Synthesis, photophysical and photochemical studies of germanium and tin phthalocyanine complexes
- Maree, Suzanne, Phillips, David, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Maree, Suzanne , Phillips, David , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/289667 , vital:56661 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S108842460200004X"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis of tin and germanium phthalocyanine complexes containing phenoxy and substituted phenoxy groups as phthalocyanine ring substituents. The compounds studied are: dichlorogermanium phthalocyanine complexes containing eight phenoxy (4a), o-methyl phenoxy (4b) or estrone (4c) groups on the ring. The corresponding dichlorotin complexes (5a, 5b and 5c) and diiodotin complex (6a) were also investigated, as well as diestrone phthalocyaninato tin (7). Germanium octaphenoxy phthalocyanine complexes undergo phototransformation rather than direct photobleaching, whereas tin octaphenoxy phthalocyanine complexes undergo a photobleaching process, which is mediated by photoreduction of the phthalocyanine ring. Tin octaphenoxy phthalocyanine complexes gave higher ΦΔ values than the corresponding germanium complexes. Also tin phthalocyanine complexes containing an unsubstituted ring gave higher ΦΔ values than the corresponding octaphenoxy substituted complexes. The triplet quantum yields increased with the increase in electron-donating power of the ring substituents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Maree, Suzanne , Phillips, David , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/289667 , vital:56661 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1142/S108842460200004X"
- Description: This work reports on the synthesis of tin and germanium phthalocyanine complexes containing phenoxy and substituted phenoxy groups as phthalocyanine ring substituents. The compounds studied are: dichlorogermanium phthalocyanine complexes containing eight phenoxy (4a), o-methyl phenoxy (4b) or estrone (4c) groups on the ring. The corresponding dichlorotin complexes (5a, 5b and 5c) and diiodotin complex (6a) were also investigated, as well as diestrone phthalocyaninato tin (7). Germanium octaphenoxy phthalocyanine complexes undergo phototransformation rather than direct photobleaching, whereas tin octaphenoxy phthalocyanine complexes undergo a photobleaching process, which is mediated by photoreduction of the phthalocyanine ring. Tin octaphenoxy phthalocyanine complexes gave higher ΦΔ values than the corresponding germanium complexes. Also tin phthalocyanine complexes containing an unsubstituted ring gave higher ΦΔ values than the corresponding octaphenoxy substituted complexes. The triplet quantum yields increased with the increase in electron-donating power of the ring substituents.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Effects of substituents on the photosensitizing and electrocatalytic properties of phthalocyanines
- Authors: Maree, Suzanne Elizabeth
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4554 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018247
- Description: In this work a selection of octasubstituted phthalocyaninato Zinc, Ge(IV) and Sn(IV) complexes were synthesized for possible use in photodynamic therapy and their photochemistry, photophysics and electrochemistry studied. Third-generation complexes containing steroids, e.g. cholesterol and estrone, were synthesized to improve tumour selectivity. The zinc phthalocyanine complexes (ZnPc) showed that complexes containing electron-donating groups have higher photostability. Germanium phthalocyanine complexes (GePc) undergo phototransformation rather than direct photobleaching and the tin phthalocyanine complexes (SnPc) undergo photobleaching mediated by photoreduction of the phthalocyanine ring. Singlet oxygen production showed increased in the following order: GePc>SnPc>ZnPc. Triplet lifetimes of the GePc (168-340μs) are very similar to that of the ZnPc (197 - 366μs), but the triplet lifetimes of the SnPc are ten fold shorter (10 - 32μs ). Triplet quantum yields are higher for the GePc (0.20 - 0.50) and SnPc (0.08 - 0.45) than for the ZnPc (0.02 - 0.25). Fluorescence lifetimes of GePc ( 4.0 - 5.1 ns) are significantly longer than that of ZnPc (1.9 - 3.0 ns) and SnPc (0.2 - 0.4 ns). Fluorescence quantum yields decrease in the following order: GePc(0.21-0.31)>ZnPc(0.02-0.21)>SnPc(0.02- 0.06). Ring-substituted cobalt phthalocyanine complexes of the form CoPc(R)4 (R= NH2, N02, C(CH3)3, S03H and COOH) are compared for their catalytic activities towards the oxidation of cysteine. The potential for the electrocatalytic oxidation of cysteine is closely related to the Com/Co11 couple of the CoPc(R)4 complexes in acidic media and to the Con/Co1 couple in basic media. The catalytic current and the oxidation potential for cysteine are dependent on the pH of the solution, the potential becoming less positive and the currents increasing with increase in pH.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Maree, Suzanne Elizabeth
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Phthalocyanines
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:4554 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018247
- Description: In this work a selection of octasubstituted phthalocyaninato Zinc, Ge(IV) and Sn(IV) complexes were synthesized for possible use in photodynamic therapy and their photochemistry, photophysics and electrochemistry studied. Third-generation complexes containing steroids, e.g. cholesterol and estrone, were synthesized to improve tumour selectivity. The zinc phthalocyanine complexes (ZnPc) showed that complexes containing electron-donating groups have higher photostability. Germanium phthalocyanine complexes (GePc) undergo phototransformation rather than direct photobleaching and the tin phthalocyanine complexes (SnPc) undergo photobleaching mediated by photoreduction of the phthalocyanine ring. Singlet oxygen production showed increased in the following order: GePc>SnPc>ZnPc. Triplet lifetimes of the GePc (168-340μs) are very similar to that of the ZnPc (197 - 366μs), but the triplet lifetimes of the SnPc are ten fold shorter (10 - 32μs ). Triplet quantum yields are higher for the GePc (0.20 - 0.50) and SnPc (0.08 - 0.45) than for the ZnPc (0.02 - 0.25). Fluorescence lifetimes of GePc ( 4.0 - 5.1 ns) are significantly longer than that of ZnPc (1.9 - 3.0 ns) and SnPc (0.2 - 0.4 ns). Fluorescence quantum yields decrease in the following order: GePc(0.21-0.31)>ZnPc(0.02-0.21)>SnPc(0.02- 0.06). Ring-substituted cobalt phthalocyanine complexes of the form CoPc(R)4 (R= NH2, N02, C(CH3)3, S03H and COOH) are compared for their catalytic activities towards the oxidation of cysteine. The potential for the electrocatalytic oxidation of cysteine is closely related to the Com/Co11 couple of the CoPc(R)4 complexes in acidic media and to the Con/Co1 couple in basic media. The catalytic current and the oxidation potential for cysteine are dependent on the pH of the solution, the potential becoming less positive and the currents increasing with increase in pH.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Economic impact of international labour migration on Lesotho's development, 1986-1998: towards an international labour migration policy for the Southern African region
- Authors: Maro, Mkasafari Grace
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Migrant labor -- South Africa , Migrant labor -- Lesotho , Foreign workers -- South Africa , Miners -- South Africa , Miners -- Labor unions -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:1058 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007496 , Migrant labor -- South Africa , Migrant labor -- Lesotho , Foreign workers -- South Africa , Miners -- South Africa , Miners -- Labor unions -- South Africa
- Description: The aim of the thesis is to identify the pressures that contributed to the rise in international labour migration in Lesotho, and to investigate how these pressures are impacting upon the modernization process in the country, particularly at a time when employment opportunities are scarce in the southern African region. International labour migration has been used as a development tool throughout history, but especially in the 20th century by developing countries with dual labour markets. Newly independent developing countries with dual labour markets adapted the strategy of import substitution industrialization (lSI), with an emphasis on protecting infant industries and promoting pro-labour policies. In the post-colonial period the international demand for lowskilled workers rose, particularly in the North (developed countries), and in mineral rich countries including the oil exporters and South Africa, and the newly industrialising countries in East Asia. International labour migration to these countries was adapted as an integral development tool by the governments of the lSI countries. Most migrants were low-skilled and temporary workers in the destination countries. Although no multilateral institutional framework existed, usually both the sending and receiving countries adapted unilateral and bilateral migration policies to guarantee the gains from migration. Workers were thus "protected" to varying degrees under such agreements. From the 1970s, the North experienced a slowdown in the growth in demand for unskilled workers. In the 1980s, many lSI countries experienced devastating economic crises that forced them to abandon the lSI policy and adapt the export-led industrialisation (EOI) policy with an emphasis on trade liberalization. The switch from lSI to EOI in developing countries with dual labour markets led to the downsizing of public sector employment, the removal of marketing boards formally used by small-scale agricultural farmers, and the expansion of export processing zones (EPZs). These outcomes resulted in a rise in push internal migration, and international migration from these countries especially to other developing countries. At the same time, since the late 1980s, capital has acquired greatly enhanced mobility at the global level. The adaptation of EOI and the full mobility of capital at the global level altered the institutional structure within which labour migration was governed both nationally, and internationally. At the national level stricter unilateral policies were reinforced by receiving countries for low-skilled labour, while less strict policies applied for skilled labour. These remain in operation in conjunction with the earlier bilateral agreements. At the international level, there remains a lack of policy to regulate international labour migration. Under the current enhanced mobility of capital, international migrants are thus left vulnerable. Lesotho fits this pattern. Faced with a dual economy and an abundance of semi-skilled labour, Lesotho has been a principal supplier of labour to the South Africa's mining industry since its independence. Lesotho's industrial diversification thus mirrors South Africa's industrial diversification. In the lSI phase (1968 - 1987), international labour migration became the most important tool of economic welfare generation in Lesotho. Bilateral agreements were signed in the early 1970s between Lesotho and South Africa to guarantee the gains from migration. Since the late I980s, the mining industry in South Africa began to downsize production and employment. Fewer novice miners from Lesotho were recruited to work in South Africa. The adaptation of the EOI policy in Lesotho in 1987 introduced EPZ industrialization and trade liberalization. Nevertheless, the retrenchment of mine workers from South Africa is occurring at a time when Lesotho is experiencing an employment crisis. The political independence of South Africa in 1994 was accompanied by stricter international migration policies by the new democratic government of South Africa. Most migrant workers in South Africa are thus now faced with a two-door policy (of the earlier bilateral agreements and the amendments to the Aliens Control Act). This system has left migrant workers vulnerable to exploitation by both employers and the law (police) in South Africa. Nevertheless, international migration from Lesotho to South Africa continues to expand, particularly of the new type of migration - semiskilled female workers in the services sector. At the same time, South Africa is also experiencing an employment crisis. The most important policy implications are, firstly, that migration is subject to the same "casualisation" as other work, with the effects made worse by the "statelessness" of migrants, who are most vulnerable to exploitation. Secondly, multilateralism is needed (e.g., SADC) and holistic, multilateral policies are required. It is clear that under the new global division of labour ad hoc policy towards international labour migration is ineffective.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Maro, Mkasafari Grace
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Migrant labor -- South Africa , Migrant labor -- Lesotho , Foreign workers -- South Africa , Miners -- South Africa , Miners -- Labor unions -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:1058 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007496 , Migrant labor -- South Africa , Migrant labor -- Lesotho , Foreign workers -- South Africa , Miners -- South Africa , Miners -- Labor unions -- South Africa
- Description: The aim of the thesis is to identify the pressures that contributed to the rise in international labour migration in Lesotho, and to investigate how these pressures are impacting upon the modernization process in the country, particularly at a time when employment opportunities are scarce in the southern African region. International labour migration has been used as a development tool throughout history, but especially in the 20th century by developing countries with dual labour markets. Newly independent developing countries with dual labour markets adapted the strategy of import substitution industrialization (lSI), with an emphasis on protecting infant industries and promoting pro-labour policies. In the post-colonial period the international demand for lowskilled workers rose, particularly in the North (developed countries), and in mineral rich countries including the oil exporters and South Africa, and the newly industrialising countries in East Asia. International labour migration to these countries was adapted as an integral development tool by the governments of the lSI countries. Most migrants were low-skilled and temporary workers in the destination countries. Although no multilateral institutional framework existed, usually both the sending and receiving countries adapted unilateral and bilateral migration policies to guarantee the gains from migration. Workers were thus "protected" to varying degrees under such agreements. From the 1970s, the North experienced a slowdown in the growth in demand for unskilled workers. In the 1980s, many lSI countries experienced devastating economic crises that forced them to abandon the lSI policy and adapt the export-led industrialisation (EOI) policy with an emphasis on trade liberalization. The switch from lSI to EOI in developing countries with dual labour markets led to the downsizing of public sector employment, the removal of marketing boards formally used by small-scale agricultural farmers, and the expansion of export processing zones (EPZs). These outcomes resulted in a rise in push internal migration, and international migration from these countries especially to other developing countries. At the same time, since the late 1980s, capital has acquired greatly enhanced mobility at the global level. The adaptation of EOI and the full mobility of capital at the global level altered the institutional structure within which labour migration was governed both nationally, and internationally. At the national level stricter unilateral policies were reinforced by receiving countries for low-skilled labour, while less strict policies applied for skilled labour. These remain in operation in conjunction with the earlier bilateral agreements. At the international level, there remains a lack of policy to regulate international labour migration. Under the current enhanced mobility of capital, international migrants are thus left vulnerable. Lesotho fits this pattern. Faced with a dual economy and an abundance of semi-skilled labour, Lesotho has been a principal supplier of labour to the South Africa's mining industry since its independence. Lesotho's industrial diversification thus mirrors South Africa's industrial diversification. In the lSI phase (1968 - 1987), international labour migration became the most important tool of economic welfare generation in Lesotho. Bilateral agreements were signed in the early 1970s between Lesotho and South Africa to guarantee the gains from migration. Since the late I980s, the mining industry in South Africa began to downsize production and employment. Fewer novice miners from Lesotho were recruited to work in South Africa. The adaptation of the EOI policy in Lesotho in 1987 introduced EPZ industrialization and trade liberalization. Nevertheless, the retrenchment of mine workers from South Africa is occurring at a time when Lesotho is experiencing an employment crisis. The political independence of South Africa in 1994 was accompanied by stricter international migration policies by the new democratic government of South Africa. Most migrant workers in South Africa are thus now faced with a two-door policy (of the earlier bilateral agreements and the amendments to the Aliens Control Act). This system has left migrant workers vulnerable to exploitation by both employers and the law (police) in South Africa. Nevertheless, international migration from Lesotho to South Africa continues to expand, particularly of the new type of migration - semiskilled female workers in the services sector. At the same time, South Africa is also experiencing an employment crisis. The most important policy implications are, firstly, that migration is subject to the same "casualisation" as other work, with the effects made worse by the "statelessness" of migrants, who are most vulnerable to exploitation. Secondly, multilateralism is needed (e.g., SADC) and holistic, multilateral policies are required. It is clear that under the new global division of labour ad hoc policy towards international labour migration is ineffective.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Geochemical constraints on coupled assimilation and fractional crystallization involving upper crustal compositions and continental tholeiitic magma
- Authors: Marsh, Julian S
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/140432 , vital:37888 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(89)90021-6
- Description: The commonly analyzed trace elements in tholeiites can be subdivided into three groups depending on their sense of enrichment or depletion in upper continental crust in relation to fractional crystallization. Lithophile incompatible elements are enriched in crustal rocks and by fractional crystallization, whereas compatible transition elements such as Ni and Cr are depleted. A small third group comprising Ti, V, Fe, and sometimes P, enrich with crystallization but are depleted in the crust.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Marsh, Julian S
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/140432 , vital:37888 , https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(89)90021-6
- Description: The commonly analyzed trace elements in tholeiites can be subdivided into three groups depending on their sense of enrichment or depletion in upper continental crust in relation to fractional crystallization. Lithophile incompatible elements are enriched in crustal rocks and by fractional crystallization, whereas compatible transition elements such as Ni and Cr are depleted. A small third group comprising Ti, V, Fe, and sometimes P, enrich with crystallization but are depleted in the crust.
- Full Text: false
- Date Issued: 2002
Non-governmental organizations, the state and the politics of rural development in Kenya with particular reference to Western Province
- Authors: Matanga, Frank Khachina
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Non-governmental organizations -- Kenya , Rural development -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2803 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003013 , Non-governmental organizations -- Kenya , Rural development -- Kenya
- Description: In recent decades, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have increasingly taken on development and political roles in Africa. This has partly been attributed to the New Policy Agenda (NPA) mounted by the international donors. The NPA is predicated on neo-liberal thinking advocating for an enlarged development role for the private sector and a minimalist state. This relatively new shift in development thought has been motivated by the declining capacity of the African state to deliver development and guarantee a liberal political system. This study, therefore, set out to empirically examine whether NGOs are capable of effectively playing their new-found development and political roles. The study was based on Kenya with the Western Province constituting the core research area. The fact that the Kenyan state has been gradually disengaging from the development process has created a vacuum of which the NGOs have attempted to fill. Equally important has been the observation that, for the greater part of the post-colonial period, the state has been largely authoritarian and therefore prompting a segment of civil society to take on political roles in an effort to force it to liberalize and democratize. Urban NGOs in particular, have been the most confrontational to the state with some remarkable success. Unlike their urban counterparts, rural-based NGOs have tended to be more developmental and play a politics of collaboration with the state. Many of the latter NGOs, although playing a significant role in rural development, have been co-opted into patron-client networks. Factors that influence NGOs= posture towards the state include the nature of their leadership, the extent of their nternational connections, and the level of resources at their disposal. The study=s principal conclusion, is that, in as much as NGOs and overall civil society have provided a basis for development and opposition to the state, there is an urgent and growing need for them to shift from a position of dependency, whether domestic or international, to relative autonomy. Only then, will their contributions be sustainable in society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Matanga, Frank Khachina
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Non-governmental organizations -- Kenya , Rural development -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2803 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003013 , Non-governmental organizations -- Kenya , Rural development -- Kenya
- Description: In recent decades, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have increasingly taken on development and political roles in Africa. This has partly been attributed to the New Policy Agenda (NPA) mounted by the international donors. The NPA is predicated on neo-liberal thinking advocating for an enlarged development role for the private sector and a minimalist state. This relatively new shift in development thought has been motivated by the declining capacity of the African state to deliver development and guarantee a liberal political system. This study, therefore, set out to empirically examine whether NGOs are capable of effectively playing their new-found development and political roles. The study was based on Kenya with the Western Province constituting the core research area. The fact that the Kenyan state has been gradually disengaging from the development process has created a vacuum of which the NGOs have attempted to fill. Equally important has been the observation that, for the greater part of the post-colonial period, the state has been largely authoritarian and therefore prompting a segment of civil society to take on political roles in an effort to force it to liberalize and democratize. Urban NGOs in particular, have been the most confrontational to the state with some remarkable success. Unlike their urban counterparts, rural-based NGOs have tended to be more developmental and play a politics of collaboration with the state. Many of the latter NGOs, although playing a significant role in rural development, have been co-opted into patron-client networks. Factors that influence NGOs= posture towards the state include the nature of their leadership, the extent of their nternational connections, and the level of resources at their disposal. The study=s principal conclusion, is that, in as much as NGOs and overall civil society have provided a basis for development and opposition to the state, there is an urgent and growing need for them to shift from a position of dependency, whether domestic or international, to relative autonomy. Only then, will their contributions be sustainable in society.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The political ecology of wildlife conservation in Kenya, 1895-1975
- Authors: Matheka, Reuben M
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Wildlife conservation -- Kenya Environmental policy -- Kenya Wildlife conservation -- Political aspects -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2595 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007530
- Description: The study examines the development of wildlife conservation policy and practice in Kenya from 1895 to 1975. Started by the colonial state as part of its resource control programme, wildlife conservation in Kenya gradually became an important aspect of the country's economy chiefly because of its significance as the basis of a vibrant tourist industry. The conservation programme was also important to conservationists who viewed Kenya's wildlife as a heritage to humanity. Similarly, local communities, which were affected in various ways by wildlife conservation policies, had their own perceptions of the programme. All this led to the proliferation of groups whose interests were potentially conflicting. Wildlife conservation in Kenya during the period under examination was thus characterised by various struggles between interest groups such as conservationists, the state, and local communities. The struggles centred around such issues as the costs and benefits of conservation and were manifested through anti-conservation activities like the poaching of wild animals by dissatisfied groups. These struggles changed over time in line with social, economic, political, and ecological developments. International events/processes (such as the two world wars, economic booms/depressions, and decolonisation) triggered local processes which influenced conservationism either positively or negatively. Wildlife conservation in Kenya during the period under study was dynamic. The thesis challenges the myth of a monolithic 'colonial' wildlife policy often implied in many studies on the subject. The thesis also lays emphasis on the ecological basis of wildlife conservation while recognising the impact of social, political, and economic developments on the evolution of wildlife conservation policy and practice in Kenya. The country's 'geography' not only provided the foundation for conservation but also influenced the programme over time. Droughts, floods, army worm infestations, and other 'natural' occurrences interacted with social and economic changes, such as population growth and the development of capitalism, to shape conservation policy. The conservation programme was thus influenced by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Matheka, Reuben M
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Wildlife conservation -- Kenya Environmental policy -- Kenya Wildlife conservation -- Political aspects -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:2595 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007530
- Description: The study examines the development of wildlife conservation policy and practice in Kenya from 1895 to 1975. Started by the colonial state as part of its resource control programme, wildlife conservation in Kenya gradually became an important aspect of the country's economy chiefly because of its significance as the basis of a vibrant tourist industry. The conservation programme was also important to conservationists who viewed Kenya's wildlife as a heritage to humanity. Similarly, local communities, which were affected in various ways by wildlife conservation policies, had their own perceptions of the programme. All this led to the proliferation of groups whose interests were potentially conflicting. Wildlife conservation in Kenya during the period under examination was thus characterised by various struggles between interest groups such as conservationists, the state, and local communities. The struggles centred around such issues as the costs and benefits of conservation and were manifested through anti-conservation activities like the poaching of wild animals by dissatisfied groups. These struggles changed over time in line with social, economic, political, and ecological developments. International events/processes (such as the two world wars, economic booms/depressions, and decolonisation) triggered local processes which influenced conservationism either positively or negatively. Wildlife conservation in Kenya during the period under study was dynamic. The thesis challenges the myth of a monolithic 'colonial' wildlife policy often implied in many studies on the subject. The thesis also lays emphasis on the ecological basis of wildlife conservation while recognising the impact of social, political, and economic developments on the evolution of wildlife conservation policy and practice in Kenya. The country's 'geography' not only provided the foundation for conservation but also influenced the programme over time. Droughts, floods, army worm infestations, and other 'natural' occurrences interacted with social and economic changes, such as population growth and the development of capitalism, to shape conservation policy. The conservation programme was thus influenced by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Synthesis, electrochemical and photochemical properties of unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine complexes
- Matlaba, Pulane M, Nyokong, Tebello
- Authors: Matlaba, Pulane M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/289650 , vital:56658 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5387(02)01226-3"
- Description: The synthesis of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivatives are reported. The ZnPc derivatives are synthesized by ring expansion of subphthalocyanine complexes. Ring substitution is effected with tert-butyl phenol, naphthol and hydroxybenzoic acid. Comparison of the redox potentials for complexes substituted with varying numbers of tert-butyl phenol: 1 (complex 5), 2 (complex 6), 3 (complex 7), 6 (complex 8) and 8 (complex 9) shows that the complexes with the highest number of substituents are more difficult to oxidize and easier to reduce. All the reported complexes are relatively photostable, with photobleaching quantum yields of the order of 10−5. Singlet oxygen quantum yields for the complexes ranged from 0.22 to 0.68.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Matlaba, Pulane M , Nyokong, Tebello
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: To be catalogued
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/289650 , vital:56658 , xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-5387(02)01226-3"
- Description: The synthesis of symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivatives are reported. The ZnPc derivatives are synthesized by ring expansion of subphthalocyanine complexes. Ring substitution is effected with tert-butyl phenol, naphthol and hydroxybenzoic acid. Comparison of the redox potentials for complexes substituted with varying numbers of tert-butyl phenol: 1 (complex 5), 2 (complex 6), 3 (complex 7), 6 (complex 8) and 8 (complex 9) shows that the complexes with the highest number of substituents are more difficult to oxidize and easier to reduce. All the reported complexes are relatively photostable, with photobleaching quantum yields of the order of 10−5. Singlet oxygen quantum yields for the complexes ranged from 0.22 to 0.68.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Aphid (Sitobion yakini) investigation shows thin-walled sieve tubes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L) to be more functional than thick-walled sieve tubes
- Matsiliza, Balbalwa, Botha, Christiaan E J
- Authors: Matsiliza, Balbalwa , Botha, Christiaan E J
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6526 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005960
- Description: Barley, like most other grasses that have been studied, contains two kinds of sieve tube. The first formed are called thinwalled sieve tubes because of their thin wall compared to the late-formed, and are associated with companion cells. The late-formed are thick-walled sieve tubes, which differentiate next to the metaxylem vessels and lack companion cells. Aphid (Sitobion yakini (Eastop) feeding was studied using light microscopy to determine if they preferentially feed from thin- or thick-walled sieve tubes in the barley leaf. Penetration of the stylets through the leaf epidermis and mesophyll was largely intercellular, becoming partly intercellular and, partly, intracellular inside the vascular bundle. Sixteen of 19 pairs of stylets (84%), and 293 of 317 (92%) stylet tracks terminated at the thin-walled sieve tubes, suggesting that Sitobion yakini feeds preferentially on the thin-walled sieve tubes which seem to be more attractive to the aphid. These thin-walled sieve tubes are thus probably the most functional in terms of phloem loading and transport.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Matsiliza, Balbalwa , Botha, Christiaan E J
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:6526 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005960
- Description: Barley, like most other grasses that have been studied, contains two kinds of sieve tube. The first formed are called thinwalled sieve tubes because of their thin wall compared to the late-formed, and are associated with companion cells. The late-formed are thick-walled sieve tubes, which differentiate next to the metaxylem vessels and lack companion cells. Aphid (Sitobion yakini (Eastop) feeding was studied using light microscopy to determine if they preferentially feed from thin- or thick-walled sieve tubes in the barley leaf. Penetration of the stylets through the leaf epidermis and mesophyll was largely intercellular, becoming partly intercellular and, partly, intracellular inside the vascular bundle. Sixteen of 19 pairs of stylets (84%), and 293 of 317 (92%) stylet tracks terminated at the thin-walled sieve tubes, suggesting that Sitobion yakini feeds preferentially on the thin-walled sieve tubes which seem to be more attractive to the aphid. These thin-walled sieve tubes are thus probably the most functional in terms of phloem loading and transport.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Finite element simulations of shear aggregation as a mechanism to form platinum group elements (PGEs) in dyke-like ore bodies
- Authors: Mbandezi, Mxolisi Louis
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Platinum group , Magmas , Shear flow , Geophysics , Terrestrial heat flow
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5561 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018249
- Description: This research describes a two-dimensional modelling effort of heat and mass transport in simplified intrusive models of sills and their feeder dykes. These simplified models resembled a complex intrusive system such as the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. This study investigated the impact of variable geometry to transport processes in two ways. First the time evolution of heat and mass transport during cooling was investigated. Then emphasis was placed on the application of convective scavenging as a mechanism that leads to the formation of minerals of economic interest, in particular the Platinum Group Elements (PGEs). The Navier-Stokes equations employed generated regions of high shear within the magma where we expected enhanced collisions between the immiscible sulphide liquid particles and PGEs. These collisions scavenge PGEs from the primary melt, aggregate and concentrate it to form PGEs enrichment in zero shear zones. The PGEs scavenge; concentrate and 'glue' in zero shear zones in the early history of convection because of viscosity and dispersive pressure (Bagnold effect). The effect of increasing the geometry size enhances scavenging, creates bigger zero shear zones with dilute concentrate of PGEs but you get high shear near the roots of the dyke/sill where the concentration will not be dilute. The time evolution calculations show that increasing the size of the magma chamber results in stronger initial convection currents for large magma models than for small ones. However, convection takes, approximately the same time to cease for both models. The research concludes that the time evolution for convective heat transfer is dependent on the viscosity rather than on geometry size. However, conductive heat transfer to the e-folding temperature was almost six times as long for the large model (M4) than the small one (M2). Variable viscosity as a physical property was applied to models 2 and 4 only. Video animations that simulate the cooling process for these models are enclosed in a CD at the back of this thesis. These simulations provide information with regard to the emplacement history and distribution of PGEs ore bodies. This will assist the reserve estimation and the location of economic minerals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mbandezi, Mxolisi Louis
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Platinum group , Magmas , Shear flow , Geophysics , Terrestrial heat flow
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5561 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018249
- Description: This research describes a two-dimensional modelling effort of heat and mass transport in simplified intrusive models of sills and their feeder dykes. These simplified models resembled a complex intrusive system such as the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. This study investigated the impact of variable geometry to transport processes in two ways. First the time evolution of heat and mass transport during cooling was investigated. Then emphasis was placed on the application of convective scavenging as a mechanism that leads to the formation of minerals of economic interest, in particular the Platinum Group Elements (PGEs). The Navier-Stokes equations employed generated regions of high shear within the magma where we expected enhanced collisions between the immiscible sulphide liquid particles and PGEs. These collisions scavenge PGEs from the primary melt, aggregate and concentrate it to form PGEs enrichment in zero shear zones. The PGEs scavenge; concentrate and 'glue' in zero shear zones in the early history of convection because of viscosity and dispersive pressure (Bagnold effect). The effect of increasing the geometry size enhances scavenging, creates bigger zero shear zones with dilute concentrate of PGEs but you get high shear near the roots of the dyke/sill where the concentration will not be dilute. The time evolution calculations show that increasing the size of the magma chamber results in stronger initial convection currents for large magma models than for small ones. However, convection takes, approximately the same time to cease for both models. The research concludes that the time evolution for convective heat transfer is dependent on the viscosity rather than on geometry size. However, conductive heat transfer to the e-folding temperature was almost six times as long for the large model (M4) than the small one (M2). Variable viscosity as a physical property was applied to models 2 and 4 only. Video animations that simulate the cooling process for these models are enclosed in a CD at the back of this thesis. These simulations provide information with regard to the emplacement history and distribution of PGEs ore bodies. This will assist the reserve estimation and the location of economic minerals.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Design, evaluation and comparison of evolution and reinforcement learning models
- Authors: Mclean, Clinton Brett
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Evolutionary computation Neural networks (Computer science) Reinforcement learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEcon
- Identifier: vital:4625 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006493
- Description: This work presents the design, evaluation and comparison of evolution and reinforcement learning models, in isolation and combined in Darwinian and Lamarckian frameworks, with a particular emphasis being placed on their adaptive nature in response to environments that become increasingly unstable. Our ultimate objective is to determine whether hybrid models of evolution and learning can demonstrate adaptive qualities beyond those of such models when applied in isolation. This work demonstrates the limitations of evolution, reinforcement learning and Lamarckian models in dealing with increasingly unstable environments, while noting the effective adaptive nature of a Darwinian model to assimilate increasing levels of instability. This is shown to be a result of the Darwinian evolution model's ability to separate learning at two levels, the population's experience of the environment over the course of many generations and the individual's experience of the environment over the course of its lifetime. Thus, knowledge relating to the general characteristics of the environment over many generations can be maintained in the population's genotypes with phenotype (reinforcement) learning being utilized to adapt a particular agent to the particular characteristics of its environment. Lamarckian evolution, though, is shown to demonstrate adaptive characteristics that are highly effective in response to the stable environments. Selection and reproduction combined with reinforcement learning creates a model that has the ability to utilize useful knowledge produced by reinforcements, as opposed to random mutations, to accelerate the search process. As a result the influence of individual learning on the populations evolution is shown to be more successful when applied in the more direct Lamarckian form. Based on our results demonstrating the success of Lamarckian strategies in stable environments and Darwinian strategies in unstable environments, hybrid Darwinian/Lamarckian models are created with a view towards combining the advantages of both forms of evolution to produce a superior adaptive capability. Our investigation demonstrates that such hybrid models can effectively combine the adaptive advantageous of both Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution to provide a more effective capability of adapting to a range of conditions, from stable to unstable, appropriately adjusting the required degree of inheritance in response to the requirements of the environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mclean, Clinton Brett
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Evolutionary computation Neural networks (Computer science) Reinforcement learning
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MEcon
- Identifier: vital:4625 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006493
- Description: This work presents the design, evaluation and comparison of evolution and reinforcement learning models, in isolation and combined in Darwinian and Lamarckian frameworks, with a particular emphasis being placed on their adaptive nature in response to environments that become increasingly unstable. Our ultimate objective is to determine whether hybrid models of evolution and learning can demonstrate adaptive qualities beyond those of such models when applied in isolation. This work demonstrates the limitations of evolution, reinforcement learning and Lamarckian models in dealing with increasingly unstable environments, while noting the effective adaptive nature of a Darwinian model to assimilate increasing levels of instability. This is shown to be a result of the Darwinian evolution model's ability to separate learning at two levels, the population's experience of the environment over the course of many generations and the individual's experience of the environment over the course of its lifetime. Thus, knowledge relating to the general characteristics of the environment over many generations can be maintained in the population's genotypes with phenotype (reinforcement) learning being utilized to adapt a particular agent to the particular characteristics of its environment. Lamarckian evolution, though, is shown to demonstrate adaptive characteristics that are highly effective in response to the stable environments. Selection and reproduction combined with reinforcement learning creates a model that has the ability to utilize useful knowledge produced by reinforcements, as opposed to random mutations, to accelerate the search process. As a result the influence of individual learning on the populations evolution is shown to be more successful when applied in the more direct Lamarckian form. Based on our results demonstrating the success of Lamarckian strategies in stable environments and Darwinian strategies in unstable environments, hybrid Darwinian/Lamarckian models are created with a view towards combining the advantages of both forms of evolution to produce a superior adaptive capability. Our investigation demonstrates that such hybrid models can effectively combine the adaptive advantageous of both Darwinian and Lamarckian evolution to provide a more effective capability of adapting to a range of conditions, from stable to unstable, appropriately adjusting the required degree of inheritance in response to the requirements of the environment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
GIS in participatory catchment management : a case study in the Kat River Valley, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: McMaster, Alistair
- Date: 2002 , 2013-05-16
- Subjects: Watershed management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Geographic information systems
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4868 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007602 , Watershed management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Geographic information systems
- Description: In water resources management in South Africa, there is an emphasis on public participation. On a river catchment basis, one of the mechanisms for such participation is the establishment of catchment forums. However, members of catchment forums, particularly those coming from poor or rural communities, cannot be expected to engage in catchment management without having been enabled to do so. This thesis considers the use of GIS in the process of enabling the Kat River Valley Catchment Forum to better participate in catchment management. The research focus is on the use of GIS to facilitate an understanding of the Kat River Catchment and associated catchment concepts, and constructive communication and sharing, among the Catchment Forum. The GIS is used in the context of "GIS for Participatory Research", an outgrowth of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), which focuses on GIS as a tool for empowerment within participatory processes. The study has used Action Research, situated in the Critical paradigm, as a methodology. The research has included seven Forum workshop processes and one series of in-village meetings. These engagements have involved map-based appraisals, issues and resource mapping, map-based planning, and the use of on-screen GIS for presentation and sharing. The use of GIS has facilitated the creation of customised maps, the integration of village-scale mapping into a catchment scale product, the presentation of synthesised data in digital and hardcopy format and, in so doing, has allowed catchment-scale appraisal. Outcomes enabling participation in catchment management have included developed mapping skills and an enhanced understanding of the catchment as a whole, and developed conceptual access to a decision-making language (or way of thinking), among participants. Furthermore, the Forum as a whole has identified common needs, and has developed a set of map-based action plans. The research process has yielded a number of lessons regarding "GIS for participation" and the participatory framework within which it takes place. Chief among these is that the GIS operator should take on the role of a participatory practitioner.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: McMaster, Alistair
- Date: 2002 , 2013-05-16
- Subjects: Watershed management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Geographic information systems
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4868 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007602 , Watershed management -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Geographic information systems
- Description: In water resources management in South Africa, there is an emphasis on public participation. On a river catchment basis, one of the mechanisms for such participation is the establishment of catchment forums. However, members of catchment forums, particularly those coming from poor or rural communities, cannot be expected to engage in catchment management without having been enabled to do so. This thesis considers the use of GIS in the process of enabling the Kat River Valley Catchment Forum to better participate in catchment management. The research focus is on the use of GIS to facilitate an understanding of the Kat River Catchment and associated catchment concepts, and constructive communication and sharing, among the Catchment Forum. The GIS is used in the context of "GIS for Participatory Research", an outgrowth of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS), which focuses on GIS as a tool for empowerment within participatory processes. The study has used Action Research, situated in the Critical paradigm, as a methodology. The research has included seven Forum workshop processes and one series of in-village meetings. These engagements have involved map-based appraisals, issues and resource mapping, map-based planning, and the use of on-screen GIS for presentation and sharing. The use of GIS has facilitated the creation of customised maps, the integration of village-scale mapping into a catchment scale product, the presentation of synthesised data in digital and hardcopy format and, in so doing, has allowed catchment-scale appraisal. Outcomes enabling participation in catchment management have included developed mapping skills and an enhanced understanding of the catchment as a whole, and developed conceptual access to a decision-making language (or way of thinking), among participants. Furthermore, the Forum as a whole has identified common needs, and has developed a set of map-based action plans. The research process has yielded a number of lessons regarding "GIS for participation" and the participatory framework within which it takes place. Chief among these is that the GIS operator should take on the role of a participatory practitioner.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
"Effulgent in the firmament" the politics of representation and the politics of reception in South Africa's 'poetry of commitment', 1968-1983
- Authors: Mde, Vukani
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: South African literature -- Black authors -- History and criticism , Politics and literature -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Literature and state -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10987 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/288 , South African literature -- Black authors -- History and criticism , Politics and literature -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Literature and state -- South Africa
- Description: This dissertation re-examines an era in the production and reception of English language poetry in South Africa by black writers. Intellectually the 1970's was the Black Consciousness phase of South African history and very few aspects of life in the country were untouched by the intellectual movement led by Steve Biko and other young black student leaders. The aesthetic and literary output of the time, like all other facets of South African life, exhibited the influence and pressures brought to bear by Black Consciousness. Moreover, the Black Consciousness poets introduced the most vibrant and innovative phase for English language poetry produced in South Africa. It is my contention, however, that such vibrancy and innovation has consistently been compromised by unsympathetic, often hostile, and almost-always ill-informed criticism. The dissertation offers a critique of the academic and journalistic practice of criticism in South Africa. I argue that critical practice in South Africa has been engaged throughout the twentieth century in the discursive enforcement of ‘discipline’. In his Discipline and Punish (1977) the French post-structuralist philosopher Michel Foucault demonstrated how power is wielded against oppressed/suppressed groups through self regulated proscriptions, and argued that power is a discursive rather than a corporeal phenomenon. My dissertation follows Foucault in reading the critical reception of Black Consciousness poetry as the practice of disciplinary power. The dissertation also engages critically with the poetry of Oswald Mtshali, Mongane Serote and Sipho Sepamla, and argues that their work is the inscription of black subjectivity into the literary and cultural mainstream. It situates their work within wider 6 societal debates and definitions of ‘blackness’. In this regard use is made again of Michel Foucault’s insights and methodology of discourse analysis as shown in The Archaeology of Knowledge (1972). I argue that Oswald Mtshali’s work is a failed attempt at a dissection of apartheid and colonialism from a broadly Christian and humanist perspective. In my reading of Mongane Serote I explore the relationship between women’s bodies and the practice of representation. It is my contention that Serote is most concerned with claims of belonging, and this is shown through his extensive use of the trope of ‘Mother’. My discussion of the poetry of Sipho Sepamla focuses on language and (self- )representation, particularly the use of practices of naming in constructing subjectivity. My contention is that Sepamla ultimately abandons attempts at representation in favour of oppositional self-construction in language. In the concluding chapter I defend the thesis that the politics of discipline have prevented the broad critical establishment from gaining access to these discursive constructions of blackness in the committed poetry of South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mde, Vukani
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: South African literature -- Black authors -- History and criticism , Politics and literature -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Literature and state -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:10987 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/288 , South African literature -- Black authors -- History and criticism , Politics and literature -- South Africa -- History -- 20th century , Literature and state -- South Africa
- Description: This dissertation re-examines an era in the production and reception of English language poetry in South Africa by black writers. Intellectually the 1970's was the Black Consciousness phase of South African history and very few aspects of life in the country were untouched by the intellectual movement led by Steve Biko and other young black student leaders. The aesthetic and literary output of the time, like all other facets of South African life, exhibited the influence and pressures brought to bear by Black Consciousness. Moreover, the Black Consciousness poets introduced the most vibrant and innovative phase for English language poetry produced in South Africa. It is my contention, however, that such vibrancy and innovation has consistently been compromised by unsympathetic, often hostile, and almost-always ill-informed criticism. The dissertation offers a critique of the academic and journalistic practice of criticism in South Africa. I argue that critical practice in South Africa has been engaged throughout the twentieth century in the discursive enforcement of ‘discipline’. In his Discipline and Punish (1977) the French post-structuralist philosopher Michel Foucault demonstrated how power is wielded against oppressed/suppressed groups through self regulated proscriptions, and argued that power is a discursive rather than a corporeal phenomenon. My dissertation follows Foucault in reading the critical reception of Black Consciousness poetry as the practice of disciplinary power. The dissertation also engages critically with the poetry of Oswald Mtshali, Mongane Serote and Sipho Sepamla, and argues that their work is the inscription of black subjectivity into the literary and cultural mainstream. It situates their work within wider 6 societal debates and definitions of ‘blackness’. In this regard use is made again of Michel Foucault’s insights and methodology of discourse analysis as shown in The Archaeology of Knowledge (1972). I argue that Oswald Mtshali’s work is a failed attempt at a dissection of apartheid and colonialism from a broadly Christian and humanist perspective. In my reading of Mongane Serote I explore the relationship between women’s bodies and the practice of representation. It is my contention that Serote is most concerned with claims of belonging, and this is shown through his extensive use of the trope of ‘Mother’. My discussion of the poetry of Sipho Sepamla focuses on language and (self- )representation, particularly the use of practices of naming in constructing subjectivity. My contention is that Sepamla ultimately abandons attempts at representation in favour of oppositional self-construction in language. In the concluding chapter I defend the thesis that the politics of discipline have prevented the broad critical establishment from gaining access to these discursive constructions of blackness in the committed poetry of South Africa.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
An investigation to determine the readiness of management at selected manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City area to manage the HIV/AIDS epidemic
- Authors: Meintjes, Samuel David
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Labor productivity , Production management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:10906 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/108 , AIDS (Disease) -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Labor productivity , Production management
- Description: The present study was conducted to determine the readiness of management at selected manufacturing organisation in the Buffalo City area to manage the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The study was conducted in the Buffalo City area on manufacturing organisations with a workforce greater than 250. The main aims of the present study were: · To provide an overview of relevant literature concerning theoretical key issues related to the management of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. · To assess the readiness of Buffalo City organisations in managing HIV/AIDS in the workplace, and to identify areas of improvement. · In the light of the findings, make further recommendations to manufacturing organisations to further improve their workplace policy, education and awareness programmes; and the accommodation of HIV-infected employees in the workplace. Another objective of the study was to provide additional research as a tool to assist organisations in managing HIV/AIDS in the workplace and to assist in fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Buffalo City area. The research process entailed: the selection of a test sample of manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City area, and selecting an appropriate Human Resource manager or representative from these organisations to complete a structured questionnaire. The research tool used in the study was a questionnaire, which was used to extract relevant information on the demographics, policies, education and the accommodation of HIV/AIDS affected and infected employees in the workplace. The results revealed the following: · 73 percent of the selected manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City have an HIV/AIDS policy in place; · 87 percent of the organisation indicated that their management are committed to the development and implementation of a HIV/AIDS policy; · management and supervisors in these organisations have not been adequately trained to manage the impact of HIV/AIDS in the workplace; · organisations in the Buffalo City area need to collaborate and share information; and · that very few organisations benchmark against best practices. Future research on HIV/AIDS policy can explore the effective implementation of HIV/AIDS policies in these organisations as well as the effective management of HIV/AIDS in the workplace.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Meintjes, Samuel David
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Labor productivity , Production management
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:10906 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/108 , AIDS (Disease) -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , HIV infections -- Economic aspects -- South Africa , Labor productivity , Production management
- Description: The present study was conducted to determine the readiness of management at selected manufacturing organisation in the Buffalo City area to manage the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The study was conducted in the Buffalo City area on manufacturing organisations with a workforce greater than 250. The main aims of the present study were: · To provide an overview of relevant literature concerning theoretical key issues related to the management of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. · To assess the readiness of Buffalo City organisations in managing HIV/AIDS in the workplace, and to identify areas of improvement. · In the light of the findings, make further recommendations to manufacturing organisations to further improve their workplace policy, education and awareness programmes; and the accommodation of HIV-infected employees in the workplace. Another objective of the study was to provide additional research as a tool to assist organisations in managing HIV/AIDS in the workplace and to assist in fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Buffalo City area. The research process entailed: the selection of a test sample of manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City area, and selecting an appropriate Human Resource manager or representative from these organisations to complete a structured questionnaire. The research tool used in the study was a questionnaire, which was used to extract relevant information on the demographics, policies, education and the accommodation of HIV/AIDS affected and infected employees in the workplace. The results revealed the following: · 73 percent of the selected manufacturing organisations in the Buffalo City have an HIV/AIDS policy in place; · 87 percent of the organisation indicated that their management are committed to the development and implementation of a HIV/AIDS policy; · management and supervisors in these organisations have not been adequately trained to manage the impact of HIV/AIDS in the workplace; · organisations in the Buffalo City area need to collaborate and share information; and · that very few organisations benchmark against best practices. Future research on HIV/AIDS policy can explore the effective implementation of HIV/AIDS policies in these organisations as well as the effective management of HIV/AIDS in the workplace.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Thermal and photostability studies of furosemide and its cyclodextrin mixtures
- Authors: Melane, Babalwa Blossom
- Date: 2002 , 2013-05-16
- Subjects: Furosemide , Furosemide -- Stability
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4440 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007625 , Furosemide , Furosemide -- Stability
- Description: Furosemide (Lasix®), abbreviated as FR and also known as frusemide, is a drug used for renal problems and treatment of cardiac edema. Various polymorphic forms of furosemide, dependent upon the method of preparation and thermal treatment, have been reported. The main thermal decomposition product of furosemide has been identified as saluamine. The dissolution properties of furosemide have also been reported to be improved by complexation with beta-cyclodextrin. Photostabilities of the different crystal forms have been studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) have been used to examine the thermal behaviour of furosemide itself and of its physical and kneaded mixtures with betacyclodextrin (BCD) and gamma-cyclodextrin (GCD). There is strong evidence from DSC that complex formation between FR and GCD occurs. This is supported by IR and XRD data. Decreases in the intensity and broadening of the characteristic carbonyl (1660 cm'l) and amine (1588 cm⁻¹) bands in the kneaded mixture, compared to the physical mixture, were observed with IR. X-ray diffraction results for the 1:3 molar ratio FR/GCD kneaded mixture showed a halo diffraction pattern characteristic. of an amorphous solid and did not resemble patterns from the drug, or the gamma, cyclodextrin, or the physical mixture. Photostability studies have been conducted on solid furosemide and its mixtures with GCD or BCD. An HPLC method was developed to determine the amount of drug remaining after exposure and the presence of any degradants. Results indicated that about 10% degradation of the drug occurred during exposure for 16 hours at 550 W/m², with the appearance of polar degradants. Although IR and DSC results for the 1:3 molar ratio FR/GCD kneaded mixture showed a probable strong interaction between FR and GCD, the photostability of FR was decreased. The 1 :3 molar ratio FR/BCD kneaded mixture showed less photo-degradation than the 1:3 molar ratio FR/GCD mixture under similar conditions, suggesting that inclusion of the drug molecule (FR) is different in the two cyclodextrins.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Melane, Babalwa Blossom
- Date: 2002 , 2013-05-16
- Subjects: Furosemide , Furosemide -- Stability
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4440 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007625 , Furosemide , Furosemide -- Stability
- Description: Furosemide (Lasix®), abbreviated as FR and also known as frusemide, is a drug used for renal problems and treatment of cardiac edema. Various polymorphic forms of furosemide, dependent upon the method of preparation and thermal treatment, have been reported. The main thermal decomposition product of furosemide has been identified as saluamine. The dissolution properties of furosemide have also been reported to be improved by complexation with beta-cyclodextrin. Photostabilities of the different crystal forms have been studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) have been used to examine the thermal behaviour of furosemide itself and of its physical and kneaded mixtures with betacyclodextrin (BCD) and gamma-cyclodextrin (GCD). There is strong evidence from DSC that complex formation between FR and GCD occurs. This is supported by IR and XRD data. Decreases in the intensity and broadening of the characteristic carbonyl (1660 cm'l) and amine (1588 cm⁻¹) bands in the kneaded mixture, compared to the physical mixture, were observed with IR. X-ray diffraction results for the 1:3 molar ratio FR/GCD kneaded mixture showed a halo diffraction pattern characteristic. of an amorphous solid and did not resemble patterns from the drug, or the gamma, cyclodextrin, or the physical mixture. Photostability studies have been conducted on solid furosemide and its mixtures with GCD or BCD. An HPLC method was developed to determine the amount of drug remaining after exposure and the presence of any degradants. Results indicated that about 10% degradation of the drug occurred during exposure for 16 hours at 550 W/m², with the appearance of polar degradants. Although IR and DSC results for the 1:3 molar ratio FR/GCD kneaded mixture showed a probable strong interaction between FR and GCD, the photostability of FR was decreased. The 1 :3 molar ratio FR/BCD kneaded mixture showed less photo-degradation than the 1:3 molar ratio FR/GCD mixture under similar conditions, suggesting that inclusion of the drug molecule (FR) is different in the two cyclodextrins.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Thermophilic lignin degrading enzymes from actinomycetes for biotechnological applications
- Authors: Mhlanga, Chido Yvonne Lois
- Date: 2002 , 2013-05-16
- Subjects: Actinomycetales -- Biotechnology , Lignin
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4085 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007628 , Actinomycetales -- Biotechnology , Lignin
- Description: Phenolic residues which accumulate in the environment as a result of agro-industrial practices has resulted in the need to find and use Eco-Friendly techniques, rather than the traditional methods of burning or burying this kind of waste. Bioremediation and bioconversion are attractive alternatives using whole cell or enzyme-based systems. The aims of this project were to isolate and uses thermophilic Actinomycetes, which produce thermo-tolerant oxidoreductase enzymes, which can be used to bioconvert a model industrial phenolic waste commonly genersated in the wine-making industry of South Africa. Current research in bioconversion and bioremediation focuses on mesophilic microbes in that their enzymes can catalyse reactions at higher temperatures without affecting its activity and lower contamination levels. Three novel Actinomycete isolates were isolated (RU-A0l , RU-A03 and RU-A06) from a compost site and characterized using a combination of conventional identification techniques and 16S rDNA methodology to identity the three isolates. All three isolates belong to the Streptomyces clade. In addition, five known Actinomycetes were selected from an internation culture collection and also screened for oxidoreductase activity in comparision to the three novel isolates. Although the five isolates were selected based on their ability to produce oxidoreductase enzymes, unexpectedly, no activity was detected. Screening assays for peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and laccase on RU-AO 1, RU-A03 and RU-A06, showed that all three isolated produced peroxidases and peroxidases but no laccase. Substrate specificity studies revealed that the most suitable substrates to determine peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity on these isolates were catechol for polyphenol oxidase, 2,4-dichlorophenol for peroxidases and veratryl alcohol for lignin peroxidases. Previous studies have indicated that peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases are produced in Actinomycetes during the primary stage of growth. This was the case with RU-AOI , RU-A03 and RU-A06. Growth rates were higher that other Actinomycetes, with maxImum biomass being reached at 36 hours for the isolates RU-AOI and RU-A06 and 48 hours for isolate RUA03. pH studies showed that the three isolates were adaptable and could grow over a broad pH range. Catabolism studies of phenolic model compounds showed that the three isolates were capable of catabolizing the model phenolic compounds within a period of 24 hours. Further studies were carried out to determine the effect of these microbes and their enzymes in whole cell and enzyme-based systems on a model phenolic waste, graoe waste consisting of compressed grape skins, pips and stalks. Whole cell studies showed that the isolates were capable of bioconverting the waste at a maximum concentration of 30% grape waste (vol:vol). Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity increased indicating induction of these enzymes in the presence of phenolic compounds, with a maximum increase of up to 15.9 fold increase in extracellular lignin peroxidase activity in RU-AO1. HPLC and phenolic determination assays indicated that bioconversion of the phenolic grape waste had occurred in the presence of the three isolates. Attempts were made to isolate and identify a peroxidase or phenol oxidase gene from one the isolates. As bacteria, Actinomycetes are amendable to gene manipulation making them suitable candidates for methods such as site directed evolution in comparison to fungi. Two clones were selected for sequencing based on positive activity results when assayed for peroxidase activity. However the resultant sequences did not identify a functional gene sequence. Southern Blotting was then carried out to determine the nature of the peroxidase gene. Previous studies have been focused on the catalase-peroxidase gene (CalC gene) found Actinomycetes and other bacteria. A probe was developed from the CalC gene. No hybridization occurred with any of the enzyme restricted DNA from the three isolates. The implications of these results are that the peroxidase genets in the three isolates are in fact lignin peroxidase in nature. This project has the potential in the bioconversion of phenolic wastes and is the first description of the use of thermophilic Actinomycetes in the bioconversion of an industrial phenolic waste.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mhlanga, Chido Yvonne Lois
- Date: 2002 , 2013-05-16
- Subjects: Actinomycetales -- Biotechnology , Lignin
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4085 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007628 , Actinomycetales -- Biotechnology , Lignin
- Description: Phenolic residues which accumulate in the environment as a result of agro-industrial practices has resulted in the need to find and use Eco-Friendly techniques, rather than the traditional methods of burning or burying this kind of waste. Bioremediation and bioconversion are attractive alternatives using whole cell or enzyme-based systems. The aims of this project were to isolate and uses thermophilic Actinomycetes, which produce thermo-tolerant oxidoreductase enzymes, which can be used to bioconvert a model industrial phenolic waste commonly genersated in the wine-making industry of South Africa. Current research in bioconversion and bioremediation focuses on mesophilic microbes in that their enzymes can catalyse reactions at higher temperatures without affecting its activity and lower contamination levels. Three novel Actinomycete isolates were isolated (RU-A0l , RU-A03 and RU-A06) from a compost site and characterized using a combination of conventional identification techniques and 16S rDNA methodology to identity the three isolates. All three isolates belong to the Streptomyces clade. In addition, five known Actinomycetes were selected from an internation culture collection and also screened for oxidoreductase activity in comparision to the three novel isolates. Although the five isolates were selected based on their ability to produce oxidoreductase enzymes, unexpectedly, no activity was detected. Screening assays for peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and laccase on RU-AO 1, RU-A03 and RU-A06, showed that all three isolated produced peroxidases and peroxidases but no laccase. Substrate specificity studies revealed that the most suitable substrates to determine peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity on these isolates were catechol for polyphenol oxidase, 2,4-dichlorophenol for peroxidases and veratryl alcohol for lignin peroxidases. Previous studies have indicated that peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases are produced in Actinomycetes during the primary stage of growth. This was the case with RU-AOI , RU-A03 and RU-A06. Growth rates were higher that other Actinomycetes, with maxImum biomass being reached at 36 hours for the isolates RU-AOI and RU-A06 and 48 hours for isolate RUA03. pH studies showed that the three isolates were adaptable and could grow over a broad pH range. Catabolism studies of phenolic model compounds showed that the three isolates were capable of catabolizing the model phenolic compounds within a period of 24 hours. Further studies were carried out to determine the effect of these microbes and their enzymes in whole cell and enzyme-based systems on a model phenolic waste, graoe waste consisting of compressed grape skins, pips and stalks. Whole cell studies showed that the isolates were capable of bioconverting the waste at a maximum concentration of 30% grape waste (vol:vol). Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity increased indicating induction of these enzymes in the presence of phenolic compounds, with a maximum increase of up to 15.9 fold increase in extracellular lignin peroxidase activity in RU-AO1. HPLC and phenolic determination assays indicated that bioconversion of the phenolic grape waste had occurred in the presence of the three isolates. Attempts were made to isolate and identify a peroxidase or phenol oxidase gene from one the isolates. As bacteria, Actinomycetes are amendable to gene manipulation making them suitable candidates for methods such as site directed evolution in comparison to fungi. Two clones were selected for sequencing based on positive activity results when assayed for peroxidase activity. However the resultant sequences did not identify a functional gene sequence. Southern Blotting was then carried out to determine the nature of the peroxidase gene. Previous studies have been focused on the catalase-peroxidase gene (CalC gene) found Actinomycetes and other bacteria. A probe was developed from the CalC gene. No hybridization occurred with any of the enzyme restricted DNA from the three isolates. The implications of these results are that the peroxidase genets in the three isolates are in fact lignin peroxidase in nature. This project has the potential in the bioconversion of phenolic wastes and is the first description of the use of thermophilic Actinomycetes in the bioconversion of an industrial phenolic waste.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Continuity and generalized continuity in dynamics and other applications
- Authors: Mimna, Roy Allan
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Topological dynamics -- Research Dynamics -- Mathematical models -- Research Perturbation (Mathematics) Attractors (Mathematics) Baire classes Mathematics -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5404 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005218
- Description: The topological dynamics of continuous and noncontinuous dynamical systems are investigated. Various definitions of chaos are studied, as well as notions of stability. Results are obtained on asymptotically stable sets and the perturbation stability of such sets. The primary focus is on the traditional point sets of topological dynamics, including the chain recurrent set, omega-limit sets and attractors. The basic setting is that of a continuous function on a compact metric space, sometimes with additional properties on the space. The investigation includes results on the dynamical properties of typical continuous functions in the sense of Baire category. Results are also developed concerning dynamical systems involving quasi-continuous functions. An invariance property for the omega-limit sets of such functions is given. Omega-limit sets are characterized for Riemann integrable derivatives and derivatiyes which are continuous almost everywhere. Techniques used in the investigation and formulation of results include finding theorems which relate the rather disparate notions of dynamical properties and generalized continuity. In addition to dynamical systems, numerous other applications of generalized continuity are imoestigated. Techniques used include application of the Baire Category Theorem and the notion of semi-closure. For example, results are formulated concerning functions determined by dense sets, including separately continuous functions, thus generalizing the classical result for continuous functions on dense subsets of the domain. The uniform boundedness theorem is extended to functions which are not necessarily continuous, including various derivatives. The closed graph theorem is strictly generalized in two separate ways, and applications are presented using these generalizations. An invariance property of separately continuous functions is given. Cluster sets are studied in connection with separate continuity, and various results are presented concerning locally bounded functions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mimna, Roy Allan
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Topological dynamics -- Research Dynamics -- Mathematical models -- Research Perturbation (Mathematics) Attractors (Mathematics) Baire classes Mathematics -- Research
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5404 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005218
- Description: The topological dynamics of continuous and noncontinuous dynamical systems are investigated. Various definitions of chaos are studied, as well as notions of stability. Results are obtained on asymptotically stable sets and the perturbation stability of such sets. The primary focus is on the traditional point sets of topological dynamics, including the chain recurrent set, omega-limit sets and attractors. The basic setting is that of a continuous function on a compact metric space, sometimes with additional properties on the space. The investigation includes results on the dynamical properties of typical continuous functions in the sense of Baire category. Results are also developed concerning dynamical systems involving quasi-continuous functions. An invariance property for the omega-limit sets of such functions is given. Omega-limit sets are characterized for Riemann integrable derivatives and derivatiyes which are continuous almost everywhere. Techniques used in the investigation and formulation of results include finding theorems which relate the rather disparate notions of dynamical properties and generalized continuity. In addition to dynamical systems, numerous other applications of generalized continuity are imoestigated. Techniques used include application of the Baire Category Theorem and the notion of semi-closure. For example, results are formulated concerning functions determined by dense sets, including separately continuous functions, thus generalizing the classical result for continuous functions on dense subsets of the domain. The uniform boundedness theorem is extended to functions which are not necessarily continuous, including various derivatives. The closed graph theorem is strictly generalized in two separate ways, and applications are presented using these generalizations. An invariance property of separately continuous functions is given. Cluster sets are studied in connection with separate continuity, and various results are presented concerning locally bounded functions.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
Promotion of liberal values in South African foreign policy : beyond the structural imperatives of the international system?
- Authors: Mkalipi, Zanethemba
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:2865 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007662 , South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Description: The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s led to a multilateral international system no longer divided by contending forces of capitalism and communism. In the context of South Africa, the end of the Cold War occurred at a juncture where the apartheid government was being challenged by pro-democracy forces that have fought against it for decades. The developments in the international system and in the country led to South Africa adopting universal liberal values not only in its constitution, but also in its international relations. Foreign policy documents and statements by the ministry of Foreign Affairs also reflected the country's aspiration of becoming a mediator, a facilitator for democracy and a peacemaker especially in the context of Africa. International expectation mounted as South Africa was perceived as possessing the capacity to act in a manner that advances democratic values and which gives voice to the weak nations of the world. However, the aura of a post-apartheid South Africa that would act not only in its interest, but also in the interest of the world community never fully materialised. South Africa failed to act in a manner consistent with its stated commitment to democratic values when it recognised Peoples Republic of China, an undemocratic and repressive government. It also marched into Lesotho in 1998, resulting in the destabilisation of this tiny Southern African country. These events led to an increasing criticism of the South African government. Some argued that South Africa was still inexperienced given its recent emergence as a world player. Others blamed the inconsistency on a too broad and ambitious foreign policy that set itself for failure. This study seeks to contribute to the conceptual understanding of the debate regarding the ambiguous nature of South Africa's foreign policy behaviour. It situates the conceptualisation of South Africa's foreign policy within the predominant debates in international relations between realism, political structuralism and pluralism. Firstly, it holds that the end of the Cold War and ascendancy of globalist conceptions of international relations did not lead to the inadequacy of political structuralism as an organising framework. Secondly, it attempts to clarify the gap between South Africa's foreign policy and foreign policy behaviour by employing the assumptions advanced by political structuralism, Thirdly, a case study of South Africa's foreign policy towards China, Lesotho, the Great Lakes and Swaziland is carried out. Here it is demonstrated that the ambiguities of South Africa's foreign policy are a function of the constraints imposed by the political and economic structure of the international system, It draws its conclusion by providing methodological recommendations to South Africa's foreign policy makers and future researchers in the field of foreign policy analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mkalipi, Zanethemba
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSocSc
- Identifier: vital:2865 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007662 , South Africa -- Foreign relations
- Description: The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s led to a multilateral international system no longer divided by contending forces of capitalism and communism. In the context of South Africa, the end of the Cold War occurred at a juncture where the apartheid government was being challenged by pro-democracy forces that have fought against it for decades. The developments in the international system and in the country led to South Africa adopting universal liberal values not only in its constitution, but also in its international relations. Foreign policy documents and statements by the ministry of Foreign Affairs also reflected the country's aspiration of becoming a mediator, a facilitator for democracy and a peacemaker especially in the context of Africa. International expectation mounted as South Africa was perceived as possessing the capacity to act in a manner that advances democratic values and which gives voice to the weak nations of the world. However, the aura of a post-apartheid South Africa that would act not only in its interest, but also in the interest of the world community never fully materialised. South Africa failed to act in a manner consistent with its stated commitment to democratic values when it recognised Peoples Republic of China, an undemocratic and repressive government. It also marched into Lesotho in 1998, resulting in the destabilisation of this tiny Southern African country. These events led to an increasing criticism of the South African government. Some argued that South Africa was still inexperienced given its recent emergence as a world player. Others blamed the inconsistency on a too broad and ambitious foreign policy that set itself for failure. This study seeks to contribute to the conceptual understanding of the debate regarding the ambiguous nature of South Africa's foreign policy behaviour. It situates the conceptualisation of South Africa's foreign policy within the predominant debates in international relations between realism, political structuralism and pluralism. Firstly, it holds that the end of the Cold War and ascendancy of globalist conceptions of international relations did not lead to the inadequacy of political structuralism as an organising framework. Secondly, it attempts to clarify the gap between South Africa's foreign policy and foreign policy behaviour by employing the assumptions advanced by political structuralism, Thirdly, a case study of South Africa's foreign policy towards China, Lesotho, the Great Lakes and Swaziland is carried out. Here it is demonstrated that the ambiguities of South Africa's foreign policy are a function of the constraints imposed by the political and economic structure of the international system, It draws its conclusion by providing methodological recommendations to South Africa's foreign policy makers and future researchers in the field of foreign policy analysis.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The legal effect of a coup d'etat on traditional constitutional concepts
- Authors: Mkwentla, Nelson Koala
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Coups d'état , Constitutional law
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3684 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003199 , Coups d'état , Constitutional law
- Description: This thesis deals with constitutional law and other legal subjects such as Jurisprudence and Judicial Review. One constitution is distinguishable from another by its own provisions. These provisions are usually referred to as either the basic characteristics or features of the particular constitution and these are invariably derived from the basic political philosophy and constitutional arrangements of the particular country. A coup affects these characteristics in different ways. Some automatically disappear as being incompatible with the revolution; some are modified, others are strengthened. The usurpers may choose to set aside the constitution completely and replace it with another, or amend it to suit the new situation, or rule without any constitution. This often happens amidst the rattle of weapons and the whirr of military engines in and around the capital of a given country on that awesome occasion. This thesis sets out to examine the legal aspects of a coup d’ etat. The thesis is divided into six broad sections. Part one will deal with the theoretical background. I shall discuss an overview of Kelsen’s pure theory of law. The second part deals with the scope of its application in revolutionary situations and will also touch upon the reason behind the Kelsen’s theory as shown by decided cases from country to country. The third part deals with the essence as well as the significance of the doctrine of necessity to validate unconstitutional acts in the case of a coup d’ etat. This discussion is to pave the way for the fourth part which is to explore the position of judges who took oath of office under the old constitution. I am to explain their position after a coup d’ etat. The fifth part forms the gist of my research. I shall examine the effect of a coup d’ etat on traditional constitutional concepts such as fundamental rights, separation of powers, rule of law and judicial review in the military regime. The sixth part will deal with African experience. I shall include recommendations and conclusions drawn from the Lesotho and Uganda experiences.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mkwentla, Nelson Koala
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Coups d'état , Constitutional law
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , LLM
- Identifier: vital:3684 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003199 , Coups d'état , Constitutional law
- Description: This thesis deals with constitutional law and other legal subjects such as Jurisprudence and Judicial Review. One constitution is distinguishable from another by its own provisions. These provisions are usually referred to as either the basic characteristics or features of the particular constitution and these are invariably derived from the basic political philosophy and constitutional arrangements of the particular country. A coup affects these characteristics in different ways. Some automatically disappear as being incompatible with the revolution; some are modified, others are strengthened. The usurpers may choose to set aside the constitution completely and replace it with another, or amend it to suit the new situation, or rule without any constitution. This often happens amidst the rattle of weapons and the whirr of military engines in and around the capital of a given country on that awesome occasion. This thesis sets out to examine the legal aspects of a coup d’ etat. The thesis is divided into six broad sections. Part one will deal with the theoretical background. I shall discuss an overview of Kelsen’s pure theory of law. The second part deals with the scope of its application in revolutionary situations and will also touch upon the reason behind the Kelsen’s theory as shown by decided cases from country to country. The third part deals with the essence as well as the significance of the doctrine of necessity to validate unconstitutional acts in the case of a coup d’ etat. This discussion is to pave the way for the fourth part which is to explore the position of judges who took oath of office under the old constitution. I am to explain their position after a coup d’ etat. The fifth part forms the gist of my research. I shall examine the effect of a coup d’ etat on traditional constitutional concepts such as fundamental rights, separation of powers, rule of law and judicial review in the military regime. The sixth part will deal with African experience. I shall include recommendations and conclusions drawn from the Lesotho and Uganda experiences.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The development assumptions of Botswana television : an assessment
- Authors: Mmusi, Bishy
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Television -- Social aspects -- Botswana , Botswana -- Social conditions , AIDS (Disease) -- Botswana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3511 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007668 , Television -- Social aspects -- Botswana , Botswana -- Social conditions , AIDS (Disease) -- Botswana
- Description: This study researched a project to set up a national television service for Botswana to find out whether the service could be used for rural development generally, and in particular to assist the Ministry of Health to implement its health projects in the rural areas and including the fight against the AIDS disease. It reviews conceptions of development and also analyses various communication models that usefully inform the conceptualisation of a TV service that can contribute to development. The study was done by going through reports of feasibility studies on the project and through letters of official correspondence among officials of the Government of Botswana who debated the subject of whether or not the country should have a national TV service. The reports and correspondence were supplemented with interviews of key people involved in the implementation of the project, as well as interviews of officials of the Ministry of Health. The findings of the study are that the Botswana television service project started and ended on a footing that forgot about television, a medium that is dependent on professional and organisational capacity and purpose, and as a result the project did not take-off. A qualitative method was used as the study required in-depth interviews during which new issues kept on emerging and nothing could be pre-determined because the study took place as the project was being implemented. The study was completed in June 2000, at a point where the project should have been completed but it was discovered that the station could not go on air as a television service had not been conceptualised and there was no management structure in place and the Government of Botswana appealed to the British Government for the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation to come quickly to Botswana to rescue the project and put it on track, supposedly. The study has concluded that the Botswana television service project became stillborn because there was a lack of professional and intellectual capacity to conceptualise the service, and instead there had been too much concentration on the construction of the TV building and acquisition of equipment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Mmusi, Bishy
- Date: 2002
- Subjects: Television -- Social aspects -- Botswana , Botswana -- Social conditions , AIDS (Disease) -- Botswana
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:3511 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007668 , Television -- Social aspects -- Botswana , Botswana -- Social conditions , AIDS (Disease) -- Botswana
- Description: This study researched a project to set up a national television service for Botswana to find out whether the service could be used for rural development generally, and in particular to assist the Ministry of Health to implement its health projects in the rural areas and including the fight against the AIDS disease. It reviews conceptions of development and also analyses various communication models that usefully inform the conceptualisation of a TV service that can contribute to development. The study was done by going through reports of feasibility studies on the project and through letters of official correspondence among officials of the Government of Botswana who debated the subject of whether or not the country should have a national TV service. The reports and correspondence were supplemented with interviews of key people involved in the implementation of the project, as well as interviews of officials of the Ministry of Health. The findings of the study are that the Botswana television service project started and ended on a footing that forgot about television, a medium that is dependent on professional and organisational capacity and purpose, and as a result the project did not take-off. A qualitative method was used as the study required in-depth interviews during which new issues kept on emerging and nothing could be pre-determined because the study took place as the project was being implemented. The study was completed in June 2000, at a point where the project should have been completed but it was discovered that the station could not go on air as a television service had not been conceptualised and there was no management structure in place and the Government of Botswana appealed to the British Government for the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation to come quickly to Botswana to rescue the project and put it on track, supposedly. The study has concluded that the Botswana television service project became stillborn because there was a lack of professional and intellectual capacity to conceptualise the service, and instead there had been too much concentration on the construction of the TV building and acquisition of equipment.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
The role of quality of life surveys in managing change in democratic transitions: the South African case
- Authors: Moller, Valerie , Dickow, H
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7115 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010748
- Description: The South African Quality of Life Project has tracked subjective well-being, life satisfaction and happiness, since the early eighties at the national level. In most democratic countries around the globe, the average citizen says he or she is satisfied with life in general. In South Africa this is not the case. Since the early 1980s, the trend study shows up disparities between one sector of the South African population that is satisfied with life in general and various aspects of life and another sector that is very dissatisfied. Generally, the better-off report higher levels of satisfaction and happiness than the worse-off. The most plausible explanation for the South African quality-of-life constellation is the huge gap in living standards between rich and poor, a legacy of the apartheid era, which discriminated against blacks and to a lesser extent against Indian and coloured people. Euphoria following on the first democratic elections in April 1994, which registered equally high aggregate levels of happiness and life satisfaction among all sectors of the population, was short-lived. Under democracy, expectations “for a better life for all”, the election slogans for the 1994 and 1999 general elections, has risen. South Africa has one of the most enlightened constitutions, which guarantees basic human rights and supports advancement of the previously disadvantaged. As long as South Africans perceive barriers to accessing the material rewards of democracy, they do not see justice has been done. South Africa is currently grappling with problems common to other societies in transition to democracy. Since 1994, government programmes and policies have been devised to address the critical twin problems of poverty and inequality in society. The latest round of research for the South African Quality of Life Trends Project probes popular assessments of the policies and programmes aimed at improving the quality of life of ordinary South Africans. Interviews with a panel of 25 opinion leaders in the run-up to the June 1999 general elections were followed by a nationally representative opinion survey in October 1999. The paper outlines the role of social indicators in monitoring quality of life in South Africa and reports findings from the elite and rank-and-file surveys. Generally, the winners and losers in the new political dispensation see changes from a different perspective. The disadvantaged are more likely to have seen material gains and recommend increased delivery of services and opportunities for social mobility. The advantaged, who have mainly experienced non-material or no gains since 1994, are more likely to be pessimistic about the future. It is concluded that the groundswell of optimism will sustain the majority of South Africans who are still dissatisfied with life until their dreams of the good life are fulfilled.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002
- Authors: Moller, Valerie , Dickow, H
- Date: 2002
- Language: English
- Type: Article
- Identifier: vital:7115 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1010748
- Description: The South African Quality of Life Project has tracked subjective well-being, life satisfaction and happiness, since the early eighties at the national level. In most democratic countries around the globe, the average citizen says he or she is satisfied with life in general. In South Africa this is not the case. Since the early 1980s, the trend study shows up disparities between one sector of the South African population that is satisfied with life in general and various aspects of life and another sector that is very dissatisfied. Generally, the better-off report higher levels of satisfaction and happiness than the worse-off. The most plausible explanation for the South African quality-of-life constellation is the huge gap in living standards between rich and poor, a legacy of the apartheid era, which discriminated against blacks and to a lesser extent against Indian and coloured people. Euphoria following on the first democratic elections in April 1994, which registered equally high aggregate levels of happiness and life satisfaction among all sectors of the population, was short-lived. Under democracy, expectations “for a better life for all”, the election slogans for the 1994 and 1999 general elections, has risen. South Africa has one of the most enlightened constitutions, which guarantees basic human rights and supports advancement of the previously disadvantaged. As long as South Africans perceive barriers to accessing the material rewards of democracy, they do not see justice has been done. South Africa is currently grappling with problems common to other societies in transition to democracy. Since 1994, government programmes and policies have been devised to address the critical twin problems of poverty and inequality in society. The latest round of research for the South African Quality of Life Trends Project probes popular assessments of the policies and programmes aimed at improving the quality of life of ordinary South Africans. Interviews with a panel of 25 opinion leaders in the run-up to the June 1999 general elections were followed by a nationally representative opinion survey in October 1999. The paper outlines the role of social indicators in monitoring quality of life in South Africa and reports findings from the elite and rank-and-file surveys. Generally, the winners and losers in the new political dispensation see changes from a different perspective. The disadvantaged are more likely to have seen material gains and recommend increased delivery of services and opportunities for social mobility. The advantaged, who have mainly experienced non-material or no gains since 1994, are more likely to be pessimistic about the future. It is concluded that the groundswell of optimism will sustain the majority of South Africans who are still dissatisfied with life until their dreams of the good life are fulfilled.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2002