https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index en-us 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34262 0.05) conception rate following oestrous synchronisation and timed artificial insemination. However, conception rate was not independent (P < 0.05) of provinces, body condition score and body frame size. Cows in KwaZulu-Natal (66 percent) had significantly higher (P < 0.05) conception rates than those in Limpopo (44 percent) and Mpumalanga (60 percent). Cows of body condition score of ≥ 3.5 (72 percent) had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) conception rate than those of body condition score of ≤ 2.5 (66 percent) and 3 (48 percent). Large (82 percent) framed cows had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) conception rate than small (49 percent) and medium (55 percent) framed cows. Cows in Mpumalanga had more chances to conceive than those of Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal with odds ratio of 0.605 and 0.863, respectively. Cows in KwaZulu-Natal were in much better body conditions than those from the other two provinces. Cows of body condition score of ≥ 3.5 had more chances to conceive than those of body condition score of ≤ 2.5 and 3 with odds ratio of 0.592 and 0.388, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The study recorded a 100 percent calf survival rate following synchronisation and timed artificial insemination. The breed type, parity, age frame size and lactation status did not significantly influence calving response following oestrous synchronisation and timed artificial insemination (P > 0.05). However, calving rate was not independent of provinces, districts and body condition score (P < 0.05). Calving rate in Mpumalanga (58 percent) and KwaZulu-Natal (54 percent) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that recorded in Limpopo Province (36 percent). Calving rate of Gert Sibande (61 percent) and Ehlanzeni (50 percent) districts in Mpumalanga and Zululand (50 percent) and Harry Gwala (61 percent) in KwaZulu-Natal was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the Capricorn (32 percent), Mopani (23 percent and Waterberg (30 percent) in Limpopo Province with the exception of Vhembe (44 percent). Cows with body condition score of ≤ 2.5 (60 percent) had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) calving rate than those with a body condition score of 3 (43 percent). Cows in Mpumalanga had more chances to calve than those in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal with odds ratio of 0.076 and 0.537, respectively. Additionally, quantitative data was collected through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data collected was managed and coded into themes using the Nvivo Version 11 software programme. Themes and issues that emerged were analysed and interpreted using critical social thinking and systems thinking. The results of the study revealed many factors that could compromise the implementation and adoption of ARTs in the study areas. The general feeling amongst cattle farmers interviewed was that government should address these challenges. A shortage of bulls was the main cause of the low cattle reproduction rate. The Nguni breed type cattle was perceived as the ideal cattle breed for rural areas by respondents. Oestrous synchronisation and artificial insemination can be applied under communal and emerging farming systems with success. From the study results, breeding with small framed animals such as the Nguni type breed under communal and emerging farming systems makes a lot of sense because the breed is known for its low feed maintenance requirement. Furthermore, cattle stakeholders should co-operate and work together to address many of the constraints facing cattle productivity and the implementation and adoption of ARTs in rural areas.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 23:37:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34820 Wed 12 May 2021 23:22:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34357 Wed 12 May 2021 23:13:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39102 Wed 12 May 2021 22:58:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34794 Wed 12 May 2021 22:23:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34348 Wed 12 May 2021 20:55:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39437 Wed 12 May 2021 20:13:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34792 Wed 12 May 2021 19:59:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34350 Wed 12 May 2021 19:59:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35478 Wed 12 May 2021 19:51:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35285 Wed 12 May 2021 19:43:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34256 Wed 12 May 2021 19:29:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32836 Wed 12 May 2021 19:18:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35667 Wed 12 May 2021 19:16:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34818 Wed 12 May 2021 19:13:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34823 Wed 12 May 2021 19:07:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34912 Wed 12 May 2021 18:54:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35346 Wed 12 May 2021 18:50:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37612 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39193 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35969 Wed 12 May 2021 18:20:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34356 Wed 12 May 2021 18:17:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34362 Wed 12 May 2021 18:17:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34283 Wed 12 May 2021 17:58:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39709 Wed 12 May 2021 17:56:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39686 Wed 12 May 2021 17:48:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34316 Wed 12 May 2021 17:37:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34181 Wed 12 May 2021 17:37:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39728 Wed 12 May 2021 17:36:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35334 Wed 12 May 2021 17:25:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31485 Wed 12 May 2021 17:09:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34339 Wed 12 May 2021 16:35:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34272 Wed 12 May 2021 16:28:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34354 Wed 12 May 2021 16:27:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34891 Wed 12 May 2021 16:23:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37027 Wed 12 May 2021 16:12:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34320 Wed 12 May 2021 15:48:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35293 Wed 12 May 2021 15:47:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41295 Wed 12 May 2021 15:09:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40506 Wed 12 May 2021 15:06:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40410 Wed 12 May 2021 14:48:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41197 pan-frying in olive oil > grilled samples > boiling for best cooked product based on overall acceptability. Grilling and frying heart muscles resulted in the highest Ca (45.9 mg/kg) and Mg (98.9 mg/kg), whereas boiling led to the lowest Ca (41.1 mg/kg) and Mg (91.4 mg/kg) concentration. The highest concentrations of Fe and Zn these minerals were recorded in grilled (32.7 mg/kg) and fried samples (75.2 mg/kg). Zinc and Fe concentration observed in liver and heart muscles were higher than those found in breast and leg muscle. In conclusion, the results confirm the potential of MOLP for use as an alternative to antibiotics in maintaining broiler health, reducing mortalities and improving carcass characteristics and some meat quality traits.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:33:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40472 Wed 12 May 2021 14:29:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40961 Wed 12 May 2021 14:28:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40408 Wed 12 May 2021 14:27:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41363 Wed 12 May 2021 14:25:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40407 0.05). More than half of the respondents (52percent) strongly believe such negative portrayals may erode the cultural identity of black South Africans, 68.6% were of the opinion that Generations: The Legacy gives preference to western culture as against South African tribal culture. The findings further showed that the African values and traditions represented in Generations: The Legacy do not significantly reflect the South African tribal tradition and values (p-value > 0.05). In the few occasions that African traditional values are represented Generations: The Legacy, they tend to be portrayed as old fashioned (p-value > 0.05), and inferior and backward (p-value > 0.05). In addition, the findings indicate that Generations: The Legacy is a vehicle for promoting dominant culture. Nearly, 59percent of the respondents stated that watching Generations: The Legacy affect the way they view South African tribal culture, while 59.1percent indicated that watching Generations: The Legacy has somehow affected their perception of their own cultural identity. In all, participants rated the representation of South African tribal culture as poor. The study concludes that while South African tribal culture is increasingly finding expression on mainstream soap opera, tribal South African values and beliefs are often depicted as old-fashioned, and inimical to modernisation, and individual’s freedom.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:24:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40781 Wed 12 May 2021 14:21:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40483 Wed 12 May 2021 14:19:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40414 Wed 12 May 2021 14:14:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40193 Wed 12 May 2021 13:57:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40189 Wed 12 May 2021 13:56:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40191 Wed 12 May 2021 13:50:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41624 Wed 12 May 2021 13:48:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40566 Wed 12 May 2021 13:45:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29346 Tue 07 May 2024 09:37:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35651 Tue 07 May 2024 09:23:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35609 Thu 13 May 2021 16:46:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34363 Thu 13 May 2021 13:46:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33672 Thu 13 May 2021 07:43:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32853 Thu 13 May 2021 07:27:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39291 Thu 13 May 2021 06:57:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39297 Thu 13 May 2021 06:42:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39714 Thu 13 May 2021 06:27:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35497 0.05), (R=0.09; R2=.005; P < 0.05). This study therefore, recommended that parental involvement should be beefed up especially in areas of communication and family structure, by both the parents and teachers in order to enhance learners’ academic achievement in Mathematics.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:20:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34346 Thu 13 May 2021 06:19:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39843 Thu 13 May 2021 06:15:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34333 Thu 13 May 2021 06:15:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39100 0.05) between the three land management systems. Woody plant density of height classes were significantly different (P < 0.05) between three land management systems. The abundance of seedlings, saplings and young shrubs were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the ranch than the game reserve and communal area. The mature trees had a significantly greater density (P < 0.05) in the game reserve than the ranch and communal area. Soil analysis results showed that Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Manganese (Mn) and Copper (Cu) had similar (P > 0.05) concentrations in soils obtained from all land management systems in both seasons. Soil Calcium (Ca) levels showed differences between land management systems in winter only being greater (P < 0.001) in the game reserve than the ranch and the communal lands. Soil Phosphorus (P) and Iron (Fe) also showed variations between land management systems in winter being significantly greater (P < 0.001) in the ranch than the other land management systems. The concentration of soil K differed between the two seasons in soils collected from the ranch and the communal lands, being greater (P < 0.001) in winter than summer seasons. Soil Zinc (Zn) also showed differences between land management systems in summer being greater (P < 0.001) in the game reserve than in the ranch and communal land. Seasonal variations were observed in soil P level of samples collected from the ranch being greater (P < 0.001) in winter than summer season. The concentration of soil Zn was higher (P < 0.001) in the soil collected from the game reserve and the ranch in summer than winter season. Woody forage analysis results showed that browse samples harvested from the ranch had greater (P < 0.001) Nitrogen (N) level than the other land management systems in both seasons. The browse samples harvested from the game reserve had greater (P < 0.001) Ca level than the other land management systems in winter season only. The level of P showed variations (P < 0.05) between land management systems in samples harvested during winter only being greater (P < 0.001) in samples from the ranch than the other land management systems. Similarly, browse harvested during winter showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in K levels being lowest in samples collected from game reserves, where the Ca level was greatest. Browse samples collected from the communal land and the ranch had the lowest Mg levels in summer and winter seasons, respectively. In all management systems, browse harvested during summer had greater (P < 0.001) N and P levels than those harvested in winter, and the reverse holds true for K and Ca levels. Browse samples harvested during winter had greater (P < 0.001) Mn levels in samples from the communal area and game reserve than the ranch, but in summer, the game reserve had higher Mn level than the other two sites. Browse samples harvested during winter only showed differences (P < 0.05) in Cu and Zn levels being greatest (P < 0.001) in samples collected from ranch and game reserves. In all management systems, browse samples harvested during winter had greater (P < 0.001) Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu (except for the game reserve and communal land) levels than those harvested in summer. Herbaceous analysis results showed that samples harvested in summer from the game reserve and ranch had greater (P < 0.001) TOC levels than the communal area, but in winter, samples from the game reserve and ranch had similar TOC levels, except for communal areas that had no herbaceous vegetation. Herbaceous samples harvested in winter from the ranch had greater (P < 0.001) TN levels than the game reserve, and that made the C:N ratio higher (P < 0.001) in the game reserve. Woody foliar samples harvested in winter from the game reserve and communal lands had greater (P < 0.001) TOC than the ranch. Values on C:N ratio showed that in winter, the communal and ranch had greater (P < 0.001) C:N than the game reserve, but in summer, the ranch had higher (P < 0.001) C:N than the game reserve and communal area. The vegetation TOC (kg ha-1) showed the order of the game reserve > ranch > communal area and the trend was similar in both seasons. In summer, the game reserve had the greatest (P < 0.001) TN (kg ha-1) followed by the ranch and the lowest in the communal area, but in winter the game reserve and ranch had similar and higher (P < 0.001) TN (kg ha-1) than the communal areas. In summer, both the game reserve and ranch recorded greater (P < 0.001) herbaceous δ13C and lowest δ15N than the communal area, but in winter, the game reserve had higher (P < 0.001) δ13C than the ranch, though both the game reserve and ranch had similar (P > 0.001) δ15N values. In summer, both the communal and ranch had slightly higher (P < 0.001) woody foliar δ13C than the game reserve, but in winter the ranch had greater (P < 0.001) δ13C than game reserve and communal areas. Woody foliar samples harvested from the ranch showed variations (P < 0.05) in δ15N between seasons being higher (P < 0.001) in summer than winter. The TOC was greatest in summer, in soils collected from the game reserve followed by the ranch and least in the communal land, but in winter, the lowest TOC was recorded in soils collected from the ranch. The soil C:N ratio varied between land management systems in soils collected during summer only being greater (P < 0.001) in the game and ranch than the communal area. The soil TOC (kg ha-1) and TN (kg ha-1) did not show (P > 0.05) differences between land management systems. Soil δ13C level was remarkably (P < 0.05) affected by land management systems, but did not interact with seasons. In both seasons, the communal land had slightly higher (P < 0.001) δ13C level than the other two land management systems. In both seasons, δ15N levels showed great differences (P < 0.001) between land management systems, with highest soil δ15N levels observed in the communal area than the ranch and game reserve. Results on social survey showed that the majority of the interviewed households in Omaandi (63percent), Oshitutuma (53percent) and Epukunoyana (50percent) were female headed families and the remaining were male headed. The mean population of goats and cattle were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Omaandi and Epukunoyana than in Oshitutuma village, respectively. In this study, household respondents in all villages indicated that all livestock species were primarily kept for wealth status and provision of meat for consumption. Respondents in all villages also indicated that lack of grazing lands and shortage of feed were the primary constraints of livestock production followed by water scarcity and recurring droughts. Elder respondents in all villages perceived overgrazing and climate change as the primary cause of rangeland degradation. Elder interviewees in Omaandi and Oshitutuma villages regarded low grass cover and dominance of poor quality grass (Epukunoyana only) as the primary vegetation indicators of rangeland degradation. The animal related indicators such as stunted animal body as a result of mineral deficiency, high livestock mortality, emaciated body and animals traveling long distance for grazing and water (Oshitutuma only) were regarded in all villages as the primary livestock related indicators of rangeland degradation. Elders from Epukunoyana village ranked low rainfall, high soil and atmospheric temperatures as the primary climate related indicators of rangeland degradation, although in Omaandi and Oshitutuma, high soil and atmospheric temperatures were considered as the primary climate related indicators of rangeland degradation. Based on the findings, this study concludes that land management systems had great influences on the distribution and production of herbaceous and woody vegetation in summer and winter seasons. This study also observed that land management systems interacted strongly with season to influence most vegetation and soil variables. Lastly, based on the study findings, the study concludes that all three communal rangelands are degraded and degradation led to a gradual declining trend in the livestock population over the past 10 to 20 years in the communal areas as a result of feed shortage.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:09:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:37015 Thu 13 May 2021 06:02:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34814 0.05). The study revealed that the most prevalent transborder trading activities like smuggling of used tyres, small firearms and fairly used clothes had negative influence on students’ academic performance. Based on these findings, discussions were focused on the involvement of students in trans-border trading activities and the location of schools, amongst others, which has no significant influence on students’ academic performance. However, it was recommended that schools should not be located near border areas in future.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:02:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35215 0.05). This study recommends that it is imperative for the Nigerian government to make more efforts with the provision of adequate rehabilitation programmes and facilities in the two correctional centres and correctional centres across the country as an exploration of existing literature reveals that most correctional centres in Nigeria lacked basic facilities for inmate rehabilitation as inmates were idle during incarceration.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 05:54:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35146 Thu 13 May 2021 05:52:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35208 Thu 13 May 2021 05:46:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34813 Thu 13 May 2021 05:24:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33673 Thu 13 May 2021 04:51:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39406 Thu 13 May 2021 04:50:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34355 Thu 13 May 2021 04:47:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35307 Thu 13 May 2021 04:09:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34812 Thu 13 May 2021 03:57:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32838 Thu 13 May 2021 03:55:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34810 Thu 13 May 2021 03:16:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34302 Thu 13 May 2021 03:00:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34269 Thu 13 May 2021 02:40:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39690 Thu 13 May 2021 02:35:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36128 Thu 13 May 2021 02:02:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35825 Thu 13 May 2021 00:45:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34175 Thu 13 May 2021 00:45:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32795 Thu 13 May 2021 00:27:37 SAST ]]>