An understanding of corporate social investment within the Kenya Pipeline Company and how it can be used to promote development
- Authors: Mulindi, Belinda Ong'asia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Investments -- Moral and ethical aspects -- Kenya , Sustainable development -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9164 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020043
- Description: Development and all issues that pertain to it, has been a hot topic since the turn of the century. Governments have set up programs and agendas that they would like to follow to implement development in areas such as social, education, health and environment. Traditionally developing of communities has always been a government’s mandate. Corporate society established that to live in harmony with its neighbours, it was better to plough back into the community. That said it was paramount to see how the both development and CSI/R can be intertwined reasons behind this qualitative research were to establish if the Kenya Pipeline Company CSI initiatives can be used to promote development. The research methodology used was interviews, distribution of questionnaire and document review. These methods were settled on since they allowed the researcher to gain more knowledge and a greater understanding of the data collected and in it’s the natural setting. Kenya Pipeline Company’s CSI/R policy is not quite in place and development could be pegged to the ethnic group or geographical region that the Managing Director comes from. Stakeholders do not quite contribute and are seldom involved in the decision making process. The first benefactors are the communities that fall by the way- leave of the pipeline moving out. A conclusive policy document needs to be put in place to curb the powers given to a single individual and to be able to involve the various stakeholders so as to ensure sustainable development initiatives.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mulindi, Belinda Ong'asia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Investments -- Moral and ethical aspects -- Kenya , Sustainable development -- Kenya
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9164 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020043
- Description: Development and all issues that pertain to it, has been a hot topic since the turn of the century. Governments have set up programs and agendas that they would like to follow to implement development in areas such as social, education, health and environment. Traditionally developing of communities has always been a government’s mandate. Corporate society established that to live in harmony with its neighbours, it was better to plough back into the community. That said it was paramount to see how the both development and CSI/R can be intertwined reasons behind this qualitative research were to establish if the Kenya Pipeline Company CSI initiatives can be used to promote development. The research methodology used was interviews, distribution of questionnaire and document review. These methods were settled on since they allowed the researcher to gain more knowledge and a greater understanding of the data collected and in it’s the natural setting. Kenya Pipeline Company’s CSI/R policy is not quite in place and development could be pegged to the ethnic group or geographical region that the Managing Director comes from. Stakeholders do not quite contribute and are seldom involved in the decision making process. The first benefactors are the communities that fall by the way- leave of the pipeline moving out. A conclusive policy document needs to be put in place to curb the powers given to a single individual and to be able to involve the various stakeholders so as to ensure sustainable development initiatives.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Analysis of leadership and management challenges facing school principals in Circuit no. 12 of the King William's Town District of the Eastern Cape Province
- Ngangelizwe, Nomakaya Orrienda
- Authors: Ngangelizwe, Nomakaya Orrienda
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education and state -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11653 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006981 , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education and state -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Description: Within the South African context, because of political and social changes and the influence caused by these changes on educational structures, the new and high demands are required from school principals. Principals now find it necessary to make choices and take decisions .Unfortunately they are not equipped sufficiently to make careful decisions in meeting constitutional demands (Niehaus & Myburgh, 1999). According to Evans (1997:20) (as cited by Schoeman, 2006) the establishment of suitable institutions is sufficient in keeping a free and democratic society, world events (fascism in Japan, Italy, Germany,1920s-1930s;cold war in Europe, 1940s-1980s are there to remind us that even the best –designed institutions are not sufficient. A free and democratic society is dependent on knowledge, skills and virtues of its citizens (IDASA 1999:2). Brown and Duku, 2008 contend that when SASA was introduced, it was of the idea that it would create a new school governance landscape (Naidoo, 2005). Criticisms are blaming the SASA for the tensions that exist in school governance. SASA is viewed as steeply middle- class in identity and is accused of normalising parental participation in school governance in middle-class terms. Another criticism is on the assumption that parents should have the resources and time to spend on school activities (Dyer &Rose, 2005; Fakir, 2003; Sayed & Soudien, 2005). When criticisms against this Act were taken stock of in the context of socio-economic realities of many communities in rural locations in SA, it is difficult to disagree. The report of the Ministerial Review Committee cited socio-economic related difficulties as paralysing how parents participate in school governance in rural communities (Ministerial Review Study, 2004).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ngangelizwe, Nomakaya Orrienda
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education and state -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11653 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1006981 , School management and organization -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , School principals -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Education and state -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Educational leadership -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , King William's Town (South Africa)
- Description: Within the South African context, because of political and social changes and the influence caused by these changes on educational structures, the new and high demands are required from school principals. Principals now find it necessary to make choices and take decisions .Unfortunately they are not equipped sufficiently to make careful decisions in meeting constitutional demands (Niehaus & Myburgh, 1999). According to Evans (1997:20) (as cited by Schoeman, 2006) the establishment of suitable institutions is sufficient in keeping a free and democratic society, world events (fascism in Japan, Italy, Germany,1920s-1930s;cold war in Europe, 1940s-1980s are there to remind us that even the best –designed institutions are not sufficient. A free and democratic society is dependent on knowledge, skills and virtues of its citizens (IDASA 1999:2). Brown and Duku, 2008 contend that when SASA was introduced, it was of the idea that it would create a new school governance landscape (Naidoo, 2005). Criticisms are blaming the SASA for the tensions that exist in school governance. SASA is viewed as steeply middle- class in identity and is accused of normalising parental participation in school governance in middle-class terms. Another criticism is on the assumption that parents should have the resources and time to spend on school activities (Dyer &Rose, 2005; Fakir, 2003; Sayed & Soudien, 2005). When criticisms against this Act were taken stock of in the context of socio-economic realities of many communities in rural locations in SA, it is difficult to disagree. The report of the Ministerial Review Committee cited socio-economic related difficulties as paralysing how parents participate in school governance in rural communities (Ministerial Review Study, 2004).
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Analysis of models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after Ethio-Eritrean war of 1998-2000
- Authors: Masomelele, Mviko
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Economic development -- Developing countries , Postwar reconstruction -- Ethiopia , Agriculture -- Ethiopia , Eritrean-Ethiopian War, 1998- -- Ethiopia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014623
- Description: In this research, the researcher is analysing the models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after the Ethio-Eritrean War of 1998-2000. As a post- conflict country it is always important to know how a country reconstructs its economy after the war. The researcher will give a brief background of Ethiopia with her different regime changes. Ethiopia is a landlocked country and is found in the Horn of Africa. Her boarders are Eritrea on the north and north east, and Djibouti and Somalia on the East, Kenya on the south, on the west and south west by Sudan. (BCC) Ethiopia has been under three remarkably different political regimes; the feudal imperial era under Emperor Haile Selassie; the socialist military dictatorship of Colonel Mangistu’s Derg; and the marketoriented Western aligned democracy of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.(Devereux et al,2005:121 ) Each regime had applied different policies on agriculture which employs 80 percent of the population. Feudal policies where the land was in the hands of the landlords failed during Selassie’s regime and this was proved by the famine of 1974. He was overthrown by Derg in a coup in 1974. Derg introduced a “radical agrarian transformation based on land redistribution. His policies on agriculture were based on the Marxist egalitarian ideology and by conviction that feudal relations in agriculture had exposed millions of highland Ethiopians to intolerable levels of poverty and vulnerability.” (Devereux et al, 2005:121-122). According to Derg’s agricultural policy land was confiscated from the landlords and was redistributed to the rural farmers and it was trying to break inequalities over land control and it aimed at achieving agricultural productivity and rural incomes. Derg’s regime was overthrown by Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. EPRDF further continued with land redistribution in the wake of 1990s and it gave farmlands to demobilised soldiers and tried to correct the inequalities that emerged with time as farming families were growing. (Devereux et al, 2005:122) In all these regimes, land was owned by the state. Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture which contributes 47 percent to GNP and more than 80 percent of exports, and employs 85 percent of the population. Ethiopia’s agriculture is plagued by periodic droughts, soil degradation emanating from poor agricultural practices and overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, underdeveloped water resources and poor transport infrastructure which makes extremely difficult and expensive to get goods to the market. (BCC, 07) The EPRDF came up with the new agricultural policy in the beginning of 1991 and it was known as Agriculture Development Led Industrialisation (ADLI). ADLI is the policy that emphasised on modernising smallholder agriculture and intensifying yield productivity through the supply of appropriate technology, certified seeds, fertilizers, rural credit facilities and technical assistance. (Getachew, 2003:9) This policy introduced some reforms in agriculture as it introduced a nationwide agricultural extension program, the propagation of laws that liberalised the purchasing and distribution of inputs and to increase and to make credit facilities available to rural farmers. In 1995 Minister of Agriculture (MoA) introduced a vehicle to drive the policy, which was called the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PADETES). The PADETES started with 32047 farmers on board. The aim was to educate farmers in new farming methods which will increase productivity and make farmers self sufficient. Agriculture Sample Survey 2009/10 states that ‘country’s experience showed that farmers’ attitude and tendency to adapt and accept new innovations, modern agricultural techniques and technologies, such as use of fertilizers, irrigation, improved seeds and pesticides that help to improve their living standards through attaining enhanced productivity, do have positive impact on the development on the agricultural sector as a whole.’(Central Statistical Agency, 2010: i) Teshome (2006:1) shows complexity of Ethiopian agriculture when he says that it largest contributor to the GDP, exports and foreign earnings and it employs almost 85 percent of the population. On the contrary, despite its socio-economic importance its performance continues to be low due to many natural and manmade factors which will be discussed in this research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Masomelele, Mviko
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Economic development -- Developing countries , Postwar reconstruction -- Ethiopia , Agriculture -- Ethiopia , Eritrean-Ethiopian War, 1998- -- Ethiopia
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9109 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014623
- Description: In this research, the researcher is analysing the models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after the Ethio-Eritrean War of 1998-2000. As a post- conflict country it is always important to know how a country reconstructs its economy after the war. The researcher will give a brief background of Ethiopia with her different regime changes. Ethiopia is a landlocked country and is found in the Horn of Africa. Her boarders are Eritrea on the north and north east, and Djibouti and Somalia on the East, Kenya on the south, on the west and south west by Sudan. (BCC) Ethiopia has been under three remarkably different political regimes; the feudal imperial era under Emperor Haile Selassie; the socialist military dictatorship of Colonel Mangistu’s Derg; and the marketoriented Western aligned democracy of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.(Devereux et al,2005:121 ) Each regime had applied different policies on agriculture which employs 80 percent of the population. Feudal policies where the land was in the hands of the landlords failed during Selassie’s regime and this was proved by the famine of 1974. He was overthrown by Derg in a coup in 1974. Derg introduced a “radical agrarian transformation based on land redistribution. His policies on agriculture were based on the Marxist egalitarian ideology and by conviction that feudal relations in agriculture had exposed millions of highland Ethiopians to intolerable levels of poverty and vulnerability.” (Devereux et al, 2005:121-122). According to Derg’s agricultural policy land was confiscated from the landlords and was redistributed to the rural farmers and it was trying to break inequalities over land control and it aimed at achieving agricultural productivity and rural incomes. Derg’s regime was overthrown by Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. EPRDF further continued with land redistribution in the wake of 1990s and it gave farmlands to demobilised soldiers and tried to correct the inequalities that emerged with time as farming families were growing. (Devereux et al, 2005:122) In all these regimes, land was owned by the state. Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture which contributes 47 percent to GNP and more than 80 percent of exports, and employs 85 percent of the population. Ethiopia’s agriculture is plagued by periodic droughts, soil degradation emanating from poor agricultural practices and overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, underdeveloped water resources and poor transport infrastructure which makes extremely difficult and expensive to get goods to the market. (BCC, 07) The EPRDF came up with the new agricultural policy in the beginning of 1991 and it was known as Agriculture Development Led Industrialisation (ADLI). ADLI is the policy that emphasised on modernising smallholder agriculture and intensifying yield productivity through the supply of appropriate technology, certified seeds, fertilizers, rural credit facilities and technical assistance. (Getachew, 2003:9) This policy introduced some reforms in agriculture as it introduced a nationwide agricultural extension program, the propagation of laws that liberalised the purchasing and distribution of inputs and to increase and to make credit facilities available to rural farmers. In 1995 Minister of Agriculture (MoA) introduced a vehicle to drive the policy, which was called the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PADETES). The PADETES started with 32047 farmers on board. The aim was to educate farmers in new farming methods which will increase productivity and make farmers self sufficient. Agriculture Sample Survey 2009/10 states that ‘country’s experience showed that farmers’ attitude and tendency to adapt and accept new innovations, modern agricultural techniques and technologies, such as use of fertilizers, irrigation, improved seeds and pesticides that help to improve their living standards through attaining enhanced productivity, do have positive impact on the development on the agricultural sector as a whole.’(Central Statistical Agency, 2010: i) Teshome (2006:1) shows complexity of Ethiopian agriculture when he says that it largest contributor to the GDP, exports and foreign earnings and it employs almost 85 percent of the population. On the contrary, despite its socio-economic importance its performance continues to be low due to many natural and manmade factors which will be discussed in this research.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Anatomy of a pottery bonfiring in the Port St Johns region, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- Authors: Steele, John
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1034 , vital:30232
- Description: This paper seeks to document and contextualise the unique bonfiring methods of octogenarian potter Alice Gqa Nongebeza, who works from her homestead at Nkonxeni village in the Tombo area near Port St Johns. Her firing technique is compared with those of fellow local potters Debora Nomathamsanqa Ntloya and Nontwazana Dunjana. These three Mpondo potters, and their understudies, create ceramic utilityware and other items for a mainly local market that sometimes also appeals to collectors and tourists. Although they are aware of each other, they use their own clay sources and clayworking methods, and have evolved very different firing techniques. This paper, with reference also to potters in KwaZulu-Natal, shows that Nongebeza, in particular, has developed a rare approach to firing, and calls for the inclusion of her type of firing technique in African firing lexicons. It also calls for greater attention to sequential firing detail as practised by individual potters, in forthcoming reports that add to knowledge about zeroelectricity- usage ceramics production in southern Africa, and elsewhere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Steele, John
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , Article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/11260/1034 , vital:30232
- Description: This paper seeks to document and contextualise the unique bonfiring methods of octogenarian potter Alice Gqa Nongebeza, who works from her homestead at Nkonxeni village in the Tombo area near Port St Johns. Her firing technique is compared with those of fellow local potters Debora Nomathamsanqa Ntloya and Nontwazana Dunjana. These three Mpondo potters, and their understudies, create ceramic utilityware and other items for a mainly local market that sometimes also appeals to collectors and tourists. Although they are aware of each other, they use their own clay sources and clayworking methods, and have evolved very different firing techniques. This paper, with reference also to potters in KwaZulu-Natal, shows that Nongebeza, in particular, has developed a rare approach to firing, and calls for the inclusion of her type of firing technique in African firing lexicons. It also calls for greater attention to sequential firing detail as practised by individual potters, in forthcoming reports that add to knowledge about zeroelectricity- usage ceramics production in southern Africa, and elsewhere.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Anthropogenic threats to resident and dispersing African wild dogs west and south of the Kruger National Park, South Africa
- Watermeyer, Jessica Patricia
- Authors: Watermeyer, Jessica Patricia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: African wild dog -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Endangered species -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Dispersal -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Animal populations -- Estimates -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5636 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005318 , African wild dog -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Endangered species -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Dispersal -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Animal populations -- Estimates -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park
- Description: African wild dog Lycaon pictus populations are declining and the species is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. The Kruger National Park (KNP) is home to the only viable population of wild dogs in South Africa, but census results reveal consistently low numbers since the late 1990s. Wild dogs display wide-ranging behaviour and it is possible that the species might frequently use unprotected lands adjacent to the KNP. However, very little is known about wild dog movements beyond the boundaries of the KNP, and whether or not adjacent land owners are tolerant of the species. Significantly, threats along the boundaries may have negative consequences for the KNP population. This research investigated the dispersal habits of wild dogs beyond the western and southern boundaries of the KNP, and gathered information on human tolerance, and anthropogenic threats in an area of mixed land use. The land west of the KNP presented the best prospect for wild dog range expansion. The wild dog packs operating outside the KNP had smaller home ranges and less home range overlap than the packs operating within the KNP. In addition, my data suggested that the development of conservancies and the formation of ecotourism-based land use practices would be beneficial for wild dog conservation. Failed wild dog dispersals due to snaring and human persecution could threaten the genetic stability and persistence of the KNP population. Therefore, raising awareness and an understanding of the plight of wild dogs is important for improving land owner perception and tolerance outside of protected areas. The rapidly increasing human population continues to infringe on protected lands and fragment landscapes, thus cooperation from individual land owners is vital for the conservation of free-ranging large carnivores.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Watermeyer, Jessica Patricia
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: African wild dog -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Endangered species -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Dispersal -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Animal populations -- Estimates -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:5636 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005318 , African wild dog -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Effect of human beings on -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Behavior -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Endangered species -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Dispersal -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , African wild dog -- Conservation -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park , Animal populations -- Estimates -- South Africa -- Kruger National Park
- Description: African wild dog Lycaon pictus populations are declining and the species is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. The Kruger National Park (KNP) is home to the only viable population of wild dogs in South Africa, but census results reveal consistently low numbers since the late 1990s. Wild dogs display wide-ranging behaviour and it is possible that the species might frequently use unprotected lands adjacent to the KNP. However, very little is known about wild dog movements beyond the boundaries of the KNP, and whether or not adjacent land owners are tolerant of the species. Significantly, threats along the boundaries may have negative consequences for the KNP population. This research investigated the dispersal habits of wild dogs beyond the western and southern boundaries of the KNP, and gathered information on human tolerance, and anthropogenic threats in an area of mixed land use. The land west of the KNP presented the best prospect for wild dog range expansion. The wild dog packs operating outside the KNP had smaller home ranges and less home range overlap than the packs operating within the KNP. In addition, my data suggested that the development of conservancies and the formation of ecotourism-based land use practices would be beneficial for wild dog conservation. Failed wild dog dispersals due to snaring and human persecution could threaten the genetic stability and persistence of the KNP population. Therefore, raising awareness and an understanding of the plight of wild dogs is important for improving land owner perception and tolerance outside of protected areas. The rapidly increasing human population continues to infringe on protected lands and fragment landscapes, thus cooperation from individual land owners is vital for the conservation of free-ranging large carnivores.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Antibacterial and phytochemical studies of selected South African honeys on clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori
- Authors: Manyi-Loh, Christy E
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Helicobacter pylori , Honey--South Africa , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Bacterial diseases , Honey -- Therapeutic use , Helicobacter pylori infections , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11240 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001056 , Helicobacter pylori , Honey--South Africa , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Bacterial diseases , Honey -- Therapeutic use , Helicobacter pylori infections , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Infection with Helicobacter pylori has been associated with the pathogenesis of numerous stomach and gastroduodenal diseases that pose threats to public health. Eradicaftion of this pathogen is a global challenge due to its alarming rate of multidrug resistance. Consequently, to find an alternative treatment, the search is increasingly focused on new antimicrobial product from natural sources including honey. Honey has been used as medicine in several cultures since ancient time due to its enormous biomedical activities. Its beneficial qualities have been endorsed to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties added to its phytocomponents. In this study, the anti-H. pylori activity of South African honeys and their solvent extracts as well as the phytochemicals present in the two most active honeys were evaluated. Agar well diffusion test was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of six honey varieties obtained from different locations in the country. Subsequently, the honeys were extracted with four organic solvents viz n-hexane, diethyl ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate employed in order of increasing polarity. The antibacterial activity of the different solvent extracts of each honey was evaluated by agar well diffusion; broth micro dilution and time kill assays. Different chromatographic techniques (Thin layer & column chromatography) were employed to enumerate the phytochemical constituents in the most active solvent extracts of Pure Honey (PH) and Champagne Royal Train (CRT); and were identified by gas-chromatography linked mass-spectrometry. Linalool pure compound was equally evaluated for anti-H. pylori activity in a bid to trace the antibacterial agent among the variety of compounds identified. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA test at 95% confidence interval. Crude honeys and their solvent extracts demonstrated potent anti-H. pylori activity with zone diameter that ranged from [16.0mm (crude) to 22.2mm (extract)] and percentage susceptibilities of test isolates between 73.3% (crude) and 93.3% (extract). The chloroform extracts of PH and CRT were most active with MIC50 in the ranges 0.01- viii 10%v/v and 0.625-10%v/v respectively, not significantly different from amoxicillin (P> 0.05); and efficient bactericidal activity (100% bacterial cells killed) at 1/2MIC and 4xMIC over different time intervals, 36-72hrs and 18-72hrs respectively. The appearance of bands on the thin layer chromatography (TLC) chromatogram spotted with the chloroform extracts of PH and CRT; and developed with hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid (HEA) and methanol: acetic acid: water (MAAW) solvent systems indicated the presence of compounds. Purification of the compounds contained in these extracts over silica gel column yielded numerous fractions which were evaluated for antibacterial activity and purity. PHF5 was the most active fraction with a mean MIC50 value of 1.25mg/mL. Volatile compounds belonging to different known chemical families in honey were identified in all the active fractions obtained from PH. Conversely, only four compounds were identified in the active fractions obtained from CRT hence the non volatile constituents could be of prime relevance with respect to antibacterial activity of this honey. Of novelty was the presence of thiophene and N-methyl-D3-azirdine compounds, essential precursors used for the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals with vital biomedical properties. Linalool demonstrated potent inhibitory (MIC95, 0.002- 0.0313mg/mL) and bactericidal activity (0.0039-0.313mg/mL) against the test isolates. On the other hand, a significant difference was recorded (P < 0.05) in comparing the activity of linalool compound to the fractions. PH could serve as a good economic source of bioactive compounds which could be employed as template for the synthesis of novel anti-H. pylori drugs. However, further studies are needed to determine the non volatile active ingredients in PH and CRT as well as toxicological testing
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Manyi-Loh, Christy E
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Helicobacter pylori , Honey--South Africa , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Bacterial diseases , Honey -- Therapeutic use , Helicobacter pylori infections , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD (Microbiology)
- Identifier: vital:11240 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001056 , Helicobacter pylori , Honey--South Africa , Drug resistance in microorganisms , Bacterial diseases , Honey -- Therapeutic use , Helicobacter pylori infections , Traditional medicine -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: Infection with Helicobacter pylori has been associated with the pathogenesis of numerous stomach and gastroduodenal diseases that pose threats to public health. Eradicaftion of this pathogen is a global challenge due to its alarming rate of multidrug resistance. Consequently, to find an alternative treatment, the search is increasingly focused on new antimicrobial product from natural sources including honey. Honey has been used as medicine in several cultures since ancient time due to its enormous biomedical activities. Its beneficial qualities have been endorsed to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties added to its phytocomponents. In this study, the anti-H. pylori activity of South African honeys and their solvent extracts as well as the phytochemicals present in the two most active honeys were evaluated. Agar well diffusion test was used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of six honey varieties obtained from different locations in the country. Subsequently, the honeys were extracted with four organic solvents viz n-hexane, diethyl ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate employed in order of increasing polarity. The antibacterial activity of the different solvent extracts of each honey was evaluated by agar well diffusion; broth micro dilution and time kill assays. Different chromatographic techniques (Thin layer & column chromatography) were employed to enumerate the phytochemical constituents in the most active solvent extracts of Pure Honey (PH) and Champagne Royal Train (CRT); and were identified by gas-chromatography linked mass-spectrometry. Linalool pure compound was equally evaluated for anti-H. pylori activity in a bid to trace the antibacterial agent among the variety of compounds identified. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA test at 95% confidence interval. Crude honeys and their solvent extracts demonstrated potent anti-H. pylori activity with zone diameter that ranged from [16.0mm (crude) to 22.2mm (extract)] and percentage susceptibilities of test isolates between 73.3% (crude) and 93.3% (extract). The chloroform extracts of PH and CRT were most active with MIC50 in the ranges 0.01- viii 10%v/v and 0.625-10%v/v respectively, not significantly different from amoxicillin (P> 0.05); and efficient bactericidal activity (100% bacterial cells killed) at 1/2MIC and 4xMIC over different time intervals, 36-72hrs and 18-72hrs respectively. The appearance of bands on the thin layer chromatography (TLC) chromatogram spotted with the chloroform extracts of PH and CRT; and developed with hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid (HEA) and methanol: acetic acid: water (MAAW) solvent systems indicated the presence of compounds. Purification of the compounds contained in these extracts over silica gel column yielded numerous fractions which were evaluated for antibacterial activity and purity. PHF5 was the most active fraction with a mean MIC50 value of 1.25mg/mL. Volatile compounds belonging to different known chemical families in honey were identified in all the active fractions obtained from PH. Conversely, only four compounds were identified in the active fractions obtained from CRT hence the non volatile constituents could be of prime relevance with respect to antibacterial activity of this honey. Of novelty was the presence of thiophene and N-methyl-D3-azirdine compounds, essential precursors used for the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceuticals with vital biomedical properties. Linalool demonstrated potent inhibitory (MIC95, 0.002- 0.0313mg/mL) and bactericidal activity (0.0039-0.313mg/mL) against the test isolates. On the other hand, a significant difference was recorded (P < 0.05) in comparing the activity of linalool compound to the fractions. PH could serve as a good economic source of bioactive compounds which could be employed as template for the synthesis of novel anti-H. pylori drugs. However, further studies are needed to determine the non volatile active ingredients in PH and CRT as well as toxicological testing
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Apartheid legacies and identity politics in Kopano Matlwa's Coconut, Zoë Wicomb's Playing in the light and Jacques Pauw's Little ice cream boy
- Authors: Scott, Simone
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Apartheid in literature , Identity politics -- South Africa -- History , South African fiction (English -- History and criticism)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8424 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019955
- Description: An analysis of the preoccupation writers of South African fiction display after the process started by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is vital in post-apartheid South African writing. It becomes clear that a fascination with the past is not bound to any one specific racial or gender group within post-apartheid South Africa. Authors can therefore be said to continue the excavation work that the TRC started many years ago. The severe impact that the rigid classification of human beings into different groups based on race had, and continues to have, becomes evident in contemporary South African writing. The fact that white privilege always comes at a cost for those wanting to attain or maintain it cannot be overlooked and whiteness as a construct is examined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Scott, Simone
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Apartheid in literature , Identity politics -- South Africa -- History , South African fiction (English -- History and criticism)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8424 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019955
- Description: An analysis of the preoccupation writers of South African fiction display after the process started by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is vital in post-apartheid South African writing. It becomes clear that a fascination with the past is not bound to any one specific racial or gender group within post-apartheid South Africa. Authors can therefore be said to continue the excavation work that the TRC started many years ago. The severe impact that the rigid classification of human beings into different groups based on race had, and continues to have, becomes evident in contemporary South African writing. The fact that white privilege always comes at a cost for those wanting to attain or maintain it cannot be overlooked and whiteness as a construct is examined.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Appraisal of community-based childcare practices in rural Malawi: the case of Malili traditional authority area, Lilongwe District
- Authors: Alufandika, Dina
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Tribal government -- Malawi , Child welfare -- Malawi , Child development -- Malawi , Child care services -- Malawi , Community development -- Malawi , Rural development -- Malawi , Malawi -- Social policy , Lilongwe (Malawi)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Rural Development)
- Identifier: vital:11945 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005968 , Tribal government -- Malawi , Child welfare -- Malawi , Child development -- Malawi , Child care services -- Malawi , Community development -- Malawi , Rural development -- Malawi , Malawi -- Social policy , Lilongwe (Malawi)
- Description: The government of Malawi established the community based childcare (CBCC) programme with the aim of addressing early childhood problems and achieve national development in the long run. The CBCC programme, as one of the approaches to early childhood development (ECD), is guided by the national early childhood development policy. It promotes some practices that somehow deviate from the traditional childcare ways that communities have always known. Experience has shown that programmes that have elements of conflict with commonly held beliefs are bound to meet with resistance in society. The study employed a mini survey, focus group discussion, observation and document review to understand how the CBCC childcare practices in Malili intersect with commonly held beliefs about childcare as well as how they reflect on the national ECD policy. The study also focused on understanding the perceptions of community members on the CBCC programme. The study revealed that while some aspects of CBCC delivery conform to commonly held beliefs about childcare in the area under study, others diverge from such beliefs. Such convergence and divergence appear to be in line with the propositions of transformalist globalisation theory- one of the perspectives adopted for the study. The study also found that care practices at CBCC are not a true reflection of the national ECD policy as community members’ perceptions, poor community participation, poverty and lack of caregiver training in ECD contribute towards poor quality of care in CBCC, contrary to what is defined in the national ECD policy. The study also found that while both CBCC caregivers and sampled community members perceived the quality of care at the centers as poor, caregivers had a more positive perception towards the CBCC than community members. The study indicated that CBCC are centres of desperation for low economic status communities. Findings from the research have revealed that cultural values and commonly held beliefs, and exposure to new knowledge through globalisation play a role in determining childcare practices as well as perceptions towards them. In this sense the study has indicated that meanings that communities attach to development interventions influence their actions and perceptions towards it.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Alufandika, Dina
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Tribal government -- Malawi , Child welfare -- Malawi , Child development -- Malawi , Child care services -- Malawi , Community development -- Malawi , Rural development -- Malawi , Malawi -- Social policy , Lilongwe (Malawi)
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , M Soc Sc (Rural Development)
- Identifier: vital:11945 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005968 , Tribal government -- Malawi , Child welfare -- Malawi , Child development -- Malawi , Child care services -- Malawi , Community development -- Malawi , Rural development -- Malawi , Malawi -- Social policy , Lilongwe (Malawi)
- Description: The government of Malawi established the community based childcare (CBCC) programme with the aim of addressing early childhood problems and achieve national development in the long run. The CBCC programme, as one of the approaches to early childhood development (ECD), is guided by the national early childhood development policy. It promotes some practices that somehow deviate from the traditional childcare ways that communities have always known. Experience has shown that programmes that have elements of conflict with commonly held beliefs are bound to meet with resistance in society. The study employed a mini survey, focus group discussion, observation and document review to understand how the CBCC childcare practices in Malili intersect with commonly held beliefs about childcare as well as how they reflect on the national ECD policy. The study also focused on understanding the perceptions of community members on the CBCC programme. The study revealed that while some aspects of CBCC delivery conform to commonly held beliefs about childcare in the area under study, others diverge from such beliefs. Such convergence and divergence appear to be in line with the propositions of transformalist globalisation theory- one of the perspectives adopted for the study. The study also found that care practices at CBCC are not a true reflection of the national ECD policy as community members’ perceptions, poor community participation, poverty and lack of caregiver training in ECD contribute towards poor quality of care in CBCC, contrary to what is defined in the national ECD policy. The study also found that while both CBCC caregivers and sampled community members perceived the quality of care at the centers as poor, caregivers had a more positive perception towards the CBCC than community members. The study indicated that CBCC are centres of desperation for low economic status communities. Findings from the research have revealed that cultural values and commonly held beliefs, and exposure to new knowledge through globalisation play a role in determining childcare practices as well as perceptions towards them. In this sense the study has indicated that meanings that communities attach to development interventions influence their actions and perceptions towards it.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Are arts events a good way of augmenting the economic impact of sport?: The case of the 2010 FIFA world cup and the national arts festival in South Africa
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71430 , vital:29848 , https://econrsa.org/system/files/publications/working_papers/wp294.pdf
- Description: Despite the debate about whether arts consumers are also sports consumers, many countries have used cultural events to leverage further tourism spending from sports events, the most famous example being the cultural Olympics. This paper reports the findings of research conducted at the 2010 South African National Arts Festival, which was specifically timed to coincide with SoccerWorld Cup matches being played in a nearby city. Of the 600 interviews conducted with Festival-goers, only 23% reported also attending World Cup soccer matches. Regression analysis revealed that, while there is some overlap between arts and sports attendees, their demographics and consumption habits are significantly different. However, consumption outside of major events showed somewhat more overlap. This suggests that staging cultural events at the same time as major sporting events is not an ideal strategy, since they tend to compete with, rather than complement, each other.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Snowball, Jeanette D
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: text , article
- Identifier: http://hdl.handle.net/10962/71430 , vital:29848 , https://econrsa.org/system/files/publications/working_papers/wp294.pdf
- Description: Despite the debate about whether arts consumers are also sports consumers, many countries have used cultural events to leverage further tourism spending from sports events, the most famous example being the cultural Olympics. This paper reports the findings of research conducted at the 2010 South African National Arts Festival, which was specifically timed to coincide with SoccerWorld Cup matches being played in a nearby city. Of the 600 interviews conducted with Festival-goers, only 23% reported also attending World Cup soccer matches. Regression analysis revealed that, while there is some overlap between arts and sports attendees, their demographics and consumption habits are significantly different. However, consumption outside of major events showed somewhat more overlap. This suggests that staging cultural events at the same time as major sporting events is not an ideal strategy, since they tend to compete with, rather than complement, each other.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Aspects of heterothermy in four species of afrotropical bats
- Authors: Doty, Anna Catherine
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Body temperature -- Regulation , Afrotropical mammals , Body temperature , Bats
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10691 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008402 , Body temperature -- Regulation , Afrotropical mammals , Body temperature , Bats
- Description: Torpor and hibernation, two distinct forms of heterothermy, are physiological responses employed by many endotherms to save energy during periods of cold, climatic unpredictability and food shortage. Heterothermy is characterized by varying body temperature and has been found to occur in various subtropical mammals. However, studies on thermoregulatory capabilities of South African Microchiroptera remain relatively scant. In this study, the capacity for use of heterothermy, the seasonal metabolic rates, and capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis were studied in four species of bats, namely Rhinolophus clivosus, Rhinolophus capensis, Miniopterus natalensis and Myotis tricolor. Animals were collected from a group of three mines in Sleepy Hollow Farm, 30km from Port Elizabeth, South Africa. All species demonstrated bouts of torpor in the winter while R. clivosus interestingly established a high propensity for torpor in the summer and normothermia in the winter. To my knowledge, this is the first study that has shown the down-regulation of metabolism and body temperature in summer and constant maintenance of normothermic body temperature in winter in a species of Microchiroptera. M. natalensis was thermolabile in both summer and winter and body temperatures closely tracked ambient temperatures. Mean ± SD normothermic body temperature measured of wild-caught R. clivosus and M. natalensis was 38.6 ± 1.7°C and 37.3 ± 2.2°C, respectively. Mean torpid body temperature measured of wild-caught R. clivosus, R. capensis and M. natalensis was 22.7 ± 3.3°C, 21.1 ± 3.2 °C, and 22.6 ± 3.1°C, respectively. Non-shivering thermogenesis was measured in R. clivosus and M. natalensis to determine the role of endogenous heat production in a volant mammal. The mean noradrenalineinduced thermogenesis ± SD in R. clivosus and M. natalensis was 2.6 ± 0.8 ml g-1 hr-1 and 2.7 ± 0.6 ml O2 g-1 hr-1, respectively. Both species demonstrated capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis, and this is the first study that has quantified the maximal response to noradrenaline in an Afrotropical Microchiropteran species. Physiology of Afrotropical bats is understudied and the extent to which torpor and/or hibernation is utilized amongst them remains relatively unknown. Heterothermy clearly plays a significant role in the energetic savings and balance of all four species in the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Doty, Anna Catherine
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Body temperature -- Regulation , Afrotropical mammals , Body temperature , Bats
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:10691 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008402 , Body temperature -- Regulation , Afrotropical mammals , Body temperature , Bats
- Description: Torpor and hibernation, two distinct forms of heterothermy, are physiological responses employed by many endotherms to save energy during periods of cold, climatic unpredictability and food shortage. Heterothermy is characterized by varying body temperature and has been found to occur in various subtropical mammals. However, studies on thermoregulatory capabilities of South African Microchiroptera remain relatively scant. In this study, the capacity for use of heterothermy, the seasonal metabolic rates, and capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis were studied in four species of bats, namely Rhinolophus clivosus, Rhinolophus capensis, Miniopterus natalensis and Myotis tricolor. Animals were collected from a group of three mines in Sleepy Hollow Farm, 30km from Port Elizabeth, South Africa. All species demonstrated bouts of torpor in the winter while R. clivosus interestingly established a high propensity for torpor in the summer and normothermia in the winter. To my knowledge, this is the first study that has shown the down-regulation of metabolism and body temperature in summer and constant maintenance of normothermic body temperature in winter in a species of Microchiroptera. M. natalensis was thermolabile in both summer and winter and body temperatures closely tracked ambient temperatures. Mean ± SD normothermic body temperature measured of wild-caught R. clivosus and M. natalensis was 38.6 ± 1.7°C and 37.3 ± 2.2°C, respectively. Mean torpid body temperature measured of wild-caught R. clivosus, R. capensis and M. natalensis was 22.7 ± 3.3°C, 21.1 ± 3.2 °C, and 22.6 ± 3.1°C, respectively. Non-shivering thermogenesis was measured in R. clivosus and M. natalensis to determine the role of endogenous heat production in a volant mammal. The mean noradrenalineinduced thermogenesis ± SD in R. clivosus and M. natalensis was 2.6 ± 0.8 ml g-1 hr-1 and 2.7 ± 0.6 ml O2 g-1 hr-1, respectively. Both species demonstrated capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis, and this is the first study that has quantified the maximal response to noradrenaline in an Afrotropical Microchiropteran species. Physiology of Afrotropical bats is understudied and the extent to which torpor and/or hibernation is utilized amongst them remains relatively unknown. Heterothermy clearly plays a significant role in the energetic savings and balance of all four species in the study.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessed losses: the trade and income from trade requirements as set out in section 20 of the Income Tax Act of 1962
- Authors: Pillay, Neermala Neelavathy
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: South Africa. Income Tax Act, 1962 , Income tax deductions for losses -- South Africa , Income tax deductions for losses -- Australia , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:8949 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1670 , South Africa. Income Tax Act, 1962 , Income tax deductions for losses -- South Africa , Income tax deductions for losses -- Australia , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: Section 20 of the Income Tax Act, No 58 of 1962 allows a taxpayer that incurs an assessed loss to carry forward the balance of assessed loss incurred, to be set off against taxable income earned in or added to losses incurred in future years. The issues regarding the carry forward of assessed losses in terms of section 20 is complex and in terms of the said section, a company is only entitled to set off its assessed loss from the previous year against its taxable income in the current year, if the taxpayer has carried on a trade during the current year and has derived income from that trade. Under the provisions of section 20(2A), a taxpayer other than a company can utilise an assessed loss even if no trading has been conducted. Assessed losses of natural persons, may however be ring-fenced. The aim of this treatise was twofold. Firstly it was to gain clarity on the „trade‟ and „income from trade‟ issues and secondly to compare South African legislation with that of Australia, with a view to recommending a change in our rules regarding the treatment of assessed losses in the context of companies. The critical lessons to be learned from the cases presented, is that liquidators, creditors and others must ensure that the company continues trading in order to x keep the assessed losses valid. Realisation of assets (including stock), and the collection of outstanding debts during liquidation does not constitute the carrying on of a trade in terms of s 20(1). The continuity of trade is an important element in regard to the carry forward of assessed losses to be utilised in the current and future years. Therefore it is important that a company carries on some activity that falls within the definition of trade. In the landmark case of SA Bazaars, it was held that a company did not have to trade continuously throughout the year to qualify for the set-off of the assessed loss or carry forward of the assessed loss, that is, to trade for say part of the year. The court however left open the issue of whether it was necessary to derive income from that trade. In order to clarify the issues regarding assessed losses, SARS issued Interpretation Note 33 granting taxpayers a concession in certain cases where a company has traded, but not derived income from that trade. But in ITC 1830, the court ruled that a company must trade and must derive income from that trade in order to carry forward its assessed loss, which effectively means that SARS cannot apply Interpretation Note 33. SARS does not have the authority to make concession which is contrary to the wording of the Act. xi In Australia, operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely to be set-off against future income, provided a company meets the more than 50% continuity of ownership test. Where the continuity test fails, losses can be deducted if the same business is carried on in the income year (the same business test). From the research conducted and in order to solve the issues surrounding the carry forward of assessed losses it was suggested that one of the following be adopted :- The method used in Australia for the carry forward of assessed losses., or A decision of the Supreme Court of Appeal is needed for a departure from the literal meaning of the words pertaining to the requirements regarding the carry forward of assessed losses. Furthermore, to clarify the definition of „income‟, as used in the context of s20, is it gross income less exempt income or taxable income?. If section 20 relates to taxable income, then an assessed loss will never be increased, which it is submitted, is not what the legislature intended. Section 20 ought to be revisited to eliminate any uncertainty about the income requirement and in the context in which the word „income‟ is used in that section.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Pillay, Neermala Neelavathy
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: South Africa. Income Tax Act, 1962 , Income tax deductions for losses -- South Africa , Income tax deductions for losses -- Australia , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MCom
- Identifier: vital:8949 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1670 , South Africa. Income Tax Act, 1962 , Income tax deductions for losses -- South Africa , Income tax deductions for losses -- Australia , Income tax -- Law and legislation -- South Africa
- Description: Section 20 of the Income Tax Act, No 58 of 1962 allows a taxpayer that incurs an assessed loss to carry forward the balance of assessed loss incurred, to be set off against taxable income earned in or added to losses incurred in future years. The issues regarding the carry forward of assessed losses in terms of section 20 is complex and in terms of the said section, a company is only entitled to set off its assessed loss from the previous year against its taxable income in the current year, if the taxpayer has carried on a trade during the current year and has derived income from that trade. Under the provisions of section 20(2A), a taxpayer other than a company can utilise an assessed loss even if no trading has been conducted. Assessed losses of natural persons, may however be ring-fenced. The aim of this treatise was twofold. Firstly it was to gain clarity on the „trade‟ and „income from trade‟ issues and secondly to compare South African legislation with that of Australia, with a view to recommending a change in our rules regarding the treatment of assessed losses in the context of companies. The critical lessons to be learned from the cases presented, is that liquidators, creditors and others must ensure that the company continues trading in order to x keep the assessed losses valid. Realisation of assets (including stock), and the collection of outstanding debts during liquidation does not constitute the carrying on of a trade in terms of s 20(1). The continuity of trade is an important element in regard to the carry forward of assessed losses to be utilised in the current and future years. Therefore it is important that a company carries on some activity that falls within the definition of trade. In the landmark case of SA Bazaars, it was held that a company did not have to trade continuously throughout the year to qualify for the set-off of the assessed loss or carry forward of the assessed loss, that is, to trade for say part of the year. The court however left open the issue of whether it was necessary to derive income from that trade. In order to clarify the issues regarding assessed losses, SARS issued Interpretation Note 33 granting taxpayers a concession in certain cases where a company has traded, but not derived income from that trade. But in ITC 1830, the court ruled that a company must trade and must derive income from that trade in order to carry forward its assessed loss, which effectively means that SARS cannot apply Interpretation Note 33. SARS does not have the authority to make concession which is contrary to the wording of the Act. xi In Australia, operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely to be set-off against future income, provided a company meets the more than 50% continuity of ownership test. Where the continuity test fails, losses can be deducted if the same business is carried on in the income year (the same business test). From the research conducted and in order to solve the issues surrounding the carry forward of assessed losses it was suggested that one of the following be adopted :- The method used in Australia for the carry forward of assessed losses., or A decision of the Supreme Court of Appeal is needed for a departure from the literal meaning of the words pertaining to the requirements regarding the carry forward of assessed losses. Furthermore, to clarify the definition of „income‟, as used in the context of s20, is it gross income less exempt income or taxable income?. If section 20 relates to taxable income, then an assessed loss will never be increased, which it is submitted, is not what the legislature intended. Section 20 ought to be revisited to eliminate any uncertainty about the income requirement and in the context in which the word „income‟ is used in that section.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing entrepreneurship education programmes in secondary schools
- Authors: Qoto, Nomonde Monica
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa , Small business -- Management -- Study and teaching , Curriculum planning -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8826 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019726
- Description: The emergence of an entrepreneurial spirit is the most significant economic development in the twenty-first century. Entrepreneurship education was introduced in Grades 10-12 as part of the optional subject Business Studies. There are problems across the country encountered by educators in imparting entrepreneurship skills and knowledge to learners. The integration of entrepreneurial programmes into the education system in secondary schools is a prerequisite to develop the necessary skills to start and run a business successfully. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that entrepreneurship education is included in the curriculum as a separate subject so as to develop the entrepreneurship skills at secondary school level. The formal employment sector is no longer able to provide jobs for the increasing number of unemployed people. Fewer jobs are available for the economically active population of the South African economy especially the school leavers. The primary objective of this study is to assess the current entrepreneurship education programmes offered at secondary schools in Grade 10-12 levels in Motherwell. The purpose is to learn from global trends and to improve the current entrepreneurship education programmes. A literature review was done to establish global trends and also South African trends concerning entrepreneurship education programmes. A mixed research approach and cluster sampling was used to select the twelve Motherwell senior secondary schools in the Motherwell township of Port Elizabeth. The findings of the study were that strategic skills, operational skills, competitions, labour entrepreneurial skills, management skills, creativity and innovation were taught to a limited extent by educators. The practical exposure of learners was deficient because of the limited involvement of local businesses and organisations. Learners were also not encouraged to operate simulated businesses. The study recommends that the Outcome Based Education, National Curriculum Statement and Curriculum Policy Statement which have been introduced by the Department of Education be followed but adjustments must be made to the iii teaching methods to follow the interactive approach required by entrepreneurship. Policy makers should incorporate comprehensive entrepreneurship education programmes from primary school to secondary school to vocational and university and adult education centres. Finally, entrepreneurship education should be offered as an optional separate subject to all learners and involvement of local businesses and organisations should be encouraged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Qoto, Nomonde Monica
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Entrepreneurship -- Study and teaching (Secondary) -- South Africa , Small business -- Management -- Study and teaching , Curriculum planning -- South Africa
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MBA
- Identifier: vital:8826 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019726
- Description: The emergence of an entrepreneurial spirit is the most significant economic development in the twenty-first century. Entrepreneurship education was introduced in Grades 10-12 as part of the optional subject Business Studies. There are problems across the country encountered by educators in imparting entrepreneurship skills and knowledge to learners. The integration of entrepreneurial programmes into the education system in secondary schools is a prerequisite to develop the necessary skills to start and run a business successfully. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that entrepreneurship education is included in the curriculum as a separate subject so as to develop the entrepreneurship skills at secondary school level. The formal employment sector is no longer able to provide jobs for the increasing number of unemployed people. Fewer jobs are available for the economically active population of the South African economy especially the school leavers. The primary objective of this study is to assess the current entrepreneurship education programmes offered at secondary schools in Grade 10-12 levels in Motherwell. The purpose is to learn from global trends and to improve the current entrepreneurship education programmes. A literature review was done to establish global trends and also South African trends concerning entrepreneurship education programmes. A mixed research approach and cluster sampling was used to select the twelve Motherwell senior secondary schools in the Motherwell township of Port Elizabeth. The findings of the study were that strategic skills, operational skills, competitions, labour entrepreneurial skills, management skills, creativity and innovation were taught to a limited extent by educators. The practical exposure of learners was deficient because of the limited involvement of local businesses and organisations. Learners were also not encouraged to operate simulated businesses. The study recommends that the Outcome Based Education, National Curriculum Statement and Curriculum Policy Statement which have been introduced by the Department of Education be followed but adjustments must be made to the iii teaching methods to follow the interactive approach required by entrepreneurship. Policy makers should incorporate comprehensive entrepreneurship education programmes from primary school to secondary school to vocational and university and adult education centres. Finally, entrepreneurship education should be offered as an optional separate subject to all learners and involvement of local businesses and organisations should be encouraged.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing funding availability for small and medium enterprises for women entrepreneurs in Nelson Mandela Bay Metro
- Authors: Mbaco, Michelle Merle
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Business enterprises -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality , Businesswomen -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9107 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014314
- Description: The study focused on funding availability for small and medium enterprises for women entrepreneurs. In order to do a situational analysis the study was conducted in the Nelson Mandela Metro looking at the operations of Community Investment Fund (CIF) as a case study. The CIF was a partnership between a local non-governmental organization (NGO) operating in the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth and one of the four big banks in the Republic of South Africa. The study investigated the challenges that women as entrepreneurs face in particular. The qualitative approach was used as methodology and the sampling of five (5) of the seventeen (17) women beneficiaries and their businesses were conducted. Given the fact that the Republic of South Africa has a high unemployment rate and the government‟s strategy of providing support for small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs), the study provided an opportunity to look at the realities that people with ideas are faced when starting what seemed to be a daunting task of starting a business. The research findings provides conclusive evidence that starting a business in the current economic climate is a difficult task and it is more challenging if you are a woman with no financial securities. It is therefore of imperative importance that an approach to funding and supporting women entrepreneurs be implemented to create much needed jobs in the country and address the gap between the first and second economy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mbaco, Michelle Merle
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Business enterprises -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality , Businesswomen -- South Africa -- Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:9107 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014314
- Description: The study focused on funding availability for small and medium enterprises for women entrepreneurs. In order to do a situational analysis the study was conducted in the Nelson Mandela Metro looking at the operations of Community Investment Fund (CIF) as a case study. The CIF was a partnership between a local non-governmental organization (NGO) operating in the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth and one of the four big banks in the Republic of South Africa. The study investigated the challenges that women as entrepreneurs face in particular. The qualitative approach was used as methodology and the sampling of five (5) of the seventeen (17) women beneficiaries and their businesses were conducted. Given the fact that the Republic of South Africa has a high unemployment rate and the government‟s strategy of providing support for small, medium and micro-enterprises (SMMEs), the study provided an opportunity to look at the realities that people with ideas are faced when starting what seemed to be a daunting task of starting a business. The research findings provides conclusive evidence that starting a business in the current economic climate is a difficult task and it is more challenging if you are a woman with no financial securities. It is therefore of imperative importance that an approach to funding and supporting women entrepreneurs be implemented to create much needed jobs in the country and address the gap between the first and second economy.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing internal contestations within the ANC: the post-Polokwane political landscape: the case-study of the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality
- Authors: Ralo, Mpumezo Welcome
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: African National Congress , Politics, Practical -- South Africa , Political campaigns -- South Africa , Elections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development , South Africa -- Economic Conditions -- 2007 , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: vital:8302 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019783
- Description: The Elective Conference of the African National Congress (ANC) of 2007 that took place in Polokwane remains an important event since 1994 (Fikeni 2009). The economic policy of the ANC and candidature of Mbeki and Zuma for the presidency contributed to the growing of factionalism in the ruling party that culminated in the 2007 conference. The study investigates and analyses the development of factions and ideological contestations that seemed to punctuate the ANC towards its 2007 National Congress that took place in Polokwane. It examines the roots and causes of factionalism in the ANC with a specific focus on the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). It also investigates the extent to which the conservative policies such as Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) contributed in the divisions and factionalism prior the 2007 polokwane conference. The study departs from the premise that history of the ANC is riddled with factionalism and ideological contestations that have been well documented. Furthermore, the political infighting within the ANC impacts on governance structures and the local government level. The study seeks to demonstrate the effects of the 2007 power contestations between Zuma and Mbeki on the NMBM. To this effect, the study demonstrates how the leadership contestations in the ruling party impacted on the service delivery in the city. For the purposes of analyzing and making sense of the nature of power plays within the ANC it draws from the theories of factionalism to illustrate that the link between the growing of factionalism and the one party dominant system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Ralo, Mpumezo Welcome
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: African National Congress , Politics, Practical -- South Africa , Political campaigns -- South Africa , Elections -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development , South Africa -- Economic Conditions -- 2007 , South Africa -- Politics and government
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPhil
- Identifier: vital:8302 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019783
- Description: The Elective Conference of the African National Congress (ANC) of 2007 that took place in Polokwane remains an important event since 1994 (Fikeni 2009). The economic policy of the ANC and candidature of Mbeki and Zuma for the presidency contributed to the growing of factionalism in the ruling party that culminated in the 2007 conference. The study investigates and analyses the development of factions and ideological contestations that seemed to punctuate the ANC towards its 2007 National Congress that took place in Polokwane. It examines the roots and causes of factionalism in the ANC with a specific focus on the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). It also investigates the extent to which the conservative policies such as Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) contributed in the divisions and factionalism prior the 2007 polokwane conference. The study departs from the premise that history of the ANC is riddled with factionalism and ideological contestations that have been well documented. Furthermore, the political infighting within the ANC impacts on governance structures and the local government level. The study seeks to demonstrate the effects of the 2007 power contestations between Zuma and Mbeki on the NMBM. To this effect, the study demonstrates how the leadership contestations in the ruling party impacted on the service delivery in the city. For the purposes of analyzing and making sense of the nature of power plays within the ANC it draws from the theories of factionalism to illustrate that the link between the growing of factionalism and the one party dominant system.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing linkages between local ecological knowledge, HIV/AIDS and the commercialisation of natural resources across Southern Africa
- Authors: Weyer, Dylan James
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Africa, Southern , HIV infections -- Africa, Southern , Natural resources -- Management -- Africa, Southern , Traditional ecological knowledge -- Africa, Southern , Households -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern , Poverty -- Environmental aspects -- Africa, Southern , Ecology -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4769 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007180 , AIDS (Disease) -- Africa, Southern , HIV infections -- Africa, Southern , Natural resources -- Management -- Africa, Southern , Traditional ecological knowledge -- Africa, Southern , Households -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern , Poverty -- Environmental aspects -- Africa, Southern , Ecology -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern
- Description: That natural resources (NRs) are important to those experiencing adversity, and, especially, vulnerability associated with HIV/AIDS, is well documented, particularly with respect to food and energy security. What is unclear is where HIV/AIDS ranks in terms of its significance in comparison to other household shocks, the role local ecological knowledge may (LEK) play in households' response to shock, a propos the types of coping strategies that are employed. Consequently, this research aims to bridge the knowledge gap between HIV/AIDS and the degree to which it is contributing to the expansion of NR commercialisation and to explore the unknowns surrounding the influence of LEK on people's choice of coping strategy. A two phase study was designed to provide quantitative rigour with qualitative depth. Phase one was an extensive, rapid survey of NR traders within urban and rural settings in five southern Africa countries. The principle objective was to profile the trade, the livelihoods of those involved and their reasons for entering the trade, to ultimately establish to what degree HIV/AIDS may have been a catalyst for this. Almost one third of the sample entered the trade in response to illness and/or death in their households, with 80% of deaths being of breadwinners. The findings illustrated considerable dependence on the sale of NRs; for almost 60% of the sample it was their household's only source of income. There was evidently increased blurring of the lines between rural and urban NR use with a greater diversity of products being traded in urban areas. Phase two involved in-depth interviews and work with a smaller sample at two sites selected based on the findings from the first phase. It incorporated three groups of households; non-trading, inexperienced trading and experienced trading households. Key areas of focus were household shocks, coping strategies employed in response to these and the role LEK may be playing in the choice of coping strategies. Within a two year period, 95% of households registered at least one shock, of which 80% recorded AIDS-related proxy shocks. Non-trading households were significantly worse-off in this regard, while in the case of non-AIDS proxy shocks, there was no such difference between groups. The most frequently employed coping strategy was the consumption and sale of NRs and was of particular importance when households were faced with AIDS proxy shocks. Trading households emerged as having superior levels of LEK in comparison to non-trading households, even for non-traded NRs, suggesting that prior LEK of NRs opened up opportunities to trade in NR as a coping strategy. Further inspection of the latter group however revealed that the portion of non-trading households who traded on a very ad hoc basis actually had comparable levels of LEK to the trading households. Despite the ad hoc trading households' vulnerable state and their disproportionately high level of AIDS proxy measures, they had at their disposal, sufficient LEK to unlock certain key coping strategies, namely the NR trade. In this sense there are apparent linkages between LEK, HIV/AIDS and the expansion of the commercialisation of NRs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Weyer, Dylan James
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: AIDS (Disease) -- Africa, Southern , HIV infections -- Africa, Southern , Natural resources -- Management -- Africa, Southern , Traditional ecological knowledge -- Africa, Southern , Households -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern , Poverty -- Environmental aspects -- Africa, Southern , Ecology -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MSc
- Identifier: vital:4769 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007180 , AIDS (Disease) -- Africa, Southern , HIV infections -- Africa, Southern , Natural resources -- Management -- Africa, Southern , Traditional ecological knowledge -- Africa, Southern , Households -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern , Poverty -- Environmental aspects -- Africa, Southern , Ecology -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Southern
- Description: That natural resources (NRs) are important to those experiencing adversity, and, especially, vulnerability associated with HIV/AIDS, is well documented, particularly with respect to food and energy security. What is unclear is where HIV/AIDS ranks in terms of its significance in comparison to other household shocks, the role local ecological knowledge may (LEK) play in households' response to shock, a propos the types of coping strategies that are employed. Consequently, this research aims to bridge the knowledge gap between HIV/AIDS and the degree to which it is contributing to the expansion of NR commercialisation and to explore the unknowns surrounding the influence of LEK on people's choice of coping strategy. A two phase study was designed to provide quantitative rigour with qualitative depth. Phase one was an extensive, rapid survey of NR traders within urban and rural settings in five southern Africa countries. The principle objective was to profile the trade, the livelihoods of those involved and their reasons for entering the trade, to ultimately establish to what degree HIV/AIDS may have been a catalyst for this. Almost one third of the sample entered the trade in response to illness and/or death in their households, with 80% of deaths being of breadwinners. The findings illustrated considerable dependence on the sale of NRs; for almost 60% of the sample it was their household's only source of income. There was evidently increased blurring of the lines between rural and urban NR use with a greater diversity of products being traded in urban areas. Phase two involved in-depth interviews and work with a smaller sample at two sites selected based on the findings from the first phase. It incorporated three groups of households; non-trading, inexperienced trading and experienced trading households. Key areas of focus were household shocks, coping strategies employed in response to these and the role LEK may be playing in the choice of coping strategies. Within a two year period, 95% of households registered at least one shock, of which 80% recorded AIDS-related proxy shocks. Non-trading households were significantly worse-off in this regard, while in the case of non-AIDS proxy shocks, there was no such difference between groups. The most frequently employed coping strategy was the consumption and sale of NRs and was of particular importance when households were faced with AIDS proxy shocks. Trading households emerged as having superior levels of LEK in comparison to non-trading households, even for non-traded NRs, suggesting that prior LEK of NRs opened up opportunities to trade in NR as a coping strategy. Further inspection of the latter group however revealed that the portion of non-trading households who traded on a very ad hoc basis actually had comparable levels of LEK to the trading households. Despite the ad hoc trading households' vulnerable state and their disproportionately high level of AIDS proxy measures, they had at their disposal, sufficient LEK to unlock certain key coping strategies, namely the NR trade. In this sense there are apparent linkages between LEK, HIV/AIDS and the expansion of the commercialisation of NRs.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing the effect of a laundry detergent ingredient (LAS) on organisms of a rural South African river
- Authors: Gordon, Andrew K
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Detergent pollution of rivers, lakes, etc. -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Water -- Pollution -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Stream health -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Stream ecology -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:6042 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006201
- Description: Powdered laundry detergents are consumed in high volumes worldwide. Post use, they are directed toward water resources via wastewater treatment works or, as is the situation in many rural areas of South Africa, they enter the environment directly as a result of laundry washing activity undertaken alongside surface waters. Within wastewater treatment works, the main ingredient in powdered laundry detergents, the narcotic toxin linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), is mostly removed, rendering the waste stream a negligible risk to the aquatic biota of receiving waters. In contrast, the biological and ecological impacts of direct LAS input to the aquatic environment, as a consequence of near-stream laundry washing, are yet to be fully realised. Consequently, this thesis posed two research questions: 1) 'What are the LAS concentrations in a small rural South African river'? and 2) 'Is the in-stream biological community negatively affected at these concentrations?' The chosen study area, the community of Balfour in the Eastern Cape Province, is like many rural areas of South Africa where inadequate provision of piped water to homesteads necessitates laundry washing alongside the nearby Balfour River. The first research question was addressed in two ways: by predicting LAS concentrations in Balfour River water by assessing detergent consumption and laundry washing behaviour of residents living alongside the river; and measuring actual in- stream LAS concentrations on different days of the week and during different seasons. Results indicated that LAS concentrations were highly variable temporally and spatially. High peak concentrations of LAS occurred infrequently and were limited to the immediate vicinity of near-stream laundry washing activity with the highest measured concentration being 342 μg.L ⁻¹ and the average 21 μg.L ⁻¹ over the sampling period. The second research question was addressed by integrating the chemical evidence, determined from the first research question, with the biological evidence of stress responses measured in macroinvertebrates collected downstream of near-stream laundry washing activity on the Balfour River. Predicted and measured LAS exposure concentrations from the Balfour River were compared to a water quality guideline for LAS (304 μg.L ⁻¹), specifically derived in this thesis. Biological stress responses were measured at different levels of organisation: two sub-cellular responses (lipid peroxidation and cholinesterase activity); three measures of macroinvertebrate tolerance to water quality impairment; five measures of community composition; three measures of community richness; and a surrogate measure of ecosystem function (functional feeding groups). Weight-of-evidence methodology was utilised to assess, integrate and interpret the chemical and biological evidence, and at its conclusion, determined no effect on the in-stream biological community of the Balfour River downstream of laundry washing activity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Gordon, Andrew K
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Detergent pollution of rivers, lakes, etc. -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Water -- Pollution -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Stream health -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Stream ecology -- Research -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:6042 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006201
- Description: Powdered laundry detergents are consumed in high volumes worldwide. Post use, they are directed toward water resources via wastewater treatment works or, as is the situation in many rural areas of South Africa, they enter the environment directly as a result of laundry washing activity undertaken alongside surface waters. Within wastewater treatment works, the main ingredient in powdered laundry detergents, the narcotic toxin linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), is mostly removed, rendering the waste stream a negligible risk to the aquatic biota of receiving waters. In contrast, the biological and ecological impacts of direct LAS input to the aquatic environment, as a consequence of near-stream laundry washing, are yet to be fully realised. Consequently, this thesis posed two research questions: 1) 'What are the LAS concentrations in a small rural South African river'? and 2) 'Is the in-stream biological community negatively affected at these concentrations?' The chosen study area, the community of Balfour in the Eastern Cape Province, is like many rural areas of South Africa where inadequate provision of piped water to homesteads necessitates laundry washing alongside the nearby Balfour River. The first research question was addressed in two ways: by predicting LAS concentrations in Balfour River water by assessing detergent consumption and laundry washing behaviour of residents living alongside the river; and measuring actual in- stream LAS concentrations on different days of the week and during different seasons. Results indicated that LAS concentrations were highly variable temporally and spatially. High peak concentrations of LAS occurred infrequently and were limited to the immediate vicinity of near-stream laundry washing activity with the highest measured concentration being 342 μg.L ⁻¹ and the average 21 μg.L ⁻¹ over the sampling period. The second research question was addressed by integrating the chemical evidence, determined from the first research question, with the biological evidence of stress responses measured in macroinvertebrates collected downstream of near-stream laundry washing activity on the Balfour River. Predicted and measured LAS exposure concentrations from the Balfour River were compared to a water quality guideline for LAS (304 μg.L ⁻¹), specifically derived in this thesis. Biological stress responses were measured at different levels of organisation: two sub-cellular responses (lipid peroxidation and cholinesterase activity); three measures of macroinvertebrate tolerance to water quality impairment; five measures of community composition; three measures of community richness; and a surrogate measure of ecosystem function (functional feeding groups). Weight-of-evidence methodology was utilised to assess, integrate and interpret the chemical and biological evidence, and at its conclusion, determined no effect on the in-stream biological community of the Balfour River downstream of laundry washing activity.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing the effectivity of poverty eradication strategies on communities in the Eastern Cape province: the case of Ngqushwa local Municipality in Amathole District (2008- 2011)
- Authors: Seyisi, Sakhumzi Patrick
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11658 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007042
- Description: This study explored information about the strategies on communities to eradicate poverty through interactive process with relevant sources. An expedient sample of participants was drawn from strategic position that deal with poverty eradication in the area of Amathole District in Ngqushwa Local Municipality, Eastern Cape. The collection of data was done though focus groups, questionnaires, scheduled interviews, and observation. The results acquired from the analysed thesis of the study signify that the poverty alleviation projects are confronted with diverse challenges that impede their potential growth and long term viability. Key to these constraints are issues pertaining to lack of capacity from project members, lack of resources, lack of financial and project management skills.The study was useful in assessing the strategies so as to draw logical strength and wisdom to provide lasting solution to the problem facing poverty alleviation projects. At a broader scale, the future of these projects I guaranteed integrated approach , resource provision, capacity enhancement and shared understanding in conceptualization of poverty alleviation projects. The identified challenges can be resolved provided that, the Ngqushwa Municipalities and the Department of Social Development, as a champion of poverty alleviation of integrated developmental approach. This noble objective can be achieved if other government department, institutions and spheres are also committed to cause.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Seyisi, Sakhumzi Patrick
- Date: 2012
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11658 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007042
- Description: This study explored information about the strategies on communities to eradicate poverty through interactive process with relevant sources. An expedient sample of participants was drawn from strategic position that deal with poverty eradication in the area of Amathole District in Ngqushwa Local Municipality, Eastern Cape. The collection of data was done though focus groups, questionnaires, scheduled interviews, and observation. The results acquired from the analysed thesis of the study signify that the poverty alleviation projects are confronted with diverse challenges that impede their potential growth and long term viability. Key to these constraints are issues pertaining to lack of capacity from project members, lack of resources, lack of financial and project management skills.The study was useful in assessing the strategies so as to draw logical strength and wisdom to provide lasting solution to the problem facing poverty alleviation projects. At a broader scale, the future of these projects I guaranteed integrated approach , resource provision, capacity enhancement and shared understanding in conceptualization of poverty alleviation projects. The identified challenges can be resolved provided that, the Ngqushwa Municipalities and the Department of Social Development, as a champion of poverty alleviation of integrated developmental approach. This noble objective can be achieved if other government department, institutions and spheres are also committed to cause.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing the impacts of invasive non-native African sharptooth catfish Clarias Gariepinus
- Authors: Kadye, Wilbert Takawira
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Catfishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Biological invasions -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Biological invasions -- South Africa -- Sundays River Clarias gariepinus Freshwater ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5227 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005070
- Description: Invasive species are of particular concern as they have the potential to alter community structure and food web relationships within their invaded habitats. African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, a generalist predator, was introduced through an inter-basin water transfer scheme into the Great Fish and Sundays Rivers, Eastern Cape, South Africa, where it threatens the native riverine biota. This thesis assessed its impact from a trophic perspective. Patterns in catfish distribution and abundance revealed an upstream to downstream gradient that was associated with spatial distribution of most species within the mainstream, and a mainstream to tributary gradient that was associated with the spatial distribution of native minnows. The catfish was predicted to occur widely within the mainstem habitats and to decrease progressively along the mainstrem to tributary gradient with the physico-chemical environment being a good proxy for predicting both its occurrence and abundance. The results suggest the catfish proliferated within mainstem habitats where invasion resistance was possibly reduced due to alteration of flow. Population dynamics and size structuring of two native cyprinid minnows Pseudobarbus afer and Barbus anoplus, threatened by catfish, were examined within uninvaded headwater streams in relation to their proximate physical habitats. Their habitats were characterised by seasonal variation in physico-chemical conditions and a spatial variation in substrata compositions. No evidence of differences was found between seasons for density and capture probability for either species. The population size and density for P. afer was found to increase with increasing proportion of boulders. In comparison, B. anoplus population size and probability of capture increased with increasing proportion of bedrock and bank vegetation, respectively. Size structuring was explained predominantly by seasonality and habitat variables for P. afer and B. anoplus, respectively. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were used to compare the spatial variation in both the community-wide and catfish-specific niches and to estimate catfish prey sources from different habitats within the invaded systems. Aquatic community and catfish niches were statistically different among localities, suggesting that each locality had a distinct community-wide trophic structure. Dispersion metrics indicated no evidence of differences in the clustering among individuals, but provided evidence of differences in path trajectories for the comparisons of catfish populations that suggested dietary plasticity within different localities. Dietary studies revealed both ontogenetic shift and omnivory that suggested that catfish may exhibit less pronounced top-down effects within its invaded habitats. Manipulative experiments were used to test the response of benthic macroinvertebrates within two rivers that were differentially impacted by catfish as a presstype disturbance. Macroinvertebrates were non-responsive to catfish presence within a system where catfish had previously been established. In contrast, excluding catfish in this system indicated a response that suggested the importance of refuge within invaded habitats and the possible recovery pattern of certain macroinvertebrate taxa. By comparison, introduction of catfish within previously uninvaded localities provided evidence of direct catfish impact through elimination of conspicuous taxa. Acoustic telemetry was used to investigate catfish movement patterns within an invaded lentic habitat and provided evidence that habitat utilisation was non-random. The shallow and structured river mouth habitat, which was most utilised, was probably the most ideal for its breeding and feeding. This inferred potential overlap with native species and suggested the risk of predation and competitive interference. Catfish also exhibited both nocturnal and diurnal activity patterns that were probably related to feeding.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Kadye, Wilbert Takawira
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Catfishes -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape Biological invasions -- South Africa -- Great Fish River Biological invasions -- South Africa -- Sundays River Clarias gariepinus Freshwater ecology
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Doctoral , PhD
- Identifier: vital:5227 , http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005070
- Description: Invasive species are of particular concern as they have the potential to alter community structure and food web relationships within their invaded habitats. African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, a generalist predator, was introduced through an inter-basin water transfer scheme into the Great Fish and Sundays Rivers, Eastern Cape, South Africa, where it threatens the native riverine biota. This thesis assessed its impact from a trophic perspective. Patterns in catfish distribution and abundance revealed an upstream to downstream gradient that was associated with spatial distribution of most species within the mainstream, and a mainstream to tributary gradient that was associated with the spatial distribution of native minnows. The catfish was predicted to occur widely within the mainstem habitats and to decrease progressively along the mainstrem to tributary gradient with the physico-chemical environment being a good proxy for predicting both its occurrence and abundance. The results suggest the catfish proliferated within mainstem habitats where invasion resistance was possibly reduced due to alteration of flow. Population dynamics and size structuring of two native cyprinid minnows Pseudobarbus afer and Barbus anoplus, threatened by catfish, were examined within uninvaded headwater streams in relation to their proximate physical habitats. Their habitats were characterised by seasonal variation in physico-chemical conditions and a spatial variation in substrata compositions. No evidence of differences was found between seasons for density and capture probability for either species. The population size and density for P. afer was found to increase with increasing proportion of boulders. In comparison, B. anoplus population size and probability of capture increased with increasing proportion of bedrock and bank vegetation, respectively. Size structuring was explained predominantly by seasonality and habitat variables for P. afer and B. anoplus, respectively. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were used to compare the spatial variation in both the community-wide and catfish-specific niches and to estimate catfish prey sources from different habitats within the invaded systems. Aquatic community and catfish niches were statistically different among localities, suggesting that each locality had a distinct community-wide trophic structure. Dispersion metrics indicated no evidence of differences in the clustering among individuals, but provided evidence of differences in path trajectories for the comparisons of catfish populations that suggested dietary plasticity within different localities. Dietary studies revealed both ontogenetic shift and omnivory that suggested that catfish may exhibit less pronounced top-down effects within its invaded habitats. Manipulative experiments were used to test the response of benthic macroinvertebrates within two rivers that were differentially impacted by catfish as a presstype disturbance. Macroinvertebrates were non-responsive to catfish presence within a system where catfish had previously been established. In contrast, excluding catfish in this system indicated a response that suggested the importance of refuge within invaded habitats and the possible recovery pattern of certain macroinvertebrate taxa. By comparison, introduction of catfish within previously uninvaded localities provided evidence of direct catfish impact through elimination of conspicuous taxa. Acoustic telemetry was used to investigate catfish movement patterns within an invaded lentic habitat and provided evidence that habitat utilisation was non-random. The shallow and structured river mouth habitat, which was most utilised, was probably the most ideal for its breeding and feeding. This inferred potential overlap with native species and suggested the risk of predation and competitive interference. Catfish also exhibited both nocturnal and diurnal activity patterns that were probably related to feeding.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessing the role of cooperatives in poverty alleviation in the Eastern Cape: a the case of Amathole district municipality
- Authors: Vellem, Babalwa Faith
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Poverty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative societies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11669 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007113 , Poverty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative societies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The study Assess the role of Cooperatives in Poverty Alleviation in the Eastern Cape Case Study of Amathole District Municipality how cooperatives are conducted in the Amathole District Municipality and establishes the perceptions of staff and members of the public about the service rendered by the municipality, and developing the mechanisms that can be used to identify cooperatives activities and how to improve the services rendered by the municipality, and if there are any challenges, they must be resolved. The research was also to look at how the support from government and other government agencies are used to enhance the cooperatives governance. Lastly, the research was to find the best model for cooperative development and what needs to be done to enhance the capacity of the cooperatives. The literature indicates that staff must be equipped with necessary skills; however it is evident that training and development is essential for the members of the cooperative. Questionnaires and interviews were used as a method of collecting data from the respondents. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyse the data. The research assumption was that cooperative development is a viable tool for economic development of the rural areas. This can help many South Africans and many communities come out of poverty. However, there are limitations that were caused by the inability of government to co-ordinate cooperative development. Despite the role that cooperatives play in South Africa, cooperatives still experience a number of challenges. These challenges are, amongst others, lack of access to finance, lack of access to market, lack of business skills, lack of infrastructural facilities and lack of knowledge about the cooperative. In view of the challenges facing the cooperatives, the government instituted a number of state departments and parastatals for funding and other necessary support. These are DTI, DEDEA (in the Eastern Cape), ECDC, South African Development Agency (SEDA), Department of Labour and municipalities. The objectives of these support institutions are to provide necessary support needed by cooperatives and to ensure that cooperative development is sustainable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Vellem, Babalwa Faith
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Poverty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative societies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MPA
- Identifier: vital:11669 , http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007113 , Poverty -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Cooperative societies -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Human services -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- Training of -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Employees -- In-service training -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Community development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Economic development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape , Rural development -- South Africa -- Eastern Cape
- Description: The study Assess the role of Cooperatives in Poverty Alleviation in the Eastern Cape Case Study of Amathole District Municipality how cooperatives are conducted in the Amathole District Municipality and establishes the perceptions of staff and members of the public about the service rendered by the municipality, and developing the mechanisms that can be used to identify cooperatives activities and how to improve the services rendered by the municipality, and if there are any challenges, they must be resolved. The research was also to look at how the support from government and other government agencies are used to enhance the cooperatives governance. Lastly, the research was to find the best model for cooperative development and what needs to be done to enhance the capacity of the cooperatives. The literature indicates that staff must be equipped with necessary skills; however it is evident that training and development is essential for the members of the cooperative. Questionnaires and interviews were used as a method of collecting data from the respondents. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyse the data. The research assumption was that cooperative development is a viable tool for economic development of the rural areas. This can help many South Africans and many communities come out of poverty. However, there are limitations that were caused by the inability of government to co-ordinate cooperative development. Despite the role that cooperatives play in South Africa, cooperatives still experience a number of challenges. These challenges are, amongst others, lack of access to finance, lack of access to market, lack of business skills, lack of infrastructural facilities and lack of knowledge about the cooperative. In view of the challenges facing the cooperatives, the government instituted a number of state departments and parastatals for funding and other necessary support. These are DTI, DEDEA (in the Eastern Cape), ECDC, South African Development Agency (SEDA), Department of Labour and municipalities. The objectives of these support institutions are to provide necessary support needed by cooperatives and to ensure that cooperative development is sustainable.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
Assessment of microfinance efficacy on poverty reduction in Malawi with reference to Dedza District
- Authors: Mandala, O'Brien Mcniven
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Microfinance -- Malawi , Poverty -- Malawi , Economic assistance, Domestic Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8996 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011040 , Microfinance -- Malawi , Poverty -- Malawi , Economic assistance, Domestic Malawi
- Description: Over the past two decades, various development approaches and strategies have been devised by policymakers, international development agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and others aiming at poverty reduction in developing countries. Microfinance is a strategy that has become a hot development topic and increasingly popular since the early 1990s. A considerable amount of multi- and bilateral aid has been channeled into microfinance programs in the Third World with varying degrees of success. Microfinance involves providing financial services in the form of savings and credit opportunities to the working poor (Johnson & Rogaly, 1997). The impression left by many of the defenders of this ‘faith’ is that here lies a magic bullet that can help to raise the living standards of the poor and help them climb out of poverty. However, the real world is not so simple and information is scarce and limited to confirm the poverty reduction benefits accrued by microfinance interventions. To this effect, it may be argued that overselling the benefits of microfinance runs the risk of misunderstanding what realistically can be expected from microfinance. This can lead to disillusionment when microfinance fails to live up to its expectations. However, like all development interventions, donors, governments, and other interested parties demand evaluations and impact assessment studies to ascertain the achievements and failures of microfinance programs. This research paper focused on the assessment of microfinance efficacy on poverty reduction. The study employs indicator-based method of evaluation and draws on a new cross-sectional survey of nearly 610 households, some of which are served by microfinance institution. The results unraveled microfinance efficacy on poverty reduction and offer another set of risk management and coping options in times of shocks and disasters. Households that have access to the MFI programs had increased consumption and durable assets than the control group of non clients. The study concludes that microfinance makes a meaningful contribution to poverty reduction, significant improvements in livelihood and enables the participants to escape poverty. Therefore, MFI client households are relatively better off than non clients in as far as poverty levels are concerned.
- Full Text:
- Date Issued: 2012
- Authors: Mandala, O'Brien Mcniven
- Date: 2012
- Subjects: Microfinance -- Malawi , Poverty -- Malawi , Economic assistance, Domestic Malawi
- Language: English
- Type: Thesis , Masters , MA
- Identifier: vital:8996 , http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011040 , Microfinance -- Malawi , Poverty -- Malawi , Economic assistance, Domestic Malawi
- Description: Over the past two decades, various development approaches and strategies have been devised by policymakers, international development agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and others aiming at poverty reduction in developing countries. Microfinance is a strategy that has become a hot development topic and increasingly popular since the early 1990s. A considerable amount of multi- and bilateral aid has been channeled into microfinance programs in the Third World with varying degrees of success. Microfinance involves providing financial services in the form of savings and credit opportunities to the working poor (Johnson & Rogaly, 1997). The impression left by many of the defenders of this ‘faith’ is that here lies a magic bullet that can help to raise the living standards of the poor and help them climb out of poverty. However, the real world is not so simple and information is scarce and limited to confirm the poverty reduction benefits accrued by microfinance interventions. To this effect, it may be argued that overselling the benefits of microfinance runs the risk of misunderstanding what realistically can be expected from microfinance. This can lead to disillusionment when microfinance fails to live up to its expectations. However, like all development interventions, donors, governments, and other interested parties demand evaluations and impact assessment studies to ascertain the achievements and failures of microfinance programs. This research paper focused on the assessment of microfinance efficacy on poverty reduction. The study employs indicator-based method of evaluation and draws on a new cross-sectional survey of nearly 610 households, some of which are served by microfinance institution. The results unraveled microfinance efficacy on poverty reduction and offer another set of risk management and coping options in times of shocks and disasters. Households that have access to the MFI programs had increased consumption and durable assets than the control group of non clients. The study concludes that microfinance makes a meaningful contribution to poverty reduction, significant improvements in livelihood and enables the participants to escape poverty. Therefore, MFI client households are relatively better off than non clients in as far as poverty levels are concerned.
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- Date Issued: 2012