https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39737 Wed 12 May 2021 23:37:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39519 Wed 12 May 2021 23:35:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29259 Wed 12 May 2021 23:15:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29298 Wed 12 May 2021 23:14:09 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39414 Wed 12 May 2021 23:11:15 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28471 Wed 12 May 2021 23:08:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34271 Wed 12 May 2021 22:42:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28521 Wed 12 May 2021 20:55:06 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35091 Wed 12 May 2021 20:17:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33137 Wed 12 May 2021 20:15:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34368 0.05) among the varieties. The highest fresh biomass yields were observed in PAN 888 variety was 13400 kg/ha, King had 12600 kg/ha and PAN 868 had 12600 kg/ha. The dry matter yield observed in PAN 888 was 4300.00 DM kg/ha, PAN 868 had 3633.33 DM kg/ha and King yielded 3533.33 DM kg/ha. The different sorghum varieties showed a significant (P<0.01) difference in some chemical composition parameters namely DM, NDIN and NSC. The different sorghum varieties had significant difference (P<0.01) in the silage fermentation parameters of pH, starch and lactic acid. The sorghum silage varieties were significantly (P<0.01) different in the starch fermentation with values of 0.001percent. The sorghum silage varieties were significant different for fermentation of lactic acid with values ranging from 1.99 to 2.62percent. However, PAN 868 and PAN 888 were not different from each other. Similarly, all varieties were different (P<0.05) in the pH with values ranging from 4.16 to 4.53. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in CP, Fat, NDF, ADF, Hemicellulose, Ash, and ADIN content of the silages. The mineral composition (macro and micro) of the silage were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the varieties. In conclusion, the dry matter production and nutrient content of the three forage sorghum varieties were not significantly different. The silage fermentation quality showed significant (P<0.05) differences among the three sorghum varieties. Therefore, according to the results of this study PAN 888 is the recommended variety to grow in the semi-arid region of the Eastern Cape.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 20:09:45 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39800 Wed 12 May 2021 20:04:05 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39299 Wed 12 May 2021 19:55:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28924 Wed 12 May 2021 19:36:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34795 Wed 12 May 2021 19:32:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39388 Wed 12 May 2021 19:30:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39846 Wed 12 May 2021 19:27:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39472 Wed 12 May 2021 19:27:20 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29231 Wed 12 May 2021 19:26:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30805 Wed 12 May 2021 19:24:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34288 Wed 12 May 2021 19:23:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35286 Wed 12 May 2021 19:15:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29315 Wed 12 May 2021 19:05:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29283 Wed 12 May 2021 18:55:10 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33584 Wed 12 May 2021 18:15:17 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39661 Wed 12 May 2021 18:02:29 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29521 Cu>Hg>Pb. The Pb and Hg mean concentration was recorded above permissible limits, while the Mn and Cu were within the normal range suggested by WHO. In both water and Acacia karroo samples the Cu was not detected. The trend of metal concentration in water sample was found to be in this order Hg> Mn > Pb> Cu, while in Acacia karroo metal concentration is Hg> Mn> Pb> Cu. The one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean concentration of selected metals in each sampling site. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean concentrations of selected metals; this is supported by the value of F-static and p-value (p <0.05)]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:59:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35211 drum biochar> control. Also, the two maize biochar types significantly (p< 0.05) increased the release of cations namely Ca, Mg and Na however, some decrease in nutrient concentrations were observed due to increase in pH levels at the later stage of the study. Biochar incorporation increased extractable P release from 30- 40 mg P/kg to an average range of between 120- 160 mg P/kg across all soil types. A glasshouse study was also conducted investigating the effect of different biochar rates of the two maize biochar types used in the previous studies on early maize growth and nutrient uptake, same soil types were used as those in the incubation study. Biochar was applied at application rates of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg C/ha of biochar. The glasshouse experiment consisted of two cycles, each with a six week period of monitoring maize seedling growth development. Generally, a significant increase in maize growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area increased after biochar additions compared to the control. Both biochars significantly improved maize seedling growth at an application rate of 200 kg C/haHowever, the two biochar types displayed varying impacts on maize growth due to influence of soil type and biochar application rates. Nutrient- uptake of Ca, P, Na and Mg showed to improve at an application rate of 200 kg C/ha for both biochar types showing a 50 percent increase compared to the control. Nutrient- uptake patterns for P, Ca, Mg and Na differed across all soil types, mainly due to changes in pH and Na levels which were influenced by increased biochar concentrations resulting in nutrient deficiency. Another glasshouse experiment aimed at investigating the effects on the two maize biochar types on influencing the effectiveness of both organic and inorganic fertilizers for improved early maize growth and soil productivity. Biochar was applied at an application rate of 400 kg C/ha of biochar, fertilizer was applied at application rates of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg N/ha and manure at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t/ha respectively. The glasshouse experiment consisted of two cycles, each with a six week period of monitoring maize seedling growth development. In the 1st cycle, manure rate of 40 t/ha resulted in the highest plant height of maize seedlings grown in the glasshouse, biochar type also showed to influence plant height. After the 1st harvest Mg, K and P levels improved at 30 t/ha, Na at 20 t/ha and Ca 40 t/ha of manure. Plant height and stem girth improved at 30 kg N/ha of fertilizer, however, nutrient levels for Ca, K and Mg decreased after the 1st harvest, while Na levels increased. Nutrient uptake was the highest for Mg and Na at 40 kg N/ha while for Ca at 30 kg N/ha of fertilizer. During the 2nd cycle plant height was the highest at 30 t/ha of manure, and effect of manure rate was significant (p<0.05) for number of leaves, plant height and biomass. Whereas, manure rate and biochar type effect were insignificant (p>0.05) for pH, Ec and nutrient uptake changes. Maize seedling showed significant response to fertilizer 40 kg N/ha for most of the growth parameters measured (P<0.05), except for germination percentage. All treatments investigated had no effect on germination percentage. The two biochar types showed significant (p<0.05) effects on soil pH and Ec. Drum biochar was slightly better performing than pit biochar. Results obtained from the various studies suggests that maize biochars derived from the pit and drum pyrolytic systems are potential soil amendments in correcting soil acidity and nutrient deficiency in the EC Province. Both biochar types have shown abilities to improve early maize growth and effectiveness of fertilizers in maize based systems of the EC Province. However, some variations in soil fertility and early maize growth were observed as a result of the soil type response towards the two biochar applications. This could also have risen as a result of a number of factors such as the nutritional composition of biochar material, initial soil type chemical composition, biochar and fertilizer application rates and time taken or period to complete each study. Therefore, further experiments should be conducted to validate these results, preferable having longer periods of study, moreover, field experiments. In addition, investigations on potential feedstock materials such as animal wastes used as biochar in the EC Province can be conducted.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 17:55:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29730 Wed 12 May 2021 17:49:04 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28375 Wed 12 May 2021 17:46:34 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28750 Wed 12 May 2021 17:31:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28509 Wed 12 May 2021 17:27:30 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39703 Wed 12 May 2021 17:12:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33599 Wed 12 May 2021 17:10:18 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29054 Wed 12 May 2021 16:47:42 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28502 Wed 12 May 2021 16:40:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39085 Wed 12 May 2021 16:32:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34338 Wed 12 May 2021 16:26:24 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:32389 Wed 12 May 2021 16:17:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35445 Wed 12 May 2021 16:08:03 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:34182 Wed 12 May 2021 16:01:13 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31826 Wed 12 May 2021 15:58:16 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29395 Wed 12 May 2021 15:54:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:27583 Wed 12 May 2021 15:54:23 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39225 0.05) that when off-loading. A significant difference was determined on the avoidance (χ2=0.03), mounting behaviour (χ2 =0.01) and vocal sound (χ2 =0.02) during loading time on each observation day. Furthermore there was no significant difference determined on the time and day of observation in the lairages. These results also reveal that the avoidance behaviour was the highest (47percent) while fighting (34percent) and vocalizing were the least compared to other behaviour during the first 30 minutes after arrival at the abattoir. Moreover, the lying behaviour was found to have highest frequency (15percent) on day 6 compared to other sampling days. These results reveal that time of loading pigs had an influence on pigs’ behaviour before slaughter and consequently that affected physiological features and meat quality. The second section of the study assessed sex and the different lairage time effects on the pork quality attributes. A total of fifty four pigs, 22 weeks old of different sex (26 boars x 28 gilts) reared on a commercial farm and transported to the abattoir on the same day was used in this study. At the abattoir, pigs were grouped according to lairage periods of 17 hours (Group1; 13 gilts and 14 boars) and 36 hours (Group 2; 15 gilts and 12 boars). Results showed no significant difference on the sex of pigs (P >0.05) and meat pH. However, lairage time influenced the thawing loss (P= 0.02) of meat and also the interactions of sex by lairage had a significant difference (P= 0.04) on meat tenderness. There was a positive significant correlation found between sex and meat attributes values were high in boars (r= 0.61) than in gilts (r = 0.49). A negative correlation between a*and WBSF on lairage group1 (r= -0.52) was determined while on group 2 there was a positive correlation between a* and b* (r=0.49). This study suggest that a proper timing on farm feed withdrawal in combination with a sufficient lairage at the slaughter plant may result in better carcass and meat quality traits. Communication among producers and abattoirs is critical when planning the fasting and lairage times in order to elude carcass and technological pork quality complications. To conclude, there is influence caused by time of loading in stressing pigs before transportation and slaughter as aggressive behaviour showed and also lairage time affected meat quality.]]> Wed 12 May 2021 15:47:43 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:33667 Wed 12 May 2021 15:47:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40459 Wed 12 May 2021 15:09:52 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40712 Wed 12 May 2021 15:04:44 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40714 Wed 12 May 2021 15:00:57 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40507 Wed 12 May 2021 14:54:47 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40255 Wed 12 May 2021 14:53:38 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:40660 Wed 12 May 2021 14:40:05 SAST ]]> 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https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28738 Thu 13 May 2021 03:36:50 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29199 Thu 13 May 2021 03:35:51 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:30783 Thu 13 May 2021 03:05:48 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39079 Thu 13 May 2021 01:44:41 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39471 Thu 13 May 2021 01:29:55 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:28240 Thu 13 May 2021 01:16:31 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39117 Thu 13 May 2021 01:10:40 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39118 Thu 13 May 2021 01:05:27 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:31522 Thu 13 May 2021 01:05:12 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:29025 Thu 13 May 2021 00:14:58 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:39099 0.05) sperm concentration (1.20 ± 3.68x109 sperm/ml) than the EE samples (1.11 ± 3.51x109 sperm/ml). The percentage live sperm in the fresh semen samples did not differ among Namaqua Afrikaner (67.76 ± 1.94percent), Dohne Merino (68.59 ± 1.94percent) and Dorper (72.82 ± 1.98percent) rams. The percentage live sperm for all three breeds dropped considerably after freezing to 17.76 ± 2.03percent, 17.86 ± 2.03percent and 22.72 ± 2.07percent respectively. It remained constant for all the breeds from 7 until 90 days after freezing, indicating that length of storage should not have an effect on percentage live sperm for semen collected via AV or EE. Percentage live sperm of the frozen-thawed semen of the Namaqua rams was lower than that of the Dorper rams, indicating that the Namaqua semen collected via EE did not freeze as well as that of the Dorper semen. In conclusion, neither fresh nor frozen-thawed Dorper and Dohne Merino semen collected via EE did differ significantly. Furthermore, except for semen volume, Dorper and Dohne Merino semen collected via AV did not differ significantly whether evaluated as fresh or frozen-thawed semen. However, both Dorper and Dohne Merino rams produced semen with higher motility and a higher percentage live sperm post-thaw when the semen samples were collected via an AV than via EE. From these results it can therefore be postulated that if Namaqua semen were collected via AV it could have a higher post-thaw percentage live sperm than if semen was collected via EE. Advanced further studies are necessary to investigate the reason for the lower post-thaw survival rate of sperm of the Namaqua Afrikaner rams. This is necessary as semen stored in a cryobank for breeding and conservation purposes for this endangered breed has to be of high quality. Such resources as cryobanks are expensive and funds cannot be wasted on preserving inferior samples that could not fertilize an ovum when needed. The low percentage of live sperm obtained with the frozen-thawed samples in this, as well as other studies on indigenous breeds, is an indication that further research is needed into more suitable freezing protocols. It can be concluded that Namaqua Afrikaner semen cannot be frozen successfully for the purpose of storage in a cryobank, when using a freezing protocol based on Triladyl® as extender. Furthermore, any increase in post-thaw survival rate of sperm will be beneficial and it is therefore suggested that all efforts be made to solve the problem of the Namaqua Afrikaner rams that do not want to ejaculate into an artificial vagina.]]> Thu 13 May 2021 00:06:08 SAST ]]> https://commons.ufh.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:35443 Thu 13 May 2021 00:00:07 SAST ]]>