https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27752 0.05) in the PUFA: SFA and n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios between the herded and tethered goats. It was concluded that tethering promoted higher proportions of beneficial PUFAs which were more in TB than LTH muscle. The overall conclusions from the whole study were that goat manure is an important source of GHG with high CH4 being emitted from earth floors of herded goats. High CO2 and N2O are emitted from SF of herded and tethered goats, respectively. There were no major differences in meat quality between herded and tethered goats. However, herding promoted more live weight gain than tethering. On the other hand, tethering promoted more beneficial fatty acids. Therefore depending on the objective of the enterprise, smallholder farmers can safely tether or herd their goats. Further, there is need to develop technologies to harness CH4 from goat manure.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 21:02:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35635 Wed 12 May 2021 16:47:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41197 pan-frying in olive oil > grilled samples > boiling for best cooked product based on overall acceptability. Grilling and frying heart muscles resulted in the highest Ca (45.9 mg/kg) and Mg (98.9 mg/kg), whereas boiling led to the lowest Ca (41.1 mg/kg) and Mg (91.4 mg/kg) concentration. The highest concentrations of Fe and Zn these minerals were recorded in grilled (32.7 mg/kg) and fried samples (75.2 mg/kg). Zinc and Fe concentration observed in liver and heart muscles were higher than those found in breast and leg muscle. In conclusion, the results confirm the potential of MOLP for use as an alternative to antibiotics in maintaining broiler health, reducing mortalities and improving carcass characteristics and some meat quality traits.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:33:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40332 MUFA>PUFA in descending order of concentrations of mean values (44.19:40.06:15.75, respectively), while the n-6: n-3 ratio was 12:1. In sensory evaluation, consumers indicated how they would prefer to pay premium for meat with guaranteed muscle and fat colour, low fat content, high marbling and tenderness. Consumers observed breed differences (P<0.05) in muscle fibre separation and muscle colour. The overall liking of each attribute was more on moderate bright cherry red lean colour, moderate yellow fat, very abundant marbling and slight separation of muscle fibres. Differences on discrete liking of each attribute among consumers had an effect on the overall liking of each steak with Hereford steaks being more preferred by consumers. It was concluded that meat from beef animals within the same feeding regime has a different fatty acid composition owing to different breed synthetic pathways and feed ingredients and that meat tenderness is not affected by the muscle nanostructure early post-mortem. However, during ageing, meat tenderness is directly linked to breed related myofibril structure changes in particular the myofibril diameter, spacing between myofibrils and their interaction; while the muscle texture features, fibre diameter, spacing between muscle fibres and sarcomere length explain the non-uniformity of beef tenderness. Also the organoleptic and health related quality of meat assumed more importance among consumers in sensory evaluation. Thus meat classification systems should include more credence aspects or indicators that support credence quality of meat]]> Wed 12 May 2021 13:57:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40400 0.05) in the physico-chemical characteristics of beef, game meat and ostrich droëwors; containing on average 25.8 ± 1.25 g/100 g moisture, 42.0 ± 0.10 g/100 g protein, 32.0 ± 1.68 g/100 g fat, 6.2 ± 0.13 g/100 g ash and 4.2 ± 0.10 g/100 g salt; with aw and pH of 0.79 ± 0.015 and 5.3 ± 0.05, respectively. During processing and storage, TBARS were higher (P < 0.05) in pork droëwors (maximum 3.83 mg MDA/kg DM) than in beef (maximum 0.99 mg MDA/kg DM). Moringa oleifera leaf powder contained high levels of TPC (7.5 ± 0.2 mg gallic acid eq/g) and substantial levels of α-tocopherol (76.7 ± 1.9 mg/100 g) and β-carotene (23.2 ± 2.8 mg/100 g). The FRAP, α-tocopherol and β-carotene content of pork droëwors increased (P < 0.05) proportionally with increasing levels of MLP inclusion. Lipid oxidation occurred more rapidly (P < 0.05) when MLP was not added and was similar (P > 0.05) for all MLP treatments. There was no significant effect of the inclusion of 0.75 g/100 g MLP on the drying curves and physico-chemical characteristics of the droëwors. The α-tocopherol content was higher (P < 0.05) and TBARS during storage were lower (P > 0.05) with MLP addition. The results of the current study give an overview of the composition of commercial droëwors and showed higher susceptibility to lipid oxidation in pork droëwors. Moringa oleifera leaf powder exhibited antioxidant activity in pork droëwors, inhibited lipid oxidation and increased the content of α-tocopherol in the product. It can be concluded that MLP could be used as a functional antioxidant additive in pork droëwors.]]> Tue 07 May 2024 11:01:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35249 0.05). However, this growth was associated with a significantly higher (P < 0.05) food conversion ratio (FCR) of 19.16 vs 18.11 for Cowpea and Lablab, respectively. The apparent DM, non structural carbohydrate (NSC) nutrient digestibilities were significantly different (P < 0.05) for Lablab and Cowpea. Furthermore sex of animal influenced significantly (P < 0.05) the DM, ADF, NSC and NDF digestibilities. Lablab and Cowpea did not influence (P > 0.05) individual VFA molar concentrations in both sexes. However, animals fed Lablab had significantly higher butyrate concentrations (P < 0.05). Lablab and Cowpea forages significantly lowered (P > 0.05) enteric methane production in goats compared to a concentrate diet, and this was related to animal activity. Animals produced significantly more (P < 0.05) methane gas when ruminating than feeding or just standing. The average methane produced each year was lower but not significant (P > 0.05) for animals fed Cowpea than Lablab (4.602kg CH4, vs. 4.719kg CH4) when expressed per year. Male animals produced more gas than females with values of 17.40L/day; 12.46 g/kg DMI and 0.126g/day vs. 15.47L/day, 12.28 g/kg DMI, and 0.0109g/day, respectively. Forage legumes had no significant effects (P > 0.05) on serum total proteins (TP), globulin, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma- glutamyl transferase (GGT) concentrations, but serum concentration of albumin was influenced by the diets (P < 0.05). Sex of animals significantly influenced ALP concentration (P < 0.05) with male animals exhibiting higer ALP values than females. Measured over time, the plasma concentration of urea and ALP significantly increased (P < 0.05) while creatinine and cholesterol concentration decreased (P < 0.05). Although the overall serum concentration of urea, total proteins, globulin, creatinine, ALT, ALP and GGT remained unchanged among the treatments and between sexes; treatment by sex, treatment by day and sex by day interactions were significant (P < 0.05). The white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), haemoglobin, haematocrite, platelet and mean platelet volume (MPV) levels were similar among treatments and between sexes (P > 0.05). The WBC decreased with time by 8.07 x10 9/l while mean crepuscular volume (MCV) increased by 11.83(fl) from day 15 to day 55. Treatment diets significantly (P < 0.05) influenced neutrophile (percent) content while sex influenced basophile (percent) content. There were no treatment or sex effects (P > 0.05) on lymphocytes (percent), monocytes (percent) and eosinophiles (percent). In the meat quality study, the dietary treatments and sex had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on dressing out percent (DPpercent), initial pH, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), Warner Blartze Shear force (WBS) , drip loss and cooking loss in the chevon from Xhosa goats. Compared with a commercial pellet diet, Lablab and Cowpea diets resulted in similar slaughter body weights (SBW), hot carcass weight (HCW) and cold dressed mass (CDM) of carcasses. However, female animals exhibited a significantly (P < 0.05) higher DPpercent than male animals (42.3percent vs. 38.9percent) for all treatments. The male animals exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher pH values one hour after slaughter than females (5.79 vs 5.67). Neverthreless the diet and gender did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the ultimate pH (pHu). Meat samples from male animals had significantly (P < 0.05) higher redness values than females. Feeding cowpea significantly (P < 0.05) increased meat redness with the least drip loss of chevon. Female animals produced significantly (P < 0.05) tougher chevon compared to male animals; 4.16kg and 3.36kg for female and male, respectively. Lablab and Cowpea posses high CP levels and moderately lower NDF with high ADF values that influences dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility and growth of goats. These forage legumes meet animal requirements for fat, ADF, NDF, CP, Ca, Mn, zinc and Cu and their biomass yield is satisfactory.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 08:24:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27906 Thu 13 May 2021 06:51:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39082 Thu 13 May 2021 04:41:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28324 37 percent); though it was reduced (26.9±2.64 percent) on days with higher temperatures and low humidity. Higher proportions of drinking (1.5±1.04 percent) and standing (20.8±4.63 percent) behaviours prolonged in such weather conditions, which were mostly during midday. The avoidance-related behaviour of the steers during handling varies, with the steers showing more avoidance and aggression in other weeks than some. These variations could however be traced back to the events of that particular day/time of handling. Only Weighing Box (WBS) and stepping (SS) scores differed (P<0.05) with genotype; with more calm NG steers (> 40 percent) and not kicking than the ND steers that were more vocal (20–60 percent) and kicking (> 5 percent). In addition, the weekly behavioural responses were reflected (P<0.05) in the measured cortisol, glucose and lactate. However, regardless of the prominent negative behaviour seen over time, the levels of the measured blood constituents continued to drop. Furthermore, steers of different genotypes displayed similar (P>0.05) response to the identical pre-slaughter conditions they were exposed to. However, steers that were Transport Group 1 (TG1) showed more avoidance (63.2 percent) pre-slaughter than those in TG2 (23.9 percent). Furthermore, all the steers that were in slaughter Group 2 (SG2) showed less avoidance behaviour than those in other groups. Vocalization was observed only for ND steers (5 percent), in TG1 and SG2. Some connections between the observed pre-slaughter activities and some behavioural and physiological changes of these steers were established; with TG1 and SG1 steers showing higher cortisol (140±14.50 and 175.9±17.24 nmol/L, respectively) and lactate (12.4±0.83 and 13.5±1.12 mmolL) levels than the other groups. Lastly, the muscle type, genotype, lairage duration, slaughter order and stress responsiveness have an effect on some meat quality characteristics of the two genotypes; with the L. dorsi muscle having highest WBSF (38.0±1.35N) than the Superficial pectoral muscle (Brisket muscle) (30.7±1.35N). Additionally, steers lairaged for a shorter time produced a L. dorsi with higher WBSF (41.6±2.34N) and a Brisket with lower TL (2.7±0.24 percent). It can therefore be concluded that the conditions and activities at the farm, during transportation, lairaging and slaughter at the abattoir have an influence on some behavioural and physiological changes and the quality of beef harvested from the Nguni and non-descript steers that were extensively-reared in natural pastures. However, the relationship patterns between these different conditions are not clear.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 03:34:22 SAST ]]>