https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3274 Wed 26 Oct 2022 16:16:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27069 Wed 13 Mar 2024 09:44:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1330 Wed 12 May 2021 23:43:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27041 Wed 12 May 2021 23:25:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4164 Wed 12 May 2021 23:22:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28252 Wed 12 May 2021 22:42:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31965 Wed 12 May 2021 22:25:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27778 Wed 12 May 2021 20:58:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38669 Wed 12 May 2021 20:55:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29809 Wed 12 May 2021 20:19:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2061 Wed 12 May 2021 20:13:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28244 Wed 12 May 2021 20:12:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27135 Wed 12 May 2021 19:53:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28085 Wed 12 May 2021 19:51:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:923 Wed 12 May 2021 19:49:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30707 Wed 12 May 2021 19:37:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20037 Wed 12 May 2021 19:35:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26734 Wed 12 May 2021 19:34:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28238 Wed 12 May 2021 19:31:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27158 Wed 12 May 2021 19:29:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39680 Wed 12 May 2021 19:18:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19983 Wed 12 May 2021 19:17:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27053 Wed 12 May 2021 19:14:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26370 Wed 12 May 2021 19:14:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20002 Wed 12 May 2021 18:53:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20004 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19961 Wed 12 May 2021 18:47:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27051 Wed 12 May 2021 18:18:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27554 Wed 12 May 2021 18:18:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5959 Wed 12 May 2021 18:12:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19975 Wed 12 May 2021 17:58:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:23830 Wed 12 May 2021 17:55:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2076 Wed 12 May 2021 17:34:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28056 Wed 12 May 2021 17:32:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:25017 Wed 12 May 2021 17:29:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3410 Wed 12 May 2021 17:11:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27754 Wed 12 May 2021 17:11:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30780 Wed 12 May 2021 17:08:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2165 Wed 12 May 2021 17:04:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26936 Wed 12 May 2021 16:43:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29430 Wed 12 May 2021 16:39:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5960 Wed 12 May 2021 16:38:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27137 Wed 12 May 2021 16:30:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27753 Wed 12 May 2021 16:28:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26564 1 (indicating autochthony). In addition to the tracer and FFG analyses for examining trophic connections between land and river, the bidirectional exchange of organisms between the riparian zone and the river was assessed using floating pyramidal traps (to measure emergence) and pan traps (for infalling invertebrates) placed at different sites in the river and the biomass in each trap was determined. The exchanges were variable over space and time, with emergence peaking in summer (169 to 1402 mg m-2 day-1) and declining in winter (3 to 28 mg m-2 day-1). Similarly, infalling invertebrates increased in summer (413 to 679 mg m-2 day-1) and declined in winter (11 to 220 mg m-2 day-1). Biomass measurements are indications of quantity that ignore nutritional quality, so I determined the bidirectional flow of invertebrates using absolute concentrations of physiologically important biochemical compounds (essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids). The fluxes of emergent and infalling arthropods peaked in summer (emergence = 0.3 to 18 mg m-2 day-1 and terrestrial infall = 0.3 to 3 mg m-2 day-1) and declined in winter (emergence = 0.01 to 0.51 mg m-2 day-1 and terrestrial infall = 0.01 to 0.03 mg m-2 day-1). However, during some seasons, no significant differences in polyunsaturated fatty acid flux in either direction were observed; this finding indicated the balance of reciprocal subsidisation via reciprocal flows of animals. Factors such as air temperature and algal productivity affected the reciprocal flows between adjacent habitats, with algal productivity being positively related to emergence while air temperature was positively correlated to infalling terrestrial invertebrates. This research enhances the growing body of literature on the function of riverine systems and offers some invaluable information on the flow of energy and the role played by invertebrates in translocating nutrients from terrestrial systems to aquatic systems and vice versa. This study unifies the concepts of the RCC and RPM and shows that these concepts are not limited only to large rivers, but are applicable to small southern temperate rivers too. However, some tenets of the theoretical models were challenged. For example, it challenges the proposition by the RCC that the fine particulate organic matter leaked from upstream breakdown of coarse particulate organic matter is predominantly allochthonous. Additionally, this study showed that in the headwaters, the RPM underestimated the role of autochthony. Overall, the results showed that the Kowie River and its riparian area are intrinsically connected. Once we understand the mechanisms controlling connections and subsidies across ecotones, we can then start to predict the consequences of disruptions to these connections by climate change and/or land use changes. To make predictions about future perturbations to rivers and riparian zones, studies like this, which considers the form and magnitude of subsidies, are needed to provide baseline information. Algal resources (e.g. epiphyton), macrophytes, riparian plants, terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms all contributed to aquatic and terrestrial linkages in the Kowie River; therefore, it is important to conserve the different components of these ecosystems.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 16:03:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27104 Wed 12 May 2021 16:01:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27748 Wed 12 May 2021 15:55:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40400 0.05) in the physico-chemical characteristics of beef, game meat and ostrich droëwors; containing on average 25.8 ± 1.25 g/100 g moisture, 42.0 ± 0.10 g/100 g protein, 32.0 ± 1.68 g/100 g fat, 6.2 ± 0.13 g/100 g ash and 4.2 ± 0.10 g/100 g salt; with aw and pH of 0.79 ± 0.015 and 5.3 ± 0.05, respectively. During processing and storage, TBARS were higher (P < 0.05) in pork droëwors (maximum 3.83 mg MDA/kg DM) than in beef (maximum 0.99 mg MDA/kg DM). Moringa oleifera leaf powder contained high levels of TPC (7.5 ± 0.2 mg gallic acid eq/g) and substantial levels of α-tocopherol (76.7 ± 1.9 mg/100 g) and β-carotene (23.2 ± 2.8 mg/100 g). The FRAP, α-tocopherol and β-carotene content of pork droëwors increased (P < 0.05) proportionally with increasing levels of MLP inclusion. Lipid oxidation occurred more rapidly (P < 0.05) when MLP was not added and was similar (P > 0.05) for all MLP treatments. There was no significant effect of the inclusion of 0.75 g/100 g MLP on the drying curves and physico-chemical characteristics of the droëwors. The α-tocopherol content was higher (P < 0.05) and TBARS during storage were lower (P > 0.05) with MLP addition. The results of the current study give an overview of the composition of commercial droëwors and showed higher susceptibility to lipid oxidation in pork droëwors. Moringa oleifera leaf powder exhibited antioxidant activity in pork droëwors, inhibited lipid oxidation and increased the content of α-tocopherol in the product. It can be concluded that MLP could be used as a functional antioxidant additive in pork droëwors.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 13:54:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19964 Tue 15 Aug 2023 16:14:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19995 Tue 15 Aug 2023 11:32:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2080 Tue 10 Oct 2023 09:16:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5389 Thu 29 Sep 2022 14:19:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19994 Thu 13 May 2021 14:49:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20677 Thu 13 May 2021 13:21:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4565 Thu 13 May 2021 12:41:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28423 Thu 13 May 2021 10:40:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2332 Thu 13 May 2021 08:51:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1335 Thu 13 May 2021 08:46:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30708 Thu 13 May 2021 08:08:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26960 Thu 13 May 2021 07:38:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:24530 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3553 Thu 13 May 2021 07:35:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26968 _D 2 suffciently large, a non-constant positive solution is generated, that is, stationary patterns emerge, depicting dispersal of species. Predators were observed to occupy habitats surrounding prey. However, super-predators were observed to alternate their habitats, from staying away from prey to invading prey habitat. In the investigation, strategies to determine ways in which the predator species could be saved from extinction and its population improved were devised, and these included isolation of the predator from the super-predator.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 07:24:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20913 Thu 13 May 2021 07:13:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3409 Thu 13 May 2021 07:07:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26925 Thu 13 May 2021 06:52:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20441 Thu 13 May 2021 06:50:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20006 Thu 13 May 2021 06:38:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27445 Thu 13 May 2021 06:29:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2079 Thu 13 May 2021 06:19:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19958 Thu 13 May 2021 06:16:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19978 Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19970 Thu 13 May 2021 05:51:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2125 Thu 13 May 2021 05:39:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27153 Thu 13 May 2021 04:53:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19973 Thu 13 May 2021 04:49:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39625 Thu 13 May 2021 04:30:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4561 Thu 13 May 2021 04:25:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39194 Thu 13 May 2021 03:45:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19972 Thu 13 May 2021 03:43:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27052 Thu 13 May 2021 03:41:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35005 Thu 13 May 2021 03:34:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28324 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 03:34:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28629 Thu 13 May 2021 03:31:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21162 Thu 13 May 2021 03:15:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28074 Thu 13 May 2021 02:52:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20806 Thu 13 May 2021 02:38:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:21319 Thu 13 May 2021 02:33:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27106 Thu 13 May 2021 02:00:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5385 Thu 13 May 2021 01:52:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26565 Thu 13 May 2021 01:45:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19977 Thu 13 May 2021 01:35:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27003 Thu 13 May 2021 01:01:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:2069 Thu 13 May 2021 00:57:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3407 Thu 13 May 2021 00:12:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27002 Thu 13 May 2021 00:01:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20005 Thu 13 Jul 2023 12:28:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19965 Sat 09 Sep 2023 09:32:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27054 Fri 15 Mar 2024 12:04:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:19947 Fri 06 Aug 2021 11:40:35 SAST ]]>