https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39292 Wed 12 May 2021 23:44:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39519 Wed 12 May 2021 23:35:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29462 Wed 12 May 2021 22:45:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28537 Wed 12 May 2021 22:43:46 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28494 Wed 12 May 2021 20:20:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35091 Wed 12 May 2021 20:17:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34368 0.05) among the varieties. The highest fresh biomass yields were observed in PAN 888 variety was 13400 kg/ha, King had 12600 kg/ha and PAN 868 had 12600 kg/ha. The dry matter yield observed in PAN 888 was 4300.00 DM kg/ha, PAN 868 had 3633.33 DM kg/ha and King yielded 3533.33 DM kg/ha. The different sorghum varieties showed a significant (P<0.01) difference in some chemical composition parameters namely DM, NDIN and NSC. The different sorghum varieties had significant difference (P<0.01) in the silage fermentation parameters of pH, starch and lactic acid. The sorghum silage varieties were significantly (P<0.01) different in the starch fermentation with values of 0.001percent. The sorghum silage varieties were significant different for fermentation of lactic acid with values ranging from 1.99 to 2.62percent. However, PAN 868 and PAN 888 were not different from each other. Similarly, all varieties were different (P<0.05) in the pH with values ranging from 4.16 to 4.53. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in CP, Fat, NDF, ADF, Hemicellulose, Ash, and ADIN content of the silages. The mineral composition (macro and micro) of the silage were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the varieties. In conclusion, the dry matter production and nutrient content of the three forage sorghum varieties were not significantly different. The silage fermentation quality showed significant (P<0.05) differences among the three sorghum varieties. Therefore, according to the results of this study PAN 888 is the recommended variety to grow in the semi-arid region of the Eastern Cape.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 20:09:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31524 Wed 12 May 2021 20:07:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39800 Wed 12 May 2021 20:04:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39299 Wed 12 May 2021 19:55:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39710 Wed 12 May 2021 19:48:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39132 Wed 12 May 2021 19:47:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28924 Wed 12 May 2021 19:36:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30805 Wed 12 May 2021 19:24:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34288 Wed 12 May 2021 19:23:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31525 Wed 12 May 2021 19:00:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28485 Wed 12 May 2021 18:48:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29397 Wed 12 May 2021 18:27:26 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29521 Cu>Hg>Pb. The Pb and Hg mean concentration was recorded above permissible limits, while the Mn and Cu were within the normal range suggested by WHO. In both water and Acacia karroo samples the Cu was not detected. The trend of metal concentration in water sample was found to be in this order Hg> Mn > Pb> Cu, while in Acacia karroo metal concentration is Hg> Mn> Pb> Cu. The one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean concentration of selected metals in each sampling site. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean concentrations of selected metals; this is supported by the value of F-static and p-value (p <0.05)]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:59:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35211 drum biochar> control. Also, the two maize biochar types significantly (p< 0.05) increased the release of cations namely Ca, Mg and Na however, some decrease in nutrient concentrations were observed due to increase in pH levels at the later stage of the study. Biochar incorporation increased extractable P release from 30- 40 mg P/kg to an average range of between 120- 160 mg P/kg across all soil types. A glasshouse study was also conducted investigating the effect of different biochar rates of the two maize biochar types used in the previous studies on early maize growth and nutrient uptake, same soil types were used as those in the incubation study. Biochar was applied at application rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg C/ha of biochar. The glasshouse experiment consisted of two cycles, each with a six week period of monitoring maize seedling growth development. Generally, a significant increase in maize growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area increased after biochar additions compared to the control. Both biochars significantly improved maize seedling growth at an application rate of 200 kg C/haHowever, the two biochar types displayed varying impacts on maize growth due to influence of soil type and biochar application rates. Nutrient- uptake of Ca, P, Na and Mg showed to improve at an application rate of 200 kg C/ha for both biochar types showing a 50 percent increase compared to the control. Nutrient- uptake patterns for P, Ca, Mg and Na differed across all soil types, mainly due to changes in pH and Na levels which were influenced by increased biochar concentrations resulting in nutrient deficiency. Another glasshouse experiment aimed at investigating the effects on the two maize biochar types on influencing the effectiveness of both organic and inorganic fertilizers for improved early maize growth and soil productivity. Biochar was applied at an application rate of 400 kg C/ha of biochar, fertilizer was applied at application rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg N/ha and manure at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t/ha respectively. The glasshouse experiment consisted of two cycles, each with a six week period of monitoring maize seedling growth development. In the 1st cycle, manure rate of 40 t/ha resulted in the highest plant height of maize seedlings grown in the glasshouse, biochar type also showed to influence plant height. After the 1st harvest Mg, K and P levels improved at 30 t/ha, Na at 20 t/ha and Ca 40 t/ha of manure. Plant height and stem girth improved at 30 kg N/ha of fertilizer, however, nutrient levels for Ca, K and Mg decreased after the 1st harvest, while Na levels increased. Nutrient uptake was the highest for Mg and Na at 40 kg N/ha while for Ca at 30 kg N/ha of fertilizer. During the 2nd cycle plant height was the highest at 30 t/ha of manure, and effect of manure rate was significant (p<0.05) for number of leaves, plant height and biomass. Whereas, manure rate and biochar type effect were insignificant (p>0.05) for pH, Ec and nutrient uptake changes. Maize seedling showed significant response to fertilizer 40 kg N/ha for most of the growth parameters measured (P<0.05), except for germination percentage. All treatments investigated had no effect on germination percentage. The two biochar types showed significant (p<0.05) effects on soil pH and Ec. Drum biochar was slightly better performing than pit biochar. Results obtained from the various studies suggests that maize biochars derived from the pit and drum pyrolytic systems are potential soil amendments in correcting soil acidity and nutrient deficiency in the EC Province. Both biochar types have shown abilities to improve early maize growth and effectiveness of fertilizers in maize based systems of the EC Province. However, some variations in soil fertility and early maize growth were observed as a result of the soil type response towards the two biochar applications. This could also have risen as a result of a number of factors such as the nutritional composition of biochar material, initial soil type chemical composition, biochar and fertilizer application rates and time taken or period to complete each study. Therefore, further experiments should be conducted to validate these results, preferable having longer periods of study, moreover, field experiments. In addition, investigations on potential feedstock materials such as animal wastes used as biochar in the EC Province can be conducted.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:55:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30773 0.05) in the number of shoots per plant, stems per shoot and coppice stems produced by the three C. cajan varieties at vegetative and flowering stage. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the heights of plants recorded by the varieties only at flowering stage. The yields of fresh biomass in C. cajan was significantly different (P<0.05) across all the varieties harvested in 2016. In all the varieties there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in dry matter yield in both seasons of 2016 and 2017. The effect of browse varieties and drying methods showed a significant effect (P<0.05) on DM, CP, fat, NDIN, ADIN and hemicellulose content of varieties. There was little impact by varieties and drying methods (P<0.05) on ash, NDF, ADF, ADL, TNC and cellulose content of varieties. Varieties and drying method had no effect (P>0.05) on Ca, Mg and K except for Na and P. There was no effect caused by varieties and drying methods (P>0.05) on Zn and Mn with Cu and Fe being the exceptions. Oven drying showed an overall reduction in the tannin concentration on leaves while there was an increase in saponins. The different varieties had no effect (P>0.05) on the IIR, 0.0275±0.0089, 0.0275±0.0077 and 0.0409±0.0109 for Cv1, Cv2 and Cv3, respectively. The day of the trial and browse variety had an effect (P<0.05) on bite rate. However, the day of trial had no significant effect (P>0.05) on both bite size and the instantaneous intake rate. Individual goat had a significant effect (P<0.05) on bite rate. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the in vitro and in sacco rapidly degradable fractions (a) of all the three varieties but the drying method had no effect (P>0.05). The slowly degradable fraction (b) and degradation rate constant (c) of all varieties was not significantly different (P>0.05) on both drying methods during IV DaisyII procedure. However, b and c, in all the varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) in both drying methods during the in sacco procedure. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the mean potentially degradable fraction (a+b) across all C. cajan varieties during IV DaisyII procedure, however a+c of all varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) in both the drying methods during the in sacco procedure. The effective in vitro and in sacco degradability of the varieties was significantly different (P<0.05) with a rumen outflow rate of 2, 5 and 8 percent per hour. The shade-dried varieties had a higher (P<0.05) ED than the oven-dried materials during IV DaisyII and the in sacco procedures. It was concluded that the decline in yield of C. cajan during the study is a reflection of poor survival, the insufficient regeneration from seed, nutrient depletion over time and the extended dry seasons. Therefore, shade drying is commended method of drying forages.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:44:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39175 Wed 12 May 2021 17:39:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31873 Wed 12 May 2021 17:24:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33907 0.05) to control in the final stage, whilst birds in T3 was the poorest (P<0.05). Furthermore, birds subjected to T2 showed no differences of edible carcass portions to the control, however, T3 group showed lower (P<0.05) slaughter and wing weights. Breast ultimate pH values of birds under T2 were similar to control, but birds in T3 had significantly higher (P<0.05) values. Birds under T2 had less (P<0.05) reddish breast meat colour than control at 45 minutes. At 24 hours post-mortem, birds in T3 had lower (P<0.05) lightness values and birds submitted to T2 had higher (P<0.05) yellowness values. Liver weight was significantly lower in birds under T3 and higher (P<0.05) gizzard weights were found in birds subjected to T2. Birds under T2 performed similar to control and were able to compensate for the weight loss when high plane of feed was re-introduced. It can be concluded from the results that restricting 15 percent of feed from Cobb 500 standard feed intake had moderately affected broiler performance. Moreover, restricting 15percent of feed significantly reduced feed intake in broiler chicken.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 16:43:14 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28502 Wed 12 May 2021 16:40:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34182 Wed 12 May 2021 16:01:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39225 0.05) that when off-loading. A significant difference was determined on the avoidance (χ2=0.03), mounting behaviour (χ2 =0.01) and vocal sound (χ2 =0.02) during loading time on each observation day. Furthermore there was no significant difference determined on the time and day of observation in the lairages. These results also reveal that the avoidance behaviour was the highest (47percent) while fighting (34percent) and vocalizing were the least compared to other behaviour during the first 30 minutes after arrival at the abattoir. Moreover, the lying behaviour was found to have highest frequency (15percent) on day 6 compared to other sampling days. These results reveal that time of loading pigs had an influence on pigs’ behaviour before slaughter and consequently that affected physiological features and meat quality. The second section of the study assessed sex and the different lairage time effects on the pork quality attributes. A total of fifty four pigs, 22 weeks old of different sex (26 boars x 28 gilts) reared on a commercial farm and transported to the abattoir on the same day was used in this study. At the abattoir, pigs were grouped according to lairage periods of 17 hours (Group1; 13 gilts and 14 boars) and 36 hours (Group 2; 15 gilts and 12 boars). Results showed no significant difference on the sex of pigs (P >0.05) and meat pH. However, lairage time influenced the thawing loss (P= 0.02) of meat and also the interactions of sex by lairage had a significant difference (P= 0.04) on meat tenderness. There was a positive significant correlation found between sex and meat attributes values were high in boars (r= 0.61) than in gilts (r = 0.49). A negative correlation between a*and WBSF on lairage group1 (r= -0.52) was determined while on group 2 there was a positive correlation between a* and b* (r=0.49). This study suggest that a proper timing on farm feed withdrawal in combination with a sufficient lairage at the slaughter plant may result in better carcass and meat quality traits. Communication among producers and abattoirs is critical when planning the fasting and lairage times in order to elude carcass and technological pork quality complications. To conclude, there is influence caused by time of loading in stressing pigs before transportation and slaughter as aggressive behaviour showed and also lairage time affected meat quality.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 15:47:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40459 Wed 12 May 2021 15:09:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40507 Wed 12 May 2021 14:54:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40255 Wed 12 May 2021 14:53:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40159 Wed 12 May 2021 14:44:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40108 Wed 12 May 2021 14:36:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40257 Wed 12 May 2021 14:13:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40160 Wed 12 May 2021 13:59:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39071 Tue 07 May 2024 11:01:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29334 0.05) amongst the treatments. The most cost efficient feed (which accumulated the cheapest cost feed per kg were) T1 (R11.32) and T3 (R11.32) although there was a slight difference in the gross profit of these treatments T1 (R45.71) and T3 (R44.48). Carcass characteristics were the same (P > 0.05) across the treatments except for the wing, thigh, drumstick and the breast (P < 0.05). T2 had the highest wing weight (166.63±8.60), T1 (113.03±8.60) and the lowest in T3 (74.46±8.60). The thigh weight were greater (P<0.05) in T2 (185.69±4.34); T1 (185.54±4.34) compared to T3 (166.97±4.34) which was lower. Treatments 1 (204.17±6.57), T2 (197±6.57) had heavier (P<0.05) breast weights than T3 (186.06±6.57). Dietary treatments had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on pH of the breast meat. No differences were observed in colour during the 1 hour period after slaughter. At 24 hours after slaughter, the L* values were different (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 (44.3 ± 0.37; 43.7 ± 0.37), respectively, T1 and T3 were the same. The a*-values were different (P < 0.05) at 48 hours after slaughter for T1 and T3 (4.5 ± 0.27; 3.4 ± 0.27), T2 was the same as T1. It was therefore, concluded that since manipulation of starter phase did not have adverse effects on growth performance, gross profit, slight statistical difference in meat quality attributes and carcass characteristics. Therefore, the manipulation of starter diet has the potential to be used in broiler production.]]> Tue 07 May 2024 10:54:19 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30987 Tue 07 May 2024 10:26:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28094 Tue 07 May 2024 10:12:25 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29529 Tue 07 May 2024 09:58:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28501 Tue 07 May 2024 09:51:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30779 Thu 20 Jun 2024 12:24:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31530 Thu 13 May 2021 13:09:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34222 Thu 13 May 2021 09:32:33 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29530 0.05). The highest (P ≤0.05) pH, weight and moisture decline was observed in the 10 percent pork backfat cabanossi compared to the 20 percent and 30 percent treatments. However, no differences (P > 0.05) in the water activity of the product were observed. As expected total fat was lower in the 10 percent fat treatment and increased concomitantly. Similarly, protein, ash and salt were higher in the 10 percent fat cabanossi and decreased concomitantly. Differences in the fatty acid composition were observed between treatments. Furthermore, backfat level affected the sensory attributes and consumer acceptance of the cabanossi. Ten percent backfat cabanossi was scored higher (P ≤0.05) for most sensory attributes. Consequently, it was observed that the consumer panel preferred and scored the 10 percent fat cabanossi higher with regards to appearance and taste. In the second experiment, two cabanossi treatments of different fat types (pork backfat and fat-tailed sheep backfat) were produced. The weight loss, moisture content, pH, water activity and salt content did not differ (P > 0.05) between the two cabanossi products. However, there were differences (P ≤0.05) in the protein, fat and ash contents; where protein and ash were higher in the pork backfat cabanossi whilst fat was higher in the sheep backfat cabanossi. Thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) were similar (P > 0.05) between the two fat types cabanossi which could be explained by similar fatty acid profiles being reported for the two cabanossi although the n-6:n-3 ratio was higher (P ≤0.05) in sheep backfat cabanossi. Results from the descriptive sensory analysis showed two distinct products (P ≤0.01) where pork backfat cabanossi scored higher for most attributes. However, the lower scores for sheep backfat cabanossi were within an acceptable range. Sheep backfat cabanossi were also scored for unique attributes that were not detected in the pork backfat cabanossi. This study concluded that fat-tailed sheep backfat can be used to produce an unique cabanossi product of acceptable quality.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 08:04:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31520 Thu 13 May 2021 07:15:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28435 Thu 13 May 2021 07:00:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28403 Thu 13 May 2021 06:58:00 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39659 0.05) on soil bulk density (ρb) and porosity whereas a significant effect on soil water content under NT was observed. Crop rotation had no significant effects (p > 0.05) on soil bulk density, porosity and soil moisture across the tillage treatments. The MWS rotation registered an increase in soil porosity in comparison with the MWM and MFM. Tillage x crop rotation interaction effects were significant (p < 0.05) on the measured porosity and soil water content. Soil bulk density showed negative correlation with soil porosity and soil water content (SWC) whereas porosity had a positive correlation with SWC. On yield parameters, results revealed that no significant (P>0.05) interaction of main effects with respect to wheat biomass and grain yield. Tillage had a significant (P<0.05) effect on wheat biomass only in season 2. Tillage and crop rotation effects were not significant (P>0.05) with regards to grain yield throughout the experimental period. Higher grain wheat biomass and grain yield were found in MWS rotation under NT with surface residue retention although not statistically significant. Correlation analysis revealed that wheat yield was positively correlated to SOC, P, and Total N. Therefore, combination of NT with MWS rotation with residue retention has the potential to significantly improve soil chemical properties and wheat grain yield whereas MWM followed by MWS crop rotation under NT showed an increase in soil porosity and soil water content.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:56:56 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31506 Thu 13 May 2021 06:50:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29460 .05), this indicates that there is a positive or a negative relationship between two variables, if these conditions are not met then the proposed correlation or hypothesis can be rejected. Results indicate a poor perception and poor acceptance of e-learning technologies due to a number of factors, these factors include lack of computer-self efficacy which leads to computer anxiety, affordability of internet connectivity which leads to inaccessible of e-learning technologies. The findings also indicated that LAMS was found to be less useable and less useful by a number of students. However, students who enjoy working in groups found LAMS to be useable because it was supporting their preferred learning style, whereas individualistic students preferred Moodle and Dokeos because it was supporting their personal preferences and assessment styles. Having understood all the characteristics of learning tools, relevant learning technologies that are suitable for students can then be recommended.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:42:22 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28091 Thu 13 May 2021 06:29:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29506 0.05). The risk associated with annual burning showed in this study might facilitate processes such as overflow that lead to soil degradation. Triennial burning in rangeland ecosystem supports soil conservation practices. Further studies that measure the quality of rangeland in triennial burning is necessary.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 06:25:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31516 Thu 13 May 2021 06:13:28 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39473 Thu 13 May 2021 06:10:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29408 Thu 13 May 2021 06:08:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35060 Thu 13 May 2021 06:05:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30798 Thu 13 May 2021 05:31:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28915 Thu 13 May 2021 05:23:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39257 Thu 13 May 2021 05:07:07 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29501 0.05) different among the pigeon pea varieties and phosphorus levels. Likewise, the application of phosphorus was not significant (p>0.05) on plant height and the number of branches of all the varieties. However, when P level was varied, there were significant differences among the varieties, and so were the interaction (p<0.05) between variety and phosphorus on plant height and the number of branches. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference among the phosphorus levels on the fresh leaf yield of Chitedze 1 and Chitedze 2, but phosphorus application at 40 kg P/ha increased the fresh leaf yield of CIMMYT 1. Phosphorus application at 60 kg P/ha increased (p<0.05) the dry matter content of Chitedze 1 and Chitedze 2. Furthermore, the results of the trial show that the application of 40 kg P/ha and 60 kg P/ha increased (p<0.05) the dry matter yield of the varieties CIMMYT 1 and Chitedze 2, respectively. The effects of phosphorus application on the nutrient composition of the three pigeon pea varieties varied. The composition of hemicellulose of all the varieties was significantly (p<0.05) increased by the application of 40 kg P/ha. Conversely, the concentration of crude protein, phosphorus, copper and iron, and the calcium to phosphorus ratio of all the pigeon pea varieties was not significantly (p>0.05) affected by phosphorus application and there was no interactive effect of variety and phosphorus. The proximate compositions of fat, total non-structural carbohydrates, ash, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, cellulose, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen of the pigeon pea varieties varied significantly (p<0.05) at different phosphorus application levels. There was an interactive (p<0.05) effect of variety and the level of phosphorus on the concentration of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium, zinc, manganese, and the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio. The digestible dry matter, dry matter intake and the relative feed value were significantly (p<0.05) different among the pigeon pea varieties at varying phosphorus levels. The anti-nutrient composition of Chitedze 2 was not significantly (p>0.05) affected by phosphorus application but the concentration of phenols and saponins of Chitedze 1 was significantly (p<0.05) increased when 60 kg P/ha was applied, but these anti-nutrients were reduced (p<0.05) for CIMMYT 1 at 60 kg P/ha. It can be concluded that phosphorus application influences the biomass production and chemical composition while the optimum phosphorus level vary among the pigeon pea varieties.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 05:00:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29458 Thu 13 May 2021 04:40:39 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34183 Thu 13 May 2021 04:37:36 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29466 Thu 13 May 2021 04:22:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29481 Thu 13 May 2021 04:22:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28497 Thu 13 May 2021 04:16:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31535 Thu 13 May 2021 04:12:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28738 Thu 13 May 2021 03:36:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30783 Thu 13 May 2021 03:05:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39413 Thu 13 May 2021 02:48:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31634 0.05) was observed between serum and saliva cortisol. However, results showed that there was adrenal stimulation in saliva coupled by significant (P<0.05) effects of sampling intervals. For the second study 21 non-pregnant and clinically healthy Nguni cows of one herd were used for the trial. They were divided into parity groups and their weights were used as a covariate in data analysis. For five consecutive weeks, fresh faecal samples were extracted and rectal temperatures measured. In addition, fear of approaching humans was assessed by AD scores and behaviour scores in the crush chute, as well as vocalisation, urination and defaecation were observed. The effect of successive handling significantly (P<0.05) affected the physiological parameters, namely FGM and RT. Contrariwise, Chi-square tests revealed that parities had a significant (χ2 < 0.05) influence on AD and crush scores as well as on the occurrence of excretory behaviour. It was concluded that saliva cortisol can be used as a stress indicator in beef cows. However, plasma cortisol can be significantly volatile thereby becoming less sensitive to changes across time. This can cause a lack of relationship between plasma and saliva cortisol. On the other hand, repetitive handling of beef cows has an influence on faecal stress levels. In addition, beef cows of differing parities behave differently to handling stress.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 02:23:49 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34224 Thu 13 May 2021 01:35:59 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28532 Thu 13 May 2021 01:29:54 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39118 Thu 13 May 2021 01:05:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31522 Thu 13 May 2021 01:05:12 SAST ]]>