https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index en-us 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30779 Wed 12 May 2021 23:46:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32744 Wed 12 May 2021 23:43:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28493 0.05) by the treatments applied. The herbage height and basal cover had greater values (P<0.05) under rested plus chopping (CR) treatment followed by grazed plus chopping (GC). Grass biomass production and essential nutrients showed a greater concentration (P<0.05) under CR treatment than any treatments applied. The results on perceptions revealed that goats had the highest mean household holding number than any other livestock species across the selected villages in all the villages. Respondents indicated that both goats and cattle had equal or more importance than sheep. Three out of four villages raised cattle primarily for income generation and secondarily for cultural purposes like slaughtering during weddings ceremonies, amazila and also during woman circumcisions (Ntonjane). Similarly, goats and sheep were primarily raised for cash income generation. The results revealed that livestock population decreased over ten to twenty years (one-two decades) and poor rangeland condition is assumed to be the cause of the situation as feed is the key factor for production. The area was dominated by the grasses rather than by browse woody species so the above results are possible as the P. incana is more competitive than grasses. It was concluded that P. incana is detrimental to both rangeland and animal production. Forage and animal performance as well as farmers’ economic status (livelihoods) were negatively affected by P. incana invasion and the scientific assessment reported it to be detrimental to agriculture. Thus chopping and resting (CR) treatment resulted in a greater improvement of the basal cover, biomass production, soil nutrients as well as grass height than the other treatments applied. Therefore it can be concluded that chopping and resting the veld invaded with P. incana can improve the range and consequently animal production.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 23:41:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39114 Wed 12 May 2021 23:40:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28251 Wed 12 May 2021 23:40:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39519 Wed 12 May 2021 23:35:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27795 Wed 12 May 2021 23:26:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28071 Wed 12 May 2021 23:18:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29399 Wed 12 May 2021 23:06:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28066 0.05) between Dense, Mixed and Moderate bushland. Woody plant density in all these sites exceed 2500 plants/ha, which showed that the rangeland was encroached with woody plants. Soil nutrient content was determined for each site. Five samples of soil were collected per site to test the effect of bush encroachment on soil nutrient composition. The concentration of nitrogen and soil pH increased with increase in bush density, while that of potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium and sulphur showed no significant differences (P>0.05) across all homogenous vegetation units. The study revealed that Sheshegu communal farmers are aware of both negative and positive effects of encroachment on their community, and also argue that the government is not willing to support communal farmers in the process of reducing the spread of bush encroachment. It was concluded that the concentration of nitrogen and soil pH increased with increasing bush density and that bush encroachment had negative effects on herbaceous species. It was recommended that communal farmers should be formulating rangeland rules and regulations to manage rangeland resources. Rangeland rules and regulations should be based on the management of livestock management during grazing and harvesting of rangeland resources. The harvesting of woody and good timing of application of fire can also reduce the spread of bush encroachment. Veld resting and rotational grazing can also improve fuel load which is required for burning of woody plants. Furthermore, Department of agriculture should also provide workshops or training to communal farmers use different approaches or cheap ways of reducing bush encroachment and conserving rangeland resources.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 23:00:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39627 0.05) in the concentration of OC, Ca, and Mg between the communities and seasons. Phosphorus (P) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in winter (concentrations) in most of the sites, except the top sites of Mbizana where summer concentration of P was significantly higher than winter. Potassium (K) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in summer than in winter in most of the HVUs, except the topland areas of Njwaxa and Mbizana sloppy areas where there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the concentration of K. Soil pH did not display any significant differences (p>0.05) between communities and sites. The mean soil pH recorded in this study was 5.4 implying the soils of Njwaxa and Mbizana communities were acidic. It is evident that communal farmers are well aware of their rangeland condition, changes occurring in their rangelands, their causes and are capable of suggesting some solutions in controlling the declining condition of the rangelands. This study has shown the importance of engaging farmers’ inputs in range assessment since those are people bearing the consequences of rangeland degradation.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 22:52:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39153 Wed 12 May 2021 22:31:32 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27417 Wed 12 May 2021 20:55:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35091 Wed 12 May 2021 20:17:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39120 Wed 12 May 2021 20:11:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34368 0.05) among the varieties. The highest fresh biomass yields were observed in PAN 888 variety was 13400 kg/ha, King had 12600 kg/ha and PAN 868 had 12600 kg/ha. The dry matter yield observed in PAN 888 was 4300.00 DM kg/ha, PAN 868 had 3633.33 DM kg/ha and King yielded 3533.33 DM kg/ha. The different sorghum varieties showed a significant (P<0.01) difference in some chemical composition parameters namely DM, NDIN and NSC. The different sorghum varieties had significant difference (P<0.01) in the silage fermentation parameters of pH, starch and lactic acid. The sorghum silage varieties were significantly (P<0.01) different in the starch fermentation with values of 0.001percent. The sorghum silage varieties were significant different for fermentation of lactic acid with values ranging from 1.99 to 2.62percent. However, PAN 868 and PAN 888 were not different from each other. Similarly, all varieties were different (P<0.05) in the pH with values ranging from 4.16 to 4.53. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in CP, Fat, NDF, ADF, Hemicellulose, Ash, and ADIN content of the silages. The mineral composition (macro and micro) of the silage were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the varieties. In conclusion, the dry matter production and nutrient content of the three forage sorghum varieties were not significantly different. The silage fermentation quality showed significant (P<0.05) differences among the three sorghum varieties. Therefore, according to the results of this study PAN 888 is the recommended variety to grow in the semi-arid region of the Eastern Cape.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 20:09:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39800 Wed 12 May 2021 20:04:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39877 Wed 12 May 2021 20:03:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39299 Wed 12 May 2021 19:55:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:36682 Wed 12 May 2021 19:52:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27558 Wed 12 May 2021 19:50:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31457 Wed 12 May 2021 19:48:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27755 Wed 12 May 2021 19:36:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28924 Wed 12 May 2021 19:36:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30805 Wed 12 May 2021 19:24:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34288 Wed 12 May 2021 19:23:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27565 Wed 12 May 2021 18:53:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28064 Wed 12 May 2021 18:17:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27299 Wed 12 May 2021 18:10:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29521 Cu>Hg>Pb. The Pb and Hg mean concentration was recorded above permissible limits, while the Mn and Cu were within the normal range suggested by WHO. In both water and Acacia karroo samples the Cu was not detected. The trend of metal concentration in water sample was found to be in this order Hg> Mn > Pb> Cu, while in Acacia karroo metal concentration is Hg> Mn> Pb> Cu. The one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean concentration of selected metals in each sampling site. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean concentrations of selected metals; this is supported by the value of F-static and p-value (p <0.05)]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:59:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35211 drum biochar> control. Also, the two maize biochar types significantly (p< 0.05) increased the release of cations namely Ca, Mg and Na however, some decrease in nutrient concentrations were observed due to increase in pH levels at the later stage of the study. Biochar incorporation increased extractable P release from 30- 40 mg P/kg to an average range of between 120- 160 mg P/kg across all soil types. A glasshouse study was also conducted investigating the effect of different biochar rates of the two maize biochar types used in the previous studies on early maize growth and nutrient uptake, same soil types were used as those in the incubation study. Biochar was applied at application rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg C/ha of biochar. The glasshouse experiment consisted of two cycles, each with a six week period of monitoring maize seedling growth development. Generally, a significant increase in maize growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area increased after biochar additions compared to the control. Both biochars significantly improved maize seedling growth at an application rate of 200 kg C/haHowever, the two biochar types displayed varying impacts on maize growth due to influence of soil type and biochar application rates. Nutrient- uptake of Ca, P, Na and Mg showed to improve at an application rate of 200 kg C/ha for both biochar types showing a 50 percent increase compared to the control. Nutrient- uptake patterns for P, Ca, Mg and Na differed across all soil types, mainly due to changes in pH and Na levels which were influenced by increased biochar concentrations resulting in nutrient deficiency. Another glasshouse experiment aimed at investigating the effects on the two maize biochar types on influencing the effectiveness of both organic and inorganic fertilizers for improved early maize growth and soil productivity. Biochar was applied at an application rate of 400 kg C/ha of biochar, fertilizer was applied at application rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg N/ha and manure at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t/ha respectively. The glasshouse experiment consisted of two cycles, each with a six week period of monitoring maize seedling growth development. In the 1st cycle, manure rate of 40 t/ha resulted in the highest plant height of maize seedlings grown in the glasshouse, biochar type also showed to influence plant height. After the 1st harvest Mg, K and P levels improved at 30 t/ha, Na at 20 t/ha and Ca 40 t/ha of manure. Plant height and stem girth improved at 30 kg N/ha of fertilizer, however, nutrient levels for Ca, K and Mg decreased after the 1st harvest, while Na levels increased. Nutrient uptake was the highest for Mg and Na at 40 kg N/ha while for Ca at 30 kg N/ha of fertilizer. During the 2nd cycle plant height was the highest at 30 t/ha of manure, and effect of manure rate was significant (p<0.05) for number of leaves, plant height and biomass. Whereas, manure rate and biochar type effect were insignificant (p>0.05) for pH, Ec and nutrient uptake changes. Maize seedling showed significant response to fertilizer 40 kg N/ha for most of the growth parameters measured (P<0.05), except for germination percentage. All treatments investigated had no effect on germination percentage. The two biochar types showed significant (p<0.05) effects on soil pH and Ec. Drum biochar was slightly better performing than pit biochar. Results obtained from the various studies suggests that maize biochars derived from the pit and drum pyrolytic systems are potential soil amendments in correcting soil acidity and nutrient deficiency in the EC Province. Both biochar types have shown abilities to improve early maize growth and effectiveness of fertilizers in maize based systems of the EC Province. However, some variations in soil fertility and early maize growth were observed as a result of the soil type response towards the two biochar applications. This could also have risen as a result of a number of factors such as the nutritional composition of biochar material, initial soil type chemical composition, biochar and fertilizer application rates and time taken or period to complete each study. Therefore, further experiments should be conducted to validate these results, preferable having longer periods of study, moreover, field experiments. In addition, investigations on potential feedstock materials such as animal wastes used as biochar in the EC Province can be conducted.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:55:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27584 Wed 12 May 2021 17:48:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30773 0.05) in the number of shoots per plant, stems per shoot and coppice stems produced by the three C. cajan varieties at vegetative and flowering stage. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the heights of plants recorded by the varieties only at flowering stage. The yields of fresh biomass in C. cajan was significantly different (P<0.05) across all the varieties harvested in 2016. In all the varieties there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in dry matter yield in both seasons of 2016 and 2017. The effect of browse varieties and drying methods showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on DM, CP, fat, NDIN, ADIN and hemicellulose content of varieties. There was little impact by varieties and drying methods (P<0.05) on ash, NDF, ADF, ADL, TNC and cellulose content of varieties. Varieties and drying method had no effect (P>0.05) on Ca, Mg and K except for Na and P. There was no effect caused by varieties and drying methods (P>0.05) on Zn and Mn with Cu and Fe being the exceptions. Oven drying showed an overall reduction in the tannin concentration on leaves while there was an increase in saponins. The different varieties had no effect (P>0.05) on the IIR, 0.0275±0.0089, 0.0275±0.0077 and 0.0409±0.0109 for Cv1, Cv2 and Cv3, respectively. The day of the trial and browse variety had an effect (P<0.05) on bite rate. However, the day of trial had no significant effect (P>0.05) on both bite size and the instantaneous intake rate. Individual goat had a significant effect (P<0.05) on bite rate. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the in vitro and in sacco rapidly degradable fractions (a) of all the three varieties but the drying method had no effect (P>0.05). The slowly degradable fraction (b) and degradation rate constant (c) of all varieties was not significantly different (P>0.05) on both drying methods during IV DaisyII procedure. However, b and c, in all the varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) in both drying methods during the in sacco procedure. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean potentially degradable fraction (a+b) across all C. cajan varieties during IV DaisyII procedure, however a+c of all varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) in both the drying methods during the in sacco procedure. The effective in vitro and in sacco degradability of the varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) with a rumen outflow rate of 2, 5 and 8 percent per hour. The shade-dried varieties had a higher (P<0.05) ED than the oven-dried materials during IV DaisyII and the in sacco procedures. It was concluded that the decline in yield of C. cajan during the study is a reflection of poor survival, the insufficient regeneration from seed, nutrient depletion over time and the extended dry seasons. Therefore, shade drying is commended method of drying forages.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:44:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27938 Wed 12 May 2021 17:34:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39882 Wed 12 May 2021 17:27:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28502 Wed 12 May 2021 16:40:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27993 Wed 12 May 2021 16:38:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39115 Wed 12 May 2021 16:37:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27874 0.05) were noted between proximate composition of fresh and frozen/thawed minced meat. The lipid content of fallow deer was 2.4 percent (±0.04). Total n3 fatty acids differed (P<0.05) between treatments and decreased with increased storage and display day. There were significant (P<0.05) treatment and time interactions on all measured colour parameters, TBARS and myoglobin forms. Fresh mince was lighter and had higher redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values than mince from two months frozen stored meat. Hue angle for fresh mince remained stable throughout display whereas it increased for frozen/thawed mince. Fresh mince had lower TBARS values than frozen/thawed mince. Minced meat produced from frozen/thawed deer meat had higher surface met-myoglobin and total met-myoglobin percentages. Surface and total oxy-myoglobin percentage was higher in fresh mince. The first trial clearly showed colour and lipid stability differences between fresh mince and mince from frozen/thawed meat. It also showed that fresh mince has a longer retail display life than mince produced from frozen/thawed meat (six days and four days, respectively). In the second trial, the effects of frozen storage duration on colour and lipid stability were investigated. Twenty-four fallow deer were used. Twelve were harvested in June (6male 6female) and the other twelve in August (6 male 6female) of the same year.Twenty four hours after harvesting, the fore and hindquarter muscles of the carcasses were deboned, vacuum packed and kept at -20°C until October (i.e. 2months and 4months frozen storage period). Upon thawing, the meat was processed into mince following the same procedure used for the first trialand displayed for a fiveday period under retail display conditions. Frozen duration and gender had no effect (P>0.05) on the proximate composition of fallow deer meat. The total amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) increased and total amount of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased as frozen duration and display day increased (P<0.05). Frozen duration affected (P<0.01) lipid oxidation and percentage oxy-myoglobin. Mince pH and all colour parameters (L*, a*, b*,hue and chroma) differed (P<0.05) between treatments on day zero and three. Display day was a significant factor (P<0.05) on all measured parameters. By day three all parameters except pH showed signs of extended oxidation and discolouration as evidenced by reduced redness, decreased colour intensity and high TBARS values. This study showed that prolonged frozen storage negatively affects the colour and lipid stability of meat and increases oxidation of PUFAs during frozen storage. However, the study also suggests that although frozen/thawed meat has a shorter retail display shelf life; the proximate composition of the meat remains unchanged.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 16:01:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34182 Wed 12 May 2021 16:01:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39149 Wed 12 May 2021 15:57:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39225 0.05) that when off-loading. A significant difference was determined on the avoidance (χ2=0.03), mounting behaviour (χ2 =0.01) and vocal sound (χ2 =0.02) during loading time on each observation day. Furthermore there was no significant difference determined on the time and day of observation in the lairages. These results also reveal that the avoidance behaviour was the highest (47percent) while fighting (34percent) and vocalizing were the least compared to other behaviour during the first 30 minutes after arrival at the abattoir. Moreover, the lying behaviour was found to have highest frequency (15percent) on day 6 compared to other sampling days. These results reveal that time of loading pigs had an influence on pigs’ behaviour before slaughter and consequently that affected physiological features and meat quality. The second section of the study assessed sex and the different lairage time effects on the pork quality attributes. A total of fifty four pigs, 22 weeks old of different sex (26 boars x 28 gilts) reared on a commercial farm and transported to the abattoir on the same day was used in this study. At the abattoir, pigs were grouped according to lairage periods of 17 hours (Group1; 13 gilts and 14 boars) and 36 hours (Group 2; 15 gilts and 12 boars). Results showed no significant difference on the sex of pigs (P >0.05) and meat pH. However, lairage time influenced the thawing loss (P= 0.02) of meat and also the interactions of sex by lairage had a significant difference (P= 0.04) on meat tenderness. There was a positive significant correlation found between sex and meat attributes values were high in boars (r= 0.61) than in gilts (r = 0.49). A negative correlation between a*and WBSF on lairage group1 (r= -0.52) was determined while on group 2 there was a positive correlation between a* and b* (r=0.49). This study suggest that a proper timing on farm feed withdrawal in combination with a sufficient lairage at the slaughter plant may result in better carcass and meat quality traits. Communication among producers and abattoirs is critical when planning the fasting and lairage times in order to elude carcass and technological pork quality complications. To conclude, there is influence caused by time of loading in stressing pigs before transportation and slaughter as aggressive behaviour showed and also lairage time affected meat quality.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 15:47:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40459 Wed 12 May 2021 15:09:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42705 Wed 12 May 2021 15:08:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40866 Wed 12 May 2021 15:02:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40846 Wed 12 May 2021 14:58:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40507 Wed 12 May 2021 14:54:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40255 Wed 12 May 2021 14:53:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40401 0.05) between the APC of raw beef (4.8 Log CFU/g), mutton (3.7 Log CFU/g) and pork (2.8 Log CFU/g) and also the cooked beef (1.5 Log CFU/g), mutton (1.3 Log CFU/g) and pork (1.9 Log CFU/g) samples. A similar trend was observed in the values of Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts in raw and cooked meat samples. However, a positive correlation between Aerobic plate counts (APC) and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph) (P<0.001) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (P<0.01) was found in the study. It can, therefore, be concluded that there were no differences in the microbial counts of raw and cooked meat sold in the informal markets of Nkonkobe and Buffalo City Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:42:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42733 Wed 12 May 2021 14:41:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39997 Wed 12 May 2021 14:39:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40361 Wed 12 May 2021 14:37:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40014 Wed 12 May 2021 14:37:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:42610 Wed 12 May 2021 14:35:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40864 Wed 12 May 2021 14:32:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40025 Wed 12 May 2021 14:25:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40154 0.05) on breast and drumsticks. Moringa oleifera leaf meal had a significant effect on carcass weights, control diet had heavier weights (1185g ± 28.96) compared to chickens fed with MOLM diets (1121g±28.96, 1070g ± 28.96, 1030g± 28.96). Broilers fed with MOLM had higher values of lightness (L*) and (b*) values (P<0.05) at 45 minutes and 24 hours and no difference was observed in redness (a*) at 45 minutes and 24 hours. The L* values dropped at 24 hours for all the treatments and MOLM fed broilers had the lowest values (46.59 ± 0.76,46 ± 0.76,49 ± 0.76) compared to the control diet (50 ± 0.76). The pH levels were comparable after 24 hours; T2 had the highest pH values (5.95 ± 0.024) compared to other treatments (5.90 ± 0.024, 5.75 ± 0.024, 5.73 ± 0.024). The results of this study demonstrated that even though the FI was reduced in MOLM fed broilers, they efficiently consumed and used nutrients, as a result MOLM fed birds had higher weights and low ammonia concentration throughout the experiment, which may improve the house environment without affecting the quality of meat.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:21:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40016 Wed 12 May 2021 14:09:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40848 Wed 12 May 2021 14:08:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40366 Wed 12 May 2021 14:08:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40042 Wed 12 May 2021 14:06:35 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40018 0.05). Furthermore, histopathological evaluation of organs revealed that no abnormalities were in heart and liver and kidney of rats fed on the control diet, while mild congestion in the liver and myocardium (heart) were observed in rats fed with protein deficient diet. No visible abnormalities were observed in the heart, kidney and liver of animals on the PD 10 diet, but myocardial fibres showing intense eosinophilia was detected in heart muscles of rats fed PD and PD3 diets. In this study, MOLM had a negative impact on feed intake and growth performance of animals and haematology. Blood biochemistry and histology suggest that MOLM has the potential of defending the body against infection with hematinic and blood enhancing qualities. Protein deficiency led to a significant elevation in the serum lipid profile of rats especially cholesterol even with increase in MOLM. PD10 had the highest triglycerides content when compared to the control but was lower (p>0.05) to that of PD. There was an increase in crude fat, ADF, NDF and protein in faecal samples of rats supplemented with MOLM diets while a decrease in moisture and ash was observed compared to the control.Vitamin and mineral deficiency resulted in significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-C when compared to the control. There was a slight increase in excretion for all elements with increasing MOLM. Total removal of minerals and vitamins from the VMD experimental diets seemed not to have any visible negative impact on performance of the rats probably because of residual micronutrients present in other ingredients used in the feed formulation. MOLM could not replace protein in protein deficient diets.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 14:01:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40256 Wed 12 May 2021 13:56:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40870 Wed 12 May 2021 13:55:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40869 Wed 12 May 2021 13:55:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40873 0.05). Meat from steers on the SLG system had higher (P<0.05) drip loss, protein and fat contents and lower (P <0.05) shear force, moisture and ash contents than the two rotational grazing approaches (HPG and FCG). The HPG had higher (P < 0.05) total running and capital costs compared to SLG and FCG grazing systems. The SLG system had greater (P ≤ 0.05) gross and net income compared to FCG and HPG systems, respectively. Overall, all the grazing systems had comparable growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality but rotational grazing systems had lower gross income relative to the SLG grazing system.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 13:51:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39071 Tue 07 May 2024 11:01:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39995 Tue 07 May 2024 10:40:21 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30987 Tue 07 May 2024 10:26:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28094 Tue 07 May 2024 10:12:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39385 Thu 13 May 2021 15:40:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39878 Thu 13 May 2021 14:09:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31530 Thu 13 May 2021 13:09:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34222 Thu 13 May 2021 09:32:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39122 Thu 13 May 2021 08:55:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28144 Thu 13 May 2021 07:09:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27718 Thu 13 May 2021 07:03:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28435 Thu 13 May 2021 07:00:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35400 Thu 13 May 2021 06:41:37 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35484 Thu 13 May 2021 06:26:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30798 Thu 13 May 2021 05:31:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28915 Thu 13 May 2021 05:23:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35364 Thu 13 May 2021 05:22:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39296 Thu 13 May 2021 04:47:11 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27944 0.05) to T3. The dressing percent of T1 was significantly different (P<0.05) from T2 and T3 which were similar to each other, with T2 having the highest dressing percentage (78, 2 percent) and T1 having the lowest DP percent (66 percent). The breasts in T2 were significantly higher and different (P<0.05) from both T1 and T3 which were similar to each other. The drumsticks in T3 were significantly different (P<0.05) from T1 while they were similar to T2 with values with T2 having highest values. After 45 minutes of slaughter, a significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in L⃰ among all treatments. In redness (a⃰), T3 was significantly different from T1 but was similar to T2 and all treatments in this study exhibited a darker red meat, with T3 muscles exhibiting darker red colour than the other treatments. Similar results were observed in yellowness (b⃰), where the breast muscles from T3 were more yellow than the other treatments. After 24 hours of slaughter, T2 L⃰ values were significantly different (P<0.05) from both T1 and T3 which were similar to each other. It was also found that the broiler chickens given diet with no T. molitor L inclusion (T1) had lower values of BW, FI, ADG and FCR throughout the experiment than those that were in T2 and T3 with 5 percent and 10 percent T. molitor L inclusion levels, respectively. However, it was also found that although broilers with 5 percent T. molitor L inclusion (T2) in their diet had high ABW and ADG than the broilers with 10 percent T. molitor L inclusion (T3), the T3 birds compared favourably to T2 birds as they required low feed intake to reach the same slaughter weight due to high FCR. It was, therefore, concluded that T. molitor L meal can be incorporated into the diets of broilers to produce heavy birds either at 5 or 10 percent. However, although 5 percent T. molitor L inclusion yields heavier carcasses, the 10 percent T. molitor L inclusion compared favourably to 5 percent inclusion since it required low feed intake to reach the same slaughter weights and there were slight differences on meat quality attributes between the two treatments.Thus T. molitor L at 10 percent inclusion levels was the best inclusion level to enhance broiler growth performance, carcass yield, meat yield and meat quality.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 04:45:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29458 Thu 13 May 2021 04:40:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34183 Thu 13 May 2021 04:37:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29481 Thu 13 May 2021 04:22:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28497 Thu 13 May 2021 04:16:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31535 Thu 13 May 2021 04:12:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28738 Thu 13 May 2021 03:36:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31481 Thu 13 May 2021 03:20:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30783 Thu 13 May 2021 03:05:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39253 0.05) difference among all the treatments ranging from 1.44 to 1.62 in fresh forage and ranging from 1.31 to 1.50 in the dry forage. In terms of dry matter content, the control treatment had the highest dry matter content of 37.78percent, however, all the other treatments did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. There was no significant effect of P application (P > 0.05) in terms of ash, EE, ADF, CP, Ca, Mg, K, Na, P, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe of the whole plant forage among the treatments. The application of 40 kg P/ha fertilizer significantly (P < 0.05) increased the NDF (51.16percent) of the whole plant of Mucuna compared to the other treatments which did not differ (p>0.05) among themselves. Within the stem fraction there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences among the treatments for the ash, EE, ADF, NDF, and CP, hemicellulose, Ca, Mg, K, P, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe contents. However, the application of 40 kg P/ha fertilizer significantly (P < 0.05) increased the Na (0.05percent) content of the Mucuna stem fraction. In the leaf fraction of Mucuna there was no significant (P > 0.05) differences in terms of ash, EE, ADF, NDF, CP, hemicellulose, Ca, K, P, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe among the treatments. However, the application of 20 kg P/ha fertilizer significantly (P < 0.05) increased the Mg (0.52percent) of the Mucuna leaves compared to the other treatments. Therefore the study has shown that increase in P application (60 kg P/ha) has no major effect in the nutrient content of Mucuna. Furthermore, it is recommended that Mucuna can be grown as a protein supplement, based on the CP content values that were recorded in this study and to provide maintenance requirements for ruminants. It was therefore concluded that phosphorus fertilization particularly 60 kg P/ha is necessary and required for optimum growth of Mucuna pruriens in order to increase forage yield. Based on the nutrient content result it was concluded that there was no effect of P fertilizer application levels on the nutrient content of Mucuna pruriens in Alice.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 02:28:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34309 Thu 13 May 2021 02:00:02 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39656 Thu 13 May 2021 01:56:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39118 Thu 13 May 2021 01:05:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31522 Thu 13 May 2021 01:05:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29507 Thu 13 May 2021 00:22:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27837 Thu 13 May 2021 00:17:33 SAST ]]>