeking and market seeking to efficiency seeking FDI. The United Kingdom emerges as the major source of FDI to South Africa followed by United States of America and Germany. Empirical analysis indicated that openness, exchange rate and financial development are important long run determinants of FDI. Increased openness and financial development attract FDI while an increase (depreciation) in the exchange rate deters FDI to South Africa. Market size emerges as a short run determinant of FDI although it is declining in importance. Most of the impulse response analysis confirmed the VECM findings. Variance decomposition analysis showed that FDI itself, imports and exchange rate explain a significant amount of the forecast error variance. The influence of market size variable is small and declining over time.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
- Authors: Rusike, Tatonga Gardner
- Date: 2008
- Subjects: International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:995 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002730 , International business enterprises -- South Africa , Investments, Foreign -- South Africa , Economic development -- South Africa , Macroeconomics -- South Africa , Foreign exchange rates -- South Africa
- Description: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is seen as a way to provide the needed capital inflow to stimulate growth in a domestic economy. FDI can also result in increased employment levels, managerial skills and increase in technology. In efforts to attract FDI, host countries have undertaken various policy incentives to attract foreign investors. This study analyses the trends and determinants of inward FDI to South Africa for the period 1975-2005. The study starts by reviewing FDI literature on its determinants and provides the macroeconomic background and FDI related policies undertaken in South Africa. The trend and sectoral analysis provides the actual nature of FDI flows to South Africa. An empirical model linking theoretical and empirical determinants of FDI is estimated using the Johansen cointegration and VECM framework. The study also augments the cointegration framework with impulse response and variance decomposition analyses to complement the long and short run determinants of FDI. Dummy variables are used in each of the estimated FDI models to take into account the possibility of structural breaks. Results show that relative to the size of the economy and to other developing countries, South Africa still receives low levels of inward FDI. Only are few years are exceptional i.e. 1997, 2001 and 2005. From the sectoral distribution, the financial sector is now the major recipient of FDI followed by the mining and manufacturing sectors. The emergence of the financial sector could suggest that FDI motives could have shifted from the natural resource seeking and market seeking to efficiency seeking FDI. The United Kingdom emerges as the major source of FDI to South Africa followed by United States of America and Germany. Empirical analysis indicated that openness, exchange rate and financial development are important long run determinants of FDI. Increased openness and financial development attract FDI while an increase (depreciation) in the exchange rate deters FDI to South Africa. Market size emerges as a short run determinant of FDI although it is declining in importance. Most of the impulse response analysis confirmed the VECM findings. Variance decomposition analysis showed that FDI itself, imports and exchange rate explain a significant amount of the forecast error variance. The influence of market size variable is small and declining over time.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2008
Automated statistical audit system for a government regulatory authority
- Authors: Xozwa, Thandolwethu
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Auditing -- Statistical methods -- Data processing , Mathematica (Computer program language)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6061 , vital:21035
- Description: Governments all over the world are faced with numerous challenges while running their countries on a daily basis. The predominant challenges which arise are those which involve statistical methodologies. Official statistics to South Africa’s infrastructure are very important and because of this it is important that an effort is made to reduce the challenges that occur during the development of official statistics. For official statistics to be developed successfully quality standards need to be built into an organisational framework and form a system of architecture (Statistics New Zealand 2009:1). Therefore, this study seeks to develop a statistical methodology that is appropriate and scientifically correct using an automated statistical system for audits in government regulatory authorities. The study makes use of Mathematica to provide guidelines on how to develop and use an automated statistical audit system. A comprehensive literature study was conducted using existing secondary sources. A quantitative research paradigm was adopted for this study, to empirically assess the demographic characteristics of tenants of Social Housing Estates and their perceptions towards the rental units they inhabit. More specifically a descriptive study was undertaken. Furthermore, a sample size was selected by means of convenience sampling for a case study on SHRA to assess the respondent’s biographical information. From this sample, a pilot study was conducted investigating the general perceptions of the respondents regarding the physical conditions and quality of their units. The technical development of an automated statistical audit system was discussed. This process involved the development and use of a questionnaire design tool, statistical analysis and reporting and how Mathematica software served as a platform for developing the system. The findings of this study provide insights on how government regulatory authorities can best utilise automated statistical audits for regulation purposes and achieved this by developing an automated statistical audit system for government regulatory authorities. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide government regulatory authorities with practical suggestions or solutions regarding the generating of official statistics for regulatory purposes, and that the suggestions for future research will inspire future researchers to further investigate automated statistical audit systems, statistical analysis, automated questionnaire development, and government regulatory authorities individually.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Xozwa, Thandolwethu
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Auditing -- Statistical methods -- Data processing , Mathematica (Computer program language)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6061 , vital:21035
- Description: Governments all over the world are faced with numerous challenges while running their countries on a daily basis. The predominant challenges which arise are those which involve statistical methodologies. Official statistics to South Africa’s infrastructure are very important and because of this it is important that an effort is made to reduce the challenges that occur during the development of official statistics. For official statistics to be developed successfully quality standards need to be built into an organisational framework and form a system of architecture (Statistics New Zealand 2009:1). Therefore, this study seeks to develop a statistical methodology that is appropriate and scientifically correct using an automated statistical system for audits in government regulatory authorities. The study makes use of Mathematica to provide guidelines on how to develop and use an automated statistical audit system. A comprehensive literature study was conducted using existing secondary sources. A quantitative research paradigm was adopted for this study, to empirically assess the demographic characteristics of tenants of Social Housing Estates and their perceptions towards the rental units they inhabit. More specifically a descriptive study was undertaken. Furthermore, a sample size was selected by means of convenience sampling for a case study on SHRA to assess the respondent’s biographical information. From this sample, a pilot study was conducted investigating the general perceptions of the respondents regarding the physical conditions and quality of their units. The technical development of an automated statistical audit system was discussed. This process involved the development and use of a questionnaire design tool, statistical analysis and reporting and how Mathematica software served as a platform for developing the system. The findings of this study provide insights on how government regulatory authorities can best utilise automated statistical audits for regulation purposes and achieved this by developing an automated statistical audit system for government regulatory authorities. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide government regulatory authorities with practical suggestions or solutions regarding the generating of official statistics for regulatory purposes, and that the suggestions for future research will inspire future researchers to further investigate automated statistical audit systems, statistical analysis, automated questionnaire development, and government regulatory authorities individually.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
The financial soundness of selected banks in South Africa: a camels rating system approach
- Authors: Manga, Rushil Mohan
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Bank failures -- South Africa , Banks and banking -- Risk management Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/40889 , vital:36258
- Description: Bank failure continues to feature in South Africa and although it is not uncommon, nor limited to any single country, it has the potential to have significant systemic risks. It is, therefore of the utmost importance to mitigate bank failure where possible. Bank supervision plays a key role in ensuring that individual banks, and the banking sector, remain sound. This study analysed seven selected banks in South Africa namely, ABSA, African Bank, Capitec Bank, FirstRand Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and VBS Mutual Bank. The CAMELS rating system was applied to evaluate the component and composite ratings for each selected bank. The empirical evidence exhibited that the CAMELS model has been used world-wide and proved valuable in its simplicity and reliability. The results showed that all banks achieved a rating of three or fair, with the exception being African Bank. African Bank, rated four or marginal, continues to struggle to regain market confidence since its cu0ratorship and restructuring. The study further showed that among the selected banks, management quality and liquidity were two components that consistently showed critical weaknesses, which posed concerns for formal supervision. The study utilised One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to analyse the results of the CAMELS model. It was found that there was no significant difference in the financial soundness of the selected banks as a measure of the CAMELS model. The study further recommended that the banks invest and focus on developing human resource departments to attain and retain high quality managers in terms of qualifications and experience. The banks’ internal policies need to align, not only with the company’s business targets, but also the personal contentment and fulfilment of employees and managers. This will help reduce frictional unemployment in the banking sector. It must be noted that Capitec was the only bank to avoid a marginal or weak rating in the management quality component. To address the poor rating awarded to the liquidity component in all selected banks, it is recommended that senior management, regulators and supervisors need to work together to implement sound liquidity management practices. The CAMELS model presents a clear depiction of the financial soundness of a bank and can be comparable to other competitive banks within a country. For this reason, the model would be easily understandable, not only to supervisors and senior management, but also investors, stake-holders, their customers and the general population. It is therefore recommended that the SARB publishes a detailed annual report, which analyses all banks in South Africa by way of the CAMELS model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Manga, Rushil Mohan
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Bank failures -- South Africa , Banks and banking -- Risk management Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/40889 , vital:36258
- Description: Bank failure continues to feature in South Africa and although it is not uncommon, nor limited to any single country, it has the potential to have significant systemic risks. It is, therefore of the utmost importance to mitigate bank failure where possible. Bank supervision plays a key role in ensuring that individual banks, and the banking sector, remain sound. This study analysed seven selected banks in South Africa namely, ABSA, African Bank, Capitec Bank, FirstRand Bank, Nedbank, Standard Bank and VBS Mutual Bank. The CAMELS rating system was applied to evaluate the component and composite ratings for each selected bank. The empirical evidence exhibited that the CAMELS model has been used world-wide and proved valuable in its simplicity and reliability. The results showed that all banks achieved a rating of three or fair, with the exception being African Bank. African Bank, rated four or marginal, continues to struggle to regain market confidence since its cu0ratorship and restructuring. The study further showed that among the selected banks, management quality and liquidity were two components that consistently showed critical weaknesses, which posed concerns for formal supervision. The study utilised One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to analyse the results of the CAMELS model. It was found that there was no significant difference in the financial soundness of the selected banks as a measure of the CAMELS model. The study further recommended that the banks invest and focus on developing human resource departments to attain and retain high quality managers in terms of qualifications and experience. The banks’ internal policies need to align, not only with the company’s business targets, but also the personal contentment and fulfilment of employees and managers. This will help reduce frictional unemployment in the banking sector. It must be noted that Capitec was the only bank to avoid a marginal or weak rating in the management quality component. To address the poor rating awarded to the liquidity component in all selected banks, it is recommended that senior management, regulators and supervisors need to work together to implement sound liquidity management practices. The CAMELS model presents a clear depiction of the financial soundness of a bank and can be comparable to other competitive banks within a country. For this reason, the model would be easily understandable, not only to supervisors and senior management, but also investors, stake-holders, their customers and the general population. It is therefore recommended that the SARB publishes a detailed annual report, which analyses all banks in South Africa by way of the CAMELS model.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
A review of generalized linear models for count data with emphasis on current geospatial procedures
- Authors: Michell, Justin Walter
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Spatial analysis (Statistics) , Bayesian statistical decision theory , Geospatial data , Malaria -- Botswana -- Statistics , Malaria -- Botswana -- Research -- Statistical methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:5582 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019989
- Description: Analytical problems caused by over-fitting, confounding and non-independence in the data is a major challenge for variable selection. As more variables are tested against a certain data set, there is a greater risk that some will explain the data merely by chance, but will fail to explain new data. The main aim of this study is to employ a systematic and practicable variable selection process for the spatial analysis and mapping of historical malaria risk in Botswana using data collected from the MARA (Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa) project and environmental and climatic datasets from various sources. Details of how a spatial database is compiled for a statistical analysis to proceed is provided. The automation of the entire process is also explored. The final bayesian spatial model derived from the non-spatial variable selection procedure using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation was fitted to the data. Winter temperature had the greatest effect of malaria prevalence in Botswana. Summer rainfall, maximum temperature of the warmest month, annual range of temperature, altitude and distance to closest water source were also significantly associated with malaria prevalence in the final spatial model after accounting for spatial correlation. Using this spatial model malaria prevalence at unobserved locations was predicted, producing a smooth risk map covering Botswana. The automation of both compiling the spatial database and the variable selection procedure proved challenging and could only be achieved in parts of the process. The non-spatial selection procedure proved practical and was able to identify stable explanatory variables and provide an objective means for selecting one variable over another, however ultimately it was not entirely successful due to the fact that a unique set of spatial variables could not be selected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Michell, Justin Walter
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Spatial analysis (Statistics) , Bayesian statistical decision theory , Geospatial data , Malaria -- Botswana -- Statistics , Malaria -- Botswana -- Research -- Statistical methods
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:5582 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019989
- Description: Analytical problems caused by over-fitting, confounding and non-independence in the data is a major challenge for variable selection. As more variables are tested against a certain data set, there is a greater risk that some will explain the data merely by chance, but will fail to explain new data. The main aim of this study is to employ a systematic and practicable variable selection process for the spatial analysis and mapping of historical malaria risk in Botswana using data collected from the MARA (Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa) project and environmental and climatic datasets from various sources. Details of how a spatial database is compiled for a statistical analysis to proceed is provided. The automation of the entire process is also explored. The final bayesian spatial model derived from the non-spatial variable selection procedure using Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation was fitted to the data. Winter temperature had the greatest effect of malaria prevalence in Botswana. Summer rainfall, maximum temperature of the warmest month, annual range of temperature, altitude and distance to closest water source were also significantly associated with malaria prevalence in the final spatial model after accounting for spatial correlation. Using this spatial model malaria prevalence at unobserved locations was predicted, producing a smooth risk map covering Botswana. The automation of both compiling the spatial database and the variable selection procedure proved challenging and could only be achieved in parts of the process. The non-spatial selection procedure proved practical and was able to identify stable explanatory variables and provide an objective means for selecting one variable over another, however ultimately it was not entirely successful due to the fact that a unique set of spatial variables could not be selected.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
An analysis of the tax consequences of the double tax agreement between South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo
- Authors: Mkabile, Nwabisa
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Double taxation -- South Africa , Double taxation -- Congo (Democratic Republic) , Income tax -- South Africa -- Foreign income , Income tax -- Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Foreign income
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:916 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017539
- Description: As a result of the different tax systems adopted by countries, foreign-sourced income earned by taxpayers may be subject to double taxation. This may therefore impede cross-border trade and investment. Double taxation relief is provided unilaterally, in terms of a country’s domestic laws or bilaterally in terms of Double Taxation Agreements. South African residents earning income from the Democratic Republic of Congo may be subject to tax in both countries. To eliminate such double taxation the South African Income Tax Act, No 58 of 1962, provides for unilateral relief from double taxation in the form of exemptions, rebates and deductions. The double tax agreement between South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo came into effect recently and double taxation relief for South African residents is now also available in terms of tax treaty law. The objective of the research was to determine whether the combination of the unilateral measures and the double tax agreement provide relief in respect of all types of income earned by South African residents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was concluded that the double tax agreement, together with the unilateral relief provided for in the Income Tax Act will grant relief for all types of income earned by South African residents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Mkabile, Nwabisa
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Double taxation -- South Africa , Double taxation -- Congo (Democratic Republic) , Income tax -- South Africa -- Foreign income , Income tax -- Congo (Democratic Republic) -- Foreign income
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:916 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017539
- Description: As a result of the different tax systems adopted by countries, foreign-sourced income earned by taxpayers may be subject to double taxation. This may therefore impede cross-border trade and investment. Double taxation relief is provided unilaterally, in terms of a country’s domestic laws or bilaterally in terms of Double Taxation Agreements. South African residents earning income from the Democratic Republic of Congo may be subject to tax in both countries. To eliminate such double taxation the South African Income Tax Act, No 58 of 1962, provides for unilateral relief from double taxation in the form of exemptions, rebates and deductions. The double tax agreement between South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo came into effect recently and double taxation relief for South African residents is now also available in terms of tax treaty law. The objective of the research was to determine whether the combination of the unilateral measures and the double tax agreement provide relief in respect of all types of income earned by South African residents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was concluded that the double tax agreement, together with the unilateral relief provided for in the Income Tax Act will grant relief for all types of income earned by South African residents in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
South African money market volatility, asymmetry and retail interest pass-through
- Authors: Fadiran, Gideon Oluwatobi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Money market -- South Africa Interest rates -- South Africa Monetary policy -- South Africa Econometric models Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:993 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002728
- Description: The purpose of this paper is to examine the interest rate transmission mechanism for South Africa as an emerging economy in a pre-repo and repo system. It explains how the money market rate is transmitted to the retail interest rates both in the long-run and short-run and tests the symmetric and asymmetric interest rate pass-through using the Scholnick (1996) ECM and the Wang and Lee (2009) ECM-EGARCH (1, 1)-M methodology. This permitted the examination of the impact of interest rate volatility, along with the leverage effect. An incomplete pass-through is found in the short-run. From the entire sample period, a symmetric adjustment is found in the deposit rate, which had upward rigidity adjustment, while an asymmetric adjustment is found in the lending rate, with a downward rigidity adjustment. All the adjustments supported the collusive pricing arrangements. According to the conditional variance estimation of the ECM-EGARCH (1, 1), negative volatility impact and leverage effect are present and influential only in the deposit interest rate adjustment process in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Fadiran, Gideon Oluwatobi
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Money market -- South Africa Interest rates -- South Africa Monetary policy -- South Africa Econometric models Banks and banking -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:993 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002728
- Description: The purpose of this paper is to examine the interest rate transmission mechanism for South Africa as an emerging economy in a pre-repo and repo system. It explains how the money market rate is transmitted to the retail interest rates both in the long-run and short-run and tests the symmetric and asymmetric interest rate pass-through using the Scholnick (1996) ECM and the Wang and Lee (2009) ECM-EGARCH (1, 1)-M methodology. This permitted the examination of the impact of interest rate volatility, along with the leverage effect. An incomplete pass-through is found in the short-run. From the entire sample period, a symmetric adjustment is found in the deposit rate, which had upward rigidity adjustment, while an asymmetric adjustment is found in the lending rate, with a downward rigidity adjustment. All the adjustments supported the collusive pricing arrangements. According to the conditional variance estimation of the ECM-EGARCH (1, 1), negative volatility impact and leverage effect are present and influential only in the deposit interest rate adjustment process in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
The influence of financial socialisation agents on young professionals’ financial literacy levels
- Authors: Saayman, Michelle
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Finance -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Financial literacy -- South Africa Finance, Personal -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43001 , vital:36723
- Description: This study is focused on the levels of financial literacy of young professionals because they are exiting university with high levels of debt and may have low levels of financial literacy as students. These young professionals enter the workforce and face complex financial decisions where they are expected to be able to make independent and sound financial decisions. They have access to all types of financial products and services and have increased levels of household debt as well as the need to fund an ageing population, such as their parents. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence financial socialisation agents have on the financial literacy levels of young professionals. The financial socialisation agents that are investigated are parents, peers, teachers and employers. These financial socialisation agents use various financial socialisation mechanisms to influence the financial literacy of young professionals. The financial socialisation mechanisms that were identified are teaching practices, modelling of financial behaviour and pocket money (employed by parents), peer communication (employed by peers), and financial instruction (employed by both teachers and employers). An extensive literature review on financial socialisation and financial literacy was conducted. This led to the development of a conceptual framework that is tested empirically. In order to test the conceptual model for the study, a quantitative research approach was adopted. Non-probability snowball and convenience sampling was used to target respondents of the study. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed to employees in the financial industry between the ages of 20 and 35. Of the 300 questionnaires distributed in the Nelson Mandela Bay, 263 were returned and usable, resulting in a response rate of 88 percent. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to test the empirical data, and included the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that while many respondents (42%) scored between 61 and 80 percent for the questions on financial knowledge. Only 15 percent of respondents scored higher for financial knowledge, namely between 81 and 100 percent. In terms of validity and reliability, most of the factors tested are retained; only subjective financial knowledge and financial attitude are disregarded for further analysis. The descriptive statistics showed that respondents scored a mean of 2.649 for the statements measuring educational allowance, a mean of 2.041 for the statements that measure teaching practices that includes modelling of behaviour, and 59 percent of respondents indicated that the statements that measure teaching practices that include modelling of behaviour was true; only 24 percent of respondents believe the statements regarding peer communication to be true, with the other respondents (42%) being neutral. Most of the respondents believe the statements regarding financial instruction to be true, both for financial instruction from teachers (61%) and employers (46%), and the majority (70%) of respondents believe the factor financial behaviour to be true. Only one hypotheses (H4) was accepted: There was a significant positive relationship between employers and financial literacy. The other three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3) were rejected. H1 proposed that a significant positive relationship exists between parents and financial literacy, H2 that a significant positive relationship between peers and financial literacy exists, and H3 that a significant positive relationship between teachers and financial literacy exists. This mean that other financial socialisation agents, namely, parents, peers and teachers, did not influence financial literacy. The results show that the mechanism employed by employers, financial instruction, has a significant influence on the objective financial knowledge and financial behaviour of young professionals. Based on the results above, it is recommended that South Africa should prioritise the financial literacy of its youth. Policymakers can do this by providing young adults with financial literacy courses and require employers to provide these courses to their employees. The workshops offered by employers to the respondents of the study resulted in these respondents having higher levels of financial literacy, as H4 proposed and was supported in the results. Therefore, employers should consider providing workshops as part of their benefit package to their employees. These workshops can be about various financial matters, such as retirement planning, debt management, savings and investments, the importance of insurance and assurance, as well as a medical aid and how to apply for credit, such as home loans, credit cards and vehicle assistance. Other options that employers can consider is sending informative emails on a regular basis to their employees. Parents should also have access to financial literacy courses because the study found that parents’ teaching practices, which includes modelling of behaviour, influence the financial behaviour of young professionals. Teachers, through financial instruction, also influence the financial behaviour of young professionals. Therefore, teachers and other educators or education institutions should consider offering formal financial instruction, either on the internet, through financial articles or workshops about budgeting, record keeping of expenses, cost of credit, savings and inflation. Therefore in conclusion, it is important that policymakers and employers consider this research and provide young professionals with the necessary resources to help them make complex financial decisions. This study has contributed to literature by investigating the influence of financial socialisation agents on the financial literacy levels of young professionals in the financial industry specifically. The proposed conceptual model of the study may be useful in determining the influence of financial socialisation agents on financial literacy in the future. The study also advance research on financial socialisation and financial literacy, specifically among youth as there exist no studies that investigate the influence of financial socialisation on the financial literacy levels of young professionals in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
- Authors: Saayman, Michelle
- Date: 2019
- Subjects: Finance -- Social aspects -- South Africa , Financial literacy -- South Africa Finance, Personal -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/43001 , vital:36723
- Description: This study is focused on the levels of financial literacy of young professionals because they are exiting university with high levels of debt and may have low levels of financial literacy as students. These young professionals enter the workforce and face complex financial decisions where they are expected to be able to make independent and sound financial decisions. They have access to all types of financial products and services and have increased levels of household debt as well as the need to fund an ageing population, such as their parents. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence financial socialisation agents have on the financial literacy levels of young professionals. The financial socialisation agents that are investigated are parents, peers, teachers and employers. These financial socialisation agents use various financial socialisation mechanisms to influence the financial literacy of young professionals. The financial socialisation mechanisms that were identified are teaching practices, modelling of financial behaviour and pocket money (employed by parents), peer communication (employed by peers), and financial instruction (employed by both teachers and employers). An extensive literature review on financial socialisation and financial literacy was conducted. This led to the development of a conceptual framework that is tested empirically. In order to test the conceptual model for the study, a quantitative research approach was adopted. Non-probability snowball and convenience sampling was used to target respondents of the study. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed to employees in the financial industry between the ages of 20 and 35. Of the 300 questionnaires distributed in the Nelson Mandela Bay, 263 were returned and usable, resulting in a response rate of 88 percent. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to test the empirical data, and included the Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient and a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that while many respondents (42%) scored between 61 and 80 percent for the questions on financial knowledge. Only 15 percent of respondents scored higher for financial knowledge, namely between 81 and 100 percent. In terms of validity and reliability, most of the factors tested are retained; only subjective financial knowledge and financial attitude are disregarded for further analysis. The descriptive statistics showed that respondents scored a mean of 2.649 for the statements measuring educational allowance, a mean of 2.041 for the statements that measure teaching practices that includes modelling of behaviour, and 59 percent of respondents indicated that the statements that measure teaching practices that include modelling of behaviour was true; only 24 percent of respondents believe the statements regarding peer communication to be true, with the other respondents (42%) being neutral. Most of the respondents believe the statements regarding financial instruction to be true, both for financial instruction from teachers (61%) and employers (46%), and the majority (70%) of respondents believe the factor financial behaviour to be true. Only one hypotheses (H4) was accepted: There was a significant positive relationship between employers and financial literacy. The other three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3) were rejected. H1 proposed that a significant positive relationship exists between parents and financial literacy, H2 that a significant positive relationship between peers and financial literacy exists, and H3 that a significant positive relationship between teachers and financial literacy exists. This mean that other financial socialisation agents, namely, parents, peers and teachers, did not influence financial literacy. The results show that the mechanism employed by employers, financial instruction, has a significant influence on the objective financial knowledge and financial behaviour of young professionals. Based on the results above, it is recommended that South Africa should prioritise the financial literacy of its youth. Policymakers can do this by providing young adults with financial literacy courses and require employers to provide these courses to their employees. The workshops offered by employers to the respondents of the study resulted in these respondents having higher levels of financial literacy, as H4 proposed and was supported in the results. Therefore, employers should consider providing workshops as part of their benefit package to their employees. These workshops can be about various financial matters, such as retirement planning, debt management, savings and investments, the importance of insurance and assurance, as well as a medical aid and how to apply for credit, such as home loans, credit cards and vehicle assistance. Other options that employers can consider is sending informative emails on a regular basis to their employees. Parents should also have access to financial literacy courses because the study found that parents’ teaching practices, which includes modelling of behaviour, influence the financial behaviour of young professionals. Teachers, through financial instruction, also influence the financial behaviour of young professionals. Therefore, teachers and other educators or education institutions should consider offering formal financial instruction, either on the internet, through financial articles or workshops about budgeting, record keeping of expenses, cost of credit, savings and inflation. Therefore in conclusion, it is important that policymakers and employers consider this research and provide young professionals with the necessary resources to help them make complex financial decisions. This study has contributed to literature by investigating the influence of financial socialisation agents on the financial literacy levels of young professionals in the financial industry specifically. The proposed conceptual model of the study may be useful in determining the influence of financial socialisation agents on financial literacy in the future. The study also advance research on financial socialisation and financial literacy, specifically among youth as there exist no studies that investigate the influence of financial socialisation on the financial literacy levels of young professionals in South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2019
The impact of transport infrastructure investment on unemployment in South Africa
- Authors: Mayekiso, Sipokazi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Transportation -- South Africa Infrastructure (Economics) -- South Africa Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2260 , vital:27720
- Description: The transport infrastructure investment has been a subject of many studies for some time, mainly in improving and predicting the economic growth of the country and improving employment in South Africa. Given this, the study examines the impact of transport infrastructure investment on unemployment in South Africa by using time series econometric analysis over the period 1982-2012. Some key variables considered include unemployment, real GDP, real exchange rate, real interest rate, and trade openness total infrastructure investment exclude transport infrastructure investment. To separate the long and short run effect, VECM was employed after ensuring stationarity of the series. The study found that a long run relationship exist between the unemployment, transport infrastructure investment, real GDP, real exchange rate , real interest rate, trade openness and total infrastructure investment exclude transport infrastructure investment. The Results of this thesis have implications for policy and academic work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
- Authors: Mayekiso, Sipokazi
- Date: 2015
- Subjects: Transportation -- South Africa Infrastructure (Economics) -- South Africa Economic development -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2260 , vital:27720
- Description: The transport infrastructure investment has been a subject of many studies for some time, mainly in improving and predicting the economic growth of the country and improving employment in South Africa. Given this, the study examines the impact of transport infrastructure investment on unemployment in South Africa by using time series econometric analysis over the period 1982-2012. Some key variables considered include unemployment, real GDP, real exchange rate, real interest rate, and trade openness total infrastructure investment exclude transport infrastructure investment. To separate the long and short run effect, VECM was employed after ensuring stationarity of the series. The study found that a long run relationship exist between the unemployment, transport infrastructure investment, real GDP, real exchange rate , real interest rate, trade openness and total infrastructure investment exclude transport infrastructure investment. The Results of this thesis have implications for policy and academic work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2015
Exploring counterfeit versus authentic purchases of youth consumers
- Authors: Koeberg, Richenda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Brand name products Young consumers
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18805 , vital:28725
- Description: The purpose of this research was to explore counterfeit versus authentic luxury branded products from the perspective of consumers’ choice and social influence. Africa’s high level of domestic poverty has been one of the crucial factors for encouraging the import of counterfeit products (Meeking, 2013). In 2011, South Africa had estimated the counterfeit industry to be at R3.60 billion; and it is currently viewed as the world’s fastest growing industry (Le Cordeur, 2012; News24, 2011). Research on the purchases of counterfeit and authentic luxury brands has focused primarily on the supply side; however, this assumes that consumers are unaware of counterfeits. The aim was to explore whether consumers are able to distinguish between authentic and counterfeit products. In addition, the research also aimed to explore: 1) Youth consumers’ perceptions of luxury brands; 2) the attitudes of youth consumers towards counterfeit luxury brands; 3) the behaviour of youth consumers towards counterfeit products in general; and 4) the perceived influence of functional or status utility products on purchase behaviour. Therefore To methods of analysis was used; first a discrimination test was conducted and analysed using basic descriptive statistics were used. And second, a qualitative research methodology was adopted, from a social constructionist paradigm. Four focus-group interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. The results from the thematic analysis identified five themes, namely: 1) The conceptualisation of counterfeits; 2) conceptualising luxury brands; 3) attitudes towards counterfeit-branded products; 4) consumer decision-making styles; 5) status; and 6) post-purchase behaviour. This empirical study forms a foundation for future research on this phenomenon in the current context. Additionally, manufacturers should be aware of the impact of selling defect branded products on consumers’ conceptualisation of counterfeits. Marketers should also focus on the salient role of sneakers as status symbols among youth consumers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
- Authors: Koeberg, Richenda
- Date: 2017
- Subjects: Brand name products Young consumers
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/18805 , vital:28725
- Description: The purpose of this research was to explore counterfeit versus authentic luxury branded products from the perspective of consumers’ choice and social influence. Africa’s high level of domestic poverty has been one of the crucial factors for encouraging the import of counterfeit products (Meeking, 2013). In 2011, South Africa had estimated the counterfeit industry to be at R3.60 billion; and it is currently viewed as the world’s fastest growing industry (Le Cordeur, 2012; News24, 2011). Research on the purchases of counterfeit and authentic luxury brands has focused primarily on the supply side; however, this assumes that consumers are unaware of counterfeits. The aim was to explore whether consumers are able to distinguish between authentic and counterfeit products. In addition, the research also aimed to explore: 1) Youth consumers’ perceptions of luxury brands; 2) the attitudes of youth consumers towards counterfeit luxury brands; 3) the behaviour of youth consumers towards counterfeit products in general; and 4) the perceived influence of functional or status utility products on purchase behaviour. Therefore To methods of analysis was used; first a discrimination test was conducted and analysed using basic descriptive statistics were used. And second, a qualitative research methodology was adopted, from a social constructionist paradigm. Four focus-group interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. The results from the thematic analysis identified five themes, namely: 1) The conceptualisation of counterfeits; 2) conceptualising luxury brands; 3) attitudes towards counterfeit-branded products; 4) consumer decision-making styles; 5) status; and 6) post-purchase behaviour. This empirical study forms a foundation for future research on this phenomenon in the current context. Additionally, manufacturers should be aware of the impact of selling defect branded products on consumers’ conceptualisation of counterfeits. Marketers should also focus on the salient role of sneakers as status symbols among youth consumers.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2017
Organisational commitment in the automotive industry : a comparative study of employment contracts
- Authors: Bailey, Peter John
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Organizational commitment , Employee motivation -- South Africa , Automobile industry and trade -- Management , Management -- Employee participation -- South Africa , Labor contracts -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9299 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014664
- Description: Organisations face many obstacles in maintaining high quality standards and enhancing their competitive positions. It is not just the external factors, such as market fluctuations, but also internal obstacles, that have an effect on the competitiveness of organisations. Most of the internal factors are the result of poor management practices such as insufficient employee development paths, lack of mentorship programmes or job insecurity which results in the poor performance and commitment levels of employees. However employees are more willing to provide efficient and effective practices if they are committed to the organisation. A committed workforce can be created through many practices. Some of these practices include, creating an environment where employees feel as though they are part of the organisation and that their actions directly influence the success of the organisation (Kingston 2007); building long lasting and fair relationships between staff and supervisors (Manetje 2009:50); providing partial organisational ownership for employees through employee share ownership schemes (Employee share ownership plan guidelines 2007:3); creating an organisation structure which binds employees and groups together and removes bureaucratic practices (Brooks 2009:190) and creating management styles that encourage employee involvement (Manetje 2009:51) Unfavourable conditions within the economy are not making it any easier for organisations to become more competitive. Organisations have had to downsize, restructure and transform in order to cut costs as the demands for goods and services slowed down. However, these practices have resulted in an insecure work environment for employees and have posed complex challenges for management. (Coetzee 2005). Employment contracts have therefore become popular tools for managing economic downturns. Organisations opt for more temporary staff so as to easily reduce headcount when costs need to be lowered. Employment contracts give organisations the advantage of flexibility which is a key area for success in turbulent business environments (Krausz, Bizman & Braslavsky 2001:302). Previous research on temporary contracts has revealed lower commitment levels of staff than other types of contracts such as permanent and fixed-term contracts (Guest 2004:12). Therefore, there needs to be a balance between various employment contracts; a balance which brings out the best in organisational performance. The different types of employment contracts are also important tools to use to enhance commitment within the organisation. For that reason, it is essential to understand the linkage between the types of contracts and organisational commitment and whether certain contracts result in higher levels of organisational commitment. The primary objective of the study is to identify factors which influence organisational commitment as well as to investigate whether organisational commitment and the different types of employment contracts can increase employee motivation and job involvement within the automotive industry environment. Given the primary objective of the study, a quantitative research paradigm was followed in testing the relevant hypotheses. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was conducted to gather empirical data from the respondents employed within the automotive industry. The target population of the study was the employees within the automotive industry (Volkswagen of South Africa). A convenience sampling technique was used to distribute the questionnaires and the researcher made use of both manual hand-outs and an online system called the Survey Monkey to gather the data. The sample was restricted to 260 respondents. The main findings of this study revealed that the dimensions, workplace culture, job security, career development and personality were statistically significant and had a positive influence on organisational commitment. Workplace culture proved to be the most significant positive influence on organisational commitment. Thus, if an organisation adjusts this dimension to better suit the employees, the result could be an enhanced level of employee commitment. On the other hand, management style and mentoring were found to be the least important in influencing organisational commitment in the automotive industry. Furthermore, the results illustrated a significant positive relationship between organisational commitment and the dependent variables, employee motivation and job involvement. The study also identified the link between employment contracts and organisational commitment, job involvement and employee motivation. However, a statistically significant relationship only existed between employment contracts and job involvement. Thus the different types of contracts have an effect on the level of employee involvement within an organisation. The implications of the findings are that organisations within the automotive industry should focus on areas that have a substantially greater impact on organisational commitment. These areas include workplace culture, job security, personality and career development. Organisations thus need to find methods or processes which facilitate the development of these areas. In order for organisations to move from good to great, a workforce that is committed to the goals and objectives is required.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Bailey, Peter John
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Organizational commitment , Employee motivation -- South Africa , Automobile industry and trade -- Management , Management -- Employee participation -- South Africa , Labor contracts -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:9299 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014664
- Description: Organisations face many obstacles in maintaining high quality standards and enhancing their competitive positions. It is not just the external factors, such as market fluctuations, but also internal obstacles, that have an effect on the competitiveness of organisations. Most of the internal factors are the result of poor management practices such as insufficient employee development paths, lack of mentorship programmes or job insecurity which results in the poor performance and commitment levels of employees. However employees are more willing to provide efficient and effective practices if they are committed to the organisation. A committed workforce can be created through many practices. Some of these practices include, creating an environment where employees feel as though they are part of the organisation and that their actions directly influence the success of the organisation (Kingston 2007); building long lasting and fair relationships between staff and supervisors (Manetje 2009:50); providing partial organisational ownership for employees through employee share ownership schemes (Employee share ownership plan guidelines 2007:3); creating an organisation structure which binds employees and groups together and removes bureaucratic practices (Brooks 2009:190) and creating management styles that encourage employee involvement (Manetje 2009:51) Unfavourable conditions within the economy are not making it any easier for organisations to become more competitive. Organisations have had to downsize, restructure and transform in order to cut costs as the demands for goods and services slowed down. However, these practices have resulted in an insecure work environment for employees and have posed complex challenges for management. (Coetzee 2005). Employment contracts have therefore become popular tools for managing economic downturns. Organisations opt for more temporary staff so as to easily reduce headcount when costs need to be lowered. Employment contracts give organisations the advantage of flexibility which is a key area for success in turbulent business environments (Krausz, Bizman & Braslavsky 2001:302). Previous research on temporary contracts has revealed lower commitment levels of staff than other types of contracts such as permanent and fixed-term contracts (Guest 2004:12). Therefore, there needs to be a balance between various employment contracts; a balance which brings out the best in organisational performance. The different types of employment contracts are also important tools to use to enhance commitment within the organisation. For that reason, it is essential to understand the linkage between the types of contracts and organisational commitment and whether certain contracts result in higher levels of organisational commitment. The primary objective of the study is to identify factors which influence organisational commitment as well as to investigate whether organisational commitment and the different types of employment contracts can increase employee motivation and job involvement within the automotive industry environment. Given the primary objective of the study, a quantitative research paradigm was followed in testing the relevant hypotheses. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was conducted to gather empirical data from the respondents employed within the automotive industry. The target population of the study was the employees within the automotive industry (Volkswagen of South Africa). A convenience sampling technique was used to distribute the questionnaires and the researcher made use of both manual hand-outs and an online system called the Survey Monkey to gather the data. The sample was restricted to 260 respondents. The main findings of this study revealed that the dimensions, workplace culture, job security, career development and personality were statistically significant and had a positive influence on organisational commitment. Workplace culture proved to be the most significant positive influence on organisational commitment. Thus, if an organisation adjusts this dimension to better suit the employees, the result could be an enhanced level of employee commitment. On the other hand, management style and mentoring were found to be the least important in influencing organisational commitment in the automotive industry. Furthermore, the results illustrated a significant positive relationship between organisational commitment and the dependent variables, employee motivation and job involvement. The study also identified the link between employment contracts and organisational commitment, job involvement and employee motivation. However, a statistically significant relationship only existed between employment contracts and job involvement. Thus the different types of contracts have an effect on the level of employee involvement within an organisation. The implications of the findings are that organisations within the automotive industry should focus on areas that have a substantially greater impact on organisational commitment. These areas include workplace culture, job security, personality and career development. Organisations thus need to find methods or processes which facilitate the development of these areas. In order for organisations to move from good to great, a workforce that is committed to the goals and objectives is required.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
Efficient market hypothesis : testing weak-form efficiency on the Johannesburg stock exchange
- Authors: Eaton, Bradley Hayes
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Efficient market theory
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47895 , vital:40396
- Description: Understanding financial markets is paramount in acknowledging the flow of domestic and foreign funds over time. In this study, net market capitalisation price and simple return characteristics were investigated for the period from January 2009 to December 2017. An empirical, statistical approach was used to explore the possibility that, since the 2008 financial crisis, forward-looking, aggregate market and financial-oriented equity indices have conformed to the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Accordingly, monthly observations were made to ensure long-run traits were identified and scrutinised. Such revelations are important for portfolio diversification, risk, and expected return potentials with respect to South African equity markets. Based on the study, it was found that random walks were evident in both the price and return time-series as a result of significant stochastic price action, supported by evidence suggesting non-normality of price and return distributions. Unit root and stationarity modelling confirmed such traits. However, significant trending behaviours were evident in the auto-correlation figures with regards to prices, despite mean-reverting and stochastic influences. Therefore, it was concluded from the results of the study that the respective time-series were weak-form efficient. The empirical component was supplemented by a comprehensive investigation into the market determinants of financial market inefficiencies, including partial correlations, contagion effects, momentum, financial bubbles, and liquidity issues. Secondary objectives of the study included identifying the roles of security exchanges and the effect of international linkages, as a result of globalisation, on the financial markets. Increased macro-economic and systems integration has led to positive and negative connotations for business cycles. Spill-over effects into global equity markets are evident as can be seen through the co-integration of leading world exchanges, both in the developed and emerging market spheres. Fundamental to this study was the sensitivity of South African equity markets to recessionary pressures, as analysed through the efficiency of aggregated equity indices.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Eaton, Bradley Hayes
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Efficient market theory
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/47895 , vital:40396
- Description: Understanding financial markets is paramount in acknowledging the flow of domestic and foreign funds over time. In this study, net market capitalisation price and simple return characteristics were investigated for the period from January 2009 to December 2017. An empirical, statistical approach was used to explore the possibility that, since the 2008 financial crisis, forward-looking, aggregate market and financial-oriented equity indices have conformed to the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Accordingly, monthly observations were made to ensure long-run traits were identified and scrutinised. Such revelations are important for portfolio diversification, risk, and expected return potentials with respect to South African equity markets. Based on the study, it was found that random walks were evident in both the price and return time-series as a result of significant stochastic price action, supported by evidence suggesting non-normality of price and return distributions. Unit root and stationarity modelling confirmed such traits. However, significant trending behaviours were evident in the auto-correlation figures with regards to prices, despite mean-reverting and stochastic influences. Therefore, it was concluded from the results of the study that the respective time-series were weak-form efficient. The empirical component was supplemented by a comprehensive investigation into the market determinants of financial market inefficiencies, including partial correlations, contagion effects, momentum, financial bubbles, and liquidity issues. Secondary objectives of the study included identifying the roles of security exchanges and the effect of international linkages, as a result of globalisation, on the financial markets. Increased macro-economic and systems integration has led to positive and negative connotations for business cycles. Spill-over effects into global equity markets are evident as can be seen through the co-integration of leading world exchanges, both in the developed and emerging market spheres. Fundamental to this study was the sensitivity of South African equity markets to recessionary pressures, as analysed through the efficiency of aggregated equity indices.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
How integrated are the African stock exchanges?: evidence from long term comovement, returns and volatility spillovers
- Kambadza, Tinashe Harry Dumile
- Authors: Kambadza, Tinashe Harry Dumile
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Stock exchanges -- Africa Money market -- Africa Globalization -- Economic aspects -- Africa International economic relations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1017 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002752
- Description: Stock market linkages have implications for portfolio diversification, asset pricing, monetary and regulatory policy as well as financial stability. This study examines the extent to which African stock markets are linked using daily data for the period 2000-2010. The study is divided into three main parts each focussing on the ways in which integration of the stock markets can be viewed. Firstly, we analyse the long run co-movement of the stock markets using both bivariate and multivariate Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) cointegration approaches. Secondly, we analyse returns linkages using Factor analysis and the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models. In the Factor Analysis model, we used two extraction methods, namely Principal Component Analysis and the Maximurn Likelihood technique. The VAR model was extended with impulse response, variance decomposition and block exogeniety. Thirdly, we analyse the behaviour of volatility and the volatility linkages among the stock markets. We initially analysed and modelled volatility in each stock market using the GARCH, EGARCH and GJR GARCH and then examined the long-term trend of the volatility. Conditional volatility series for each country were then estimated using the most appropriate model and were analysed using VAR, block exogeniety, impulse response and variance decomposition to determine the extent of their linkages. The findings of the study are as follows: Both the bivariate and multivariate models found slim evidence of cointegration amongst the stock markets, suggesting that there were opportunities for portfolio diversification for investors. In general, the financial crisis had very little impact on the long-run relationships of the stock markets. Results for the returns linkages showed that there were limited retums linkages with the exceptions of South African-Namibia and Egypt-Morocco to a lesser extent. South Africa was found to be the most endogenous, whilst Ghana and Nigeria were the most exogenous on the continent. We regards to volatility, we found that it was asymmetric and persistent across all the stock markets with long term trend of volatility showing that it significantly increased for most of the markets. Finally, there were limited volatility linkages, only between South Africa, Egypt and Namibia, implying that African stock markets are still largely segmented from each other. However, the linkages between South Africa and Egypt could have negative effects as they could lead to the spread of contagion effects during times of crises. Therefore, policymakers should consider revising and improving policies to enhance economic integration on the continent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
- Authors: Kambadza, Tinashe Harry Dumile
- Date: 2011
- Subjects: Stock exchanges -- Africa Money market -- Africa Globalization -- Economic aspects -- Africa International economic relations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1017 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002752
- Description: Stock market linkages have implications for portfolio diversification, asset pricing, monetary and regulatory policy as well as financial stability. This study examines the extent to which African stock markets are linked using daily data for the period 2000-2010. The study is divided into three main parts each focussing on the ways in which integration of the stock markets can be viewed. Firstly, we analyse the long run co-movement of the stock markets using both bivariate and multivariate Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) cointegration approaches. Secondly, we analyse returns linkages using Factor analysis and the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models. In the Factor Analysis model, we used two extraction methods, namely Principal Component Analysis and the Maximurn Likelihood technique. The VAR model was extended with impulse response, variance decomposition and block exogeniety. Thirdly, we analyse the behaviour of volatility and the volatility linkages among the stock markets. We initially analysed and modelled volatility in each stock market using the GARCH, EGARCH and GJR GARCH and then examined the long-term trend of the volatility. Conditional volatility series for each country were then estimated using the most appropriate model and were analysed using VAR, block exogeniety, impulse response and variance decomposition to determine the extent of their linkages. The findings of the study are as follows: Both the bivariate and multivariate models found slim evidence of cointegration amongst the stock markets, suggesting that there were opportunities for portfolio diversification for investors. In general, the financial crisis had very little impact on the long-run relationships of the stock markets. Results for the returns linkages showed that there were limited retums linkages with the exceptions of South African-Namibia and Egypt-Morocco to a lesser extent. South Africa was found to be the most endogenous, whilst Ghana and Nigeria were the most exogenous on the continent. We regards to volatility, we found that it was asymmetric and persistent across all the stock markets with long term trend of volatility showing that it significantly increased for most of the markets. Finally, there were limited volatility linkages, only between South Africa, Egypt and Namibia, implying that African stock markets are still largely segmented from each other. However, the linkages between South Africa and Egypt could have negative effects as they could lead to the spread of contagion effects during times of crises. Therefore, policymakers should consider revising and improving policies to enhance economic integration on the continent.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2011
Selected marketing communication methods influencing young adults' perceptions and buying intentions of healthy foods in South Africa
- Authors: Galloway, Kelly Lou
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Restaurants -- Marketing , Food industry and trade -- South Africa , Fast food restaurants -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6312 , vital:21072
- Description: For more than a decade (2001 – 2012) there has been extensive research conducted on the impact of marketing on food consumption, the promotion of healthy lifestyles and the use of media communication channels in the restaurant industry. However, no known research has focused specifically on the healthy fast-casual restaurant segment with a specific focus on media communication channels. This study attempts to address this limitation. The study deals with selected media communication channels and their influence on the healthy lifestyle perceptions and healthy lifestyle purchase intentions of young adult consumers in South Africa. The study considers the impact that a more selective choice of media communication channel can have on restaurants in the healthy fast-casual restaurant segment. Media communication channels are a vital part of a restaurant’s marketing communication program as they transmit messages between the business and its target market. In South Africa’s restaurant industry, there are numerous businesses that are conveying messages to consumers regarding their market offerings. This advertising clutter is aggravated by healthy fast-casual restaurants needing to compete against traditional fast-casual restaurants who are adding healthier items to their menus. The study’s secondary research included a literature review on marketing communication, selected media communication channels (print media, display media, broadcast media and online media) and the South African restaurant industry (with a focus on the healthy fast-casual segment). In addition, perception and purchase intention were discussed with a focus on healthy lifestyles and young adult consumers. In order to establish the influence of the selected media communication channels (print media, display media, broadcast media and online media) on young adults’ healthy lifestyle perceptions and healthy lifestyle purchase intentions an empirical investigation was also conducted. A positivistic research paradigm was used as quantitative methods were performed to identify significant relationships among the selected variables. The sample consisted of students from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. A total of 440 questionnaires were distributed, with 350 usable. Therefore, a response rate of 79.55 per cent was obtained. The empirical investigation revealed that the items in the questionnaire that were used to gather information about healthy lifestyle perception and healthy lifestyle purchase intention loaded together on one factor which was renamed healthy lifestyle buying behaviour. Multiple regression analysis indicated that positive and statistically significant relationships existed between print media and healthy lifestyle buying behaviour and between online media and the healthy lifestyle buying behaviour of young adults. These relationships imply that an increased use of print media will reflect increased buying behaviour that supports healthy lifestyles amongst young adults. Similarly, the more online media is used, the more young adult buying behaviour will reflect healthier choices. This implies that restaurants in the healthy fast-casual restaurant segment can increase the demand for their market offerings and stand out amongst the advertising clutter through a more deliberate use of print media and online media. The study includes strategies that can be used to improve the use of print media and online media in order to influence the healthy lifestyle buying behaviour of young adults. Healthy lifestyle buying behaviours essentially will increase the demand for goods that support healthy lifestyles and therefore increase the demand for healthy fast-casual restaurants. The provision of healthy menu items and a more focused marketing program can be used as a strategy to attract more young adults as consumers, to grow business relationships with this target market, to enhance business performance and to create a healthier South African community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
- Authors: Galloway, Kelly Lou
- Date: 2013
- Subjects: Restaurants -- Marketing , Food industry and trade -- South Africa , Fast food restaurants -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6312 , vital:21072
- Description: For more than a decade (2001 – 2012) there has been extensive research conducted on the impact of marketing on food consumption, the promotion of healthy lifestyles and the use of media communication channels in the restaurant industry. However, no known research has focused specifically on the healthy fast-casual restaurant segment with a specific focus on media communication channels. This study attempts to address this limitation. The study deals with selected media communication channels and their influence on the healthy lifestyle perceptions and healthy lifestyle purchase intentions of young adult consumers in South Africa. The study considers the impact that a more selective choice of media communication channel can have on restaurants in the healthy fast-casual restaurant segment. Media communication channels are a vital part of a restaurant’s marketing communication program as they transmit messages between the business and its target market. In South Africa’s restaurant industry, there are numerous businesses that are conveying messages to consumers regarding their market offerings. This advertising clutter is aggravated by healthy fast-casual restaurants needing to compete against traditional fast-casual restaurants who are adding healthier items to their menus. The study’s secondary research included a literature review on marketing communication, selected media communication channels (print media, display media, broadcast media and online media) and the South African restaurant industry (with a focus on the healthy fast-casual segment). In addition, perception and purchase intention were discussed with a focus on healthy lifestyles and young adult consumers. In order to establish the influence of the selected media communication channels (print media, display media, broadcast media and online media) on young adults’ healthy lifestyle perceptions and healthy lifestyle purchase intentions an empirical investigation was also conducted. A positivistic research paradigm was used as quantitative methods were performed to identify significant relationships among the selected variables. The sample consisted of students from the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. A total of 440 questionnaires were distributed, with 350 usable. Therefore, a response rate of 79.55 per cent was obtained. The empirical investigation revealed that the items in the questionnaire that were used to gather information about healthy lifestyle perception and healthy lifestyle purchase intention loaded together on one factor which was renamed healthy lifestyle buying behaviour. Multiple regression analysis indicated that positive and statistically significant relationships existed between print media and healthy lifestyle buying behaviour and between online media and the healthy lifestyle buying behaviour of young adults. These relationships imply that an increased use of print media will reflect increased buying behaviour that supports healthy lifestyles amongst young adults. Similarly, the more online media is used, the more young adult buying behaviour will reflect healthier choices. This implies that restaurants in the healthy fast-casual restaurant segment can increase the demand for their market offerings and stand out amongst the advertising clutter through a more deliberate use of print media and online media. The study includes strategies that can be used to improve the use of print media and online media in order to influence the healthy lifestyle buying behaviour of young adults. Healthy lifestyle buying behaviours essentially will increase the demand for goods that support healthy lifestyles and therefore increase the demand for healthy fast-casual restaurants. The provision of healthy menu items and a more focused marketing program can be used as a strategy to attract more young adults as consumers, to grow business relationships with this target market, to enhance business performance and to create a healthier South African community.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2013
The relationship between intrinsic rewards, organisational commitment and organisational citizenship behaviours within an automotive manufacturer
- Authors: Weyers, Leandra
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Organizational behavior -- South Africa Automobile industry and trade -- South Africa Incentives in industry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13235 , vital:27167
- Description: Intrinsic rewards, organisational commitment (OC) and organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) are all considered to be positive constructs in today's world of work, which could have a practically beneficial impact on the employee's career, development and success as well as the organisation's bottom line and overall effectiveness. The meaning and purpose provided by one's job combined with commitment to one's organisation as well as the display of positive, helping behaviours have all become constructs of considerable importance whilst at work. The primary objective of this research study was to investigate the relationship between the three constructs of intrinsic rewards, OC and OCBs amongst permanent employees of an automotive manufacturer in South Africa. An additional aim was to establish whether significant differences existed between the three constructs under study across various demographic variables. The researcher made use of a quantitative research method in order to conduct this study using a cross-sectional design. A composite questionnaire was used to gather the necessary data for the study, inclusive of the Intrinsic Work Rewards Scale (IWRS) which is a 25 item scale measuring the dimensions of meaningful work, varied work, flexible work, challenging work and enjoyable work; the Organisational Commitment Scale (OCS) which is an 18 item scale measuring the desire, need and obligation to remain employed by an organisation; the Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale (OCBS) which is consistent of 20 items measuring the behaviours of altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, civic virtue and sportsmanship; as well as a short demographic section. The questionnaire was electronically administered to 700 employees; however, it was only completed by a sample of 250 employees with a response rate of 35.7 percent. The data was analysed by means of both descriptive and inferential statistics consistent of frequency tables, central tendency and dispersion, Cronbach's alpha testing, Pearson's Product Moment Correlations and analysis of variance. The quantitative findings indicated that all three of the measurement scales were reliably used, due to Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeding the acceptable 0.60. Significant differences existed in terms of the demographic variables included in the study for OC and to a lesser degree for OCBs and intrinsic rewards. The most significant differences were related to job level. The results identified that strong statistically and practically significant and positive correlations are existent between the constructs of intrinsic rewards, OC and OCBs. The strongest correlations were existent between the dimensions of intrinsic rewards and OC in terms of the desire (affective commitment) and obligation (normative commitment) to remain employed by the organisation as well as the organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) dimensions of civic virtue and conscientiousness. The strongest correlations in terms of OCBs and OC were between the OCB dimensions of civic virtue and altruism with affective commitment. The findings of this research study contribute to the literature available in terms of the constructs of intrinsic rewards, OC and OCBs and also provide statistical and practical evidence of the positive correlations between the three constructs. Consequently, the results from this study provided the management of this automotive manufacturer with important information into the intrinsic nature of their employees' jobs, the levels of OC as well as the propensity of their employees to display OCBs at work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
- Authors: Weyers, Leandra
- Date: 2016
- Subjects: Organizational behavior -- South Africa Automobile industry and trade -- South Africa Incentives in industry
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13235 , vital:27167
- Description: Intrinsic rewards, organisational commitment (OC) and organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) are all considered to be positive constructs in today's world of work, which could have a practically beneficial impact on the employee's career, development and success as well as the organisation's bottom line and overall effectiveness. The meaning and purpose provided by one's job combined with commitment to one's organisation as well as the display of positive, helping behaviours have all become constructs of considerable importance whilst at work. The primary objective of this research study was to investigate the relationship between the three constructs of intrinsic rewards, OC and OCBs amongst permanent employees of an automotive manufacturer in South Africa. An additional aim was to establish whether significant differences existed between the three constructs under study across various demographic variables. The researcher made use of a quantitative research method in order to conduct this study using a cross-sectional design. A composite questionnaire was used to gather the necessary data for the study, inclusive of the Intrinsic Work Rewards Scale (IWRS) which is a 25 item scale measuring the dimensions of meaningful work, varied work, flexible work, challenging work and enjoyable work; the Organisational Commitment Scale (OCS) which is an 18 item scale measuring the desire, need and obligation to remain employed by an organisation; the Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Scale (OCBS) which is consistent of 20 items measuring the behaviours of altruism, courtesy, conscientiousness, civic virtue and sportsmanship; as well as a short demographic section. The questionnaire was electronically administered to 700 employees; however, it was only completed by a sample of 250 employees with a response rate of 35.7 percent. The data was analysed by means of both descriptive and inferential statistics consistent of frequency tables, central tendency and dispersion, Cronbach's alpha testing, Pearson's Product Moment Correlations and analysis of variance. The quantitative findings indicated that all three of the measurement scales were reliably used, due to Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeding the acceptable 0.60. Significant differences existed in terms of the demographic variables included in the study for OC and to a lesser degree for OCBs and intrinsic rewards. The most significant differences were related to job level. The results identified that strong statistically and practically significant and positive correlations are existent between the constructs of intrinsic rewards, OC and OCBs. The strongest correlations were existent between the dimensions of intrinsic rewards and OC in terms of the desire (affective commitment) and obligation (normative commitment) to remain employed by the organisation as well as the organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) dimensions of civic virtue and conscientiousness. The strongest correlations in terms of OCBs and OC were between the OCB dimensions of civic virtue and altruism with affective commitment. The findings of this research study contribute to the literature available in terms of the constructs of intrinsic rewards, OC and OCBs and also provide statistical and practical evidence of the positive correlations between the three constructs. Consequently, the results from this study provided the management of this automotive manufacturer with important information into the intrinsic nature of their employees' jobs, the levels of OC as well as the propensity of their employees to display OCBs at work.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2016
Sectoral co-integration and portfolio diversification benefits: a business cycle examination of South African equity sectors
- Authors: Hofisi, Tinashe S
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Portfolio management -- South Africa , Investments -- South Africa , Investments, South African , Stocks -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146379 , vital:38521
- Description: The onset of globalisation and simultaneous changes in financial technology and financial reforms dissipated hurdles once faced in financial transactions among stock markets. Hence, stock markets around the world became increasingly integrated because there was a free flow of cross border investments. Consequently, international diversification diminished thereby undermining the ability of investors to diversify investments across borders. For that reason, recent literature on portfolio diversification is urging investors to shift their focus to domestic portfolio diversification as an alternative. On that account, this study aims to examine the co-integration and dynamic causalities between South African equity market sectors in order to ascertain the sectoral diversification opportunities available to domestic investors over time. The study was examined over the different phases of the business cycle as well as the full sample, i.e. 2004 – 2018, with a view to shedding light on the inter-sectoral diversification opportunities of domestic investors over the South African business cycle. The phases of the business cycle applied are a| expansion and boom; b| recession and recovery phase and c| stagnation phase. The Johansen co-integration and Granger-causality tests were employed. The hypothesis of the study is that, if sectors are not cointegrated, then diversification benefits can be reaped by constructing a portfolio that combines stocks from the respective sectors. On the whole, the findings of this study show that there are both long-run and short-run diversification opportunities across the different phases of the South African business cycle as well as the full sample. However, there are lesser diversification opportunities in the recession and recovery phase over both the long-run and short-run. These results indicate that domestic sectoral portfolio diversification is least effective when it is needed the most (i.e. in a period of heightened volatility such as recession and recovery phase). This study will contribute to the existing literature in two ways; firstly, to investors who intend to diversify their portfolios domestically rather than internationally and, secondly, after reasonably thorough research it was evident that there is scant literature on domestic sectoral diversification in South Africa. As a result, the study attempts to address this gap. Additionally, the essence of the business cycle in this study is to make investors aware of potential diversification opportunities when positioning their portfolios for the next shift in the business cycle.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
- Authors: Hofisi, Tinashe S
- Date: 2020
- Subjects: Portfolio management -- South Africa , Investments -- South Africa , Investments, South African , Stocks -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/146379 , vital:38521
- Description: The onset of globalisation and simultaneous changes in financial technology and financial reforms dissipated hurdles once faced in financial transactions among stock markets. Hence, stock markets around the world became increasingly integrated because there was a free flow of cross border investments. Consequently, international diversification diminished thereby undermining the ability of investors to diversify investments across borders. For that reason, recent literature on portfolio diversification is urging investors to shift their focus to domestic portfolio diversification as an alternative. On that account, this study aims to examine the co-integration and dynamic causalities between South African equity market sectors in order to ascertain the sectoral diversification opportunities available to domestic investors over time. The study was examined over the different phases of the business cycle as well as the full sample, i.e. 2004 – 2018, with a view to shedding light on the inter-sectoral diversification opportunities of domestic investors over the South African business cycle. The phases of the business cycle applied are a| expansion and boom; b| recession and recovery phase and c| stagnation phase. The Johansen co-integration and Granger-causality tests were employed. The hypothesis of the study is that, if sectors are not cointegrated, then diversification benefits can be reaped by constructing a portfolio that combines stocks from the respective sectors. On the whole, the findings of this study show that there are both long-run and short-run diversification opportunities across the different phases of the South African business cycle as well as the full sample. However, there are lesser diversification opportunities in the recession and recovery phase over both the long-run and short-run. These results indicate that domestic sectoral portfolio diversification is least effective when it is needed the most (i.e. in a period of heightened volatility such as recession and recovery phase). This study will contribute to the existing literature in two ways; firstly, to investors who intend to diversify their portfolios domestically rather than internationally and, secondly, after reasonably thorough research it was evident that there is scant literature on domestic sectoral diversification in South Africa. As a result, the study attempts to address this gap. Additionally, the essence of the business cycle in this study is to make investors aware of potential diversification opportunities when positioning their portfolios for the next shift in the business cycle.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2020
Relationship between employee performance, leadership and emotional intelligence in a South African parastatal organisation
- Authors: Hayward, Brett Anthony
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Employees -- Rating of , Leadership , Leadership -- Psychological aspects , Emotional intelligence , Government business enterprises -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1206 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019740
- Description: This research investigates the relationship between employee performance, leadership and emotional intelligence in a South African parastatal. The literature provided discusses the three variables of performance, leadership and emotional intelligence. Information was gathered, using three instruments, from a sample of 160 leaders and 800 raters. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was used to determine leadership style within the parastatal, while the Emotional Competency Profiler was used to determine the emotional intelligence of the leaders within the parastatal. Employee performance was captured and recorded using the parastatal’s performance appraisal process. Leadership and emotional intelligence were identified as the independent variables and employee performance as the dependent variable. Data obtained from each of the research instruments was then statistically analysed. Through linear regression analysis it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent, transactional leader. However, no significant linear relationship was found between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent, transformational leader. Simple correlation analysis showed that there is a relatively weak significant linear relationship between emotional intelligence and transactional leadership. Moreover, it was found that there is a very strong significant linear relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. This research therefore adds a new dimension to employee performance, leadership and emotional intelligence, since no similar study has been conducted. As this research takes place in the South African context, it contributes to the bank of findings relating to the concepts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006
- Authors: Hayward, Brett Anthony
- Date: 2006
- Subjects: Employees -- Rating of , Leadership , Leadership -- Psychological aspects , Emotional intelligence , Government business enterprises -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:1206 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019740
- Description: This research investigates the relationship between employee performance, leadership and emotional intelligence in a South African parastatal. The literature provided discusses the three variables of performance, leadership and emotional intelligence. Information was gathered, using three instruments, from a sample of 160 leaders and 800 raters. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was used to determine leadership style within the parastatal, while the Emotional Competency Profiler was used to determine the emotional intelligence of the leaders within the parastatal. Employee performance was captured and recorded using the parastatal’s performance appraisal process. Leadership and emotional intelligence were identified as the independent variables and employee performance as the dependent variable. Data obtained from each of the research instruments was then statistically analysed. Through linear regression analysis it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent, transactional leader. However, no significant linear relationship was found between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent, transformational leader. Simple correlation analysis showed that there is a relatively weak significant linear relationship between emotional intelligence and transactional leadership. Moreover, it was found that there is a very strong significant linear relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership. This research therefore adds a new dimension to employee performance, leadership and emotional intelligence, since no similar study has been conducted. As this research takes place in the South African context, it contributes to the bank of findings relating to the concepts.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2006