https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16206 Wed 12 May 2021 23:49:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11816 Wed 12 May 2021 23:42:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11789 Wed 12 May 2021 23:15:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11304 Wed 12 May 2021 23:12:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11246 Wed 12 May 2021 23:04:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11510 Wed 12 May 2021 22:57:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16164 Wed 12 May 2021 22:57:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11631 Wed 12 May 2021 22:50:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11097 Wed 12 May 2021 22:44:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11962 Wed 12 May 2021 21:04:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11419 Wed 12 May 2021 21:04:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11817 Wed 12 May 2021 21:01:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11544 Wed 12 May 2021 21:00:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11622 Wed 12 May 2021 20:32:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11131 Wed 12 May 2021 20:18:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11179 Wed 12 May 2021 20:15:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11176 Wed 12 May 2021 20:02:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11315 Wed 12 May 2021 19:59:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11390 Wed 12 May 2021 19:54:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11264 Wed 12 May 2021 19:50:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11788 Wed 12 May 2021 19:43:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36450 Wed 12 May 2021 19:32:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11268 5 mg/ml for all the extracts. Average log reductions in viable cell counts for all the extracts ranged between 0.1 Log10 and 7.5 Log10 cfu/ml after 12 h interaction at 1 × MIC and 2 × MIC. Most of the extracts were rapidly bactericidal at 2 × MIC achieving a complete elimination of most of the test organisms within 12 h exposure time. The effect of combinations of the crude extracts of H. pedunculatum leaves and eight antibiotics was investigated by means of checkerboard and time-kill methods. In the checkerboard method, synergies of between 45.83-56.81 percent were observed and this is independent of Gram reaction, with combinations in the aqueous extract yielding largely antagonistic interactions (18.75 percent). The time kill assay also detected synergy that is independent of Gram reaction with a ≥ 3Log10 potentiation of the bactericidal activity of the test antibiotics. We conclude that the crude leaf extracts of H. pedunculatum could be potential source of broad spectrum antibiotics resistance modulating compounds. The interactions between crude extracts of H. longifolium in combination with six first-line antibiotics using both the time-kill and the checkerboard methods were carried out. The time-kill method revealed the highest bactericidal activity exemplified by a 6.7 Log10 reduction in cell density against Salmonella sp. when the extract and Penicillin G are combined at ½ × MIC. Synergistic response constituted about 65 percent, while indifference and antagonism constituted about 28.33 percent and 6.67 percent in the time kill assay, respectively. The checkerboard method also revealed that the extracts improved bactericidal effects of the antibiotics. About 61.67 percent of all the interactions were synergistic, while indifference interactions constituted about 26.67 percent and antagonistic interactions was observed in approximately 11.66 percent. The in vitro antioxidant property and phytochemical constituents of the aqueous crude leaf extracts of H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum was investigated. The scavenging activity on superoxide anions, DPPH, H2O2, NO and ABTS; and the reducing power were determined, as well as the flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and phenolic contents of the extracts. The extracts exhibited scavenging activity in all radicals tested due to the presence of relatively high total phenol and flavonoids contents in the extracts. Our findings suggest that H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum are endowed with antioxidant phytochemicals and could serve as a base for future drugs. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the leaves of H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum yielded two known compounds. From the n-hexane fraction of H. longifolium a compound was isolated (Stigmasterol) and from the ethyl acetate fraction of H. pedunculatum another compound (β-sitosterol) was isolated. The compounds were isolated and identified using various techniques. The antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities of these compounds have been reported in literatures. In general, the experiments and tests conducted in this study appear to have justified the folkloric medicinal uses of H. longifolium and H. pedunculatum for the treatment of stress related ailments and wound infections and make a substantial contribution to the knowledge base of the use of herbal medicine for the treatment of the microbial infections.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 19:21:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11950 Wed 12 May 2021 19:18:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11627 Wed 12 May 2021 19:17:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11507 Wed 12 May 2021 19:10:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11523 Wed 12 May 2021 18:41:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11305 Wed 12 May 2021 18:34:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11380 Wed 12 May 2021 18:33:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11457 Wed 12 May 2021 18:18:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11303 Wed 12 May 2021 18:17:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11867 Wed 12 May 2021 18:14:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11545 Wed 12 May 2021 17:38:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11812 Wed 12 May 2021 17:34:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11420 Wed 12 May 2021 17:34:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11156 Wed 12 May 2021 16:48:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11243 Wed 12 May 2021 16:46:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11639 Wed 12 May 2021 16:37:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11363 Wed 12 May 2021 16:37:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11386 Wed 12 May 2021 16:33:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11257 Wed 12 May 2021 16:28:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11618 Wed 12 May 2021 16:26:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11790 Wed 12 May 2021 16:25:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11362 Wed 12 May 2021 16:12:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11643 Wed 12 May 2021 15:59:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11244 Wed 12 May 2021 15:49:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:65243 Tue 27 Jun 2023 09:48:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:64488 10mg/ml. The killing rates of the active extracts were also elucidated using standard procedures. The two extracts NO64 and NO53 showed rapid bactericidal activity against B. pumilus ATCC 14884 and Serratia marcens with a 3Log10 reduction in counts within 6 hours at 3.75 mg/ml and 5 mg/ml respectively. In conclusion, the ethyl acetate extract of these marine actinomycetes strains possess strong bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities against Gram negative organisms and can be therapeutically useful in the treatment of bacterial infections which are mainly caused by Gram negative bacteria.]]> Tue 23 May 2023 15:34:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:63067 Tue 07 May 2024 10:13:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:65480 Tue 04 Jul 2023 12:02:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11177 Thu 13 May 2021 15:44:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11511 Thu 13 May 2021 10:04:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11173 Thu 13 May 2021 08:54:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11392 Thu 13 May 2021 07:24:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11777 Thu 13 May 2021 07:23:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11267 Thu 13 May 2021 07:03:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11939 Thu 13 May 2021 06:31:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11809 Thu 13 May 2021 06:30:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30747 Thu 13 May 2021 06:17:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11128 Thu 13 May 2021 06:16:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11133 Thu 13 May 2021 05:53:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11160 Thu 13 May 2021 05:52:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11537 Thu 13 May 2021 05:26:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11456 Thu 13 May 2021 04:57:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11126 Thu 13 May 2021 04:34:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11625 Thu 13 May 2021 04:20:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11509 Thu 13 May 2021 04:07:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11961 Thu 13 May 2021 03:57:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11391 Thu 13 May 2021 03:57:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11423 Thu 13 May 2021 03:52:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11590 Thu 13 May 2021 03:52:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11508 Thu 13 May 2021 03:45:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11854 Thu 13 May 2021 03:42:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11252 0.05). In HIV-negative diarrhoea patients, prevalence was highest in the 18-30 (mean age 23.2 yr) (87.5 percent) and least (35.7 percent) in those aged 83-95 (mean age 88.8 yr) (P > 0.05). Cryptosporidium antigen was higher in females than in males. Of 115 females (mean age 46.7yr) who participated in the study, antigen was detected in 90 (78.2 percent) against 32 (71.1 percent) of 45 males (mean age 42.6yr). None of the 20 apparently healthy control subjects was found to be infected with Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium was detected in 27 HIV-positive and 97 HIV-negative diarrhoea patients by any one of the techniques. Antigen detection by ELISA 14 showed the highest positivity 96 (76.8 percent) in HIV- negative and 26 (74.3 percent) in HIV- positive diarrhoea patients. PCR detected eighty-nine (71.2 percent) cases in HIV-negative and 23 (65.7 percent) in HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea. Only 13 (37.1 percent) HIV-positive and 34 (27.2 percent) HIV-negative diarrhoea patients were found positive for Cryptosporidium by modified ZN. No significant difference was observed in sensitivity of antigen detection by ELISA and PCR (96.9 percent) in HIV-negative diarrhoea patients, respectively. Specificity of the staining technique was 88.9 percent in HIV-positive and 96.6 percent in HIV-negative diarrhoea patients. No significant difference was found in specificity of antigen detection by ELISA and PCR in HIV-positive and HIV-negative diarrhoea patients, respectively. Positive predictive value of ZN staining in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative diarrhoea patients (92.3 and 96.9 percent) was statistically higher than ELISA and PCR. No significant difference was observed in negative predictive value of ZN technique for detection of Cryptosporidium between HIV-positive and HIV- negative diarrhoea patients. Differences found in prevalence rates due to water source, suggest that the high infection rates of specific groups are associated with their exposure to the contaminated water supply. The results indicate that Cryptosporidium infection is highly prevalent in adult faecal specimens in the Nkonkobe Municipality, an indication of active infection that is likely to emerge as major human pathogen in this location due to socioeconomic changes which favour transmission. However, sequencing analysis is required to differentiate between Cryptosporidium genotypes in the various outbreaks]]> Thu 13 May 2021 03:33:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11132 Thu 13 May 2021 03:11:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11779 Thu 13 May 2021 02:47:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11800 Thu 13 May 2021 02:32:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11389 Thu 13 May 2021 01:46:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11262 .05). Interestingly, H pylori antigen was detected more often (100 percent) in the high socioeconomic group than in those of low socioeconomic group (85.9 percent). Sixteen (66.7 percent) of twenty four faecal samples that had previously tested positive for the organism by HpSA test were confirmed positive by PCR. However none of the treated tap water samples tested positive for the organism by PCR. The present iii study revealed a high prevalence of H. pylori in faecal samples of asymptomatic individuals in the Nkonkobe Municipality, an indication of active infection. The obtained results also revealed that direct treated tap water might not be playing a crucial role in the oral transmission of H. pylori in the studied population.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 01:42:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11621 Thu 13 May 2021 01:38:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11502 Thu 13 May 2021 01:38:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11638 Thu 13 May 2021 01:16:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11331 Thu 13 May 2021 01:11:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11616 Thu 13 May 2021 01:11:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11159 Thu 13 May 2021 01:00:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11430 Thu 13 May 2021 00:59:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11172 Thu 13 May 2021 00:54:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11866 0.05) affect maize biomass and grain yield. Sorghum experienced the largest drop in biomass when relay-intercropped with maize. Mucuna resulted in the highest N uptake (271 kg N/ha) in sole cropping while sorghum had the lowest (88 kg N/ha). Grazing vetch results in high biomass yields with minimal fertilizer application in a warm-temperate climate. Grazing vetch mulch is also the most cost effective mulch for better early weed control, improving soil mineral N status, water conservation and ultimately enhanced maize productivity in smallholder irrigation maize-based systems. The 3:2 pattern maximizes summer cover crop biomass yields compared to the 6:2 and 4:2 patterns. However, the 3:2 pattern may slightly depress yields in a water stressed environment. Relay intercropping mucuna, sunnhemp and sorghum into a maize crop at 42 days after maize sowing has no effect on maize productivity while cover crop biomass yields are low. Having a long winter fallow period after maize harvesting, a common practice in the study area, reduces the positive impact of legume cover crops on soil mineral N. Results suggest that winter cover crops may result in weed control, soil fertility and maize yield improvement benefits while a long fallow period may cancel-out these benefits for summer cover crops. Grazing vetch is a cost effective cover crop that produces high maize yields with minimal fertilizer input. Maize growing on oat mulch requires more fertilizer application than crops growing on grazing vetch mulch. Conservation agriculture systems in which summer cover crops are grown alongside the maize crop with a long winter fallow period do not produce the intended CA benefits.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 00:30:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:16158 Thu 13 May 2021 00:04:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:62379 Thu 09 Mar 2023 10:24:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:66326 Sun 06 Aug 2023 08:37:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:63768 Mon 24 Apr 2023 15:27:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:64564 Fri 26 May 2023 11:48:57 SAST ]]>