https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4602 Wed 12 May 2021 23:23:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10678 Wed 12 May 2021 23:17:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:1153 Wed 12 May 2021 23:09:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28654 Wed 12 May 2021 23:04:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33432 Wed 12 May 2021 22:40:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35348 Wed 12 May 2021 22:34:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4773 Wed 12 May 2021 20:36:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4578 Wed 12 May 2021 20:19:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5410 Wed 12 May 2021 20:12:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4766 Wed 12 May 2021 19:54:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3226 Wed 12 May 2021 19:51:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4936 Wed 12 May 2021 19:51:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:25998 Wed 12 May 2021 19:35:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4887 Wed 12 May 2021 19:33:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27811 Wed 12 May 2021 19:16:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5038 Wed 12 May 2021 19:00:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4752 Wed 12 May 2021 18:49:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5465 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10460 Wed 12 May 2021 18:40:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10399 Wed 12 May 2021 18:39:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27040 Wed 12 May 2021 18:33:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4610 Wed 12 May 2021 18:33:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27039 Wed 12 May 2021 18:21:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5355 Wed 12 May 2021 18:19:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5659 Wed 12 May 2021 17:54:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10492 Wed 12 May 2021 17:49:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4493 Wed 12 May 2021 17:48:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10481 Wed 12 May 2021 17:40:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27807 Wed 12 May 2021 17:38:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5437 Wed 12 May 2021 17:34:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5605 Wed 12 May 2021 17:08:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39115 Wed 12 May 2021 16:37:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3756 trifluoperazine> perphenazine > rochlorperazine. In order to assess their photostability an HPLC method was developed and validated for linearity, accuracy and precision, selectivity, limit of detection and quantitation and ruggedness. Preliminary solution photostudies under controlled light conditions (UV, sunlight, fluorescent light) indicated that the rate of degradation followed first-order kinetics with perphenazine the most susceptible to.photodegradation under all light conditions studied. In vitro and in vivo metabolism yielding the 5-sulphoxide and its reported presence on decomposition of the phenothiazines25 led to the development of a synthetic procedure suitable for the sutphoxides of all four derivatives based on the method proposed by Owens et al. in order to provide standards for comparison in the photostudies⁷. Since ICH regulations require that impurities> 0.1 % are examined and identified⁷⁴ and semi-preparative isolation of photoproducts proved unsuccessful, LC-MS having been well documented for structural.elucidation⁷⁵ ⁷⁵ ⁷⁶ ⁷⁷ was used to characterize solution (UV, sunlight, fluorescent light) and preliminary solid (UV) photostudies. The chloroderivatives underwent dechlorination and sulphoxidation with subsequent photosubstitution in the case of prochlorperazine to yield the 2-hydroxy derivative and sulphoxidation of the dechloro-derivative of perphenazine. The sulphoxides of both trifluoperazine and fluphenazine were formed with further oxidation to the respective sulphones occurring. Preliminary solid state (UV) photostudies showed fluphenazine to be the least stable with 30.71 % degradation as opposed to 7.57% for prochlorperazine, 4.28% for perphenazine and 7.10% for trifluoperazine witn sulphoxidation observed to be. the major degradation pathway. Since in vitro metabolism of perazine derivatives is reported to occur via N-oxidation, N-demethylation, sulphoxidation and aromatic hydroxylation¹⁸ it does appear that there is some correlation between metabolic and photoproducts. However the fact that solution (UV) photostudies indicates trifluoperazine to be the most and perphenazine the least stable does not concur with the proposed order of pharmacological activity.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 16:36:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4519 Wed 12 May 2021 16:32:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5032 Wed 12 May 2021 16:25:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5839 Wed 12 May 2021 16:20:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5466 Wed 12 May 2021 16:16:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4696 Wed 12 May 2021 16:00:53 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10311 Wed 12 May 2021 15:44:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40527 Wed 12 May 2021 14:59:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:41496 Wed 12 May 2021 14:24:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40016 Wed 12 May 2021 14:09:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40849 Wed 12 May 2021 13:47:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38711 Wed 03 Jun 2020 14:25:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28387 Tue 16 May 2023 14:59:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4231 Thu 13 May 2021 16:37:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5253 Thu 13 May 2021 10:49:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5349 Thu 13 May 2021 09:16:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5024 Thu 13 May 2021 08:49:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4591 Thu 13 May 2021 08:25:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4793 Thu 13 May 2021 08:08:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5074 Thu 13 May 2021 07:43:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36658 Thu 13 May 2021 07:26:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28392 Thu 13 May 2021 07:14:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4413 [M(2-OH-oVANPN)Xn] + HnX MX₂ + 2-OH-oVANPN (2:1) -> [Mn(2-OH-oVANPN)OH] + H₂X₂ MX₂ + (o-vanillin : diaminopropanol) (1:1) -> [M(1:1)X₂] MX₂ + (o-vanillin : diaminopropanol) (1:1) -> [M₃(1:1)X₄] M = Cu(II), Co(II) or Co(III); X = Cl; n = 1, 2. Their structural features have been deduced from their elemental analytical data, IR spectral data, and electronic spectral data. With the exception of {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)₄(H₂O)₆}(A4), the Cu(II) complexes were monomeric with 2-OH-oVANPN acting as a tetradentate ligand. A binuclear Co(II) complex, [Co₂(C₁₉H₁₉N₂O₅)(OH)] (B1), was synthesised and the rest of the Co(II) and Co(III) complexes were monomeric with chloride ions coordinating to the metal centre in some cases. Electronic data suggest that the cobalt(II) complexes have octahedral geometries and the copper(II) complexes have square planar structures – Co(III) is likely to be octahedral. Thermal analyses, which included the copper-block-method for determining sublimation temperatures, revealed that some copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes are hygroscopic and sublime at 200 °C and below. DSC analyses of the Cu(II) complexes gave exotherms around 300 °C for complexes K[Cu(C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₅)(OH)]·2H₂O (A1) and [Cu(C₁₁H15N₂O₃)(Cl)₂]·2H₂O (A2) and above 400 °C for [Cu(C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₃)(Cl)₂] (A3) and {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)₄(H₂O)₆} (A4). Antioxidant studies were carried out against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·). The cobalt(II) complex, [Co₂(C₁₉H₁₉N₂O₅)(OH)] (B1), which was synthesized in the presence of KOH, had no antioxidant activity, whilst the other cobalt(II) complexes, [Co(C₁₇H₁₇N₂O₅(Cl))]·1½H₂O (B2), [Co(C₁₉H₂₂N₂O₅) (Cl)₂]·5½H₂O (B3) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₂N₂O₅)(Cl)₂]·5½H₂O (B4), which were synthesised in the absence of KOH, demonstrated antioxidant activity. The latter complexes are candidates for cancer cell line testing, while [Cu(C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₃)(Cl)₂] (A3), {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)₄(H₂O)₆} (A4), [Co(C₁₉H₂₁N₂O₅)(Cl)₂ ]·5H₂O (C2) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₅)(Cl)]·3H₂O (C3) may show anticancer activity through possible hydrolysis products. Most of the complexes synthesized displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results indicated that complexes [Cu(C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₃)(Cl)₂](A3), [Co(C₁₉H₂₂N₂O₅)(Cl)₂]·5½H₂O (B3) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₁N₂O₅)(Cl)₂ ]·5H₂O (C2) are active against the Gram-negative Ps. aeruginosa and that the ligand, 2-OH-oVANPN, did not have any activity. The same trend was observed with 2-OH-oVANPN, {Cu₃(C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃)(Cl)4(H₂O)₆} (A4) and [Co(C₁₉H₂₀N₂O₅)(Cl)]·3H₂O (C3) against the Gram-positive S. aureus. As for activity against E. coli and C. albicans, some complexes showed more activity than the ligand. There is an observed trend here that the metal complexes are more active (toxic) than the corresponding ligand, which is in agreement with Tweedy’s chelation theory.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 07:08:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3837 Thu 13 May 2021 06:44:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4583 Thu 13 May 2021 06:33:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4533 Thu 13 May 2021 06:26:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5920 Thu 13 May 2021 06:26:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4468 Thu 13 May 2021 06:04:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:38466 Thu 13 May 2021 05:58:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34048 Thu 13 May 2021 05:53:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:9666 Thu 13 May 2021 05:35:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4520 Thu 13 May 2021 05:31:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5532 Thu 13 May 2021 05:30:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27842 Thu 13 May 2021 05:19:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4715 Thu 13 May 2021 05:17:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5535 Thu 13 May 2021 04:50:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39296 Thu 13 May 2021 04:47:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34556 Thu 13 May 2021 04:40:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4836 Thu 13 May 2021 04:39:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20808 Thu 13 May 2021 04:26:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5157 Thu 13 May 2021 04:11:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10459 Thu 13 May 2021 04:00:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4859 Thu 13 May 2021 03:46:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5724 Thu 13 May 2021 03:05:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35265 Thu 13 May 2021 02:59:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4458 Thu 13 May 2021 02:50:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4589 Thu 13 May 2021 02:46:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30702 Thu 13 May 2021 02:19:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39135 Thu 13 May 2021 02:06:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:3890 Thu 13 May 2021 01:56:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20965 Thu 13 May 2021 01:46:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:10455 Thu 13 May 2021 01:40:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5208 Thu 13 May 2021 01:36:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5085 Thu 13 May 2021 01:29:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4188 Thu 13 May 2021 01:17:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:20502 Thu 13 May 2021 01:16:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5427 Thu 13 May 2021 01:00:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4590 Thu 13 May 2021 00:49:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4717 Thu 13 May 2021 00:49:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4477 Thu 13 May 2021 00:47:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4592 Thu 13 May 2021 00:40:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4025 Thu 13 May 2021 00:34:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:5600 Thu 13 May 2021 00:34:01 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:11005 Thu 13 May 2021 00:31:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4004 Thu 13 May 2021 00:20:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35351 Thu 13 May 2021 00:00:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28417 Mon 22 May 2023 15:47:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:4528 Fri 06 Aug 2021 10:23:42 SAST ]]>