https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11848 Wed 12 May 2021 23:47:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11411 Wed 12 May 2021 23:42:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30924 Wed 12 May 2021 23:39:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11378 Wed 12 May 2021 23:31:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11875 Wed 12 May 2021 23:01:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11384 Wed 12 May 2021 23:00:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11110 Wed 12 May 2021 22:44:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16157 Wed 12 May 2021 22:43:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11588 Wed 12 May 2021 22:41:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11535 Wed 12 May 2021 22:37:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11164 Wed 12 May 2021 22:19:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11547 Wed 12 May 2021 22:17:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11455 Wed 12 May 2021 20:27:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11512 Wed 12 May 2021 20:21:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:26546 Wed 12 May 2021 20:06:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11593 Wed 12 May 2021 20:04:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11935 Wed 12 May 2021 19:18:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11546 Wed 12 May 2021 19:16:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11251 Wed 12 May 2021 19:12:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11316 Wed 12 May 2021 18:54:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11878 Wed 12 May 2021 18:45:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11902 Wed 12 May 2021 18:28:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11302 Wed 12 May 2021 18:20:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11570 Wed 12 May 2021 17:54:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11379 Wed 12 May 2021 17:50:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11135 Wed 12 May 2021 17:42:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11161 Wed 12 May 2021 17:28:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11165 Wed 12 May 2021 16:46:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11608 Wed 12 May 2021 16:43:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11901 Wed 12 May 2021 16:35:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11413 Wed 12 May 2021 16:24:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11606 Wed 12 May 2021 16:13:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11936 Wed 12 May 2021 15:58:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11959 Wed 12 May 2021 15:46:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11813 0.05). Milk was utilised as both fresh and sour. Fresh milk was utilised with tea/coffee and porridge. Excess fresh milk was utilised to feed pets (mostly cats and puppies). The puppies were fed on mostly whey, and, at times, on fresh milk. Sour milk was utilised to prepare of umvubo (a mixture of sour milk and scrambled porridge (umphokoqo) or a mixture of sour milk and bread). In some cases, excess milk was given to neighbours as a form of social investment and fame. The quality of milk from Nguni and crossbred cows was compared in the fourth trial. Milk samples were evaluated for quality in early (February), mid (April) and late (June) lactation in 2009. The essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and fatty acids were determined. Nguni milk had higher amino acids and fatty acids concentration than crossbreds (P<0.05). Nguni milk had higher arginine levels in the early and mid lactation periods compared to crossbred cows (P<0.05). Nguni milk had higher methionine and threonine levels than crossbred cows (P<0.05). Methionine levels in Nguni were 0.15, 0.19 and 0.18 in early, mid and late lactation while crossbred had 0.05, 0.05 and 0.06 (g/100ml), respectively. There were significant interactions between lactation stage and genotype for lysine levels with Nguni milk having higher (P<0.05) lysine levels in the mid and late lactation periods. Nguni cows had higher tyrosine, glycine and proline levels than crossbred cows (P<0.05). In the early lactation, Nguni cows had higher serine levels than crossbred cows (P<0.05). In mid lactation crossbred cows had higher serine levels than Nguni cows (P<0.05). There were significant differences between genotypes on fatty acid composition. Nguni milk had higher C12:0 levels than crossbreds (P<0.05). However, milk from crossbred cows had higher C14:0 levels than that for Nguni cows (P<0.05) and also had higher levels of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids compared to Nguni cows. Crossbred milk had higher levels of C18n1n9t in early lactation period than Nguni and decreased as the stage of lactation progressed (P<0.05). In the early lactation, the levels of C18n1nC in Nguni milk were higher (P<0.05) than in late lactation. In the mid and late lactation, crossbred cows milk had higher C18n1nC levels than in early lactation (P<0.05). Lactation stage and genotype affected saturated fatty, monounsaturated fatty acids, cis-fatty acids and omega 3 (n-3) to omega 6 (n-6). In general, Nguni milk had higher mineral composition than crossbred milk (P<0.05). In conclusion, Nguni calves performed better than crossbred calves under communal rangelands. There is a need for crossing Nguni cows with dairy breeds in commercial dairying by smalhoder farmers as a strategy for improving both milk quality and quantity.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 15:43:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:64475 Tue 23 May 2023 10:26:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16162 Tue 07 May 2024 11:18:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:62600 Thu 16 Mar 2023 12:40:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11519 Thu 13 May 2021 16:37:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11361 Thu 13 May 2021 08:06:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11591 Thu 13 May 2021 07:38:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11318 Thu 13 May 2021 06:58:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11629 Thu 13 May 2021 06:53:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11937 Thu 13 May 2021 06:41:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11802 0.05). Regarding that ethnoveterinary materials were non irritant on rat skin in vitro repellency and contact bio-assay models were used to assess the insecticidal properties of Tagetes minuta, Calpurnia aurea, Clutia pulchella, used engine oil, paraffin and Jeyes fluid on fleas. For the in vitro bioassay T. minuta and Jeyes fluid at 100% concentration demonstrated a repellency level of 76 and 83%, respectively. Tagetes minuta was the most effective among plant materials (p<0.05). Clutia pulchella, C. aurea, used engine oil and paraffin showed insignificant repellency (p>0.05). For the contact bio-assay, C. pulchella, C. aurea and T. minuta at a concentration of 100% resulted in flea mortality of 83.5, 73.3 and 42.5%, respectively. The efficacy of Clutia pulchella compared well with that of Karbadust which had a mean mortality of 97.5%. Paraffin, used engine oil, and Jeyes fluid (19.2%) caused higher flea mortality of more than 82%. In the in vivo study 60 free-range chickens were artificially infested with fleas and test materials were topically applied on infested sites. Test materials exhibited varying flea load reduction efficacy. Used engine oil and Jeyes fluid at 76.8% concentration had a reduction efficacy of 100 and 96% after 3 days post application of test materials. These were not significantly different to that of the positive control Kabadust (carbaryl 5%). The plants C. pulchella and C aurea at 100% concentration had an efficacy of 92 and 77%, respectively. The commonly used remedies by resource-limited farmers to control fleas vary in efficacy. Some of the materials are as effective as the commercial insecticides hence they have a potential to be exploited as insecticides. Further investigations on plant compounds with insecticidal properties and their toxicity, need to be conducted before the plants are recommended for use.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:34:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11417 Thu 13 May 2021 05:32:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11190 Thu 13 May 2021 05:17:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11857 Thu 13 May 2021 05:16:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11756 Thu 13 May 2021 05:14:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11858 Thu 13 May 2021 05:11:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11648 Thu 13 May 2021 04:46:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11186 Thu 13 May 2021 04:41:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16163 Thu 13 May 2021 04:26:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11169 Thu 13 May 2021 04:20:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11641 Thu 13 May 2021 04:12:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11569 Thu 13 May 2021 03:57:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11189 Thu 13 May 2021 03:56:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11967 Thu 13 May 2021 03:51:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11607 Thu 13 May 2021 02:51:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11513 Thu 13 May 2021 02:37:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11130 Thu 13 May 2021 02:29:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11317 Thu 13 May 2021 02:16:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11938 Thu 13 May 2021 02:02:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11548 Thu 13 May 2021 01:59:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11377 Thu 13 May 2021 01:51:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11811 0.05) on foraging activities among the goat breeds. Grewia occidentalis, Panicum maximum and Diospyros lycioides were the most preferred plant species by all genotypes across seasons in the paddock. It was concluded that crossbreds spent more time grazing as compared to XLE, which are more of browsers. It could, therefore, be recommended that XLE complement with grazers (cattle and sheep) for efficient management of feed resources in rangelands.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 01:50:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11415 Thu 13 May 2021 01:50:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11098 Thu 13 May 2021 01:43:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11134 Thu 13 May 2021 01:19:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16165 Thu 13 May 2021 01:17:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11153 Thu 13 May 2021 01:17:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11521 Thu 13 May 2021 00:57:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11883 Thu 13 May 2021 00:48:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11757 Thu 13 May 2021 00:44:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11634 Thu 13 May 2021 00:37:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11453 Thu 13 May 2021 00:30:11 SAST ]]>